{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Зачем живет такой человек!","translated":"Why Is Such a Man Alive?"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c6","lines":190},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c6-s1","source":"Дмитрий Федорович, двадцативосьмилетний молодой человек, среднего роста и приятного лица, казался, однако же, гораздо старее своих лет.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich, a young man of twenty-eight, of middling height and pleasant features, nevertheless looked considerably older than his years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двадцативосьмилетний","title":"A compound age-adjective","body":"«двадцативосьмилетний» (twenty-eight-year-old) packs a numeral into a single adjective: «двадцать восемь» + «лет» (years) + the adjectival ending. Russian builds such compounds freely, and the genitive-flavoured stem «двадцати-» is the frozen numeral inside the word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"среднего роста и приятного лица","title":"Genitive of description","body":"Both phrases stand in the genitive — «среднего роста» (of middling height), «приятного лица» (of pleasant face) — a 'genitive of quality' that describes a person by an attribute, like English 'a man of...'. The adjectives «среднего», «приятного» agree with their nouns in this genitive case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо старее своих лет","title":"Comparative + genitive of comparison","body":"«старее» is the predicative comparative of «старый» (older), here with the bookish -ее ending (modern speech prefers «старше»); «гораздо» intensifies it ('considerably'). The thing compared, «своих лет» (than his years), stands in the genitive — Russian's standard 'genitive of comparison'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of казался","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"двадцативосьмилетний","lemma":"двадцативосьмилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"twenty-eight-year-old"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"среднего","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"middling"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"descriptive genitive modifying человек","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приятного","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"descriptive genitive modifying человек","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казался","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase однако же","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старее","gloss":"considerably"},{"surface":"старее","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of казался","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of старее","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c6-s2","source":"Был он мускулист, и в нем можно было угадывать значительную физическую силу, тем не менее в лице его выражалось как бы нечто болезненное.","translation":"He was muscular, and one could sense in him a considerable physical strength; and yet his face betrayed something almost sickly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он мускулист","title":"Short adjective + inverted word order","body":"«мускулист» is the short (predicative) form of «мускулистый» (muscular), the bookish form proper to stating a characteristic. Fronting the verb «был» before the pronoun «он» is a literary inversion that lifts the descriptive predicate into focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно было угадывать","title":"Impersonal «можно» + dative-less possibility","body":"«можно было» ('one could / it was possible') is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject — the open 'one' of the construction. It governs the imperfective infinitive «угадывать» (to sense, divine), whose imperfective aspect frames the perceiving as an ongoing impression rather than a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы нечто болезненное","title":"Hedging «как бы» + «нечто»","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, almost') is Dostoevsky's favourite hedge, softening assertions into impressions — it recurs throughout this portrait. «нечто» is the bookish indefinite 'something'; together with «болезненное» (sickly, morbid) they make the face's flaw a thing only half-seen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мускулист","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мускулист","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мускулист","lemma":"мускулистый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был","gloss":"muscular"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угадывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мускулист","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"угадывать","lemma":"угадывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to sense"},{"surface":"значительную","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"considerable"},{"surface":"физическую","lemma":"физический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of угадывать","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"«тем не менее» is a fixed phrase meaning 'nevertheless'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражалось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выражалось","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мускулист","gloss":"showed itself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of выражалось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"болезненное","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"sickly"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c6-s3","source":"Лицо его было худощаво, щеки ввалились, цвет же их отливал какою-то нездоровою желтизной.","translation":"His face was gaunt, his cheeks sunken, and their colour shaded into a kind of unhealthy yellow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"цвет же их","title":"The particle «же»","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic 'precisely' but a soft connective, marking a shift to a new sub-topic — 'and their colour, for its part…'. This unstressed, list-linking «же» threads description together and is hard to render in English beyond a mere 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какою-то нездоровою желтизной","title":"Instrumental + archaic -ою endings","body":"«отливал… желтизной» ('shaded with a yellow') takes the instrumental of means/manner. Note the bookish 19th-c. instrumental endings «-ою» on «какою-то» and «нездоровою»; modern Russian writes «-ой». The indefinite «какою-то» ('some kind of') keeps the colour vague."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввалились","title":"«ввалиться» — to sink in","body":"«щеки ввалились» — his cheeks 'fell in', the perfective «ввалиться» giving the settled result of hollow, sunken cheeks. The -ся here is a middle/change-of-state marker rather than a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of худощаво","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to худощаво","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"худощаво","lemma":"худощавый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ввалились","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"ввалились","lemma":"ввалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with худощаво","gloss":"were sunken"},{"surface":"цвет","lemma":"цвет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отливал","gloss":"colour"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies цвет","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies цвет","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"отливал","lemma":"отливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with худощаво","gloss":"shaded into"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какою-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какою-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"нездоровою","lemma":"нездоровый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies желтизной","gloss":"unhealthy"},{"surface":"желтизной","lemma":"желтизна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отливал","gloss":"yellow hue"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c6-s4","source":"Довольно большие темные глаза навыкате смотрели хотя, по-видимому, и с твердым упорством, но как-то неопределенно.","translation":"His rather large, dark, protruding eyes looked out with what seemed firm resolve, and yet somehow indefinitely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глаза навыкате","title":"«навыкате» — protruding eyes","body":"«навыкате» is a fixed adverbial expression meaning 'bulging, protruding', applied almost exclusively to eyes. It is invariable and stands after its noun, a small set phrase of physical description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с твердым упорством","title":"Instrumental after «с» — manner","body":"«с твердым упорством» (with firm persistence) uses the preposition «с» governing the instrumental to describe the manner of looking. Contrast the bare instrumental of means: «с» here adds the sense of accompanying quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя… и… но","title":"Concessive «хотя… но»","body":"The frame «хотя… но» ('although… yet') is a subordinating concession answered by an adversative clause; the inserted «и» reinforces the concession ('even though indeed'). It sets the firm resolve of the gaze against its vagueness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большие","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смотрели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"навыкате","lemma":"навыкате","morphology":"adjective (indeclinable, fixed expression)","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"protruding"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on смотрели","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links по-видимому and с твердым упорством","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упорством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies упорством","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"упорством","lemma":"упорство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"неопределенно","lemma":"неопределённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with смотрели","gloss":"indefinitely"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c6-s5","source":"Даже когда он волновался и говорил с раздражением, взгляд его как бы не повиновался его внутреннему настроению и выражал что-то другое, иногда совсем не соответствующее настоящей минуте.","translation":"Even when he was agitated and spoke with irritation, his gaze seemed not to obey his inner mood and expressed something else, at times wholly out of keeping with the present moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже когда он волновался и говорил","title":"Imperfective past of habit","body":"«волновался», «говорил» are imperfective pasts naming repeated, characteristic states ('whenever he was agitated and spoke'), the background mode of description. The reflexive «волноваться» (to be agitated) is one of the -ся middle verbs of feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взгляд… не повиновался его внутреннему настроению","title":"Dative object of «повиноваться»","body":"«повиноваться» (to obey) governs the dative, so 'his inner mood' appears as «внутреннему настроению» — the thing obeyed is framed as a recipient, a recurring dative-government pattern with verbs of submission and service."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не соответствующее настоящей минуте","title":"Present active participle","body":"«соответствующее» is the present active participle of «соответствовать» (to correspond), agreeing with neuter «что-то» and compressing a который-clause ('something which did not correspond') into one bookish modifier — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's layered sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of волновался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of волновался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"волновался","lemma":"волноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повиновался","gloss":"was agitated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with волновался","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"раздражением","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повиновался","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повиновался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повиновался","lemma":"повиноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"obeyed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of настроению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"внутреннему","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроению","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"настроению","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of повиновался","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выражал","lemma":"выражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повиновался","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выражал","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соответствующее","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соответствующее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"соответствующее","lemma":"соответствующий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"in keeping with"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуте","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"минуте","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соответствующее","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c6-s6","source":"«Трудно узнать, о чем он думает», — отзывались иной раз разговаривавшие с ним.","translation":"\"It is hard to tell what he is thinking,\" those who talked with him would remark from time to time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем он думает","title":"Prepositional after «о»","body":"«о чём» ('about what') is the interrogative «что» in the prepositional case after «о» (about) — the topic-of-thought construction. The whole clause is the indirect question object of «узнать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разговаривавшие с ним","title":"Past active participle as a noun","body":"«разговаривавшие» (those who had been conversing) is the imperfective past active participle of «разговаривать», substantivized to mean 'the people talking with him'. The doubled -ва- and -вш- make it a mouthful that signals dense literary style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Трудно","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"is thinking"},{"surface":"отзывались","lemma":"отзываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would remark"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase иной раз","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of отзывались","gloss":"time","note":"«иной раз» is an idiom meaning 'now and then'."},{"surface":"разговаривавшие","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of отзывались","gloss":"those who talked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривавшие","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c6-s7","source":"Иные, видевшие в его глазах что-то задумчивое и угрюмое, случалось, вдруг поражались внезапным смехом его, свидетельствовавшим о веселых и игривых мыслях, бывших в нем именно в то время, когда он смотрел с такою угрюмостью.","translation":"Some, having seen in his eyes something pensive and sullen, would suddenly find themselves startled by his abrupt laughter, which gave away the cheerful, playful thoughts that had been in him at the very moment he had been looking so gloomy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видевшие… свидетельствовавшим… бывших","title":"A chain of participles","body":"This sentence stacks three participles — «видевшие» (who had seen), «свидетельствовавшим» (which bore witness), «бывших» (that had been) — each agreeing with a different noun in its own case. Such participial chains are the bookish engine of 19th-c. narration, packing several relative clauses into one period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поражались внезапным смехом","title":"Reflexive verb + instrumental cause","body":"«поражались» (were struck) is the -ся passive/middle of «поражать»; the cause of the astonishment, «внезапным смехом» (by his sudden laughter), stands in the instrumental — the instrumental of the agent/cause typical of such reflexive-passive constructions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с такою угрюмостью","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«с такою угрюмостью» (with such gloom) again shows the period instrumental ending «-ою» on «такою» where modern Russian writes «-ой». «угрюмость» is the abstract noun 'sullenness, gloom', built from the adjective «угрюмый»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of случалось","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"видевшие","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Иные","gloss":"having seen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видевшие","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"задумчивое","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of видевшие","gloss":"pensive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"угрюмое","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with задумчивое","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying поражались","gloss":"would happen"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражались","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поражались","lemma":"поражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be struck"},{"surface":"внезапным","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражались","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"свидетельствовавшим","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying смехом","gloss":"which gave away"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"веселых","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies мыслях","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"игривых","lemma":"игривый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with веселых","gloss":"playful"},{"surface":"мыслях","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствовавшим","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"бывших","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies мыслях","gloss":"that had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывших","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on время","gloss":"had been looking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрюмостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрюмостью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"угрюмостью","lemma":"угрюмость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"gloominess"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c6-s8","source":"Впрочем, некоторая болезненность его лица в настоящую минуту могла быть понятна: все знали или слышали о чрезвычайно тревожной и «кутящей» жизни, которой он именно в последнее время у нас предавался, равно как всем известно было и то необычайное раздражение, до которого он достиг в ссорах со своим отцом из-за спорных денег.","translation":"Still, the somewhat sickly look of his face at the present moment was understandable: everyone knew or had heard of the extraordinarily turbulent and \"carousing\" life to which he had lately given himself over here among us, just as everyone knew of the uncommon exasperation he had reached in his quarrels with his father over the disputed money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«кутящей» жизни","title":"«кутить» — to carouse","body":"The quoted «кутящей» is the present active participle of «кутить» (to go on a spree, carouse, drink and squander), the scare-quotes flagging it as the town's own word for Dmitri's dissipation. «кутёж» (a binge) is the noun; the whole register is that of provincial gossip."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которой он… предавался","title":"Relative «который» in the dative","body":"«предаваться» (to give oneself over to) governs the dative, so the relative pronoun appears as «которой» — feminine to agree with antecedent «жизни», dative because of the verb. A clear case of «который» agreeing in gender/number but taking its own case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to могла","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"некоторая","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезненность","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"болезненность","lemma":"болезненность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"sickliness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies болезненность","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"настоящую","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to понятна","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"понятна","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"understandable"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to понятна","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тревожной","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"тревожной","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying жизни","gloss":"turbulent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кутящей","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, genitive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тревожной","gloss":"carousing"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предавался","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предавался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предавался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of предавался","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"предавался","lemma":"предаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on жизни","gloss":"had given himself over"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно как","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to знали, introduced by равно как","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of раздражение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражение","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"раздражение","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"exasperation"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достиг","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достиг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"достиг","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on раздражение","gloss":"had reached"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ссорах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ссорах","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of достиг","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ссорах","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из-за","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"спорных","lemma":"спорный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"disputed"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of достиг","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c6-s9","source":"По городу ходило уже об этом несколько анекдотов.","translation":"Several anecdotes about it were already going round the town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По городу ходило… несколько анекдотов","title":"Numeral-quantifier with neuter verb","body":"«несколько анекдотов» ('several anecdotes') takes the genitive plural «анекдотов» after the quantifier, and the verb stands in the neuter singular «ходило» — the impersonal agreement typical of «несколько» + genitive subjects. Fronting «по городу» gives 'around the town' as the topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анекдот","title":"A false friend: «анекдот»","body":"«анекдот» here means a 'story, episode, piece of gossip' (an anecdote in the older English sense), not a 'joke' as the modern colloquial Russian sense and the English false-friend might suggest. Pyotr Alexandrovich's «парижский анекдот» below is likewise a telling little story."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходило","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"ходило","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were going round"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходило","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on анекдотов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"анекдотов","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ходило","gloss":"anecdotes"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c6-s10","source":"Правда, что он и от природы был раздражителен, «ума отрывистого и неправильного», как характерно выразился о нем у нас наш мировой судья Семен Иванович Качальников в одном собрании.","translation":"True, he was irritable by nature, \"of an abrupt and disorderly mind,\" as our justice of the peace, Semyon Ivanovich Kachalnikov, once aptly put it about him at a gathering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«ума отрывистого и неправильного»","title":"Genitive of characterization in quotation","body":"The judge's epigram puts the whole phrase in the genitive of quality — 'of an abrupt and disorderly mind' — the same 'a man of...' construction seen in s1. «отрывистый» literally 'jerky, snatching' (cf. «отрывать», to tear off) and «неправильный» 'irregular' together brand Dmitri's mind as fitful and lawless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздражителен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражителен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies природы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природы","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздражителен","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to раздражителен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"раздражителен","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Правда","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"descriptive genitive characterizing он","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"отрывистого","lemma":"отрывистый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"abrupt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неправильного","lemma":"неправильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отрывистого","gloss":"disorderly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"характерно","lemma":"характерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"aptly"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судья","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мировой","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судья","gloss":"justice of the peace","note":"«мировой судья» is a set title meaning 'justice of the peace'."},{"surface":"судья","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"Семен","lemma":"Семён","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to судья","gloss":"Semyon"},{"surface":"Иванович","lemma":"Иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Семен","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"Качальников","lemma":"Качальников","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Семен","gloss":"Kachalnikov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собрании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies собрании","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"собрании","lemma":"собрание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"gathering"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c6-s11","source":"Вошел он безукоризненно и щегольски одетый, в застегнутом сюртуке, в черных перчатках и с цилиндром в руках.","translation":"He came in irreproachably and elegantly dressed, in a buttoned frock coat, black gloves, and with a top hat in his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошел он… одетый","title":"Inverted verb + past passive participle","body":"Fronting «вошёл» before «он» is narrative inversion that throws weight onto the entrance. «одетый» is the past passive participle of «одеть» (dressed), here used adjectivally and modified by the adverbs «безукоризненно» (irreproachably) and «щегольски» (foppishly)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в застегнутом сюртуке, в черных перчатках","title":"Prepositional «в» of attire","body":"A string of «в» + prepositional phrases describes what he is wearing — «в… сюртуке», «в… перчатках» — the locative «в» used idiomatically for clothing 'in a coat, in gloves'. «застёгнутом» is itself a past passive participle (buttoned-up)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"безукоризненно","lemma":"безукоризненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетый","gloss":"irreproachably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"щегольски","lemma":"щегольски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетый","gloss":"elegantly"},{"surface":"одетый","lemma":"одетый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"застегнутом","lemma":"застёгнутый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сюртуке","gloss":"buttoned"},{"surface":"сюртуке","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одетый","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перчатках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черных","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies перчатках","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"перчатках","lemma":"перчатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with сюртуке","gloss":"gloves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цилиндром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"цилиндром","lemma":"цилиндр","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сюртуке","gloss":"a top hat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of цилиндром","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c6-s12","source":"Как военный недавно в отставке, он носил усы и брил пока бороду.","translation":"Having recently retired from the army, he wore a moustache and as yet kept his beard shaved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брил пока бороду","title":"Imperfective «брил» + «пока»","body":"«брил… бороду» is imperfective past of habit/ongoing state ('kept shaving his beard'), and «пока» here means 'for the time being, as yet' — implying the habit might change. The accusative «бороду» is the direct object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the как-phrase describing он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"военный","lemma":"военный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun describing он in the как-phrase","gloss":"a military man"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отставке","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отставке","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of военный","gloss":"retirement"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of носил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"усы","lemma":"ус","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"a moustache"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брил","lemma":"брить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with носил","gloss":"kept shaved"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брил","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of брил","gloss":"his beard"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c6-s13","source":"Темно-русые волосы его были коротко обстрижены и зачесаны как-то височками вперед.","translation":"His dark-brown hair was cropped short and combed somehow forward over the temples.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были коротко обстрижены и зачесаны","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participles","body":"«были… обстрижены… и зачёсаны» is the «быть» + short past-passive-participle passive: 'were cropped and combed'. The short forms «обстрижены», «зачёсаны» agree with plural «волосы» and state the result of an action done to the hair."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"височками","title":"Diminutive «височки»","body":"«височками» is the diminutive of «виски» (temples), the instrumental plural describing how the hair was combed — 'in little temple-locks' forward over the temples. The diminutive lends the detail a touch of dandyish particularity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Темно","lemma":"тёмно-русый","morphology":"adjective, combining form","role":"combines with русые to modify волосы","gloss":"dark-"},{"surface":"русые","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies волосы","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive обстрижены","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, possessive, indeclinable","role":"determiner of волосы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обстрижены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"коротко","lemma":"коротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обстрижены","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"обстрижены","lemma":"обстричь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cropped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачесаны","lemma":"зачесать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обстрижены","gloss":"combed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"forms как-то, modifies зачесаны","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"second half of как-то, modifies зачесаны","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"височками","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зачесаны","gloss":"at the temples"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies височками","gloss":"forward"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c6-s14","source":"Шагал он решительно, широко, по-фрунтовому.","translation":"He walked with a decisive, wide, parade-ground stride.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-фрунтовому","title":"«по-фрунтовому» — parade-ground style","body":"«фрунт» is the older military word for «фронт» (the front, the parade formation), and «по-фрунтовому» is the adverb 'in drill-square fashion'. The whole phrase paints Dmitri's stride as still ruled by the army's stiff, marching discipline."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шагал он решительно, широко","title":"Imperfective «шагать» + inversion","body":"«шагал» is imperfective ('was striding, used to stride'), painting a characteristic manner of walking rather than one event; the fronted verb again inverts for emphasis. The bare adverbs «решительно, широко» stack to build the picture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шагал","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Шагал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Шагал","gloss":"decisively"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with решительно","gloss":"widely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-фрунтовому","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"forms по-фрунтовому, coordinated with решительно","gloss":"parade-ground"},{"surface":"фрунтовому","lemma":"по-фрунтовому","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"second half of по-фрунтовому","gloss":"style"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c6-s15","source":"На мгновение остановился он на пороге и, окинув всех взглядом, прямо направился к старцу, угадав в нем хозяина.","translation":"For a moment he paused on the threshold and, taking in everyone with a glance, went straight to the elder, having guessed him to be the host.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окинув всех взглядом… угадав в нем хозяина","title":"Perfective gerunds of prior action","body":"«окинув» (having swept with a glance) and «угадав» (having guessed) are perfective past gerunds («деепричастия»), each naming an action completed just before the main verb «направился». They share its subject and chain the moment's actions in one elegant period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился к старцу","title":"Prefixed motion verb + dative «к»","body":"«направился» is the perfective of «направляться» (to head, set off toward), a reflexive directed-motion verb; the goal «к старцу» uses «к» + dative for 'toward'. The perfective marks the single decisive move across the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paused"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окинув","lemma":"окинуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"taking in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of окинув","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окинув","gloss":"with a glance"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"угадав","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"having guessed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угадав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of угадав","gloss":"the host"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c6-s16","source":"Он глубоко поклонился ему и попросил благословения.","translation":"He bowed low to him and asked for his blessing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонился ему и попросил благословения","title":"Genitive object after «попросить»","body":"«попросить» (to ask for) takes its object in the genitive when the thing requested is abstract — hence «благословения» (a blessing), genitive. The verb «поклониться» (to bow to someone) governs the dative «ему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"благословения","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"a blessing"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c6-s17","source":"Старец, привстав, благословил его; Дмитрий Федорович почтительно поцеловал его руку и с необыкновенным волнением, почти с раздражением произнес:","translation":"The elder, half-rising, blessed him; Dmitri Fyodorovich kissed his hand respectfully and, with extraordinary emotion, almost with irritation, pronounced:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"привстав","title":"Gerund «привстав» — half-rising","body":"«привстав» is the perfective gerund of «привстать», where the prefix «при-» gives the partial sense 'to rise a little, half up'. As a deepričastie it sets the elder's slight rising as the circumstance attending «благословил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с необыкновенным волнением, почти с раздражением","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"Two parallel «с» + instrumental phrases — «с волнением», «с раздражением» — describe the emotional manner of his speaking. The instrumental of accompanying state is the standard way Russian attaches feeling to an act of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"привстав","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on благословил","gloss":"having half-risen"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поцеловал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенным","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнением","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловал","gloss":"emotion"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражением","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"раздражением","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловал","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c6-s18","source":"— Простите великодушно за то, что заставил столько ждать.","translation":"\"Forgive me magnanimously for having kept you waiting so long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простите","title":"Polite imperative «простите»","body":"«простите» is the polite/plural imperative of «простить» (to forgive), with the -те ending marking respect to the elder. Note the perfective aspect: he asks for one complete act of pardon, not ongoing forgiveness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великодушно","title":"«великодушно» — magnanimously","body":"«великодушно» (from «великая душа», 'great soul') means 'magnanimously, generously'. The slightly grandiloquent adverb in an apology is pure Dmitri — theatrical, expansive, sincere all at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что заставил столько ждать","title":"«за то, что» — causal correlative","body":"«за то, что» ('for the fact that') is a correlative: the preposition «за» + accusative pronoun «то» picks up the «что»-clause as the thing apologized for. «заставил… ждать» means 'made [you] wait', «заставить» + infinitive being the standard causative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"великодушно","lemma":"великодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Простите","gloss":"magnanimously"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Простите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заставил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заставил","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"kept (you) waiting"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставил","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c6-s19","source":"Но слуга Смердяков, посланный батюшкою, на настойчивый мой вопрос о времени, ответил мне два раза самым решительным тоном, что назначено в час.","translation":"But the servant Smerdyakov, sent by my father, replied twice in the most positive tone, to my insistent question about the time, that it had been set for one o'clock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посланный батюшкою","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«посланный» (sent) is the past passive participle of «послать», modifying «слуга»; the agent who sent him, «батюшкою» (by [his] father), stands in the instrumental — the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive. Note again the archaic instrumental «-ою»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшкою","title":"«батюшка» — father (affectionate/old)","body":"«батюшка» is the old, warm diminutive of 'father', once a respectful everyday word; here it is faintly ironic for Fyodor Pavlovich (the scare-quotes appear in s22). The same word «батюшка» is also the standard address for a parish priest — a resonance Dostoevsky exploits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"посланный","lemma":"посланный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"батюшкою","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of посланный","gloss":"by father"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"настойчивый","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решительным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"решительным","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"positive"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of ответил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"назначено","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"was set"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of назначено","gloss":"one o'clock"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c6-s20","source":"Теперь я вдруг узнаю…","translation":"And now I suddenly learn…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вдруг узнаю","title":"Present «узнаю» of vivid discovery","body":"«узнаю» is present-tense imperfective ('I learn / am now learning'), used here for the immediate, vivid present of discovery — heightened by «вдруг» (suddenly). The trailing dash leaves the sentence broken off, dramatizing Dmitri's rising agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learn"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c6-s21","source":"— Не беспокойтесь, — перебил старец, — ничего, несколько замешкались, не беда…","translation":"\"Do not trouble yourself,\" the elder interrupted, \"it is nothing, you are only a little late, no harm done…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойтесь","title":"Negated reflexive imperative","body":"«не беспокойтесь» ('don't trouble yourself') is the polite imperative of the reflexive «беспокоиться» (to worry), with -сь after the vowel and negating «не». Negated imperatives in Russian typically use the imperfective, as here, to forbid the action in general."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"замешкались… не беда","title":"«замешкаться» and «не беда»","body":"«замешкаться» is the perfective 'to be delayed, dawdle a little'; «не беда» is a set colloquial reassurance — 'no harm, never mind' (literally 'not a misfortune'). The elder's clustered diminutive-soft phrases gently defuse Dmitri's heat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to беспокойтесь","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"parallel clause to беспокойтесь","gloss":"it's nothing"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замешкались","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"замешкались","lemma":"замешкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"were delayed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"harm done"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c6-s22","source":"— Чрезвычайно вам благодарен и менее не мог ожидать от вашей доброты. — Отрезав это, Дмитрий Федорович еще раз поклонился, затем, вдруг обернувшись в сторону своего «батюшки», сделал и тому такой же почтительный и глубокий поклон.","translation":"\"I am exceedingly grateful, and could expect no less from your kindness.\" Having clipped this out, Dmitri Fyodorovich bowed once more, then, turning suddenly toward his \"father\", made him too just as respectful and deep a bow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отрезав это… обернувшись в сторону","title":"Two perfective gerunds","body":"«отрезав» (having clipped out) and «обернувшись» (having turned) are perfective past gerunds setting the completed actions framing the bow. «отрезать» literally 'to cut off' is here metaphorical for speaking curtly — a vivid choice the translation renders 'clipped this out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделал и тому такой же… поклон","title":"Demonstrative «тому» + emphatic «и»","body":"«тому» is the dative of «тот» ('to that one', i.e. the father), and the particle «и» before it means 'too, also' — 'made him too just such a bow'. «такой же» ('just the same kind of') points back to the bow given the elder."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«батюшки»","title":"Ironic scare-quotes on «батюшка»","body":"Here the narrator sets «батюшки» (genitive of «батюшка», father) in quotation marks, flagging the warm word as ironic when applied to Fyodor Pavlovich. The typographic irony is itself characterization of the strained father–son bond."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарен","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of благодарен","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"благодарен","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with благодарен","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ожидать","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доброты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of доброты","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"доброты","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидать","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"Отрезав","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поклонился","gloss":"having clipped out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Отрезав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"forms еще раз, modifies поклонился","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернувшись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернувшись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обернувшись","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернувшись","gloss":"the direction"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"батюшки","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклон","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"почтительный","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"respectful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глубокий","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with почтительный","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a bow"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c6-s23","source":"Видно было, что он обдумал этот поклон заранее и надумал его искренно, почтя своею обязанностью выразить тем свою почтительность и добрые намерения.","translation":"It was clear that he had thought this bow out beforehand and had conceived it sincerely, holding it his duty thereby to express his respect and good intentions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видно было, что","title":"Impersonal «видно было»","body":"«видно было, что…» ('it was clear that…') is an impersonal construction — invariable predicative «видно» + past «было», with no nominative subject — introducing a «что»-clause. It frames the narrator's inference about Dmitri's premeditated bow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтя своею обязанностью выразить","title":"Gerund «почтя» + double instrumental","body":"«почтя» is the perfective gerund of «почесть» (archaic 'to deem, reckon'); the construction «почесть что (acc.) чем (instr.)» — to deem X to be Y — gives «своею обязанностью» (his duty) in the instrumental as predicate complement. A compact bookish turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надумал","title":"«надумать» — to conceive after thinking","body":"«надумал» (from «надумать») is the perfective 'to think up, resolve upon after deliberation', the prefix «на-» adding the sense of arriving at a decision. Paired with «обдумал» (thought out) it stresses how deliberately Dmitri planned even this courtesy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обдумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обдумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обдумал","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Видно","gloss":"had thought out"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обдумал","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумал","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надумал","lemma":"надумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обдумал","gloss":"conceived"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надумал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надумал","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"почтя","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надумал","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обязанностью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обязанностью","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of почтя","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of почтя","gloss":"to express"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразить","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of почтительность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"почтительность","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразить","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies намерения","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"намерения","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with почтительность","gloss":"intentions"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c6-s24","source":"Федор Павлович, хоть и застигнутый врасплох, тотчас по-своему нашелся: в ответ на поклон Дмитрия Федоровича он вскочил с кресел и ответил сыну точно таким же глубоким поклоном.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich, though caught off guard, instantly rose to the occasion in his own fashion: in answer to Dmitri Fyodorovich's bow he leapt up from his armchair and returned his son an exactly equal deep bow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и застигнутый врасплох","title":"Concessive participle phrase","body":"«хоть и застигнутый врасплох» ('though caught off guard') is a concessive («хоть и» = 'even though') wrapping the past passive participle «застигнутый» (from «застигнуть», to catch unawares). «врасплох» is a fixed adverb 'by surprise'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответил сыну… поклоном","title":"Dative recipient + instrumental means","body":"Two cases meet on one verb: «сыну» (to his son) is the dative recipient of «ответил», while «поклоном» (with a bow) is the instrumental of the means by which he answered — a neat illustration of the cases dividing the verb's roles."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-своему нашелся","title":"«найтись» — to rise to the occasion","body":"«нашёлся» is the reflexive «найтись» in its idiomatic sense 'to find one's bearings, not be at a loss, rise to the occasion'. With «по-своему» ('in his own way') it perfectly captures Fyodor Pavlovich's instinct to turn even ambush into performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашелся","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies застигнутый","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застигнутый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"застигнутый","lemma":"застигнутый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"врасплох","lemma":"врасплох","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of застигнутый","gloss":"off guard"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашелся","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"forms по-своему, modifies нашелся","gloss":"in his own"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"adverb, combining form","role":"second half of по-своему","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"нашелся","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose to the occasion"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклон","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"the bow"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to нашелся","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his armchair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"сыну","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклоном","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"глубоким","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"a bow"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c6-s25","source":"Лицо его сделалось вдруг важно и внушительно, что придало ему, однако, решительно злой вид.","translation":"His face turned all at once grave and imposing, which lent him, however, a decidedly malicious air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделалось вдруг важно и внушительно","title":"Reflexive «сделаться» + short adjectives","body":"«сделалось» is the -ся change-of-state verb 'became', and the predicates «важно», «внушительно» are short neuter adjectives agreeing with «лицо» (face). The short form, proper to the predicate, here states the sudden assumed gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что придало ему… вид","title":"Sentential relative «что»","body":"Here «что» ('which') is a sentential relative referring back to the whole preceding clause, not a single noun — 'his face turned grave, which lent him…'. «придало» (perfective «придать», to lend/impart) governs the dative «ему» and accusative «вид»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сделалось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сделалось","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of сделалось","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with важно","gloss":"imposing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of придало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"придало","lemma":"придать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сделалось","gloss":"lent"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of придало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of придало","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злой","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придало","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c6-s26","source":"Затем молча, общим поклоном откланявшись всем бывшим в комнате, Дмитрий Федорович своими большими и решительными шагами подошел к окну, уселся на единственный оставшийся стул неподалеку от отца Паисия и, весь выдвинувшись вперед на стуле, тотчас приготовился слушать продолжение им прерванного разговора.","translation":"Then, silently, having bowed a general bow of farewell to everyone present in the room, Dmitri Fyodorovich strode with his large, decisive steps to the window, took the one remaining chair near Father Paisy, and, leaning his whole body forward on the chair, at once made ready to hear out the continuation of the conversation he had broken in upon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"откланявшись… выдвинувшись","title":"Gerund chain driving the action","body":"Two perfective gerunds — «откланявшись» (having bowed farewell) and «выдвинувшись» (having leaned forward) — bracket the finite verbs «подошёл… уселся… приготовился», compressing a whole sequence of movements into one long flowing period typical of Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своими большими и решительными шагами","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + instrumental of manner","body":"«своими… шагами» ('with his own steps') uses the reflexive possessive «свой» (pointing back to the subject Dmitri) in the instrumental of manner. The instrumental of 'by what means / in what manner' is how Russian attaches the stride to the verb of motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"им прерванного разговора","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent, inverted","body":"«прерванного» is the past passive participle of «прервать» (interrupted), and «им» (by him) is the instrumental agent placed before it — 'the conversation interrupted by him'. The agent-before-participle order is a tight literary compression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откланявшись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откланявшись","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"общим","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откланявшись","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"откланявшись","lemma":"откланяться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошел","gloss":"having bowed farewell"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of бывшим","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бывшим","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"complement of откланявшись","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бывшим","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of шагами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"большими","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительными","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with большими","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"took a seat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стул","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"оставшийся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies стул","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"неподалеку","lemma":"неподалёку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стул","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неподалеку","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject (он, i.e. Дмитрий Федорович) of выдвинувшись","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"выдвинувшись","lemma":"выдвинуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приготовился","gloss":"leaning forward"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдвинувшись","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдвинувшись","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"приготовился","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"made ready"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приготовился","gloss":"to hear out"},{"surface":"продолжение","lemma":"продолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"the continuation"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of прерванного","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"прерванного","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies продолжение","gloss":"the conversation"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c6-s27","source":"Появление Дмитрия Федоровича заняло не более каких-нибудь двух минут, и разговор не мог не возобновиться.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich's appearance had taken no more than some two minutes, and the conversation could not but resume.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не более каких-нибудь двух минут","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» + genitive after numeral","body":"«каких-нибудь» here is idiomatic for 'some, a mere' before a quantity; «двух минут» is the genitive demanded by the numeral «два/две» under the negated comparison «не более» ('no more than'). The whole phrase downplays how brief the entrance was."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог не возобновиться","title":"Double negation 'could not but'","body":"«не мог не возобновиться» ('could not not resume') is a litotes built on doubled «не» — the idiom for 'was bound to, could not but'. The reflexive «возобновиться» (to resume, intransitive) is a middle -ся verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Появление","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заняло","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Появление","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"заняло","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, combining form, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of минут","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, combining form, genitive, plural","role":"second half of каких-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заняло","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заняло","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возобновиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возобновиться","lemma":"возобновиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"resume"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c6-s28","source":"Но на этот раз на настойчивый и почти раздражительный вопрос отца Паисия Петр Александрович не почел нужным ответить.","translation":"But this time Pyotr Alexandrovich did not see fit to answer Father Paisy's insistent and almost irritable question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не почел нужным ответить","title":"«почесть нужным» + infinitive","body":"«почёл нужным» ('deemed it necessary') is the archaic «почесть» (to deem) + «нужным», the long-form (full) adjective «нужный» in the instrumental as the predicate complement of «почесть» ('to deem X to be Y'), governing the infinitive «ответить» — 'did not deem it necessary to answer'. The bookish verb «почесть» marks elevated narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"настойчивый","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражительный","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"раздражительный","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with настойчивый","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paisy's"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"почел","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw fit"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of почел","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of почел","gloss":"to answer"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c6-s29","source":"— Позвольте мне эту тему отклонить, — произнес он с некоторою светскою небрежностью — Тема эта к тому же мудреная.","translation":"\"Permit me to decline this subject,\" he said with a certain worldly negligence. \"Besides, the subject is a thorny one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте мне эту тему отклонить","title":"Polite imperative «позвольте» + dative","body":"«позвольте» ('permit', polite imperative of «позволить») takes the dative of the person permitted — «мне» — plus an infinitive «отклонить». «Позвольте + inf.» is the standard formula for a courteous request to be allowed to do something."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"светскою небрежностью… мудреная","title":"«светский» and «мудрёный»","body":"«светский» means 'of high society, worldly' (from «свет», 'the world, society'), not 'secular'; «небрежность» is studied carelessness. «мудрёный» means 'tricky, abstruse, hard to handle' — Miusov dismisses the topic as too thorny to pursue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Permit"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отклонить","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"отклонить","lemma":"отклонить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to decline"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main clause reporting the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небрежностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторою","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies небрежностью","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"светскою","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies небрежностью","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"небрежностью","lemma":"небрежность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"negligence"},{"surface":"Тема","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мудреная","gloss":"the subject"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Тема","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (besides)","gloss":"besides","note":"\"к тому же\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"besides, moreover\"."},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"(too)"},{"surface":"мудреная","lemma":"мудрёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Тема","gloss":"thorny"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c6-s30","source":"Вот Иван Федорович на нас усмехается, должно быть, у него есть что-нибудь любопытное и на этот случай.","translation":"Look, Ivan Fyodorovich is smiling at us; he must have something curious to say on this score too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван Федорович на нас усмехается","title":"Reflexive «усмехаться» + present tense","body":"«усмехается» is the imperfective present of the -ся verb «усмехаться» (to smirk, give a half-smile); «на нас» ('at us') uses «на» + accusative for the target of the look. The present tense reports the smile happening now before the company."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него есть что-нибудь любопытное","title":"Possession «у… есть» + indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"«у него есть» is the standard Russian way to say 'he has' (literally 'at him there is'), with the possessor in the genitive after «у». «что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'something or other', its «-нибудь» marking the vagueness of what Ivan might say."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехается","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехается","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of усмехается","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"усмехается","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is smiling"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical particle (part of the idiom должно быть)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (there is/he has)","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-нибудь (indefinite pronoun)","gloss":"(-ever)"},{"surface":"любопытное","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of есть (for this occasion too)","gloss":"score","note":"\"на этот случай\" = \"on this score/for this occasion too\"."}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c6-s31","source":"Вот его спросите.","translation":"Ask him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот его спросите","title":"Imperative + fronted accusative object","body":"«спросите» is the polite imperative of «спросить» (to ask); «его» is its accusative object, fronted after the pointing «вот» ('there — ask him'). The free word order throws the object before the verb for deictic punch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросите","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спросите","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c6-s32","source":"— Ничего особенного, кроме маленького замечания, — тотчас же ответил Иван Федорович, — о том, что вообще европейский либерализм, и даже наш русский либеральный дилетантизм, часто и давно уже смешивает конечные результаты социализма с христианскими.","translation":"\"Nothing in particular, beyond a small remark,\" Ivan Fyodorovich answered at once, \"to the effect that European liberalism in general, and even our own Russian liberal dilettantism, often, and long since, confounds the ultimate results of socialism with those of Christianity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кроме маленького замечания","title":"Genitive after «кроме»","body":"«кроме» ('except, besides') governs the genitive, hence «маленького замечания» (a small remark). It is one of the many prepositions whose meaning includes fixing its object in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смешивает конечные результаты социализма с христианскими","title":"«смешивать… с» + instrumental","body":"«смешивать X с Y» ('to confuse X with Y') governs the instrumental on Y — here «с христианскими» (with the Christian ones). The verb is imperfective present, framing the confusion as a habitual, ongoing intellectual error of liberalism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Ничего","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замечания","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечания","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"замечания","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме (exception to Ничего)","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main clause reporting the quote","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечания (о том, что... = about the fact that)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смешивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies либерализм","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"европейский","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies либерализм","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"либерализм","lemma":"либерализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смешивает","gloss":"liberalism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наш","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дилетантизм","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дилетантизм","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"либеральный","lemma":"либеральный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дилетантизм","gloss":"liberal"},{"surface":"дилетантизм","lemma":"дилетантизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with либерализм (subject of смешивает)","gloss":"dilettantism"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешивает","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with часто","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешивает","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"смешивает","lemma":"смешивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (introduced by что)","gloss":"confounds"},{"surface":"конечные","lemma":"конечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies результаты","gloss":"ultimate"},{"surface":"результаты","lemma":"результат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of смешивает","gloss":"results"},{"surface":"социализма","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies результаты","gloss":"of socialism"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking христианскими","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"христианскими","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies elided результатами (of Christianity), parallel to результаты","gloss":"those of Christianity"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c6-s33","source":"Этот дикий вывод — конечно, характерная черта.","translation":"This wild conclusion is, of course, a characteristic trait.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этот дикий вывод — конечно, характерная черта","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"There is no verb 'to be' here: «Этот дикий вывод — характерная черта» ('this wild conclusion [is] a characteristic trait'), with the dash standing where English needs 'is'. In the present tense Russian leaves the copula unexpressed and both nouns sit in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вывод","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"дикий","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вывод","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"вывод","lemma":"вывод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of черта","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying the sentence","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"характерная","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (linked to вывод)","gloss":"trait"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c6-s34","source":"Впрочем, социализм с христианством смешивают, как оказывается, не одни либералы и дилетанты, а вместе с ними во многих случаях, и жандармы, то есть заграничные разумеется.","translation":"Moreover, it is not only liberals and dilettantes, it turns out, who confound socialism with Christianity, but, together with them and in many cases, the gendarmes too — the foreign ones, that is, of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не одни либералы… а… и жандармы","title":"«не… а» correction + «и» 'even'","body":"The frame «не одни X, а… и Y» is corrective — 'not X alone, but Y as well'. The contrastive «а» (not «но») marks the rephrasing, and «и» before «жандармы» adds 'even/too'. Russian's «а» is the gentle pivot English lacks a single word for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying смешивают","gloss":"Moreover"},{"surface":"социализм","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смешивают","gloss":"socialism"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking христианством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"христианством","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с, paired with социализм","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"смешивают","lemma":"смешивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confound"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказывается","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказывается","lemma":"оказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies либералы (не одни = not only)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"либералы","lemma":"либерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смешивают","gloss":"liberals"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дилетанты","lemma":"дилетант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with либералы","gloss":"dilettantes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жандармы (accompaniment)","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"ними","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial complement of смешивают (in many cases)","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"жандармы","lemma":"жандарм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with либералы","gloss":"gendarmes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"заграничные","lemma":"заграничный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies жандармы","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb, modifies заграничные","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c6-s35","source":"Ваш парижский анекдот довольно характерен, Петр Александрович.","translation":"Your Parisian anecdote is rather characteristic, Pyotr Alexandrovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно характерен","title":"Short adjective predicate","body":"«характерен» is the short masculine form of «характерный» (characteristic, telling), agreeing with «анекдот». The short form is the natural predicative choice here — 'your anecdote is characteristic' — and «довольно» ('rather') hedges it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of анекдот","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"парижский","lemma":"парижский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"Parisian"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of характерен","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies характерен","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"характерен","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c6-s36","source":"— Вообще эту тему я опять прошу позволения оставить, повторил Петр Александрович, — а вместо того я вам расскажу, господа, другой анекдот о самом Иване Федоровиче, интереснейший и характернейший.","translation":"\"In general I again beg leave to drop this subject,\" repeated Pyotr Alexandrovich, \"and instead, gentlemen, I will tell you another anecdote, about Ivan Fyodorovich himself, a most interesting and most characteristic one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"интереснейший и характернейший","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«интереснейший» and «характернейший» are bookish superlatives formed with the suffix «-ейший» ('most interesting', 'most characteristic'), the elevated alternative to «самый интересный». The suffixed superlative gives Miusov's announcement a touch of rhetorical flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о самом Иване Федоровиче","title":"Intensifier «сам» + prepositional","body":"«о самом Иване Фёдоровиче» ('about Ivan Fyodorovich himself') uses the intensifier «сам» (himself), declined to agree in the prepositional after «о». «сам» foregrounds that the anecdote concerns Ivan in person, not merely his ideas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"In general"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"позволения","lemma":"позволение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of прошу","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of позволения (permission to leave)","gloss":"to drop"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main clause reporting the quote","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom вместо того (instead of that)","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошу","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing the audience","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with расскажу","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иване","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иване (emphatic - himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровиче","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иване","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"интереснейший","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"most interesting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характернейший","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with интереснейший, modifies анекдот","gloss":"most characteristic"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c6-s37","source":"Не далее как дней пять тому назад, в одном здешнем, по преимуществу дамском, обществе он торжественно заявил в споре, что на всей земле нет решительно ничего такого, что бы заставляло людей любить себе подобных, что такого закона природы: чтобы человек любил человечество — не существует вовсе, и что если есть и была до сих пор любовь на земле, то не от закона естественного, а единственно потому, что люди веровали в свое бессмертие.","translation":"No more than five days ago, in a local company that was predominantly ladies', he solemnly declared in an argument that there is decidedly nothing on the whole earth that would oblige men to love their fellows, that no such law of nature — that man should love mankind — exists at all, and that if love has existed on earth, and exists still, it is not by virtue of any natural law, but solely because men have believed in their own immortality.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы заставляло людей любить себе подобных","title":"Conditional «бы» in a relative clause","body":"«что бы заставляло» uses the particle «бы» + past-form verb for an irrealis relative: 'anything that would oblige…'. The hypothetical mood follows naturally from the preceding negation «нет… ничего такого» — there is no such thing as would compel love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет решительно ничего такого","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«нет… ничего такого» ('there is decidedly nothing of the kind') is the existential «нет» + obligatory genitive «ничего» — the genitive of negation for an absent subject. The «ни-» negative pronoun also triggers negative concord throughout the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы человек любил человечество","title":"«чтобы» + past-form subjunctive","body":"«чтобы человек любил человечество» ('that man should love mankind') is the «чтобы»-clause governing a past-form verb «любил» — Russian's willed/hypothetical subordinate, distinct from the factual «что». Here it specifies the content of the non-existent 'law'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"люди веровали в свое бессмертие","title":"Archaic «веровать» + «свой»","body":"«веровали» is the bookish/Church-tinged «веровать» (to believe, have faith), heavier than ordinary «верить»; «в своё бессмертие» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('their own immortality') referring back to the subject «люди»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom не далее как (no more than)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не далее как","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of далее","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тому назад (ago)","gloss":"(ago)"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тому назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здешнем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"здешнем","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по преимуществу, modifies дамском","gloss":"predominantly"},{"surface":"преимуществу","lemma":"преимущество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom по преимуществу","gloss":"(predominance)"},{"surface":"дамском","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"ladies'"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking споре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"споре","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"an argument"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявил","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничего","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заставляло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks subjunctive mood of заставляло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"заставляло","lemma":"заставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying ничего","gloss":"oblige"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заставляло","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставляло","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of любить","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"подобных","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"fellows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of закона","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"закона","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of существует (genitive of negation)","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies закона","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause in apposition to закона","gloss":"should love"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, existential negation of закона","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the third что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause, coordinated with была","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть, predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing сих пор, modifies была (until now)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative particle, introduces the main clause (paired with если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закона","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking закона","gloss":"by virtue of"},{"surface":"закона","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от (not by virtue of law)","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"естественного","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies закона","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with а, introduces the reason clause (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веровали","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of веровали","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"веровали","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the потому-что clause","gloss":"have believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бессмертие","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровали","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c6-s38","source":"Иван Федорович прибавил при этом в скобках, что в этом-то и состоит весь закон естественный, так что уничтожьте в человечестве веру в свое бессмертие, в нем тотчас же иссякнет не только любовь, но и всякая живая сила, чтобы продолжать мировую жизнь.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich added in parenthesis that this is precisely where the whole of the natural law lies, so that if you abolish in mankind its faith in immortality, then not only love but every living force needed to carry on the life of the world will at once dry up within it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в этом-то и состоит весь закон","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» + «и»","body":"«в этом-то и состоит» — the hyphenated clitic «-то» emphasizes the known topic ('in precisely this'), reinforced by the focusing «и» ('it is exactly here that the whole law consists'). This «-то» is the topic-stressing particle, not the indefinite «-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уничтожьте… иссякнет… любовь","title":"Imperative as conditional","body":"«уничтожьте» is a perfective imperative ('abolish!') used hypothetically for 'if you abolish…', a common Russian way to state a condition without «если». The consequence «иссякнет» (will dry up) is the perfective simple future — a single completed result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только любовь, но и всякая живая сила","title":"Correlative «не только… но и»","body":"«не только X, но и Y» ('not only X but also Y') is the standard escalating correlative pair. The «и» after «но» is the obligatory 'also' completing the structure — together they climb from love to every living force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"this connection"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скобках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скобках","lemma":"скобка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"parenthesis"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of состоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to этом-то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"состоит","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause introduced by что (subject закон)","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of закон","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоит","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"естественный","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of уничтожьте","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уничтожьте","lemma":"уничтожить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the так-что result clause","gloss":"abolish"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человечестве","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уничтожьте","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уничтожьте","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бессмертие","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иссякнет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иссякнет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"иссякнет","lemma":"иссякнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the так-что result clause, following уничтожьте","gloss":"will dry up"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of иссякнет","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всякая","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"живая","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовь","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying сила (force needed to continue world life)","gloss":"carry on"},{"surface":"мировую","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c6-s39","source":"Мало того: тогда ничего уже не будет безнравственного, все будет позволено, даже антропофагия.","translation":"And more than that: then nothing would any longer be immoral, everything would be permitted, even anthropophagy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего уже не будет безнравственного","title":"Genitive of negation + discontinuous adjective","body":"«ничего… безнравственного» ('nothing immoral') puts both the negative pronoun and its adjective in the genitive of negation, and they are split around «уже не будет» — a discontinuous order Russian's case-marking allows. «не будет» is the negated compound future of «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"все будет позволено… антропофагия","title":"«всё позволено» and «антропофагия»","body":"«всё будет позволено» ('everything will be permitted') is the celebrated Karamazov formula that haunts the novel. «антропофагия» (anthropophagy, cannibalism) is a deliberately clinical Greek-derived term, its bookishness making the horror sound coolly logical — Ivan's signature irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not only"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того (moreover)","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безнравственного","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of безнравственного","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безнравственного","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безнравственного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to безнравственного","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"безнравственного","lemma":"безнравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, genitive under negation (nothing will be immoral)","gloss":"immoral"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of позволено","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with безнравственного","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies антропофагия","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"антропофагия","lemma":"антропофагия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition, exemplifies позволено (even cannibalism)","gloss":"cannibalism"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c6-s40","source":"Но и этого мало, он закончил утверждением, что для каждого частного лица, например как бы мы теперь, не верующего ни в бога, ни в бессмертие свое, нравственный закон природы должен немедленно измениться в полную противоположность прежнему, религиозному, и что эгоизм даже до злодейства не только должен быть дозволен человеку, но даже признан необходимым, самым разумным и чуть ли не благороднейшим исходом в его положении.","translation":"But even that is not all: he concluded by affirming that for every private individual — such as we ourselves now are, say — who believes neither in God nor in his own immortality, the moral law of nature must instantly turn into the full opposite of the former, religious one, and that egoism, even to the point of villainy, must not only be permitted to man but even acknowledged as the necessary, the most rational, and very nearly the noblest issue of his condition.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верующего ни в бога, ни в бессмертие свое","title":"Participle + «ни… ни» negative concord","body":"«верующего» is the present active participle of «веровать» modifying «лица», and «ни… ни» ('neither… nor') coordinates the negated objects under one «не», Russian's negative concord. «в бога», «в бессмертие» use «в» + accusative for 'believe in'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нравственный закон природы должен немедленно измениться","title":"Modal «должен» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«должен» (must, bound to) agrees as a short adjective with «закон» and governs the infinitive «измениться» — the reflexive «измениться» (to change, intransitive). The construction states necessity: the moral law must turn into its opposite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен быть дозволен… признан необходимым","title":"Short passive participles + instrumental predicate","body":"«дозволен», «признан» are short past-passive-participles after «должен быть» — 'must be permitted… acknowledged'. The thing he is acknowledged as, «необходимым… благороднейшим исходом», takes the instrumental of the predicate after «признать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть ли не благороднейшим","title":"«чуть ли не» — almost, all but","body":"«чуть ли не» is an idiomatic hedge meaning 'all but, very nearly, one might almost say', softening the outrageous claim that egoism is the 'noblest' way out. The bookish superlative «благороднейшим» (noblest, in -ейший) caps Ivan's provocative paradox."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of мало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (predicate, 'not enough')","gloss":"not enough"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"утверждением","lemma":"утверждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончил ('concluded with/by')","gloss":"affirming"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"частного","lemma":"частный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"individual"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the aside как бы мы теперь","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы ('as if/say')","gloss":"as","note":"как бы here is a hedging idiom ('such as, say')."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верующего (implied)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мы (as we now are)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верующего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верующего","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, genitive, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верующего","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бога","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бессмертие","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"нравственный","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject закон)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies измениться","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"измениться","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоположность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies противоположность","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"противоположность","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of измениться","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of противоположность ('opposite to the former')","gloss":"the former"},{"surface":"религиозному","lemma":"религиозный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежнему","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен (second clause)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эгоизм","lemma":"эгоизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен (быть дозволен)","gloss":"egoism"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до злодейства","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злодейства","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"злодейства","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"villainy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject эгоизм)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дозволен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"дозволен","lemma":"дозволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дозволен","gloss":"to man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признан","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"признан","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дозволен (shares должен быть)","gloss":"acknowledged"},{"surface":"необходимым","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исходом","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разумным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"разумным","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with необходимым","gloss":"rational"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть ли не","gloss":"almost","note":"чуть ли не is a fixed idiom meaning 'almost/practically'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть ли не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть ли не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"благороднейшим","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"coordinated with необходимым","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"исходом","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of признан","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признан","gloss":"condition"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c6-s41","source":"По такому парадоксу можете заключить, господа, и о всем остальном, что изволит провозглашать и что намерен еще, может быть, провозгласить наш милый эксцентрик и парадоксалист Иван Федорович.","translation":"From such a paradox, gentlemen, you may judge of all the rest that our dear eccentric and paradoxalist Ivan Fyodorovich is pleased to proclaim, and may perhaps yet proclaim.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По такому парадоксу можете заключить","title":"«по» + dative — 'judging by'","body":"«по такому парадоксу» ('from / by such a paradox') uses «по» + dative in its inferential sense, 'on the basis of'. «можете заключить» ('you may conclude') is the polite plural present of «мочь» + perfective infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволит провозглашать","title":"Ironic «изволить»","body":"«изволит» (from «изволить», 'to deign, be pleased to') + infinitive is an archaic-deferential auxiliary, here dripping with irony — Miusov mock-courteously says Ivan 'is pleased to proclaim'. The high-flown verb mocks even as it flatters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наш милый эксцентрик и парадоксалист","title":"Loanwords «эксцентрик», «парадоксалист»","body":"«эксцентрик» (eccentric) and «парадоксалист» (paradoxalist) are Western loanwords flaunting the salon's Europeanized vocabulary; «милый» ('dear') laid over them is condescending affection. The labels reduce Ivan's metaphysics to a society curiosity."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking парадоксу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of парадоксу","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"парадоксу","lemma":"парадокс","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можете","gloss":"paradox"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you may"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остальном","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остальном","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальном","lemma":"остальное","morphology":"adjective (substantive), locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о, complement of заключить","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изволит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изволит","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is pleased"},{"surface":"провозглашать","lemma":"провозглашать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволит","gloss":"proclaim"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намерен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject Иван Федорович)","gloss":"intends"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical может быть, modifies намерен","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"провозгласить","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"proclaim"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эксцентрик","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эксцентрик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"эксцентрик","lemma":"эксцентрик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изволит and намерен (postposed subject)","gloss":"eccentric"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"парадоксалист","lemma":"парадоксалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with эксцентрик","gloss":"paradoxalist"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to парадоксалист","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c6-s42","source":"— Позвольте, — неожиданно крикнул вдруг Дмитрий Федорович, — чтобы не ослышаться: «Злодейство не только должно быть дозволено, но даже признано самым необходимым и самым умным выходом из положения всякого безбожника»!","translation":"\"One moment,\" Dmitri Fyodorovich cried out suddenly, unexpectedly, \"so that I may not have misheard: 'Villainy must not only be permitted, but even acknowledged as the most necessary and the most intelligent way out of his situation for every atheist'!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не ослышаться","title":"«чтобы» + reflexive infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтобы не ослышаться» ('so as not to mishear') is a «чтобы»-clause of purpose with a bare infinitive (same subject), negated by «не». «ослышаться» is a -ся perfective 'to mishear, hear wrongly', the prefix «о-» giving the sense of an error."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть дозволено, но даже признано","title":"Impersonal «должно» + short participles","body":"In Dmitri's paraphrase «должно» is the neuter impersonal 'it must be', governing short passive participles «дозволено», «признано». This subjectless modal construction frames the abstract law without a personal agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безбожника","title":"«безбожник» — atheist","body":"«безбожник» (from «без» 'without' + «бог» 'God') is the everyday, somewhat condemnatory word for an unbeliever/atheist, blunter than the abstract «не верующий в бога» of Ivan's own phrasing. Dmitri's plainer word recasts the theory in starker moral terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of ослышаться","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ослышаться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ослышаться","lemma":"ослышаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on Позвольте","gloss":"misheard"},{"surface":"Злодейство","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"villainy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the quoted sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дозволено","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"дозволено","lemma":"дозволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признано","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"признано","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with должно","gloss":"acknowledged"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies необходимым","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"необходимым","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with умным, modifies выходом","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with необходимым","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"выходом","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of признано","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выходом","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of безбожника","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"безбожника","lemma":"безбожник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"atheist"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c6-s43","source":"Так или не так?","translation":"Is that it, or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так или не так?","title":"Elliptical yes/no question","body":"«Так или не так?» ('Is that so or not?') is a terse alternative question built on the adverb «так» (so, thus) with «или» (or) and negating «не» — no verb needed. The clipped form matches Dmitri's blunt, soldierly demand for confirmation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так (second)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Так (negated repetition)","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c6-s44","source":"— Точно так, — сказал отец Паисий.","translation":"\"Exactly so,\" said Father Paisy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Точно так","title":"«Точно так» — 'exactly so'","body":"«Точно так» is an emphatic affirmation, 'exactly so, just so'. (The fixed military 'yes sir' formula is the reverse word order «Так точно», with its negative «Никак нет» — a different phrase.) From Father Paisy it is simply solemn confirmation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c6-s45","source":"— Запомню.","translation":"\"I'll remember it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Запомню","title":"Perfective future, subject dropped","body":"«Запомню» ('I'll remember [it]') is a one-word perfective simple future — the perfective «запомнить» conjugated like a present yields future meaning. The subject «я» is dropped because the -у ending already marks first person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомню","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll remember"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c6-s46","source":"Произнеся это, Дмитрий Федорович так же внезапно умолк, как внезапно влетел в разговор.","translation":"Having said this, Dmitri Fyodorovich fell silent as abruptly as he had abruptly burst into the conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Произнеся это","title":"Perfective gerund + parallel structure","body":"«Произнеся» is the perfective past gerund of «произнести» (having pronounced), naming the completed prior act. The sentence then sets «внезапно умолк… как внезапно влетел» in a balanced 'as suddenly… as he had suddenly…' parallel built on doubled «внезапно»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"влетел в разговор","title":"«влететь» — to burst in","body":"«влетел» (from «влететь», literally 'to fly in') is used figuratively for bursting impetuously into the conversation, the prefix «в-» giving the inward motion. The flight metaphor captures Dmitri's headlong, unpredictable energy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произнеся","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, gerund (adverbial participle), past, active, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on умолк","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Произнеся","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолк","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так же...как ('just as')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так же","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умолк","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"умолк","lemma":"умолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of влетел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влетел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"влетел","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетел","gloss":"conversation"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c6-s47","source":"Все посмотрели на него с любопытством.","translation":"Everyone looked at him with curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотрели на него с любопытством","title":"«посмотреть на» + instrumental of manner","body":"«посмотреть на» + accusative ('to look at') is the standard frame; «с любопытством» ('with curiosity') adds the instrumental of manner after «с». The perfective «посмотрели» marks the single, collective turn of all eyes to Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of посмотрели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"посмотрели","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрели","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c6-s48","source":"— Неужели вы действительно такого убеждения о последствиях иссякновения у людей веры в бессмертие души их? — спросил вдруг старец Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"\"Can it be that you are really of such a conviction about the consequences of men's faith in the immortality of their souls drying up?\" the elder suddenly asked Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели вы действительно такого убеждения","title":"Particle «неужели» + genitive of quality","body":"«неужели» is the incredulous question-particle, 'can it really be that…?', expressing the elder's surprise. «такого убеждения» ('of such a conviction') is again the genitive of quality describing a person's state of mind, parallel to the 'man of...' phrases earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иссякновения у людей веры в бессмертие души их","title":"Stacked genitives","body":"A chain of genitives nests here: 'the consequences OF the drying-up [«иссякновения»] OF faith [«веры»] in the immortality OF their souls [«души их»]'. Such genitive towers are typical of Dostoevsky's abstract diction; «иссякновение» is a bookish verbal noun from «иссякнуть» (to dry up)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause (rhetorical question)","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убеждения (implied есть)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убеждения","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убеждения","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"убеждения","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, head of the clause","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последствиях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"последствиях","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies убеждения","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"иссякновения","lemma":"иссякновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последствиях","gloss":"drying up"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"possessive complement ('people's faith')","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies иссякновения ('the drying up of faith')","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бессмертие","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies души","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Ivan","note":"Animate masculine accusative has the same form as genitive singular, so Ивана here is the direct object, not a possessive."},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c6-s49","source":"— Да, я это утверждал.","translation":"\"Yes, I asserted it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я это утверждал","title":"Imperfective past of a stated position","body":"«утверждал» is imperfective past ('I was asserting / I maintained'), framing the claim as a position he held and argued, not a single utterance. Ivan owns the view as his settled stance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утверждал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"утверждал","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asserted"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c6-s50","source":"Нет добродетели, если нет бессмертия.","translation":"There is no virtue if there is no immortality.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет добродетели, если нет бессмертия","title":"Double genitive of negation","body":"Both clauses use existential «нет» + genitive: «нет добродетели» (there is no virtue), «нет бессмертия» (there is no immortality). The genitive of negation for absent subjects, doubled in a tight conditional, gives Ivan's maxim its lapidary, syllogistic force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Нет","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Нет","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"бессмертия","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c6-s51","source":"— Блаженны вы, коли так веруете, или уже очень несчастны!","translation":"\"Blessed are you, if you so believe — or else most unhappy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Блаженны","title":"\"Blessed are…\"","body":"Блаженны is the short-form plural of the archaic adjective блаженный (blessed). It is the exact word that opens each of the Beatitudes in the Russian Gospel (\"Блаженны нищие духом\" — \"Blessed are the poor in spirit\"). Zosima's choice gives his reply a deliberately scriptural, sermon-like tone that an everyday word like счастливы (happy) would lose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли так веруете","title":"Folk-archaic «коли» + «веровать»","body":"«коли» is an old, folksy-bookish conjunction for «если» ('if'), lending the elder's speech a grave, traditional colouring. It opens a real condition governing «веруете», again the Church-tinged «веровать» rather than plain «верить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Блаженны","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Блаженны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веруете","gloss":"if","note":"коли is an archaic/folk variant of если ('if')."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веруете","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"веруете","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень несчастны ('already very unhappy')","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастны","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"несчастны","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with Блаженны","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c6-s52","source":"— Почему несчастен? — улыбнулся Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Why unhappy?\" Ivan Fyodorovich smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"улыбнулся Иван Федорович","title":"Perfective «улыбнуться» as a speech tag","body":"«улыбнулся» (perfective of «улыбнуться», to give a smile) is used as the reporting verb after the line — a single completed smile. Russian freely uses such momentary perfectives, with inverted verb-before-subject order, in place of plain 'said'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"несчастен","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c6-s53","source":"— Потому что, по всей вероятности, не веруете сами ни в бессмертие вашей души, ни даже в то, что написали о церкви и о церковном вопросе.","translation":"\"Because, in all probability, you yourself believe neither in the immortality of your soul nor even in what you wrote about the Church and the Church question.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не веруете сами ни в… ни даже в то, что написали","title":"«ни… ни» concord + correlative «то, что»","body":"Negative concord runs through «не веруете… ни… ни даже…» (you believe neither… nor even…). The second member ends in the correlative «в то, что написали» ('in that which you wrote'), where «то» is the antecedent for the «что»-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason (answers 'почему')","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вероятности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вероятности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вероятности","lemma":"вероятность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying веруете","gloss":"probability","note":"по всей вероятности is a fixed phrase meaning 'in all probability'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруете","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of веруете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруете","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бессмертие","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бессмертие","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"direct object of написали, introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"написали","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написали","gloss":"Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"церковном","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросе","gloss":"Church"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with церкви","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c6-s54","source":"— Может быть, вы правы!.. Но всё же я и не совсем шутил…  — вдруг странно признался, впрочем быстро покраснев, Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Perhaps you are right!.. But all the same I was not altogether joking…\" Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly and strangely confessed, flushing quickly all the while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы правы","title":"Short adjective «правы»","body":"«правы» is the short plural of «правый» in its predicative sense 'right, correct' — 'you are right'. Only the short form carries this 'being right' meaning; the long «правый» would mean 'right-hand' or 'righteous'. A neat case where the short/long split changes sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"быстро покраснев","title":"Gerund «покраснев»","body":"«покраснев» is the perfective past gerund of «покраснеть» (to blush, turn red), the inceptive «по-» marking the onset of colour. As a deepričastie it attends the main verb «признался», painting Ivan's confession and blush as one moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical может быть, modifies правы","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же ('all the same')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутил ('too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шутил","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"шутил","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"joking"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснев","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснев","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"покраснев","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, gerund (adverbial participle), past, active, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on признался","gloss":"flushing"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c6-s55","source":"— Не совсем шутили, это истинно.","translation":"\"You were not altogether joking — that is true.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это истинно","title":"Bookish neuter predicate «истинно»","body":"«истинно» ('it is true, verily') is the predicative neuter of «истинный» (true), a more solemn, scriptural word than ordinary «правда» or «верно». The elder's lexical choice keeps his speech in a grave, almost liturgical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шутили","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"шутили","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"joking"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of истинно (second clause)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"истинно","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c6-s56","source":"Идея эта еще не решена в вашем сердце и мучает его.","translation":"This idea is not yet resolved in your heart and torments it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идея эта еще не решена… и мучает его","title":"Short passive participle + topic word order","body":"«не решена» is the short past-passive-participle of «решить» (resolved), agreeing with feminine «идея» — 'this idea is not resolved'. Placing «эта» after «идея» marks 'idea' as the established topic. The clause then shifts to active «мучает» (torments)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive решена","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Идея","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решена","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решена","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решена","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решена","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучает","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with решена","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучает","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c6-s57","source":"Но и мученик любит иногда забавляться своим отчаянием, как бы тоже от отчаяния.","translation":"But a martyr too sometimes likes to toy with his despair, as if out of despair itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любит… забавляться своим отчаянием","title":"Reflexive «забавляться» + instrumental","body":"«забавляться» (to amuse oneself, toy) is a -ся verb taking the instrumental for the thing toyed with — «своим отчаянием» (with his own despair), the reflexive possessive «свой» pointing back to «мученик». A chilling pairing: a martyr playing with his own anguish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мученик","title":"«мученик» — martyr / sufferer","body":"«мученик» (from «мука», torment / «мучить», to torture) means both the religious 'martyr' and, more loosely, one who suffers torment. The word's double charge lets Zosima cast Ivan's intellectual anguish in quasi-hagiographic terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мученик ('too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мученик","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"martyr"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"likes"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забавляться","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"забавляться","lemma":"забавляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любит","gloss":"toy"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаянием","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отчаянием","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забавляться","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы ('as if')","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies от отчаяния","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забавляться","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c6-s58","source":"Пока с отчаяния и вы забавляетесь — и журнальными статьями, и светскими спорами, сами не веруя своей диалектике и с болью сердца усмехаясь ей про себя… В вас этот вопрос не решен, и в этом ваше великое горе, ибо настоятельно требует разрешения…","translation":"For now, out of despair, you toy with it as well — with magazine articles and society arguments, yourself not believing your own dialectic and smiling at it inwardly with an ache in your heart… Within you this question is not resolved, and therein lies your great grief, for it insistently demands resolution…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами не веруя… усмехаясь ей про себя","title":"Imperfective present gerunds","body":"«не веруя» (not believing) and «усмехаясь» (smiling at) are imperfective present gerunds in -я, naming simultaneous accompanying states — Ivan toys with his ideas while disbelieving them and smiling inwardly. «усмехаться» governs the dative «ей» (at it = the dialectic)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо настоятельно требует разрешения","title":"Bookish «ибо» + «требовать» + genitive","body":"«ибо» is the archaic-bookish conjunction 'for, because', far more solemn than «потому что» and frequent in Scripture and sermon. «требовать» (to demand) governs the genitive «разрешения» (of resolution) — a standard genitive-object verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В вас этот вопрос не решен","title":"Short passive participle + fronted locative","body":"«не решён» is the short past-passive-participle (masc.) agreeing with «вопрос» — 'the question is not resolved'. Fronting «в вас» ('within you') as topic before the subject is the topic-comment ordering that lets Russian foreground the locus of the torment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забавляетесь","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забавляетесь","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забавляетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"забавляетесь","lemma":"забавляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"toy with it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links журнальными статьями and светскими спорами","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"журнальными","lemma":"журнальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies статьями","gloss":"magazine"},{"surface":"статьями","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of забавляетесь","gloss":"articles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links журнальными статьями and светскими спорами","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"светскими","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies спорами","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"спорами","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with статьями","gloss":"arguments"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы (subject of веруя)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруя","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on забавляетесь","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of диалектике","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"диалектике","lemma":"диалектика","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of веруя","gloss":"dialectic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links veруя and усмехаясь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"болью","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехаясь","gloss":"an ache"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies болью","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"усмехаясь","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on забавляетесь, coordinated with веруя","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of усмехаясь","gloss":"at it"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of усмехаясь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of решен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive решен","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решен","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"is resolved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of coordinated clause (understood is)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the coordinated clause","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of требует","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требует","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"требует","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"demands"},{"surface":"разрешения","lemma":"разрешение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требует","gloss":"resolution"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c6-s59","source":"— А может ли быть он во мне решен? Решен в сторону положительную? — продолжал странно спрашивать Иван Федорович, всё с какою-то необъяснимою улыбкой смотря на старца.","translation":"\"But can it be resolved within me? Resolved on the positive side?\" Ivan Fyodorovich went on questioning strangely, gazing at the elder all the while with a kind of inexplicable smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может ли быть он во мне решен?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«может ли быть» fronts the focused word «может» and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form a neutral yes/no question — 'can it be…?'. This «ли» is bookish and literary, the formal alternative to a mere rising intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё с какою-то необъяснимою улыбкой смотря","title":"Gerund «смотря» + archaic instrumental","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund of «смотреть» (gazing), a simultaneous attendant action; «с… улыбкой» is the instrumental of manner after «с», with the period endings «-ою» on «какою-то», «необъяснимою». «всё» here means 'all the while'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies может","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (passive periphrasis with решен)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive решен","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of решен","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"решен","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of может быть","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"Решен","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the elliptical sentence (он решен understood)","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Решен","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"положительную","lemma":"положительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"positive"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивать","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улыбкой","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какою-то","gloss":"[indefinite particle]"},{"surface":"необъяснимою","lemma":"необъяснимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"inexplicable"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c6-s60","source":"— Если не может решиться в положительную, то никогда не решится и в отрицательную, сами знаете это свойство вашего сердца; и в этом вся мука его.","translation":"\"If it cannot be resolved on the positive side, then it will never be resolved on the negative side either — you yourself know this property of your heart; and therein lies its whole torment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может решиться… не решится","title":"Reflexive «решиться» + perfective future","body":"«решиться» is the -ся middle/passive of «решить» — '[the question] to get resolved' — appearing first under modal «не может» (cannot) and then as perfective future «не решится» (will not be resolved). The -ся makes the abstract question its own grammatical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в положительную… в отрицательную","title":"Substantivized adjectives with «сторону» dropped","body":"«в положительную… в отрицательную» ('toward the positive… the negative [side]') are feminine accusative adjectives whose noun «сторону» is gapped after the first mention. Russian readily omits a repeated noun, leaving the agreeing adjective to carry the case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами знаете это свойство вашего сердца","title":"Intensifier «сами» + dropped pronoun","body":"«сами» ('you yourself', plural/polite) is the intensifier reinforcing an unexpressed «вы» — the verb «знаете» already marks the person. «свойство вашего сердца» ('property of your heart') uses the genitive of possession «вашего сердца»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be resolved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положительную","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"положительную","lemma":"положительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решиться (side understood)","gloss":"the positive [side]"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative with если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решится","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"will be resolved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрицательную","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отрицательную","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"отрицательную","lemma":"отрицательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решится (side understood)","gloss":"the negative [side]"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes subject of знаете","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свойство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"свойство","lemma":"свойство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свойство","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мука (locative predicate)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мука","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мука","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the coordinated clause","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мука","gloss":"its"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c6-s61","source":"Но благодарите творца, что дал вам сердце высшее, способное такою мукой мучиться, «горняя мудрствовати и горних искати, наше бо жительство на небесах есть».","translation":"But thank the Creator that He has given you a higher heart, one capable of suffering such a torment, of \"setting your mind on things above and seeking the things that are above, for our citizenship is in heaven\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горняя мудрствовати и горних искати","title":"Slavonic infinitives and a vocative-style register","body":"These are Church-Slavonic infinitives in -ти (where modern Russian has -ть): «мудрствовати», «искати». The neuter-plural «горняя» (\"things above\") and the genitive-plural «горних» belong to a high biblical idiom that has no place in living speech. Reading them as solemn and liturgical, not as mistakes, is half of decoding the novel's spiritual passages."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"способное такою мукой мучиться","title":"Instrumental with «мучиться» and a cognate object","body":"«Мучиться» (\"to suffer, to be tormented\") is a reflexive -ся verb whose cause stands in the instrumental: «такою мукой» — \"by such a torment.\" Note the figura etymologica, «мукой мучиться» (literally \"to be tormented by torment\"), a deliberately weighty pairing of noun and its cognate verb. The form «такою» is the bookish long instrumental, where modern speech prefers «такой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"благодарите","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"творца","lemma":"творец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благодарите","gloss":"the Creator"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"has given"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"a heart"},{"surface":"высшее","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"способное","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мукой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мукой","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучиться","gloss":"a torment"},{"surface":"мучиться","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of способное","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"горняя","lemma":"горний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies (understood object of) мудрствовати","gloss":"the things above"},{"surface":"мудрствовати","lemma":"мудрствовати","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive (Church Slavonic)","role":"infinitive clause in apposition to сердце's capacity","gloss":"to set the mind on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горних","lemma":"горний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies (understood object of) искати","gloss":"of the things above"},{"surface":"искати","lemma":"искати","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive (Church Slavonic)","role":"coordinated with мудрствовати","gloss":"to seek"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of жительство","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"бо","lemma":"бо","morphology":"particle (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies жительство (causal particle)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жительство","lemma":"жительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"citizenship"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небесах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небесах","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the quoted clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c6-s62","source":"Дай вам бог, чтобы решение сердца вашего постигло вас еще на земле, и да благословит бог пути ваши!","translation":"God grant that the resolution of your heart may overtake you while you are still on earth, and may God bless your ways!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дай вам бог … да благословит бог","title":"Optative «да» and a blessing formula","body":"Both halves are wishes, not statements. «Дай вам бог» (\"may God grant you\") uses a bare perfective imperative as an optative, and «да благословит бог» uses the particle «да» plus a third-person verb to form an elevated 3rd-person command/wish — \"may God bless.\" This «да + verb» construction is a fossil of liturgical and biblical Russian (compare \"да будет свет,\" \"let there be light\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы решение сердца вашего постигло вас","title":"«чтобы» + past for a wished-for outcome","body":"After «Дай вам бог», the clause «чтобы … постигло» names the content of the wish. «Чтобы» (here \"that, in order that\") demands the irrealis past form «постигло» rather than a present or future — the standard pattern for willed or hoped-for outcomes, distinct from the plain reported «что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Дай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Дай","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of постигло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of постигло","gloss":"the resolution"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"постигло","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"may overtake"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of постигло","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на земле","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постигло","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the optative with благословит","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"благословит","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дай (optative)","gloss":"bless"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of благословит","gloss":"ways"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пути","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c6-s63","source":"Старец поднял руку и хотел было с места перекрестить Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"The elder raised his hand and was about to make the sign of the cross over Ivan Fyodorovich from where he sat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было … перекрестить","title":"The particle «было»: an action begun and broken off","body":"«Было» here is not the past of \"to be\" but the special particle marking an action that was just begun (or about to begin) and then interrupted or undone — \"was about to / had started to.\" «хотел было перекрестить» means he started to make the sign of the cross but was cut short, which the next sentence (с64) confirms. It is a vivid narrative device beloved of 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted action, modifies хотел","gloss":"[interrupted-action particle]"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекрестить","gloss":"where he sat"},{"surface":"перекрестить","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перекрестить","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c6-s64","source":"Но тот вдруг встал со стула, подошел к нему, принял его благословение и, поцеловав его руку, вернулся молча на свое место.","translation":"But the latter suddenly rose from his chair, went up to him, received his blessing, and, having kissed his hand, returned in silence to his place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот вдруг встал","title":"«тот» as \"the latter\" tracking referents","body":"The demonstrative «тот» (\"that one, the latter\") picks out the more distant of two parties just mentioned — here Ivan, against the elder of the previous sentence. Russian uses «тот»/«этот» to keep referents straight precisely because its free word order would otherwise blur who is who."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поцеловав его руку, вернулся","title":"Perfective gerund «поцеловав» — a prior completed act","body":"«Поцеловав» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) in -в: \"having kissed.\" It compresses a completed action that precedes the main verb «вернулся» (\"returned\"), and it must share that verb's subject — Ivan kisses, then Ivan returns. Chaining such gerunds («подошёл … принял … поцеловав … вернулся») is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел к нему","title":"Prefixed verb of motion «подойти»","body":"«Подошёл» is the perfective of «подходить/подойти», a motion verb with the prefix под- (\"up to, toward\"), governing «к» + dative («к нему»). The prefix both gives a precise direction — approaching close — and turns the bare motion verb into an ordinary perfective of arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his chair"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of благословение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"благословение","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцеловав","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вернулся","gloss":"having kissed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловав","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"вернулся","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернулся","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернулся","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c6-s65","source":"Вид его был тверд и серьезен.","translation":"His look was firm and grave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вид его был тверд и серьезен","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Тверд» and «серьёзен» are short (predicative) adjectives, not the full «твёрдый», «серьёзный». The short form can only stand as a predicate after «был» and lends a crisp, bookish, almost defining tone — well suited to a flat narrative summary of Ivan's bearing. They agree in gender and number only (here masculine singular)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тверд","gloss":"his look"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Вид","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тверд","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тверд","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серьезен","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тверд","gloss":"grave"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c6-s66","source":"Поступок этот, да и весь предыдущий, неожиданный от Ивана Федоровича, разговор со старцем как-то всех поразили своею загадочностью и даже какою-то торжественностью, так что все на минуту было примолкли, а в лице Алеши выразился почти испуг.","translation":"This act, and indeed the whole preceding conversation with the elder, so unexpected from Ivan Fyodorovich, somehow struck everyone with its enigmatic quality and even with a kind of solemnity, so that for a moment all fell silent, and in Alyosha's face something almost like fright appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех поразили своею загадочностью","title":"Instrumental of cause with «поразить»","body":"«Поразить» (\"to strike, astonish\") takes its object in the accusative («всех» — everyone) and the thing that does the striking in the instrumental: «своею загадочностью» (\"by its enigmatic quality\"), «торжественностью» (\"by its solemnity\"). The instrumental here answers \"struck them with what.\" «Своею» is the bookish long instrumental of «свой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все на минуту было примолкли","title":"Plural «было» and a fleeting hush","body":"Again the particle «было» marks an action just begun and quickly reversed: all \"fell silent for a moment\" — and then, the next sentence makes clear, the uproar resumes. With «примолкли» (perfective, \"hushed up\"), «было» signals the brief, soon-broken nature of the silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в лице Алеши выразился почти испуг","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a middle: a feeling appears","body":"«Выразился» (from «выразиться») uses the reflexive -ся in its middle sense — not \"expressed itself\" so much as \"showed, appeared.\" The grammatical subject is «испуг» (\"fright\"), which surfaces of its own accord in Alyosha's face; the construction lets the emotion act rather than the person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загадочностью … торжественностью","title":"Abstract nouns in -ость","body":"The suffix -ость turns adjectives into abstract nouns of quality: «загадочный» (enigmatic) → «загадочность» (enigmaticness), «торжественный» (solemn) → «торжественность» (solemnity). Dostoevsky piles up such heavy abstractions to convey the charged, indefinable atmosphere left by Ivan's gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразили","gloss":"this act"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Поступок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Поступок and разговор","gloss":"and indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"[intensifying]"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"предыдущий","lemma":"предыдущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"неожиданный","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданный","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Поступок","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразили","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то","gloss":"[indefinite particle]"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поразили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"поразили","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of загадочностью","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"загадочностью","lemma":"загадочность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразили","gloss":"enigmatic quality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies торжественностью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of торжественностью","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какою-то","gloss":"[indefinite particle]"},{"surface":"торжественностью","lemma":"торжественность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with загадочностью","gloss":"solemnity"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with что, modifies поразили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of примолкли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of примолкли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примолкли","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the completed/interrupted action, modifies примолкли","gloss":"[aspectual particle]"},{"surface":"примолкли","lemma":"примолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the result clause","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with примолкли","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуг","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c6-s67","source":"Но Миусов вдруг вскинул плечами, и в ту же минуту Федор Павлович вскочил со стула.","translation":"But Miusov suddenly shrugged his shoulders, and at that same moment Fyodor Pavlovich sprang up from his chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинул плечами … вскочил со стула","title":"The prefix вс-/вз- of sudden upward motion","body":"Both verbs carry the prefix вс-/вз- (\"up, with a jerk\"): «вскинул» (threw/jerked up — his shoulders, a shrug) and «вскочил» (jumped up). The prefix lends an abrupt, upward, startled quality that suits the sudden flare of the scene. «Плечами» is instrumental, the body-part moved."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"instrumental complement of вскинул","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинул","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his chair"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c6-s68","source":"— Божественный и святейший старец! — вскричал он, указывая на Ивана Федоровича. — Это мой сын, плоть от плоти моея, любимейшая плоть моя!","translation":"\"Divine and most holy elder!\" he cried out, pointing at Ivan Fyodorovich. \"This is my son, flesh of my flesh, the dearest flesh of mine!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плоть от плоти моея","title":"\"Flesh of my flesh\" — a biblical tag","body":"A scriptural formula (Genesis 2:23, of Eve) that Fyodor Pavlovich grandly misapplies to a grown son. «Моея» is the archaic Church-Slavonic genitive of «моя» (modern «моей»), part of the mock-solemn register he affects to flatter Ivan and impress the monks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любимейшая плоть моя","title":"Bookish superlative in -ейший","body":"«Любимейшая» is the synthetic superlative formed with the suffix -ейш- (\"most beloved\"), a literary alternative to «самая любимая». This whole chapter is studded with such -ейший/-айший superlatives — «святейший», «благороднейшую», «почтительнейший» — Fyodor's oily, overblown rhetoric. The suffix declines and agrees like any adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"указывая на Ивана Федоровича","title":"Present gerund «указывая» — a simultaneous act","body":"«Указывая» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) in -я: \"pointing.\" It describes an action going on at the same time as the main verb «вскричал» (\"cried out\") and shares its subject — he cries out while pointing. «Указывать на» governs «на» + accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Божественный","lemma":"божественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"святейший","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"coordinated with Божественный","gloss":"most holy"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сын","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"плоть","lemma":"плоть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плоти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"плоти","lemma":"плоть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плоть","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"моея","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular (Church Slavonic form)","role":"determiner of плоти","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любимейшая","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies плоть","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"плоть","lemma":"плоть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of плоть","gloss":"of mine"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c6-s69","source":"Это мой почтительнейший, так сказать, Карл Мор, а вот этот сейчас вошедший сын, Дмитрий Федорович, и против которого у вас управы ищу, — это уж непочтительнейший Франц Мор, — оба из «Разбойников» Шиллера, а я, я сам в таком случае уж Regierender Graf von Moor!","translation":"This is, so to say, my most respectful Karl Moor, and this son who has just come in, Dmitri Fyodorovich, the one against whom I seek justice from you — he is the most disrespectful Franz Moor — both out of Schiller's \"Robbers\", while I, I myself, in such a case am the Regierender Graf von Moor!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас вошедший сын","title":"Past active participle as a compact modifier","body":"«Вошедший» is a past active participle of «войти» (\"who has come in\"), used attributively before «сын»: \"the son who has just come in.\" Such a participle condenses a whole который-clause into one adjective-like word — markedly bookish, and it agrees with «сын» in gender, number, and case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"против которого у вас управы ищу","title":"The relative «который» in the genitive","body":"«Который» agrees with its antecedent «сын» in gender and number (masculine singular) but takes whatever case its own clause requires — here genitive after the preposition «против» (\"against whom\"). «Управы ищу» also shows the genitive object «управы» (\"redress\") governed by «искать», which characteristically takes the genitive of a sought-after thing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"управы ищу","title":"«управа» — redress, justice","body":"«Управа» here is the archaic-legal sense \"redress, satisfaction, justice\" (\"я ищу управы\" = I seek to be put right). It belongs to the old idiom of petitioning authority and chimes with the chapter's recurring talk of courts and reckonings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Мор (predicate noun, see w6)","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Мор","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"почтительнейший","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies Мор","gloss":"most respectful"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom так сказать","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"Карл","lemma":"карл","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"Karl"},{"surface":"Мор","lemma":"мор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Карл","gloss":"Moor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошедший","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вошедший","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"who has come in"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the dislocated topic NP, in apposition with Дмитрий Федорович (not a predicate noun — the resumptive это/w23 carries the predication, not сын)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ищу","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ищу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"управы","lemma":"управа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ищу","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"ищу","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"I seek"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Франц","gloss":"he is"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непочтительнейший","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"непочтительнейший","lemma":"непочтительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies Франц","gloss":"most disrespectful"},{"surface":"Франц","lemma":"франц","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"Franz"},{"surface":"Мор","lemma":"мор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Франц","gloss":"Moor"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (referring to both sons)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Разбойников","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"Разбойников","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies оба","gloss":"the Robbers"},{"surface":"Шиллера","lemma":"шиллер","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Разбойников","gloss":"Schiller's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the coordinated clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of the subject","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Regierender Graf von Moor","gloss":"a case"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Regierender","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Regierender","lemma":"regierender","morphology":"foreign word (German), predicate noun","role":"predicate complement of я (understood есть)","gloss":"reigning"},{"surface":"Graf","lemma":"graf","morphology":"foreign word (German)","role":"in apposition, part of the title","gloss":"Count"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"foreign word (German)","role":"part of the title","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Moor","lemma":"moor","morphology":"foreign word (German)","role":"part of the title","gloss":"Moor"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c6-s70","source":"Рассудите и спасите!","translation":"Judge between us and save us!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассудите и спасите!","title":"Polite/plural imperatives in -ите","body":"Two perfective imperatives addressed respectfully to the elder: «рассудите» (judge between us, settle it) and «спасите» (save us). The -те ending makes them plural or polite. The perfective aspect asks for a single decisive act — pass judgment, save — rather than an ongoing process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judge between us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спасите","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Рассудите","gloss":"save us"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c6-s71","source":"Нуждаемся не только в молитвах, но и в пророчествах ваших.","translation":"We have need not only of your prayers, but of your prophecies as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нуждаемся не только в молитвах, но и в пророчествах","title":"«нуждаться в» + prepositional","body":"«Нуждаться» (\"to need, have need of\") governs «в» + the prepositional case: «в молитвах», «в пророчествах». The correlative pair «не только … но и» (\"not only … but also\") links the two prepositional objects. The verb is also a -ся verb that exists only in this reflexive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нуждаемся","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we have need"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитвах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"молитвах","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Нуждаемся","gloss":"prayers"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пророчествах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пророчествах","lemma":"пророчество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with молитвах","gloss":"prophecies"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies пророчествах","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c6-s72","source":"— Говорите без юродства и не начинайте оскорблением домашних ваших, — ответил старец слабым изнеможенным голосом.","translation":"\"Speak without buffoonery, and do not begin by insulting your household,\" the elder answered in a weak, exhausted voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорите без юродства и не начинайте оскорблением","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"The elder's command pairs a positive imperative «говорите» (speak) with a negative one «не начинайте» (do not begin). Russian strongly prefers the imperfective in a negated imperative — a prohibition of a whole activity rather than of one completed act. «Оскорблением» is instrumental: \"begin with / by an insult.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"юродства","title":"«юродство» — holy folly, here mere clowning","body":"«Юродство» derives from «юродивый», the \"holy fool\" of Russian Orthodox tradition who feigns madness to speak hard truths. The elder uses it cuttingly: Fyodor's antics are a false, profaned version of that — buffoonery dressed as foolishness. The word's sacred undertone sharpens the rebuke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"домашних ваших","title":"«домашние» — one's household, one's own people","body":"«Домашние» is a substantivized adjective meaning the members of one's own household or family. The elder tells Fyodor not to open by «оскорблением домашних» — insulting his own kin. Placing «ваших» after the noun is the bookish, slightly elevated order suited to the elder's grave speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юродства","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"юродства","lemma":"юродство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Говорите","gloss":"buffoonery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"начинайте","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорите","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"оскорблением","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of начинайте","gloss":"by insulting"},{"surface":"домашних","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of оскорблением","gloss":"your household"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies домашних","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Говорите","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"изнеможенным","lemma":"изнеможённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"exhausted"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner complement of ответил","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c6-s73","source":"Он видимо уставал, чем далее, тем более, и приметно лишался сил.","translation":"He was visibly tiring, more and more as it went on, and was noticeably losing his strength.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем далее, тем более","title":"The «чем … тем» correlative comparative","body":"«Чем … тем» plus comparatives expresses \"the more … the more\": «чем далее, тем более» — \"the further it went, the more (he tired).\" «Далее» and «более» are bookish comparative forms of «далеко» and «много». The whole frame conveys a steadily worsening process, reinforced by the imperfective «уставал» (was tiring)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уставал … лишался сил","title":"Imperfective past for an unfolding state","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past — «уставал» (was tiring), «лишался» (was losing) — viewing the elder's decline as a continuing process rather than a finished event. «Лишаться» is a -ся verb governing the genitive: «лишался сил», \"was losing strength\" (genitive «сил»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставал","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"уставал","lemma":"уставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was tiring"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"conjunction (correlative)","role":"introduces the correlative чем...тем","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставал","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with чем, modifies более","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with далее","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приметно","lemma":"приметно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишался","gloss":"noticeably"},{"surface":"лишался","lemma":"лишаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уставал","gloss":"was losing"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive complement of лишался","gloss":"his strength"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c6-s74","source":"— Недостойная комедия, которую я предчувствовал, еще идя сюда! — воскликнул Дмитрий Федорович в негодовании и тоже вскочив с места.","translation":"\"An unworthy comedy, which I foresaw even as I came here!\" exclaimed Dmitri Fyodorovich in indignation, springing up from his place as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую я предчувствовал, еще идя сюда","title":"Relative clause plus a present gerund","body":"«Которую» is the relative pronoun in the accusative (object of «предчувствовал»), agreeing with feminine «комедия». Inside it sits the present gerund «идя» (from «идти»), \"while going / as I came,\" simultaneous with the foreboding. Dmitri foresaw the farce «ещё идя сюда» — already on his way here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоже вскочив с места","title":"Perfective gerund «вскочив»","body":"«Вскочив» is a perfective past gerund (\"having sprung up\") attached to «воскликнул» (\"exclaimed\"), but here it reads almost simultaneously — the leap and the cry are one movement of indignation. It shares the subject Dmitri and echoes «вскочил» used of Fyodor a moment earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недостойная","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комедия","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"комедия","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комедия","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"идя","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предчувствовал","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to комедия","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочив","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вскочив","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнул","gloss":"springing up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочив","gloss":"his place"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c6-s75","source":"— Простите, преподобный отец, — обратился он к старцу, — я человек необразованный и даже не знаю, как вас именовать, но вас обманули, а вы слишком были добры, позволив нам у вас съехаться.","translation":"\"Forgive me, reverend father,\" he addressed the elder, \"I am an uneducated man and do not even know how to address you, but you have been deceived, and you were too kind in allowing us to gather here at your cell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позволив нам у вас съехаться","title":"Perfective gerund «позволив» + the prefix с-","body":"«Позволив» is a perfective gerund (\"having allowed\") modifying «были добры». Its complement «съехаться» carries the prefix с- of converging from different directions — to gather, come together at one spot — fitting a family assembled from elsewhere into the elder's cell. «У вас» (\"at your place\") uses «у» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"преподобный","lemma":"преподобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"reverend"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address for Простите","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Простите","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to Простите","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"необразованный","lemma":"необразованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"uneducated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Простите","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies именовать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of именовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именовать","lemma":"именовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"to address"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обманули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обманули","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"have been deceived"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of добры","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добры","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to добры","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"добры","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with обманули","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"позволив","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on добры","gloss":"allowing"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of позволив","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of съехаться","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"съехаться","lemma":"съехаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволив","gloss":"to gather"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c6-s76","source":"Батюшке нужен лишь скандал, для чего — это уж его расчет.","translation":"All my father wants is a scandal; for what purpose — that is already his own reckoning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Батюшке нужен лишь скандал","title":"Dative experiencer with «нужен»","body":"An impersonal need-construction: the person who needs stands in the dative, «батюшке» (\"to my father\"), while the thing needed, «скандал», is the grammatical subject in the nominative and governs the short adjective «нужен» (agreeing with it). Literally \"to my father is-needed only a scandal\" — the dative-experiencer pattern so characteristic of Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Батюшке","title":"«батюшка» — affectionate, then ironic, \"father\"","body":"«Батюшка» is a warm diminutive of «отец», used for one's father, for a priest, or as a coaxing form of address. Dmitri's «Батюшке» here drips with bitter irony — there is nothing tender in the man he describes. The word's softness against the harsh content is the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшке","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нужен","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скандал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of расчет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расчет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of расчет","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"reckoning"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c6-s77","source":"У него всегда свой расчет.","translation":"He always has his own reckoning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свой расчет","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Свой» means \"one's own,\" referring back to the subject of its clause — here Fyodor: \"he always has his own reckoning.\" Using «его» instead would point to someone else's calculation. «Расчёт» recurs through the chapter as Dmitri's word for his father's cold, scheming self-interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition У","gloss":"he (has)"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расчет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of расчет","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the possessive construction with У него","gloss":"reckoning"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c6-s78","source":"Но, кажется, я теперь знаю для чего…","translation":"But I think I now know for what…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кажется, я теперь знаю для чего","title":"Impersonal «кажется» and the trailing «для чего»","body":"«Кажется» (\"it seems\") is an impersonal parenthetical with no subject. The dangling «для чего» (\"for what [purpose]\") is an indirect question whose object — the scandal's aim — is left unspoken, the ellipsis («…») letting Dmitri's dark surmise hang in the air. «Для» governs the genitive «чего»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c6-s79","source":"— Обвиняют меня все, все они! — кричал в свою очередь Федор Павлович, — вот и Пётр Александрович обвиняет.","translation":"\"They are all accusing me, all of them!\" Fyodor Pavlovich shouted in his turn. \"And here is Pyotr Alexandrovich accusing me too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обвиняют меня все, все они!","title":"Topic–comment word order and emphatic repetition","body":"The verb leads — «обвиняют меня все» — throwing the accusation forward as the urgent new information, with the subject «все» trailing and then redoubled, «все они!». This reordering, free because the cases mark roles, lets Fyodor sound the keynote of his self-pity: everyone, everyone is against me."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвиняют","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they accuse"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Обвиняют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Обвиняют","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to все (w3)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Обвиняют","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот и","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Пётр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвиняет","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Пётр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"обвиняет","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Обвиняют","gloss":"accuses"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c6-s80","source":"Обвиняли, Петр Александрович, обвиняли! — обернулся он вдруг к Миусову, хотя тот и не думал перебивать его.","translation":"You were accusing me, Pyotr Alexandrovich, you were accusing me!\" he suddenly turned upon Miusov, although the latter had had no thought of interrupting him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя тот и не думал перебивать его","title":"Concessive «хотя … и»","body":"«Хотя» (\"although\") opens a concessive clause, here reinforced by the emphatic «и» (\"even\"): \"although the latter had not even thought of interrupting.\" «Тот» again means \"the latter,\" i.e. Miusov, the one Fyodor wheels on. «Не думал перебивать» — \"had no thought of interrupting\" — uses an imperfective infinitive after a negated verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обвиняли … обвиняли!","title":"Imperfective past as an accusation of habit","body":"Fyodor switches to the imperfective past «обвиняли» (\"you were accusing / you kept accusing\"), repeated for force. The imperfective frames it not as one act but as a sustained, repeated wronging — the grammar itself dramatizing his grievance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвиняли","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were accusing"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address for Обвиняли","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"обвиняли","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Обвиняли","gloss":"were accusing"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Обвиняли","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Миусову","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Миусову","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обернулся","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"перебивать","lemma":"перебивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"to interrupt"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перебивать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c6-s81","source":"— Обвиняют в том, что я детские деньги за сапог спрятал и взял баш на баш; но позвольте, разве не существует суда?","translation":"\"They accuse me of having pocketed the children's money, tucked it away in my boot, and taken it tit for tat; but permit me — is there not, after all, a court of law?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве не существует суда?","title":"The particle «разве» and the genitive of negation","body":"«Разве» introduces a rhetorical, half-incredulous question — \"is there really not …?\" Under the negated existential «не существует», the noun shifts to the genitive: «суда» (genitive of «суд», \"court\"), the genitive of negation marking what is absent. Together they make Fyodor's indignant appeal to the law."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взял баш на баш","title":"«баш на баш» — \"tit for tat, even swap\"","body":"«Баш на баш» is a colloquial idiom (from a Turkic word for \"head\") meaning an even exchange, one-for-one, \"tit for tat.\" Fyodor uses it of pocketing the children's money as if it were a fair trade — the crude commercial slang clashing comically with the holy setting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за сапог спрятал","title":"\"Hid it in his boot\"","body":"«Спрятать за сапог» — to tuck money away behind/into one's boot-top — paints Fyodor as the very image of the grasping old miser. The accusation he flings (that he pocketed his sons' money) he frames here as a charge against himself, in mock indignation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвиняют","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they accuse"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Обвиняют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрятал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрятал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"детские","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"children's"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of спрятал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапог","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сапог","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятал","gloss":"his boot"},{"surface":"спрятал","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спрятал","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"баш","lemma":"баш","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"tit","note":"Idiom «баш на баш» = a tit-for-tat trade."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баш","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"баш","lemma":"баш","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"tat"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Обвиняют","gloss":"permit me"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of позвольте","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"a court"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c6-s82","source":"Там вам сочтут, Дмитрий Федорович, по самым же распискам вашим, письмам и договорам, сколько у вас было, сколько вы истребили и сколько у вас остается!","translation":"There they will reckon up for you, Dmitri Fyodorovich, from your very own receipts, letters, and agreements, how much you had, how much you have squandered, and how much remains to you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по самым же распискам вашим, письмам и договорам","title":"«по» + dative; the emphatic «же»","body":"«По» here means \"according to, on the basis of\" and governs the dative plural: «по распискам, письмам, договорам». The intensifier «самым» (\"your very own\") plus the particle «же» drives the jab home — by your own documents you'll be exposed. «Же» adds insistent emphasis with no translatable word of its own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочтут … сколько у вас было, сколько вы истребили","title":"Indefinite-personal «сочтут» and «сколько» + genitive","body":"«Сочтут» is a 3rd-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal \"they'll reckon up,\" i.e. the court will. The three «сколько»-clauses pivot on a quantity word that, like a numeral, pulls a genitive in its orbit. «Истребили» (\"squandered, used up\") is a vivid perfective of consuming wealth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочтут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сочтут","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"сочтут","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will reckon"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address for сочтут","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking распискам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies распискам","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самым","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"распискам","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сочтут","gloss":"receipts"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies распискам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"письмам","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with распискам","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"договорам","lemma":"договор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with распискам","gloss":"agreements"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сочтут","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of истребили","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of истребили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"истребили","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сочтут","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of остается","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with истребили","gloss":"remains"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c6-s83","source":"Отчего Петр Александрович уклоняется произнести суждение?","translation":"Why does Pyotr Alexandrovich shy away from pronouncing judgment?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего … уклоняется произнести суждение?","title":"«отчего» and reflexive «уклоняться»","body":"«Отчего» is \"why, for what cause\" (literally \"from what\"), slightly more bookish than «почему». «Уклоняться» is a -ся verb, \"to shy away, evade,\" here with an infinitive complement «произнести суждение» (\"to pronounce judgment\"). The reflexive marks the turning-aside as something Miusov does to himself, evasively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уклоняется","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уклоняется","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"уклоняется","lemma":"уклоняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shies away"},{"surface":"произнести","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уклоняется","gloss":"from pronouncing"},{"surface":"суждение","lemma":"суждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произнести","gloss":"judgment"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c6-s84","source":"Дмитрий Федорович ему не чужой.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich is no stranger to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрий Федорович ему не чужой","title":"Dative + the long-form adjective «чужой» as predicate","body":"A pithy zero-copula sentence: \"Dmitri is not a stranger to him.\" «Ему» is the dative of relation (\"to him\"), and «чужой» (\"alien, a stranger\") stands as predicate with no verb «есть». Fyodor is needling Miusov — a relative by marriage — to take a side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чужой","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of чужой","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чужой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чужой","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a stranger"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c6-s85","source":"Оттого, что все на меня, а Дмитрий Федорович в итоге еще мне же должен, да не сколько-нибудь, а несколько тысяч-с, на что имею все документы!","translation":"It is because they are all against me, while in the upshot Dmitri Fyodorovich still owes me money himself — and not some trifle, but several thousand, sir, for which I hold all the documents!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще мне же должен … несколько тысяч-с","title":"Dative of the creditor + numeral phrase","body":"«Должен» (\"owes\") takes the creditor in the dative — «мне» (\"to me\"), sharpened by «же» — and the sum as object: «несколько тысяч» (\"several thousand\"). «Несколько» behaves like a higher numeral, pulling «тысяч» into the genitive plural. The «-с» on «тысяч-с» is the deferential slovoyer (see s87)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не сколько-нибудь, а несколько тысяч","title":"A pun on «сколько-нибудь» vs «несколько»","body":"Fyodor plays on two near-identical words: «сколько-нибудь» (\"any amount at all, some trifle\") versus «несколько» (\"several\"). \"Not just some trifle, but several thousand\" — the indefinite -нибудь form belittling, «несколько» weighting the real sum. The wordplay is part of his oily theatricality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of все","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (на меня)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking итоге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"итоге","lemma":"итог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with the все clause","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь, modifies должен","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with сколько-нибудь","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial polite clitic)","role":"attached to тысяч","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential clitic «-с» (from сударь), added for politeness in servile speech."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Оттого","gloss":"I hold"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of документы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"документы","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"documents"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c6-s86","source":"Ведь город трещит и гремит от его кутежей!","translation":"Why, the whole town rattles and thunders with his carousing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь город трещит и гремит","title":"The appeal-particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» opens the line with an appeal to shared knowledge — \"why, after all (you all know) the town rattles…\". It has no fixed English word; it nudges the listener to agree. The vivid present-tense imperfectives «трещит» and «гремит» (\"cracks/rattles and thunders\") make Dmitri's carousing a public, ongoing din."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трещит","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трещит","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"трещит","lemma":"трещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rattles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гремит","lemma":"греметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трещит","gloss":"thunders"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутежей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кутежей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кутежей","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies гремит","gloss":"carousing"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c6-s87","source":"А там, где прежде служил, там по тысяче и по две за обольщение честных девиц платил, это, Дмитрий Федорович, нам известно-с, в самых секретных подробностях, и я докажу-с…","translation":"And there, where he served before, he paid out a thousand, two thousand, for the seduction of honest girls — that, Dmitri Fyodorovich, is known to us, sir, in the most secret particulars, and I will prove it, sir…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (известно-с, докажу-с)","title":"The deferential particle -с","body":"The little «-с» tacked onto «известно-с» and «докажу-с» is the slovoyers, a contracted form of «сударь» (\"sir\"). Speakers added it to words to sound polite, humble, or — as here with Fyodor Pavlovich — mock-obsequious and oily. It carries no dictionary meaning and disappears in translation; it is purely a marker of tone and social register from 19th-century speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по тысяче и по две за обольщение","title":"Distributive «по» + the case of price","body":"Distributive «по» here means \"at the rate of / each\": «по тысяче … по две» — a thousand, two thousand a time. «За обольщение» uses «за» + accusative in the sense \"in exchange for, for the price of.\" The construction tallies up Dmitri's alleged payments girl by girl."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольщение честных девиц","title":"«обольщение», «девица» — a heightened, bookish register","body":"«Обольщение» (\"seduction, beguilement\") and «девица» (\"maiden, girl,\" archaic and elevated) belong to a moralizing literary register that Fyodor adopts to dress up scandal as accusation. «Девиц» is the genitive plural; the word recurs through his speech («благороднейшую из девиц») in mock-chivalrous tones."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies платил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on там","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies платил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяче","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тысяче","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of платил","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking две","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"coordinated with тысяче","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обольщение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обольщение","lemma":"обольщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of платил","gloss":"seduction"},{"surface":"честных","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies девиц","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"девиц","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies обольщение","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"платил","lemma":"платить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address for известно","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial polite clitic)","role":"attached to известно","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential clitic «-с» (from сударь), added for politeness in servile speech."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies секретных","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"секретных","lemma":"секретный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies подробностях","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"подробностях","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of докажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"докажу","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with известно","gloss":"will prove"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial polite clitic)","role":"attached to докажу","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential clitic «-с» (from сударь), added for politeness in servile speech."}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c6-s88","source":"Святейший отец, верите ли, влюбил в себя благороднейшую из девиц, хорошего дома, с состоянием, дочь прежнего начальника своего, храброго полковника, заслуженного, имевшего Анну с мечами на шее, компрометировал девушку предложением руки, теперь она здесь, теперь она сирота, его невеста, а он, на глазах ее, к одной здешней обольстительнице ходит.","translation":"Most holy father, would you believe it, he made the noblest of girls fall in love with him — of good family, with means, the daughter of his former commander, a brave colonel, decorated, who wore the Order of St. Anne with swords about his neck — he compromised the girl with an offer of his hand, and now she is here, now she is an orphan, his betrothed, and he, before her very eyes, goes calling on a certain local enchantress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли","title":"The interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Верите ли» (\"would you believe it\") uses the enclitic «ли», which follows the focused word to form a question. Here it is a rhetorical buttonholing of the listener rather than a real yes/no question — \"can you believe…\". «Ли» is more literary and emphatic than plain question intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"влюбил в себя благороднейшую из девиц","title":"Causative «влюбить в себя» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Влюбить в себя» means to make someone fall in love with oneself — a causative built on «влюбиться» (\"to fall in love\"). The reflexive pronoun «себя» (\"oneself,\" with no nominative) points back to Dmitri the subject; «в себя» governs the accusative. The object «благороднейшую из девиц» is the superlative \"the noblest of girls.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольстительнице","title":"«обольстительница» — the enchantress/seductress","body":"«Обольстительница» is the feminine of «обольститель», \"seductress, enchantress,\" the loaded epithet Fyodor pins on Grushenka. The -ница suffix forms the female agent. The word will be picked up and contested across the next sentences as Dmitri defends her honour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Святейший","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец (vocative address)","gloss":"Most holy"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside (do you believe it)","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"влюбил","lemma":"влюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made fall in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of влюбил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"благороднейшую","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of влюбил","gloss":"the noblest"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девиц","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"девиц","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of благороднейшую","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"descriptive genitive modifying благороднейшую","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"состоянием","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"descriptive phrase modifying благороднейшую","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to благороднейшую","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начальника","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"начальника","lemma":"начальник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of дочь","gloss":"commander"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of начальника","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"храброго","lemma":"храбрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полковника","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"полковника","lemma":"полковник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to начальника","gloss":"colonel"},{"surface":"заслуженного","lemma":"заслуженный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полковника","gloss":"decorated"},{"surface":"имевшего","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying полковника","gloss":"who wore"},{"surface":"Анну","lemma":"Анна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имевшего","gloss":"the Order of St. Anne","note":"Анна here names the Order of St. Anne, a military decoration worn on a ribbon — not a woman."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мечами","lemma":"меч","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Анну","gloss":"swords"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имевшего","gloss":"his neck"},{"surface":"компрометировал","lemma":"компрометировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with влюбил","gloss":"compromised"},{"surface":"девушку","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of компрометировал","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"предложением","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of компрометировал","gloss":"with an offer"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предложением","gloss":"of his hand"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она (elliptical clause)","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сирота","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сирота","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сирота","lemma":"сирота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel clause to здесь","gloss":"an orphan"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невеста","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невеста","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel predicate to сирота","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обольстительнице","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"одной","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies обольстительнице","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"здешней","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обольстительнице","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"обольстительнице","lemma":"обольстительница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"enchantress"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with влюбил","gloss":"goes calling"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c6-s89","source":"Но хоть обольстительница эта и жила, так сказать, в гражданском браке с одним почтенным человеком, но характера независимого, крепость неприступная для всех, все равно что жена законная, ибо добродетельна, — да-с! отцы святые, она добродетельна!","translation":"But though this enchantress lived, so to say, in a civil marriage with a certain respectable man, she is of an independent character, a fortress unassailable to all, exactly like a lawful wife, for she is virtuous — yes, sir! holy fathers, she is virtuous!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в гражданском браке","title":"«гражданский брак» — a civil / common-law union","body":"In this period «гражданский брак» means living together without a church wedding — an unsanctioned, common-law union, faintly scandalous in a society where marriage was a religious sacrament. Fyodor concedes it «так сказать» (\"so to say\"), softening the impropriety even as he insists on the woman's virtue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо добродетельна","title":"Archaic «ибо» + a short adjective","body":"«Ибо» is the bookish, Slavonic-flavoured conjunction \"for, because,\" far more solemn than «потому что» — comic here in Fyodor's grandiose mouth. It introduces the reason «добродетельна», a short-form predicate adjective (\"she is virtuous\"), whose clipped, declarative ring suits the mock-pious flourish, capped by «да-с!»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все равно что жена законная","title":"«всё равно что» — \"just the same as\"","body":"«Всё равно что» introduces a comparison, \"exactly like, no different from\": she is unassailable \"just the same as a lawful wife.\" Note the bookish post-positive order «жена законная» (adjective after noun), lending a faintly elevated, legalistic ring to «законная» (\"lawful, wedded\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of жила","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"обольстительница","lemma":"обольстительница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жила","gloss":"enchantress"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обольстительница","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before жила","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom (so to say)","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking браке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гражданском","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies браке","gloss":"civil"},{"surface":"браке","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жила","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"одним","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человеком","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"почтенным","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies браке","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate genitive of quality, elided subject она","gloss":"of character"},{"surface":"независимого","lemma":"независимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"крепость","lemma":"крепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, elided subject она","gloss":"a fortress"},{"surface":"неприступная","lemma":"неприступный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крепость","gloss":"unassailable"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"всех","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of неприступная","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom все равно (just like)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"forms idiom все равно что (exactly like), introduces жена","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison жена законная","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of comparison phrase","gloss":"a wife"},{"surface":"законная","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добродетельна","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"добродетельна","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of elided она, causal clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"is virtuous"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection (yes)","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attaches to да, forming да-с (yes, sir)","gloss":"sir","note":"This -с (from сударь) is an archaic deferential suffix hyphenated onto да ('да-с' = 'yes, sir') — not the preposition с."},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, modified by святые","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies отцы","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of добродетельна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"добродетельна","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она (exclamatory repetition)","gloss":"is virtuous"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c6-s90","source":"А Дмитрий Федорович хочет эту крепость золотым ключом отпереть, для чего он теперь надо мной и куражится, хочет с меня денег сорвать, а пока уж тысячи на эту обольстительницу просорил; на то и деньги занимает беспрерывно и, между прочим, у кого, как вы думаете?","translation":"And Dmitri Fyodorovich wants to unlock this fortress with a golden key, which is why he now swaggers over me and wants to wring money out of me, while in the meantime he has already squandered thousands on this enchantress; and for that very purpose he borrows money incessantly, and — by the way — from whom, do you suppose?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо мной … куражится","title":"Reflexive «куражиться» + «над» + instrumental","body":"«Куражиться над» (\"to swagger over, lord it over\") is a -ся verb governing «над» + instrumental: «надо мной» (\"over me\"). The reflexive marks the strutting, self-pleased quality of the action. «Надо» is the spelled-out form of «над» before the cluster «мной»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у кого, как вы думаете?","title":"Interrogative «кто» in the genitive after «у»","body":"«У кого» (\"from whom\") puts the interrogative «кто» into the genitive demanded by the preposition «у». The parenthetical «как вы думаете?» (\"what do you suppose?\") is a stock rhetorical lead-in by which Fyodor teases out his revelation, leaving the listeners to guess."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тысячи … просорил","title":"«просорить» — to squander, blow money","body":"«Просорить» (perfective, \"to squander, fritter away\") with the prefix про- of \"using up / wasting through\" stresses that the thousands are gone for good. It joins «истребил» (s82) and «занимает беспрерывно» here in painting Dmitri as a reckless spendthrift — Fyodor's relentless theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крепость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"крепость","lemma":"крепость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочет","gloss":"fortress"},{"surface":"золотым","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ключом","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ключом","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпереть","gloss":"with a key"},{"surface":"отпереть","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to unlock"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"reason clause modifying куражится","gloss":"which reason"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of куражится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies куражится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over","note":"Here надо is a form of над ('over/above'), not the common word надо meaning 'need to'."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"мной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of куражится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куражится","lemma":"куражиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"swaggers"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сорвать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"сорвать","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to wring"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просорил","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просорил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of просорил","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обольстительницу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обольстительницу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обольстительницу","lemma":"обольстительница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просорил","gloss":"enchantress"},{"surface":"просорил","lemma":"просорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хочет","gloss":"squandered","note":"Colloquial: from сорить деньгами ('to throw money around') — 'squandered'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of занимает","gloss":"that purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies занимает","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of занимает","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"занимает","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"he borrows"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимает","gloss":"incessantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical idiom между прочим (by the way)","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of занимает (elided repetition)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (do you suppose)","gloss":"suppose"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c6-s91","source":"Сказать аль нет, Митя?","translation":"Shall I tell, or not, Mitya?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folksy \"or\"","body":"«Аль» is a colloquial, folk-speech variant of «или» (\"or\"): «Сказать аль нет?» — \"Shall I tell, or not?\" The homely particle, dropped into the solemn cell, is part of Fyodor's needling, mock-rustic teasing of his son."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митя","title":"«Митя» — the diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» is the affectionate short form of «Дмитрий» (compare «Митенька», «Митька»). Fyodor's switch from the formal «Дмитрий Фёдорович» to the intimate «Митя» is calculated — a feigned fatherly tenderness wrapped around a threat to expose him, sharpening the cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of elliptical question (shall I tell)","gloss":"shall I tell"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"coordinating conjunction, dialectal","role":"links Сказать and нет","gloss":"or","note":"Аль is a dialectal/colloquial variant of или ('or')."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"coordinated with Сказать via аль","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c6-s92","source":"— Молчать! — закричал Дмитрий Федорович, — подождите, пока я выйду, а при мне не смейте марать благороднейшую девицу… Уж одно то, что вы о ней осмеливаетесь заикнуться, позор для нее.","translation":"\"Silence!\" shouted Dmitri Fyodorovich. \"Wait until I leave, and in my presence do not dare to besmirch the noblest of girls… The mere fact that you dare even to breathe her name is a disgrace to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчать!","title":"Infinitive as a curt command","body":"A bare infinitive «молчать!» (\"silence! / be quiet!\") functions as a blunt, categorical order — harsher and more peremptory than the imperative «молчите». Used as a command, the infinitive brooks no reply: a single barked word from Dmitri at the breaking point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смейте марать … осмеливаетесь заикнуться","title":"Negated imperative «не смейте» + dependent infinitives","body":"«Не смейте» (\"do not dare\") is a negative imperative governing the imperfective infinitive «марать» (\"to besmirch\"). The echoing «осмеливаетесь заикнуться» (\"you dare so much as to breathe [a word]\") repeats the «сметь» root for force. «Заикнуться о» means to drop a hint, mention in passing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчать","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Silence"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quote","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"подождите","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative verb, new clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйду","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подождите","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смейте","gloss":"my presence"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смейте","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подождите","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"марать","lemma":"марать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смейте","gloss":"to besmirch"},{"surface":"благороднейшую","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девицу","gloss":"the noblest"},{"surface":"девицу","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of марать","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies то","gloss":"the mere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of позор (elided copula)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмеливаетесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of осмеливаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заикнуться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"осмеливаетесь","lemma":"осмеливаетесь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"заикнуться","lemma":"заикнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмеливаетесь","gloss":"to breathe a word"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject то (elided copula)","gloss":"a disgrace"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c6-s93","source":"Не позволю!","translation":"I will not allow it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не позволю!","title":"Perfective future as a flat refusal","body":"«Позволю» is the perfective future of «позволить» (\"to allow\"), conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future act. Negated and standing alone — «Не позволю!» — it is an absolute \"I will not allow it,\" the perfective making the refusal categorical and final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will allow"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c6-s94","source":"Он задыхался.","translation":"He was choking for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он задыхался","title":"Imperfective past of an ongoing state","body":"«Задыхался» is the imperfective past of «задыхаться» (a -ся verb, \"to gasp, choke for breath\"). The imperfective frames it as a continuing physical state, not a single event — Dmitri's breath failing him under his fury. A terse one-line stage direction in Dostoevsky's rapid manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was choking"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c6-s95","source":"— Митя! Митя! — слабонервно и выдавливая из себя слезы, вскричал Федор Павлович, — а родительское-то благословение на что?","translation":"\"Mitya! Mitya!\" cried Fyodor Pavlovich in a feeble, nervous voice, squeezing tears out of himself, \"and what about a father's blessing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выдавливая из себя слезы","title":"Present gerund + reflexive «из себя»","body":"«Выдавливая» is a present gerund (\"squeezing out\"), simultaneous with «вскричал» (\"cried out\"). «Из себя» (\"out of himself\") uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» after «из» + genitive. The image — wringing tears out of himself — exposes the tears as forced, theatrical: Fyodor's performance of paternal grief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"родительское-то благословение на что?","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «родительское-то» foregrounds the topic — \"and the father's blessing, what about that?\" — singling it out as the thing Fyodor wants weighed. This emphatic «-то» (distinct from the indefinite «кто-то») gives speech an insistent, button-holing nudge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"слабонервно","lemma":"слабонервный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"in a nervous voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выдавливая","lemma":"выдавливать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слабонервно","gloss":"squeezing out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of выдавливая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выдавливая","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"родительское","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благословение","gloss":"a father's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to родительское","gloss":"then","note":"Colloquial emphatic clitic -то (attached with a hyphen), not the demonstrative тот/то ('that')."},{"surface":"благословение","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical question на что","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of elliptical question, referring to благословение","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c6-s96","source":"А ну прокляну, что тогда будет?","translation":"Suppose I curse you — what will become of you then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ну прокляну, что тогда будет?","title":"«А ну» + perfective future as a threat","body":"«А ну» is a provoking \"come now / just suppose,\" and «прокляну» is the perfective future of «проклясть» (\"to curse\") — \"suppose I curse you.\" «Что тогда будет?» (\"what will become of you then?\") uses the future «будет». The pairing makes a menacing hypothetical out of a sacred act."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Suppose"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"прокляну","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I curse you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"будет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of rhetorical question","gloss":"will happen"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c6-s97","source":"— Бесстыдник и притворщик! — неистово рявкнул Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"\"Shameless humbug!\" Dmitri Fyodorovich roared frantically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бесстыдник и притворщик!","title":"«бесстыдник», «притворщик» — agent nouns of reproach","body":"Both are -ник/-щик agent nouns hurled as insults: «бесстыдник» (\"shameless one,\" from без- \"without\" + «стыд» \"shame\") and «притворщик» (\"pretender, sham,\" from «притворяться» \"to pretend\"). Compact, contemptuous coinages of the kind Russian forms freely — Dmitri's verdict on his father's act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рявкнул","title":"«рявкнуть» — to bark out","body":"«Рявкнуть» means to bark, snarl, roar out a word — a semelfactive perfective in -нуть naming one sharp burst of sound. With «неистово» (\"frantically, wildly\") it conveys Dmitri's loss of control. Dostoevsky's speech-tags here («рявкнул», «вскричал», «закричал») are doing heavy emotional work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бесстыдник","lemma":"бесстыдник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shameless one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притворщик","lemma":"притворщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Бесстыдник","gloss":"hypocrite"},{"surface":"неистово","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рявкнул","gloss":"frantically"},{"surface":"рявкнул","lemma":"рявкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roared"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рявкнул","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c6-s98","source":"— Это он отца, отца!","translation":"\"That's how he treats his father, his own father!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он отца, отца!","title":"Ellipsis and the animate accusative «отца»","body":"A clipped exclamation with the verb left out: \"That's [how he treats] his father — his father!\" «Отца» is the accusative of «отец», and because \"father\" is animate masculine, its accusative borrows the genitive form «отца» (not «отец»). The doubling and ellipsis convey Fyodor's spluttering outrage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate demonstrative, refers to the situation","gloss":"This is"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (does this to)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided verb","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c6-s99","source":"Что же с прочими?","translation":"What, then, of the rest?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же с прочими?","title":"Elliptical question with «же» + «с» + instrumental","body":"A verbless question, \"what then [of / with] the rest?\" «Прочими» is the instrumental plural of «прочие» (\"the others, the rest\"), governed by «с» (\"with\"). The particle «же» adds the insistent \"then, indeed\" — if this is how he treats his own father, what about everyone else?"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate pronoun of elliptical question","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочими","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"прочими","lemma":"прочими","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Что (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c6-s100","source":"Господа, представьте себе: есть здесь бедный, но почтенный, человек, отставной капитан, был в несчастье, отставлен от службы, но не гласно, не по суду, сохранив всю свою честь, многочисленным семейством обременен.","translation":"Gentlemen, just imagine: there is here a poor but respectable man, a retired captain, who fell into misfortune, dismissed from the service — but not publicly, not by court order, with all his honour preserved — burdened with a numerous family.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представьте себе","title":"Imperative «представьте» + dative reflexive «себе»","body":"«Представьте себе» (\"just imagine, picture to yourselves\") is a polite/plural imperative with the dative reflexive «себе» — literally \"represent to yourselves.\" A stock conversational opener by which Fyodor draws the audience into his next tableau."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отставной капитан, был в несчастье, отставлен от службы … сохранив … обременен","title":"A chain of participles and a gerund","body":"Fyodor heaps modifiers onto the captain: the short passive participle «отставлен» (\"dismissed\"), the gerund «сохранив» (\"having kept\" his honour), and another short passive «обременён» (\"burdened\"). Such stacking of participial and gerundival phrases is the dense, period-bookish syntax of 19th-century narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourselves"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb, main verb of next clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почтенный","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бедный","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"отставной","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитан","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несчастье","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"несчастье","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"отставлен","lemma":"отставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"dismissed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"службы","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отставлен","gloss":"the service"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гласно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гласно","lemma":"гласно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отставлен","gloss":"publicly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отставлен (manner)","gloss":"court order"},{"surface":"сохранив","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отставлен","gloss":"having preserved"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сохранив","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"многочисленным","lemma":"многочисленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейством","gloss":"a numerous"},{"surface":"семейством","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обременен","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"обременен","lemma":"обременить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"burdened"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c6-s101","source":"А три недели тому наш Дмитрий Федорович в трактире схватил его за бороду, вытащил за эту самую бороду на улицу и на улице всенародно избил и всё за то, что тот состоит негласным поверенным по одному моему делишку.","translation":"And three weeks ago this Dmitri Fyodorovich of ours seized him by the beard in a tavern, dragged him by that very beard out into the street, and there in the street thrashed him before all the people — and all because the man acts as my secret agent in a certain little affair of mine.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил … вытащил … избил","title":"A run of perfectives moving the story forward","body":"Three perfective past verbs in sequence — «схватил» (seized), «вытащил» (dragged out), «избил» (beat thoroughly) — narrate the assault event by event, each a single completed blow of the action. The prefix вы- in «вытащил» adds \"out (into the street),\" and из- in «избил» intensifies to \"beat all over, give a thorough beating.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за бороду … всенародно","title":"«за бороду» and «всенародно»","body":"Seizing a man «за бороду» (\"by the beard\") was a grave public humiliation in Russian culture, the beard a mark of dignity. «Всенародно» (\"before all the people, openly\") underscores the shame done in the street. The detail makes Dmitri's violence not just brutal but dishonouring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по одному моему делишку","title":"The belittling diminutive «делишко»","body":"«Делишко» is the pejorative/diminutive of «дело» (\"affair, business\"), with the -ишк- suffix that shrinks and disparages — \"a paltry little affair of mine.\" Fyodor's false modesty (\"some trifling matter\") winks at the listener that the \"little affair\" is in fact shady. The suffix is a constant emotional signal in his speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying схватил","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial idiom (ago), modifies недели","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Дмитрий","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"a tavern"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the beard"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бороду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бороду","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащил","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащил (direction)","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of избил","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"всенародно","lemma":"всенародно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"publicly"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"thrashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, introduces всё за то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies за то (emphatic, entirely because)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of избил","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of состоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"состоит","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"acts as"},{"surface":"негласным","lemma":"негласный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поверенным","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"поверенным","lemma":"поверенный","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of состоит","gloss":"agent"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делишку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"одному","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies делишку","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of делишку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"делишку","lemma":"делишко","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверенным","gloss":"little affair"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c6-s102","source":"— Ложь всё это! Снаружи правда, внутри ложь! — весь в гневе дрожал Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"\"That is all a lie! Outwardly the truth, inwardly a lie!\" Dmitri Fyodorovich trembled all over in his fury.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Снаружи правда, внутри ложь!","title":"Adverbs of place framing a zero-copula antithesis","body":"A taut, verbless antithesis: «снаружи правда, внутри ложь» — \"outside [the] truth, inside [a] lie.\" The adverbs «снаружи» and «внутри» (\"on the outside / on the inside\") set the contrast, and Russian needs no verb \"to be\" in the present. The parallel structure makes it sound like a maxim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь в гневе дрожал","title":"«весь» as \"all over\" + imperfective «дрожал»","body":"«Весь» here is adverbial, \"entirely, all over\": «весь … дрожал» — \"trembled all over.\" «В гневе» (\"in his fury\") uses «в» + prepositional for the state he is in. The imperfective «дрожал» renders the shaking as ongoing, a body overcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject это","gloss":"A lie"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Ложь (elided copula)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Снаружи","lemma":"снаружи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"Outwardly"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel predicate clause","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложь (topic adverb)","gloss":"inwardly"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel to правда","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрий (predicative, all over)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гневе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гневе","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожал","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"дрожал","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дрожал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c6-s103","source":"— Батюшка! Я свои поступки не оправдываю; да, всенародно признаюсь: я поступил как зверь с этим капитаном и теперь сожалею и собой гнушаюсь за зверский гнев, но этот ваш капитан, ваш поверенный, пошел вот к этой самой госпоже, о которой вы выражаетесь, что она обольстительница, и стал ей предлагать от вашего имени, чтоб она взяла имеющиеся у вас мои векселя и подала на меня, чтобы по этим векселям меня засадить, если я уж слишком буду приставать к вам в расчетах по имуществу.","translation":"\"Father! I do not justify my conduct; yes, I confess it before everyone: I behaved like a beast with that captain, and now I regret it and loathe myself for that brutal rage; but this captain of yours, your agent, went to that very same lady whom you call an enchantress, and began proposing to her, in your name, that she take up the promissory notes of mine that you hold and bring suit against me, so as to have me locked up on those notes if I should press you too hard over the settling of the estate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собой гнушаюсь за зверский гнев","title":"«гнушаться» + instrumental of the thing loathed","body":"«Гнушаться» (\"to loathe, hold in disgust\") is a -ся verb that governs the instrumental: «собой гнушаюсь» — \"I loathe myself\" (instrumental «собой» of the reflexive «себя»). «За зверский гнев» (\"for [my] brutal rage\") uses «за» + accusative to give the reason. Dmitri's self-disgust is morally central to his character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб она взяла … и подала … чтобы … засадить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"After «предлагать» (proposing), the purpose clauses use «чтоб(ы)» with the past-tense forms «взяла», «подала» (the obligatory irrealis after «чтобы»), then a second «чтобы … засадить» with a bare infinitive when the subject is the same. This is the willed-outcome «чтобы», not the reporting «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имеющиеся у вас мои векселя","title":"Present active participle «имеющиеся»","body":"«Имеющиеся» is a present active participle of «иметься» (the reflexive \"to be on hand\"), used attributively: \"the promissory notes of mine that are [held] in your hands.\" It compresses a который-clause into a single declining modifier — the bookish density typical of Dmitri's tangled, agitated explanation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"векселя … засадить","title":"«вексель» and «засадить» — debt and the debtors' prison","body":"«Векселя» are promissory notes / bills of exchange — formal IOUs that could be sued upon. «Засадить» (\"to lock up, jail\") refers to imprisonment for unpaid debt, a real legal threat in the period. Fyodor's scheme is to have Grushenka sue Dmitri on his own notes and so have him \"засадить\" — jailed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оправдываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of поступки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"поступки","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of оправдываю","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates оправдываю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оправдываю","lemma":"оправдывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do justify"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, affirmative","role":"introduces признаюсь","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"всенародно","lemma":"всенародно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признаюсь","gloss":"before everyone"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to оправдываю","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of признаюсь","gloss":"behaved"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the comparison зверь","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of поступил (comparison)","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитаном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитаном","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"капитаном","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожалею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сожалею","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поступил","gloss":"regret it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of гнушаюсь","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"гнушаюсь","lemma":"гнушаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сожалею","gloss":"loathe"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гнев","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"зверский","lemma":"зверский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"brutal"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гнушаюсь","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитан","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитан","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поверенный","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"поверенный","lemma":"поверенный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to капитан","gloss":"agent"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes госпоже","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of госпоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies этой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражаетесь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выражаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выражаетесь","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on госпоже","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обольстительница","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обольстительница","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обольстительница","lemma":"обольстительница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, clausal complement of выражаетесь","gloss":"an enchantress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"предлагать","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"proposing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имени","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"имени","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагать","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взяла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предлагать","gloss":"take up"},{"surface":"имеющиеся","lemma":"имеющийся","morphology":"adjective participle, accusative, plural","role":"modifies векселя","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of имеющиеся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of векселя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"векселя","lemma":"вексель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"promissory notes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взяла","gloss":"bring suit"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засадить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking векселям","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of векселям","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"векселям","lemma":"вексель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засадить","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of засадить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"засадить","lemma":"засадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подала","gloss":"lock up"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приставать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приставать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes слишком","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приставать","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of приставать","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"приставать","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on засадить","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приставать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчетах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"расчетах","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приставать","gloss":"the settling"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имуществу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"имуществу","lemma":"имущество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расчетах","gloss":"the estate"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c6-s104","source":"Вы же теперь меня упрекаете тем, что я имею слабость к этой госпоже, тогда как сами же учили ее заманить меня!","translation":"And now you reproach me for having a weakness for this lady, when you yourselves taught her to lure me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы же теперь меня упрекаете тем, что…","title":"«упрекать» + instrumental «тем, что»","body":"«Упрекать» (\"to reproach\") names the thing reproached-for in the instrumental: «упрекаете тем, что…» — \"reproach me with [the fact] that…\". The instrumental demonstrative «тем» points forward to the «что»-clause. The particle «же» adds indignant emphasis: \"and yet now you reproach me…\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как сами же учили ее заманить меня","title":"Concessive «тогда как» + emphatic «сами же»","body":"«Тогда как» means \"whereas, while in fact,\" setting up the contradiction. «Сами же» (\"you yourselves, of all people\") turns the accusation back: «учили её заманить меня» — \"taught her to lure me.\" «Заманить» (perfective, \"to lure, entice into a trap\") carries the prefix за- of luring in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of упрекаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вы","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упрекаете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of упрекаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"упрекаете","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрекаете","gloss":"for the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имею","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"слабость","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"a weakness"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of госпоже","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слабость","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of учили, with тогда","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы (understood)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"учили","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on имею","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of учили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"заманить","lemma":"заманить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of учили","gloss":"to lure"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заманить","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c6-s105","source":"Ведь она прямо в глаза рассказывает, сама мне рассказывала, над вами смеясь!","translation":"Why, she tells it straight to my face — she told me herself, laughing at you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"над вами смеясь","title":"Present gerund «смеясь» + «над» + instrumental","body":"«Смеясь» is the present gerund of «смеяться» (a -ся verb, \"to laugh\"), simultaneous with «рассказывает». «Смеяться над» governs «над» + instrumental: «над вами» — \"laughing at you.\" Placing «над вами» before the gerund throws the mockery into relief. The motif of her laughter recurs across the next lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывает","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказывает","gloss":"my face"},{"surface":"рассказывает","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (understood)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассказывала","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывает","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеясь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказывала","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c6-s106","source":"Засадить же вы меня хотите только потому, что меня к ней же ревнуете, потому что сами вы приступать начали к этой женщине со своею любовью, и мне это опять-таки всё известно, и опять-таки она смеялась, — слышите, — смеясь над вами, пересказывала.","translation":"And you want to lock me up only because you are jealous of me over her, because you yourself began making advances to this woman with your love — and I know all about that too, and once again she laughed — do you hear? — laughing at you, she told me all about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня к ней же ревнуете","title":"«ревновать … к» + dative","body":"«Ревновать кого к кому» is \"to be jealous of someone over someone\": «меня … к ней» — jealous of me over her. The rival/cause stands in «к» + dative («к ней»), sharpened by «же». It is a fixed government worth memorizing, as the English preposition (\"of/over\") doesn't map onto it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеясь над вами, пересказывала","title":"Gerund framing the main verb","body":"Again the gerund «смеясь» (\"laughing\") attends the main verb «пересказывала» (\"she retold, recounted\") and shares its subject. «Пересказывать» carries the prefix пере- of relating something through/over to another. The imperfective stresses that she went on telling it — repeating the mockery to Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Засадить","lemma":"засадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"lock up"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Засадить","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of хотите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ревнуете","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ревнуете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревнуете","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ней","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ревнуете","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on хотите","gloss":"are jealous"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of начали","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приступать","lemma":"приступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"making advances"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ревнуете","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщине","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступать","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовью","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступать","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это, subject of известно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хотите","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with известно","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пересказывала","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеясь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пересказывала","lemma":"пересказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялась","gloss":"told it all"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c6-s107","source":"Так вот вам, святые люди, этот человек, этот упрекающий развратного сына отец!","translation":"So there you have him, holy men — this man, this father who reproaches his profligate son!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот упрекающий развратного сына отец","title":"Present active participle wrapped inside a noun phrase","body":"«Упрекающий» is a present active participle (\"reproaching\") that, with its own object «развратного сына» (\"his profligate son\"), is folded between «этот» and «отец»: \"this son-reproaching father.\" The frame — modifier and its object packed before the head noun — is dense literary syntax, and «развратного сына» shows the animate accusative borrowing the genitive form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вот вам, святые люди, этот человек","title":"«вот вам» — a presentational flourish","body":"«Так вот вам … этот человек» (\"so there you have him\") uses the deictic «вот» with the dative «вам» to present the subject dramatically to the audience — the holy men. It is a rhetorical gesture of unveiling, Dmitri throwing his father before the monks for judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"main predicate of the presentative construction","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of вот","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject complement of вот","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"упрекающий","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"who reproaches"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"profligate"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of упрекающий","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c6-s108","source":"Господа свидетели, простите гнев мой, но я предчувствовал, что этот коварный старик созвал всех вас сюда на скандал.","translation":"Gentlemen, you who are witnesses, forgive my anger, but I foresaw that this crafty old man had summoned you all here for a scandal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коварный старик созвал всех вас сюда","title":"Perfective «созвал» + the gathering prefix с-","body":"«Созвал» is the perfective of «созывать/созвать» (\"to summon, call together\"), the prefix с- meaning \"together, to one place\" (compare «съехаться» in s75). «Всех вас» is the animate accusative \"all of you,\" and «сюда» (\"to here\") marks motion toward. Dmitri charges Fyodor with engineering the whole gathering for a scandal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простите","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of созвал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"коварный","lemma":"коварный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"crafty"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of созвал","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"созвал","lemma":"созвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"had summoned"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of созвал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созвал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скандал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созвал","gloss":"a scandal"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c6-s109","source":"Я пошел с тем, чтобы простить, если б он протянул мне руку, простить и прощения просить!","translation":"I came meaning to forgive him, if he held out his hand to me — to forgive and to ask forgiveness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б он протянул мне руку","title":"Conditional «если б … протянул»","body":"«Если б(ы)» plus the past form «протянул» builds the irrealis conditional — \"if he had held out his hand.\" The particle «бы» (here clipped to «б») leaning on «если» marks the whole clause as hypothetical and now contrary to fact, since no hand was offered. «Мне» is the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем, чтобы простить","title":"Purpose «с тем, чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«С тем, чтобы» is an emphatic \"with the [express] purpose of, in order to,\" introducing the goal infinitives «простить … и прощения просить» (\"to forgive and to ask forgiveness\"). The reciprocal pairing — forgive and be forgiven — is the moral hinge of Dmitri's intention, contrasted with the scandal that ensued."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the intention"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of протянул","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks протянул as conditional","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on простить","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with просить, restating чтобы простить","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простить","gloss":"to ask"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c6-s110","source":"Но так как он оскорбил сию минуту не только меня, но и благороднейшую девицу, которой даже имени не смею произнести всуе из благоговения к ней, то и решился обнаружить всю его игру публично, хотя бы он и отец мой!..","translation":"But since this very minute he has insulted not only me but the noblest of girls, whose name I dare not even pronounce in vain, out of reverence for her, I have resolved to lay bare his whole game in public, even though he is my father!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как он оскорбил … то и решился","title":"Causal «так как … то»","body":"«Так как» (\"since, because\") opens the cause, answered by the resumptive «то (и)» (\"then, accordingly\") before the main clause — a balanced, bookish \"since…, therefore…\". «Решился» is the reflexive perfective of «решиться» (\"to resolve, bring oneself to\"). The construction lends Dmitri's declaration a deliberate, almost forensic shape."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имени не смею произнести всуе","title":"Genitive of negation + the Slavonic «всуе»","body":"Under the negated «не смею произнести» the object goes to the genitive: «имени» (genitive of «имя»). «Всуе» is a Church-Slavonic adverb \"in vain, idly\" (echoing the Third Commandment), here applied with mock-chivalrous reverence to the girl's name — a flash of elevated register in Dmitri's speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы он и отец мой","title":"Concessive «хотя бы … и»","body":"«Хотя бы … и» means \"even though, even if it be\": \"even though he is my father.\" The «бы» adds a concessive-hypothetical colouring, and «и» intensifies — Dmitri will expose him regardless of the sacred bond of kinship. The trailing «..!» leaves the defiance ringing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оскорбил, with так","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оскорбил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оскорбил","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решился","gloss":"has insulted"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of оскорбил","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"благороднейшую","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девицу","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"девицу","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of оскорбил","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of имени (relative)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имени","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"имени","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of смею (with не)","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on девицу","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"произнести","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"pronounce"},{"surface":"всуе","lemma":"всуе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнести","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благоговения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"благоговения","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнести","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies благоговения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the так как clause before решился","gloss":"[then]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes решился","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have resolved"},{"surface":"обнаружить","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to lay bare"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of игру","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariable","role":"determiner of игру","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"игру","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнаружить","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"публично","lemma":"публично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружить","gloss":"in public"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of predicate отец","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"[even]"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c6-s111","source":"Он не мог более продолжать.","translation":"He could not go on any further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не мог более продолжать","title":"Negated «мог» + the bookish «более»","body":"«Не мог более продолжать» — \"he could go on no further.\" «Более» is the elevated comparative \"more / further,\" preferred over «больше» in literary prose, and «продолжать» is an imperfective infinitive after the modal «мог». A spare line marking the exhaustion of Dmitri's outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"any further"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"go on"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c6-s112","source":"Глаза его сверкали, он дышал трудно.","translation":"His eyes were flashing, his breath came hard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза его сверкали, он дышал трудно","title":"Imperfective pair for a sustained physical state","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past: «сверкали» (\"were flashing,\" of his eyes) and «дышал» (\"was breathing,\" with «трудно» — \"with difficulty\"). The imperfective renders these as ongoing conditions of his body in the grip of passion, not single events — the standing background after the action of his speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкали","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariable","role":"determiner of Глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сверкали","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were flashing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дышал","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сверкали","gloss":"breathed"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дышал","gloss":"hard"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b2-c6-s113","source":"Но и все в келье были взволнованы.","translation":"But everyone in the cell was agitated as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но и все в келье были взволнованы","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«Взволнованы» is the short-form past passive participle of «взволновать» (\"to agitate, stir up\"), joined to «были» to state a resulting condition: \"all were agitated.\" The short passive in -ны/-ан here functions as a predicate of state. The additive «но и» means \"but … as well.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes все","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive взволнованы","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of все","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of взволнованы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"взволнованы","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agitated"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b2-c6-s114","source":"Все, кроме старца, с беспокойством встали со своих мест.","translation":"All but the elder rose uneasily from their seats.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все, кроме старца, … встали со своих мест","title":"«кроме» + genitive; reflexive «своих»","body":"«Кроме» (\"except\") governs the genitive «старца» (\"except the elder\"). «Встали со своих мест» — \"rose from their seats\" — uses «с(о)» + genitive for motion off/away from, and the reflexive possessive «своих» points the seats back to the subject «все» (their own places). Only the elder stays seated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встали","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Все","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встали","gloss":"uneasiness"},{"surface":"встали","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мест","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мест","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"мест","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of встали","gloss":"seats"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b2-c6-s115","source":"Отцы иеромонахи смотрели сурово, но ждали, однако воли старца.","translation":"The hieromonk fathers looked on sternly, but waited, all the same, for the elder's will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждали, однако воли старца","title":"«ждать» + genitive of the awaited thing","body":"«Ждать» governs the genitive when what is awaited is abstract or non-specific: «ждали … воли старца» — \"awaited the elder's will\" (genitive «воли»). The inserted «однако» (\"however, all the same\") marks the restraint — they looked stern, yet held back. The order, with «однако» mid-clause, is bookish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to иеромонахи","gloss":"the fathers"},{"surface":"иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смотрели","gloss":"hieromonks"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked on"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"сурово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрели","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждали","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воли","gloss":"of the elder"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b2-c6-s116","source":"Тот же сидел совсем уже бледный, но не от волнения, а от болезненного бессилия.","translation":"He himself sat already quite pale, but not from agitation — rather from a sickly weakness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от волнения, а от болезненного бессилия","title":"Contrastive «а» + «от» of cause","body":"The contrastive conjunction «а» corrects rather than opposes: \"pale, not from agitation, but from a sickly weakness.\" Both causes use «от» + genitive of cause («от волнения», «от … бессилия»). This «не … а» («not X but Y») frame, hinging on «а», is a constant of Russian precision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот же сидел совсем уже бледный","title":"«тот же» tracking the elder + particle «же»","body":"«Тот же» here means \"he, for his part / that same one\" — the elder, set against the agitated crowd of the previous sentence. The «же» marks the contrastive shift of focus back to him. «Бледный» is a long-form adjective used predicatively after «сидел» (\"sat pale\"), a depictive describing his state while sitting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тот","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледный","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледный","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of сидел","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase от волнения","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бледный","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"болезненного","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бессилия","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"бессилия","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бледный","gloss":"weakness"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b2-c6-s117","source":"Умоляющая улыбка светилась на губах его; он изредка подымал руку, как бы желая остановить беснующихся, и уж, конечно, одного жеста его было бы достаточно, чтобы сцена была прекращена; но он сам как будто чего-то еще выжидал и пристально приглядывался, как бы желая что-то еще понять, как бы еще не уяснив себе чего-то.","translation":"An imploring smile shone on his lips; now and then he raised his hand, as if wishing to stop the raging men, and surely a single gesture of his would have been enough to put an end to the scene; yet he himself seemed to be waiting for something still, gazing intently, as if wishing to grasp something more, as if he had not yet made something clear to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы желая остановить беснующихся","title":"«как бы» + gerund; a present active participle as noun","body":"«Как бы желая» (\"as if wishing\") combines the comparative «как бы» with the present gerund «желая». Its object «беснующихся» is a present active participle of «беситься» (\"to rage, be in a frenzy\") used as a noun — \"the raging ones\" — in the animate accusative (= genitive plural form). The participle quietly likens the brawlers to the possessed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одного жеста его было бы достаточно, чтобы сцена была прекращена","title":"Hypothetical «было бы» + impersonal «достаточно»","body":"An irrealis impersonal: «было бы достаточно» (\"would have been enough\") with «бы» making it hypothetical, and «одного жеста» in the genitive governed by «достаточно». The «чтобы»-clause of result takes the past-passive «была прекращена» (\"be put to an end\"), the obligatory irrealis form after «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы желая что-то еще понять, как бы еще не уяснив себе чего-то","title":"The indefinite «что-то / чего-то»","body":"«Что-то» marks a specific but unidentified thing — \"something\" the elder strains to grasp — and under the negated gerund «не уяснив» it shifts to the genitive «чего-то» (genitive of negation). The repeated «как бы» and the trailing indefinites render Zosima's inward, unfinished searching, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's psychology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умоляющая","lemma":"умоляющий","morphology":"participle (adjectival), present, active, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies улыбка","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"улыбка","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of светилась","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"светилась","lemma":"светиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of светилась","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of губах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подымал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подымал","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"подымал","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to светилась","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подымал","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"introduces the phrase как бы желая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подымал","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"остановить","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to stop"},{"surface":"беснующихся","lemma":"беснующийся","morphology":"participle used as noun, present, active, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of остановить","gloss":"the raging men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было достаточно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies было достаточно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies жеста","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"жеста","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достаточно","gloss":"gesture"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of жеста","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to достаточно","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"достаточно","lemma":"достаточно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of жеста (with было бы)","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прекращена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive прекращена","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прекращена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прекращена","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выжидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, intensive","role":"intensifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как будто","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle, part of как будто","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, indefinite (чего-то)","role":"direct object of выжидал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix attached to чего","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выжидал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"выжидал","lemma":"выжидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приглядывался","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"приглядывался","lemma":"приглядываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выжидал","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приглядывался","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, indefinite (что-то)","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix attached to что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to grasp"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уяснив","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies уяснив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уяснив","lemma":"уяснить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on понять","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of уяснив","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, indefinite (чего-то)","role":"direct object of уяснив","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix attached to чего","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b2-c6-s118","source":"Наконец Петр Александрович Миусов окончательно почувствовал себя униженным и опозоренным.","translation":"At last Pyotr Alexandrovich Miusov felt himself utterly humiliated and disgraced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал себя униженным и опозоренным","title":"«почувствовать себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Почувствовать себя» (\"to feel oneself [to be]\") takes its predicate in the instrumental: «униженным и опозоренным» — \"humiliated and disgraced.\" Both are past passive participles («унизить», «опозорить») put in the instrumental to name the state Miusov feels himself reduced to. «Себя» is the reflexive object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb, sentence-initial","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"униженным","lemma":"униженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of почувствовал","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опозоренным","lemma":"опозоренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with униженным","gloss":"disgraced"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b2-c6-s119","source":"— В происшедшем скандале мы все виноваты! — горячо проговорил он, — но я всё же ведь не предчувствовал, идя сюда, хотя и знал, с кем имею дело… Это надо кончить сейчас же!","translation":"\"We are all to blame for the scandal that has occurred!\" he said hotly. \"But all the same I did not foresee it, coming here, though I did know with whom I was dealing… This must be put an end to at once!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В происшедшем скандале мы все виноваты","title":"Past active participle «происшедший» + short adjective «виноваты»","body":"«Происшедшем» is the prepositional of «происшедший», a past active participle of «произойти» (\"that has occurred\") modifying «скандале»: \"in the scandal that has occurred.\" «Виноваты» is a short-form adjective predicate, \"are to blame\" — the clipped form lending Miusov's admission a flat, formal candour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я всё же ведь не предчувствовал, идя сюда","title":"Stacked particles «всё же ведь» + gerund «идя»","body":"Miusov piles up modal particles: «всё же» (\"all the same\") and «ведь» (\"after all, you see\"), insisting he had no foreboding. The present gerund «идя» (\"as I came\") echoes Dmitri's earlier «идя сюда» — both men disclaim having foreseen the scene. Such particle-clusters are the texture of agitated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это надо кончить сейчас же!","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо кончить» is an impersonal necessity construction — \"this must be ended\" — with no nominative subject; «надо» plus the perfective infinitive «кончить» (\"to finish, put a stop to\"). «Сейчас же» (\"this very instant,\" with insistent «же») gives the demand its urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скандале","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"происшедшем","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies скандале","gloss":"that occurred"},{"surface":"скандале","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноваты","gloss":"scandal"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of виноваты","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"виноваты","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"are to blame"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал (with же)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to проговорил","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"идя","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предчувствовал","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предчувствовал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of кончить (надо is impersonal, has no grammatical subject)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right away"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b2-c6-s120","source":"Ваше преподобие, поверьте, что я всех обнаруженных здесь подробностей в точности не знал, не хотел им верить и только теперь в первый раз узнаю… Отец ревнует сына к скверного поведения женщине и сам с этою же тварью сговаривается засадить сына в тюрьму… И вот в такой-то компании меня принудили сюда явиться…","translation":"Your Reverence, believe me, I did not know the exact details that have come to light here, did not wish to credit them, and only now learn of them for the first time… A father is jealous of his son over a woman of vile conduct, and himself conspires with this very creature to have his son locked up in prison… And it is in such company as this that I have been compelled to appear here…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех обнаруженных здесь подробностей … не знал","title":"Past passive participle + genitive of negation","body":"«Обнаруженных» is a past passive participle of «обнаружить» (\"revealed, come to light\"), agreeing with «подробностей». Under the negated «не знал» the object goes genitive: «подробностей» (\"the details\"). Both features — the participle and the genitive of negation — are quintessential literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ревнует сына к … женщине … сговаривается засадить","title":"«ревновать … к» again; reflexive «сговариваться»","body":"Miusov echoes the construction «ревнует сына к … женщине» (\"is jealous of his son over a woman,\" «к» + dative). «Сговаривается» is the reflexive-reciprocal «сговариваться» (\"to conspire, come to an arrangement\"), the -ся here marking a mutual scheming with the «тварь». «Засадить» (jail) recurs as the scheme's aim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с этою же тварью","title":"«тварь» — \"creature,\" as a slur","body":"«Тварь» literally means \"created thing, creature\" (from «творить», to create — compare «творец», the Creator, in s61), but used of a person it is a harsh insult, \"vile creature, wretch.\" Miusov spits it at Grushenka. «Этою же» is the bookish long instrumental of «эта» after «с» (\"with this very creature\"). The word's theological root makes the contempt bite harder in this holy place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative) of the sentence","gloss":"believe me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of подробностей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"обнаруженных","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying подробностей","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаруженных","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поверьте","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of верить (dative object of the infinitive, not of хотел)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнаю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ревнует","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"ревнует","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is jealous"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ревнует","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поведения женщине","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"скверного","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поведения","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"поведения","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies женщине","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревнует","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, intensive","role":"intensifies subject of сговаривается","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварью","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этою","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тварью","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сговаривается","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"сговаривается","lemma":"сговариваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ревнует","gloss":"conspires"},{"surface":"засадить","lemma":"засадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сговаривается","gloss":"to lock up"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of засадить","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьму","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тюрьму","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засадить","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, discourse","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of компании","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix attached to такой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принудили","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принудили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"принудили","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"compelled"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явиться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принудили","gloss":"to appear"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b2-c6-s121","source":"Я обманут, я заявляю всем, что обманут не меньше других…","translation":"I am deceived; I declare to everyone that I have been deceived no less than the others…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я обманут","title":"Short passive participle","body":"«обманут» is the predicative short form of the past passive participle of «обмануть» (to deceive). With an understood «есть», it states a result — 'I have been deceived / I stand deceived' — the bookish equivalent of «меня обманули»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не меньше других","title":"Genitive after a comparative","body":"After the comparative «меньше» the thing compared stands in the genitive: «других» ('than the others'). This is the case-marked alternative to «чем» plus the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обманут","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обманут","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am deceived"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заявляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заявляю","lemma":"заявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обманут","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of заявляю","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обманут","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заявляю","gloss":"am deceived"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies меньше","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies обманут","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison with меньше","gloss":"than others"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b2-c6-s122","source":"— Дмитрий Федорович! — завопил вдруг каким-то не своим голосом Федор Павлович, — если бы только вы не мой сын, то я в ту же минуту вызвал бы вас на дуэль… на пистолетах, на расстоянии трех шагов… через платок! через платок! — кончил он, топая обеими ногами.","translation":"\"Dmitri Fyodorovich!\" Fyodor Pavlovich suddenly screeched in a voice that did not seem his own, \"if only you were not my son, I would this very minute call you out to a duel… with pistols, at three paces… across a handkerchief! across a handkerchief!\" — and he finished by stamping both feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы только вы не мой сын, то я… вызвал бы вас","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A full irrealis: «если бы» in the if-clause and «вызвал бы» (past form + «бы») in the main clause frame a contrary-to-fact wish — 'if only you weren't my son, I would call you out'. Both halves use the conditional particle «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завопил вдруг каким-то не своим голосом Федор Павлович","title":"Instrumental of manner, subject postposed","body":"«не своим голосом» is the instrumental of manner ('in a voice not his own'). Note too the inverted order: the verb «завопил» comes before the subject «Федор Павлович», a freedom the case endings allow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"топая обеими ногами","title":"Imperfective gerund of attendant action","body":"«топая» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «топать» (to stamp), expressing a simultaneous accompanying action — 'stamping both feet' as he finished. It shares the subject of «кончил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screeched"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix attached to каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies своим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сын","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with если","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сын","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вы (were not my son)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause вызвал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вызвал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвал","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"вызвал","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"would call out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with вызвал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вызвал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвал","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолетах","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дуэль (parallel phrase)","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстоянии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"расстоянии","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дуэль (parallel phrase)","gloss":"a distance"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies шагов","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies расстоянии","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платок","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дуэль (dueling condition)","gloss":"a handkerchief"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платок","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated exclamation","gloss":"a handkerchief"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (narrative tag)","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"топая","lemma":"топать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кончил","gloss":"stamping"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies ногами","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of топая","gloss":"feet"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b2-c6-s123","source":"Есть у старых лгунов, всю жизнь свою проактерствовавших, минуты, когда они до того зарисуются, что уже воистину дрожат и плачут от волнения, несмотря на то, что даже в это самое мгновение (или секунду только спустя) могли бы сами шепнуть себе: «Ведь ты лжешь, старый бесстыдник, ведь ты актер и теперь, несмотря на весь твой „святой“ гнев и „святую“ минуту гнева».","translation":"Old liars who have spent their whole lives play-acting have their moments when they get so carried away with their own performance that they truly tremble and weep with emotion — and this although at that very instant (or only a second later) they could whisper to themselves: \"You are lying, you shameless old man, you are an actor even now, for all your 'holy' wrath and your 'holy' minute of wrath.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю жизнь свою проактерствовавших","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«проактерствовавших» is the past active participle (genitive plural here, agreeing with «лгунов»), condensing 'who had play-acted their whole lives' into one word. The reflexive-possessive «свою» points back to the liars themselves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проактерствовавших","title":"A coined verb from «актёр»","body":"Dostoevsky builds a verb on «актёр» (actor): «актёрствовать» = to play the actor, with «про-» giving 'to spend (a span) play-acting'. The whole rare formation drips with the narrator's scorn for the old liar's lifelong performance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могли бы сами шепнуть себе","title":"Conditional «бы» softening a potential","body":"«могли бы» (could + «бы») marks a hypothetical capacity — 'they could (if they chose) whisper to themselves'. The reflexive «себе» (dative) is the addressee of the whisper."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесстыдник","title":"«бесстыдник» — shameless one","body":"From «без» (without) + «стыд» (shame): a 'shameless creature'. The agentive «-ник» suffix turns the quality into a person — a vivid term of abuse the old man flings at himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что","title":"Concessive subordinator","body":"«несмотря на то, что» ('despite the fact that / although') opens a concessive clause. Built on the gerund «несмотря» (literally 'not looking at'), it is a fixed bookish conjunction here, set off by commas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лгунов","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"старых","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лгунов","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"лгунов","lemma":"лгун","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"liars"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проактерствовавших","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"проактерствовавших","lemma":"проактёрствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies лгунов","gloss":"having play-acted"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"notional subject of existential Есть","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зарисуются","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зарисуются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарисуются","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"зарисуются","lemma":"зарисоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"get carried away"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дрожат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воистину","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрожат","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"дрожат","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of зарисуются","gloss":"tremble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плачут","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дрожат","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачут","gloss":"emotion"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of несмотря на","role":"introduces несмотря на то, что-clause","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause complement of то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (temporal) modifying могли","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"alternative temporal phrase, parallel to мгновение","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition following секунду (temporal)","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дрожат","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with могли","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, intensive","role":"intensifies subject of шепнуть","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"шепнуть","lemma":"шепнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of шепнуть","gloss":"to themselves"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжешь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лжешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лжешь","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause (content of шепнуть)","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бесстыдник","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"бесстыдник","lemma":"бесстыдник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address to ты","gloss":"shameless man"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies актер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of актер","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"актер","lemma":"актёр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты (parallel clause to лжешь)","gloss":"an actor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies актер","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of несмотря на","role":"introduces object clause of гнев","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на (despite)","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"святую","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гнев","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"of wrath"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b2-c6-s124","source":"Дмитрий Федорович страшно нахмурился и с невыразимым презрением поглядел на отца.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich frowned terribly and looked upon his father with inexpressible contempt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с невыразимым презрением поглядел","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"«с невыразимым презрением» ('with inexpressible contempt') uses «с» + instrumental for manner. The perfective «поглядел» frames a single completed glance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невыразимым","title":"«невыразимый» — inexpressible","body":"A negated participial adjective: «не-» + «выразить» (to express) + «-имый» — 'that cannot be expressed'. The bookish «-имый» passive-potential suffix marks the elevated narratorial register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурился","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"невыразимым","lemma":"невыразимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"inexpressible"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурился","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b2-c6-s125","source":"— Я думал… я думал, — как-то тихо и сдержанно проговорил он, — что я приеду на родину с ангелом души моей, невестою моей, чтобы лелеять его старость, а вижу лишь развратного сладострастника и подлейшего комедианта!","translation":"\"I thought… I thought,\" he said quietly and with restraint, \"that I was coming home to my native land with the angel of my soul, with my betrothed, to cherish him in his old age — and instead I find only a depraved sensualist and the basest of buffoons!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я приеду на родину… чтобы лелеять его старость","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы лелеять» expresses purpose — 'in order to cherish'. When the subject of the purpose is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ангелом души моей, невестою моей","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment; bookish ending","body":"«с ангелом… невестою» is «с» + instrumental for 'together with'. «невестою» is the elevated literary instrumental ending in «-ою» (vs everyday «-ой»), and «души моей» postposes the possessive for solemn weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлейшего комедианта","title":"Superlative «-ейший» + «комедиант»","body":"«подлейшего» is the bookish superlative of «подлый» (base, vile) — 'the basest'. «комедиант» is a stage-player, here a contemptuous 'mountebank, buffoon', echoing the novel's theme of Fyodor Pavlovich as eternal performer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастника","title":"«сладострастник» — voluptuary","body":"A heavy compound, «сладкий» (sweet) + «страсть» (passion): a person given over to «сладострастие», sensual lust. It is one of the novel's keywords for the Karamazov nature, and Dmitri hurls it at his father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал (repeated)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats думал for emphasis","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of как-то)","role":"modifies тихо","gloss":"somehow","note":"как + то together form the single adverb «как-то» ('somehow')."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (second part of как-то)","role":"modifies тихо","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"with restraint"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приеду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приеду","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of думал","gloss":"would come","note":"Future tense used for reported thought; translation renders it as past ('was coming')."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"родину","lemma":"родина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приеду","gloss":"native land"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангелом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ангелом","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приеду","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ангелом","gloss":"of my soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"невестою","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ангелом","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невестою","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лелеять","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"лелеять","lemma":"лелеять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on приеду","gloss":"cherish"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of старость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старость","lemma":"старость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лелеять","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with приеду/лелеять","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сладострастника","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сладострастника","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"сладострастника","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"sensualist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подлейшего","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комедианта","gloss":"basest"},{"surface":"комедианта","lemma":"комедиант","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сладострастника","gloss":"buffoon"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b2-c6-s126","source":"— На дуэль! — завопил опять старикашка, задыхаясь и брызгаясь с каждым словом слюной.","translation":"\"To a duel!\" the little old man screeched again, gasping for breath and spraying spittle with every word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старикашка","title":"Pejorative diminutive «старикашка»","body":"«старик» (old man) + the contemptuous «-ашка» suffix: 'wretched/nasty little old man'. Unlike the affectionate «старичок», this expressive form is purely belittling — the narrator's voice turning against Fyodor Pavlovich."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"задыхаясь и брызгаясь… слюной","title":"Paired reflexive gerunds","body":"Two imperfective деепричастия on reflexive verbs, «задыхаться» (to gasp) and «брызгаться» (to spray/splatter), paint simultaneous action. «слюной» is instrumental — spraying 'with spittle'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screeched"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"старикашка","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"the little old man"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"gasping for breath"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брызгаясь","lemma":"брызгаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задыхаясь","gloss":"spraying"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of брызгаясь","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"слюной","lemma":"слюна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брызгаясь","gloss":"spittle"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b2-c6-s127","source":"— А вы, Петр Александрович Миусов, знайте, сударь, что, может быть, во всем вашем роде нет и не было выше и честнее — слышите, честнее — женщины, как эта, по-вашему, тварь, как вы осмелились сейчас назвать ее!","translation":"\"And you, Pyotr Alexandrovich Miusov, know this, sir: that perhaps in all your line there is not and never was a woman higher and more honorable — do you hear, more honorable — than this 'creature,' as you have dared to call her just now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знайте, сударь","title":"Plural/polite imperative","body":"«знайте» is the polite imperative of «знать» — formed by adding «-те» to the «-й» imperative «знай». It commands Miusov with mock-ceremonious «вы»-deference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет и не было выше и честнее… женщины","title":"Genitive of negated existence + comparative","body":"«нет и не было… женщины» puts the absent subject in the genitive after «нет / не было» — the existential genitive of negation. «выше и честнее» are predicative comparatives ('higher and more honourable')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударь","title":"«сударь» — sir","body":"An archaic, deferential term of address ('sir'), already old-fashioned by the 1870s. Fyodor Pavlovich deploys it with venomous courtesy toward Miusov."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"«может быть» is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честнее","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with выше, modifies женщины","gloss":"more honorable"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"честнее","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"emphatic repetition of честнее","gloss":"more honorable"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of нет","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with тварь","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-вашему","morphology":"adverb (first part of по-вашему)","role":"modifies тварь","gloss":"in your"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"по-вашему","morphology":"adverb (second part of по-вашему)","role":"modifies тварь","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison, in apposition to женщины","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces relative clause modifying тварь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of осмелились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"осмелились","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тварь","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назвать","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмелились","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b2-c6-s128","source":"А вы, Дмитрий Федорович, на эту же «тварь» вашу невесту променяли, стало быть, сами присудили, что и невеста ваша подошвы ее не стоит, вот какова эта тварь!","translation":"\"And you, Dmitri Fyodorovich, you traded your own betrothed for this very 'creature,' which means you yourself have judged that your betrothed is not worth the sole of her shoe — that is what kind of 'creature' she is!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'consequently'","body":"A fixed parenthetical meaning 'therefore, so it follows' (literally 'it has become to be'). It is a colloquial reasoning-marker, very characteristic of Fyodor Pavlovich's wheedling logic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошвы ее не стоит","title":"Genitive object of «стоить» under negation","body":"«не стоит подошвы» — 'is not worth (even) the sole of her shoe'. «стоить» in the sense 'be worth' governs the genitive, reinforced here by the negation; «ее» is the frozen possessive 'her'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот какова эта тварь","title":"Short interrogative «каков»","body":"«какова» is the short, predicative form of «каков» (what sort), agreeing feminine with «тварь»: 'that's what kind of creature she is'. The short «каков» is exclamatory and emphatic, distinct from attributive «какая»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of променяли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of променяли","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of променяли","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"променяли","lemma":"променять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"traded"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"which","note":"«стало быть» is an idiom meaning 'which means/so'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies the implied subject (вы) of присудили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"присудили","lemma":"присудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with променяли","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невеста","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"невеста","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невеста","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"подошвы","lemma":"подошва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of стоит","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подошвы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of присудили","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какова","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"какова","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, predicative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of тварь","gloss":"what kind"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of какова","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b2-c6-s129","source":"— Стыдно! — вырвалось вдруг у отца Иосифа.","translation":"\"For shame!\" suddenly burst from Father Iosif.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось вдруг у отца Иосифа","title":"Reflexive verb, impersonal 'у' construction","body":"«вырвалось» (reflexive «вырваться», to burst out) is used impersonally with «у» + genitive — the exclamation 'burst out of' Father Iosif, as if independent of his will. Neuter «-лось» agrees with no overt subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for shame"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосифа","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Iosif"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b2-c6-s130","source":"— Стыдно и позорно! — своим отроческим голосом, дрожащим от волнения, и весь покраснев, крикнул вдруг Калганов, всё время молчавший.","translation":"\"For shame, and a disgrace!\" Kalganov, who had been silent the whole time, suddenly cried out in his boyish voice, trembling with emotion and flushing crimson all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим отроческим голосом, дрожащим от волнения","title":"Instrumental of manner + agreeing participle","body":"«своим… голосом» is instrumental of manner; «дрожащим» is the present active participle of «дрожать» (to tremble), in the instrumental to agree with «голосом» — 'in his trembling voice'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Калганов, всё время молчавший","title":"Past active participle as appositive","body":"«молчавший» (past active participle of «молчать», to be silent) modifies «Калганов» — 'who had been silent the whole time'. Set off by a comma, it packs a relative clause into one adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отроческим","title":"«отроческий» — adolescent","body":"From «отрок», an archaic/bookish word for a boy or youth (roughly 7–15). «отроческий голос» is a not-yet-broken, boyish voice — marking Kalganov as the youngest, most innocent witness to the scandal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase, coordinated with позорно","gloss":"for shame"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позорно","lemma":"позорно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with Стыдно","gloss":"a disgrace"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отроческим","lemma":"отроческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"boyish"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental adjunct of крикнул","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожащим","gloss":"emotion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject (Kalganov)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснев","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with дрожащим","gloss":"blushing"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчавший","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"молчавший","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"in apposition to Калганов","gloss":"who had been silent"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b2-c6-s131","source":"— Зачем живет такой человек! — глухо прорычал Дмитрий Федорович, почти уже в исступлении от гнева, как-то чрезвычайно приподняв плечи и почти от того сгорбившись, — нет, скажите мне, можно ли еще позволить ему бесчестить собою землю, — оглядел он всех, указывая на старика рукой.","translation":"\"Why is such a man alive!\" Dmitri Fyodorovich growled dully, almost beside himself now with rage, hunching his shoulders extraordinarily high and stooping nearly double from the effort. \"No, tell me, can he be allowed any longer to disgrace the earth with his presence?\" — and he looked round at them all, pointing at the old man with his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приподняв плечи и… сгорбившись","title":"Two perfective past gerunds","body":"«приподняв» (having raised up) and «сгорбившись» (having hunched, reflexive) are perfective past деепричастия in «-в»/«-вшись», describing completed postures taken before/while he growled. They share Dmitri's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли еще позволить ему бесчестить собою землю","title":"Particle «ли» in an impersonal modal","body":"«можно ли… позволить» fronts «можно» and follows it with the interrogative «ли» — 'is it (even) possible to allow…'. The impersonal «можно» takes a dative «ему» for the one permitted; «собою» is instrumental ('with himself')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy","body":"A strong bookish noun for a state of being beside oneself — frenzy, rapture, derangement. Dostoevsky loves it for the moments when his characters cross from reason into ecstatic or violent excess."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесчестить собою землю","title":"«бесчестить» — to dishonour","body":"«бесчестить» (from «без» + «честь», honour) means to defile or disgrace. The phrase 'to dishonour the earth with his very being' is biblical-toned hyperbole, weighing the father's mere existence as a stain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"глухо","lemma":"глухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорычал","gloss":"dully"},{"surface":"прорычал","lemma":"прорычать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"growled"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прорычал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прорычал","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гнева","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of как-то)","role":"modifies приподняв","gloss":"somehow","note":"как + то together form the adverb «как-то» ('somehow')."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (second part of как-то)","role":"modifies приподняв","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приподняв","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"приподняв","lemma":"приподнять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прорычал","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of приподняв","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сгорбившись","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сгорбившись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сгорбившись","lemma":"сгорбиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with приподняв","gloss":"stooping"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"clausal complement of скажите","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволить","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"позволить","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to allow"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бесчестить","lemma":"бесчестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволить","gloss":"to disgrace"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies бесчестить","gloss":"with himself"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бесчестить","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"оглядел","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, parallel to прорычал","gloss":"looked around at"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оглядел","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оглядел","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental adjunct of указывая","gloss":"with his hand"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b2-c6-s132","source":"Он говорил медленно и мерно.","translation":"He spoke slowly and deliberately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил медленно и мерно","title":"Imperfective for manner of speaking","body":"The imperfective «говорил» views the speaking as an ongoing process, fit for the adverbs of manner «медленно и мерно» ('slowly and measuredly') — a held, deliberate tempo rather than a single utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мерно","lemma":"мерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with медленно","gloss":"deliberately"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b2-c6-s133","source":"— Слышите ли, слышите ли вы, монахи, отцеубийцу, — набросился Федор Павлович на отца Иосифа.","translation":"\"Do you hear, do you hear, monks, the parricide,\" Fyodor Pavlovich turned upon Father Iosif.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышите ли… вы, монахи, отцеубийцу","title":"«ли» question + animate accusative","body":"«Слышите ли вы… отцеубийцу» — 'do you hear the parricide'. «ли» makes the address an emphatic question; «отцеубийцу» is the animate accusative direct object (the object of 'hear'), ending in «-у»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийцу","title":"«отцеубийца» — parricide","body":"A grim compound: «отец» (father) + «убийца» (killer) = one who kills his father. Hurled by Fyodor Pavlovich at the son who just asked why he is allowed to live, it darkly foreshadows the novel's central crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Слышите","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeats Слышите for emphasis","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышите","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"отцеубийцу","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Слышите","gloss":"the parricide"},{"surface":"набросился","lemma":"наброситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, parallel to Слышите","gloss":"turned upon"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of набросился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of набросился","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосифа","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Iosif"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b2-c6-s134","source":"— Вот ответ на ваше «стыдно»! Что стыдно?","translation":"\"There is your answer to your 'for shame'! What is shameful here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что стыдно?","title":"Impersonal predicative «стыдно»","body":"«стыдно» is a predicative adverb ('it is shameful') used in subjectless constructions; «что стыдно?» asks 'what (here) is shameful?'. Such impersonal -о predicatives normally pair with a dative experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыдно","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стыдно","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (used as a quoted noun)","role":"object of на","gloss":"'shame'"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стыдно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is shameful"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b2-c6-s135","source":"Эта «тварь», эта «скверного поведения женщина», может быть, святее вас самих, господа спасающиеся иеромонахи!","translation":"This 'creature,' this 'woman of disreputable conduct,' may well be holier than you yourselves, you salvation-seeking monastic fathers!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"святее вас самих","title":"Comparative + genitive of comparison","body":"«святее» is the predicative comparative of «святой» (holy); the standard of comparison «вас самих» ('than you yourselves') stands in the genitive. «самих» is the intensifier «сам» agreeing with «вас»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"господа спасающиеся иеромонахи","title":"Present active participle of a -ся verb","body":"«спасающиеся» is the present active participle of reflexive «спасаться» (to save one's soul), modifying «иеромонахи» — 'salvation-seeking monks'. The «-ся» rides along on the participle ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of святее","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скверного","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поведения","gloss":"disreputable"},{"surface":"поведения","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тварь","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"святее","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of тварь","gloss":"holier"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of comparison for святее","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to иеромонахи","gloss":"sirs"},{"surface":"спасающиеся","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies иеромонахи","gloss":"salvation-seeking"},{"surface":"иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"monks"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b2-c6-s136","source":"Она, может быть, в юности пала, заеденная средой, но она «возлюбила много», а возлюбившую много и Христос простил…","translation":"She may have fallen in her youth, gnawed at by her surroundings, but she 'loved much,' and her who loved much even Christ forgave…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заеденная средой","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«заеденная» is the long past passive participle of «заесть» ('to eat up, devour'), agreeing feminine with the implied 'she'. Its agent «средой» (one's social environment) stands in the instrumental — the standard way to name 'by whom'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возлюбившую много… Христос простил","title":"Substantivized past active participle as object","body":"«возлюбившую» (past active participle of «возлюбить», archaic 'to come to love') stands in for a noun — 'the woman who loved much' — and takes the animate accusative «-ую» as object of «простил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"юности","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пала","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"пала","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"заеденная","lemma":"заесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пала","gloss":"gnawed at"},{"surface":"средой","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заеденная","gloss":"by her surroundings"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возлюбила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"возлюбила","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пала","gloss":"loved much","note":"Biblical allusion (Luke 7:47): 'she loved much.'"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возлюбила","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возлюбившую","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"direct object of простил","gloss":"her who loved much"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возлюбившую","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Христос","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простил","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возлюбила","gloss":"forgave"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b2-c6-s137","source":"— Христос не за такую любовь простил… — вырвалось в нетерпении у кроткого отца Иосифа.","translation":"\"It was not for such love that Christ forgave…\" broke impatiently from the gentle Father Iosif.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не за такую любовь простил","title":"Negation scoping a «за» phrase","body":"«не за такую любовь» places «не» before the «за» + accusative phrase it denies — 'it was not for such love (that he forgave)'. The focus of the negation is the kind of love, not the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кроткого отца Иосифа","title":"«кроткий» — meek, gentle","body":"«кроткий» means meek, mild, gentle — a virtue prized in Orthodox spirituality (cf. the Beatitude 'blessed are the meek'). The epithet marks Father Iosif's character against Fyodor Pavlovich's clamour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простил","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за такую любовь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простил","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgave"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кроткого","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосифа","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Iosif"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b2-c6-s138","source":"— Нет, за такую, за эту самую, монахи, за эту! Вы здесь на капусте спасаетесь и думаете, что праведники!","translation":"\"No, for just such love, for this very kind, monks, for this very kind! Here you save your souls on cabbage and fancy yourselves the righteous!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за такую, за эту самую… за эту","title":"Repeated «за» + accusative for emphasis","body":"Fyodor Pavlovich pounds the preposition «за» + accusative three times ('for such, for this very, for this!'), the demonstratives «эту самую / эту» narrowing the focus. The repetition is pure rhetorical insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы здесь на капусте спасаетесь","title":"Reflexive «спасаться»","body":"«спасаетесь» is reflexive «спасаться» — here in its religious sense 'to save one's (own) soul, work out one's salvation'. «на капусте» ('on cabbage') sneers that their asceticism is a cheap diet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with такую","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with такую","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спасаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасаетесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капусте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"капусте","lemma":"капуста","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасаетесь","gloss":"cabbage"},{"surface":"спасаетесь","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"save yourselves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спасаетесь","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of праведники","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"праведники","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"you are righteous"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b2-c6-s139","source":"Пескариков кушаете, в день по пескарику, и думаете пескариками бога купить!","translation":"You eat little gudgeons, a gudgeon a day, and you think with your gudgeons to buy God!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пескариков… по пескарику… пескариками","title":"«пескарик» — little gudgeon (diminutive)","body":"«пескарик» is the diminutive of «пескарь», a tiny freshwater gudgeon. The threefold diminutive mocks the monks' meagre Lenten fare; «по пескарику» ('a gudgeon apiece/per day') uses «по» + dative in its distributive sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"думаете пескариками бога купить","title":"Instrumental of means","body":"«пескариками… купить» — 'to buy (God) with little gudgeons' — uses the instrumental for the means of an action. The taunt: their fasting is a transaction to purchase salvation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пескариков","lemma":"пескарик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of кушаете","gloss":"gudgeons","note":"пескарик is a small freshwater fish (gudgeon)."},{"surface":"кушаете","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you eat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"per"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кушаете","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пескарику","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"пескарику","lemma":"пескарик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"gudgeon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кушаете","gloss":"you think"},{"surface":"пескариками","lemma":"пескарик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental adjunct of купить","gloss":"with gudgeons"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of купить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"купить","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думаете","gloss":"to buy"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b2-c6-s140","source":"— Невозможно, невозможно! — слышалось в келье со всех сторон.","translation":"\"This is impossible, impossible!\" came from every side of the cell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышалось в келье со всех сторон","title":"Reflexive-impersonal «слышалось»","body":"«слышалось» (reflexive «слышаться») is impersonal — 'it was heard / could be heard' from every side, with no agent named. The middle «-ся» turns an active verb into a backgrounded passive impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the exclamation","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Невозможно","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"слышалось","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was heard"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышалось","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторон","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сторон","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышалось","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b2-c6-s141","source":"Но вся эта дошедшая до безобразия сцена прекратилась самым неожиданным образом.","translation":"But this whole scene, which had reached the point of outright ugliness, was cut short in the most unexpected manner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся эта дошедшая до безобразия сцена прекратилась","title":"Past active participle + reflexive verb","body":"«дошедшая» (past active participle of «дойти», to reach) modifies «сцена» — 'the scene that had reached the point of ugliness'. «прекратилась» is reflexive «прекратиться» (to cease, intransitive), the middle-voice counterpart to transitive «прекратить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до безобразия","title":"«безобразие» — outrage, ugliness","body":"Literally 'without form/image' («без» + «образ»), «безобразие» means both physical hideousness and moral outrage/disgrace. «дошедшая до безобразия» — 'gone to the point of outright scandal' — is a key Dostoevskian register for a scene gone monstrous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцена","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцена","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дошедшая","lemma":"дошедший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying сцена","gloss":"having reached"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безобразия","gloss":"the point of"},{"surface":"безобразия","lemma":"безобразие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошедшая","gloss":"ugliness"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прекратилась","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"прекратилась","lemma":"прекратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was cut short"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier of неожиданным образом","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прекратилась","gloss":"manner"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b2-c6-s142","source":"Вдруг поднялся с места старец.","translation":"Suddenly the elder rose from his place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вдруг поднялся с места старец","title":"Verb-first, subject last","body":"The subject «старец» comes last, after the reflexive verb «поднялся» (rose) and the adverbials — putting the new, decisive information (it is the elder who rises) in the stressed final slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b2-c6-s143","source":"Совсем почти потерявшийся от страха за него и за всех, Алеша успел, однако, поддержать его за руку.","translation":"Alyosha, nearly out of his wits with fear for him and for them all, nonetheless managed to support him by the arm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совсем почти потерявшийся от страха… Алеша","title":"Fronted past active participle","body":"«потерявшийся» (past active participle of reflexive «потеряться», to be lost/bewildered) is fronted before its noun «Алеша» for emphasis — 'almost utterly bewildered with fear, Alyosha…'. «от страха» gives the cause via «от» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел, однако, поддержать его за руку","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive","body":"«успел поддержать» — 'managed to support (in time)'; «успеть» plus a perfective infinitive means to succeed in doing something. The parenthetical «однако» ('however') is set off by commas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерявшийся","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"потерявшийся","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"having lost himself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потерявшийся","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страха","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with него","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"поддержать","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to support"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поддержать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поддержать","gloss":"the arm"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b2-c6-s144","source":"Старец шагнул по направлению к Дмитрию Федоровичу и, дойдя до него вплоть, опустился пред ним на колени.","translation":"The elder took a step in the direction of Dmitri Fyodorovich and, having come right up to him, lowered himself onto his knees before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дойдя до него вплоть, опустился пред ним на колени","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«дойдя» (perfective past деепричастие of «дойти») marks a completed action prior to the main verb — 'having come right up to him, he lowered himself'. The reflexive «опустился» (sank down) is intransitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ним","title":"«пред» — bookish 'before'","body":"«пред» is the elevated, shortened form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «ним». It lends the elder's gesture of kneeling a solemn, almost liturgical gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагнул","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking направлению","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"направлению","lemma":"направление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"the direction"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрию","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies направлению","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дойдя","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on опустился","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойдя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дойдя","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шагнул","gloss":"lowered himself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"his knees"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b2-c6-s145","source":"Алеша подумал было, что он упал от бессилия, но это было не то.","translation":"Alyosha thought at first that he had fallen from weakness, but it was nothing of the sort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша подумал было, что он упал","title":"The particle «было» of a thwarted action","body":"«подумал было» uses the special particle «было», which signals an action begun or assumed but then cancelled/corrected — 'Alyosha thought at first (mistakenly)…'. The next clause overturns the thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это было не то","title":"Negated «то» — 'not that'","body":"«это было не то» — literally 'it was not that', i.e. 'it was nothing of the sort'. The neuter demonstrative «то» here stands for the wrong supposition just named, negated by «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, marking an interrupted/momentary action","role":"attaches to подумал","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"had fallen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"бессилия","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to то","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b2-c6-s146","source":"Став на колени, старец поклонился Дмитрию Федоровичу в ноги полным, отчетливым, сознательным поклоном и даже лбом своим коснулся земли.","translation":"Having knelt, the elder bowed down to Dmitri Fyodorovich's feet with a full, distinct, deliberate bow, and even touched the ground with his forehead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Став на колени, старец поклонился","title":"Perfective gerund opening the sentence","body":"«Став» (perfective past деепричастие of «стать») expresses the completed prior action — 'having knelt'. It shares the subject «старец» of the main verb «поклонился» (bowed)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонился… в ноги полным… поклоном","title":"Dative + instrumental of manner","body":"«поклониться» governs a dative for the person honoured (Дмитрию) and an instrumental for the kind of bow («полным… поклоном»). «в ноги» ('to the feet') specifies the deepest, ground-touching prostration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Став","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поклонился","gloss":"having knelt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Став","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"отчетливым","lemma":"отчётливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with полным","gloss":"distinct"},{"surface":"сознательным","lemma":"сознательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"deliberate"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лбом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of коснулся","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лбом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"коснулся","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of коснулся","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b2-c6-s147","source":"Алеша был так изумлен, что даже не успел поддержать его, когда тот поднимался.","translation":"Alyosha was so astonished that he did not even manage to support him as he rose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так изумлен, что даже не успел поддержать","title":"Result clause «так…, что»","body":"«так изумлён, что…» — 'so astonished that…' — is the correlative result construction. «изумлён» is a short passive participle ('astounded'); «не успел поддержать» = 'did not manage to support'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда тот поднимался","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as he-the-other","body":"«тот» ('that one') tracks the elder as distinct from Alyosha — Russian uses «тот» vs «он» to disambiguate which of two males is meant. «поднимался» is imperfective, viewing the rising as a process underway."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изумлен","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to изумлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изумлен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"изумлен","lemma":"изумлённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of изумлен","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"поддержать","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to support"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поддержать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поднимался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднимался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднимался","lemma":"подниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поддержать","gloss":"was rising"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b2-c6-s148","source":"Слабая улыбка чуть-чуть блестела на его губах.","translation":"A faint smile glimmered ever so slightly on his lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слабая улыбка чуть-чуть блестела на его губах","title":"Imperfective for a lingering state","body":"Imperfective «блестела» (gleamed) paints a continuing, faint condition rather than a momentary flash — reinforced by the reduplicated adverb «чуть-чуть» ('ever so slightly'). «на… губах» is prepositional of location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слабая","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбка","gloss":"faint"},{"surface":"улыбка","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of блестела","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies блестела","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies блестела","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"блестела","lemma":"блестеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glimmered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of блестела","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b2-c6-s149","source":"— Простите! Простите все! — проговорил он, откланиваясь на все стороны своим гостям.","translation":"\"Forgive me! Forgive me, all of you!\" he said, bowing on every side to his guests.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простите! Простите все!","title":"Imperative + nominative «все» as address","body":"«Простите» is the polite/plural imperative of «простить» (to forgive). «все» ('all of you') is the addressee. The elder asks forgiveness of everyone — a characteristic Zosima reversal of who owes whom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"откланиваясь на все стороны","title":"Imperfective reflexive gerund","body":"«откланиваясь» (imperfective gerund of reflexive «откланиваться», to bow in farewell) gives the accompanying action — 'bowing on all sides as he spoke'. «на все стороны» = 'in every direction'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"addressee of the second Простите","gloss":"all of you"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Простите","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"откланиваясь","lemma":"откланиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of откланиваясь","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of гостям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гостям","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of откланиваясь","gloss":"guests"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b2-c6-s150","source":"Дмитрий Федорович стоял несколько мгновений как пораженный: ему поклон в ноги — что такое?","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich stood for several moments as though thunderstruck: a bow to his feet — what did it mean?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял… как пораженный","title":"«как» + past passive participle","body":"«как пораженный» — 'as though thunderstruck' — uses «как» plus the long past passive participle of «поразить» (to strike). The imperfective «стоял» holds the frozen, stunned posture across several moments."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему поклон в ноги — что такое?","title":"Dative of the affected person","body":"«ему поклон в ноги» — 'a bow to the feet, to him' — fronts the dative «ему» (the one bowed to). The terse «что такое?» ('what is this?') renders Dmitri's stunned, ungrammatical inner question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on мгновений","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"мгновений","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial of duration modifying стоял","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пораженный","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Дмитрий, via как","gloss":"thunderstruck"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of поклон","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"a bow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the question, with такое","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"is this"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b2-c6-s151","source":"Наконец вдруг вскрикнул: «О боже!» — и, закрыв руками лицо, бросился вон из комнаты.","translation":"At last he suddenly cried out, \"O God!\" and, covering his face with his hands, rushed out of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыв руками лицо, бросился вон","title":"Perfective gerund + instrumental of means","body":"«закрыв» (perfective gerund of «закрыть», to cover) marks the prior action; «руками» is instrumental, the means by which he covered «лицо». Then «бросился» (reflexive, flung himself) carries the main event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"О боже!","title":"«Боже» — the old vocative","body":"«Боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» (God), used only in exclamation and prayer. Dmitri's cry 'O God!' carries the weight of that liturgical form at the moment of overwhelming feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to вскрикнул","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of закрыв","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вскрикнул","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b2-c6-s152","source":"За ним повалили гурьбой и все гости, от смущения даже не простясь и не откланявшись хозяину.","translation":"After him all the guests poured out in a crowd, in their confusion not even taking leave of or bowing to their host.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не простясь и не откланявшись хозяину","title":"Negated perfective gerunds","body":"Two perfective past gerunds under negation — «не простясь» (without taking leave) and «не откланявшись» (without bowing farewell) — both reflexive in «-сь/-вшись». «хозяину» is the dative object of the farewell."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повалили гурьбой","title":"«гурьбой» — in a crowd","body":"«гурьба» is a disorderly throng; the instrumental «гурьбой» means 'in a crowd, all together pell-mell'. «повалили» ('poured/streamed out') is colloquial and vivid — the dignified guests now bolting as a herd."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повалили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"повалили","lemma":"повалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"гурьбой","lemma":"гурьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of повалили","gloss":"in a crowd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of гости","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повалили","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смущения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"смущения","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простясь","gloss":"embarrassment"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простясь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простясь","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повалили","gloss":"taking leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откланявшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"откланявшись","lemma":"откланяться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with простясь","gloss":"bowing farewell"},{"surface":"хозяину","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of откланявшись","gloss":"their host"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b2-c6-s153","source":"Одни только иеромонахи опять подошли под благословение.","translation":"Only the hieromonks came up once more for the blessing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одни только иеромонахи опять подошли под благословение","title":"«один только» — 'only'; prefixed motion","body":"«одни только» (here plural 'only the…') restricts the subject. «подошли» is the perfective of prefixed «подойти» (to come up to), the prefix «под-» giving 'approach'. «под благословение» = to receive the blessing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies иеромонахи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иеромонахи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подошли","gloss":"hieromonks"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошли","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"подошли","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благословение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"благословение","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошли","gloss":"the blessing"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b2-c6-s154","source":"— Это что же он в ноги-то, это эмблема какая-нибудь? — попробовал было разговор начать вдруг почему-то присмиревший Федор Павлович, ни к кому, впрочем, не осмеливаясь обратиться лично.","translation":"\"What was that about, his bowing to the feet — is it some sort of emblem?\" Fyodor Pavlovich ventured, suddenly grown subdued for some reason, attempting to start a conversation, though not daring to address anyone in particular.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это что же он в ноги-то","title":"Particles «же» and «-то»","body":"«что же» adds insistent puzzlement ('what on earth'), and the clitic «-то» on «в ноги-то» flags it as the known, salient topic ('that bowing-to-the-feet business'). Together they give Fyodor Pavlovich's flustered, colloquial voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"присмиревший… не осмеливаясь обратиться","title":"Participle + negated gerund","body":"«присмиревший» is the past active participle of «присмиреть» (to grow subdued), modifying Fyodor Pavlovich; «не осмеливаясь» is a negated imperfective gerund ('not daring'). The pair shows him newly cowed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эмблема","title":"«эмблема» — emblem, symbol","body":"A French/Latinate loan; Fyodor Pavlovich gropes for it to ask whether the elder's prostration is 'some sort of symbolic act'. The fancy foreign word in his mouth makes the question half-buffoonish, half-genuinely shaken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of что","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, colloquial emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to ноги","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial -то particle emphasizing the preceding word; has no independent translation."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of эмблема","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"эмблема","lemma":"эмблема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel question to что","gloss":"emblem"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эмблема","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of какая-нибудь, modifies эмблема","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"попробовал","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ventured"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, marking an attempted action","role":"attaches to попробовал","gloss":"for a moment"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"a conversation"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попробовал","gloss":"to start"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присмиревший","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присмиревший","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of почему-то","role":"part of почему-то, modifies присмиревший","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"присмиревший","lemma":"присмиреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Федор Павлович","gloss":"grown subdued"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попробовал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying осмеливаясь","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмеливаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осмеливаясь","lemma":"осмеливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начать","gloss":"daring"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмеливаясь","gloss":"to address"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратиться","gloss":"in particular"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b2-c6-s155","source":"Они все выходили в эту минуту из ограды скита.","translation":"At that moment they were all going out through the gate of the hermitage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходили в эту минуту из ограды скита","title":"Imperfective of motion in progress","body":"«выходили» (imperfective, prefixed «выходить», to be going out) frames the exit as ongoing at that moment, paired with «в эту минуту». «из ограды» is «из» + genitive ('out of the enclosure')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выходили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were going out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходили","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограды","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ограды","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходили","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ограды","gloss":"hermitage"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b2-c6-s156","source":"— Я за сумасшедший дом и за сумасшедших не отвечаю, — тотчас же озлобленно ответил Миусов, — но зато избавлю себя от вашего общества, Федор Павлович, и поверьте, что навсегда.","translation":"\"I am not answerable for a madhouse or for madmen,\" Miusov retorted at once, with rancor, \"but for that very reason I will rid myself of your company, Fyodor Pavlovich, and believe me, for good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за сумасшедший дом и за сумасшедших не отвечаю","title":"Animacy split in the accusative","body":"After «за» both objects are accusative, but animacy splits them: inanimate «сумасшедший дом» keeps the nominative shape, while animate «сумасшедших» borrows the genitive form. «отвечать за» = 'to answer/be responsible for'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зато избавлю себя от вашего общества… навсегда","title":"Perfective future + reflexive object","body":"«избавлю» is the simple (perfective) future of «избавить» (to rid) — 'I will rid'; «себя» is the reflexive object. «зато» ('but in return / for that very reason') contrasts with the preceding clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечаю","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумасшедших","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сумасшедших","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечаю, coordinated with дом","gloss":"madmen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am answerable"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"озлобленно","lemma":"озлобленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"with rancor"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative clause","gloss":"retorted"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"избавлю","lemma":"избавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will rid"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of избавлю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общества","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общества","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of избавлю","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with избавлю","gloss":"believe me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of навсегда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of поверьте","gloss":"for good"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b2-c6-s157","source":"Где этот давешний монах?.","translation":"Where is that monk from before?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешний","title":"«давешний» — the one from earlier","body":"A colloquial, now-dated adjective from «давеча» ('a while ago, earlier today') meaning 'that recent / aforementioned' one. Miusov means the monk who came with the dinner invitation a short time before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монах","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давешний","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"from before"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"monk"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b2-c6-s158","source":"Но «этот монах», то есть тот, который приглашал их давеча на обед к игумену, ждать себя не заставил.","translation":"But \"that monk\" — that is, the one who had earlier invited them to dine with the Father Superior — did not keep them waiting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот, который приглашал их давеча","title":"Correlative «тот, который»","body":"«тот, который…» is the classic correlative: the demonstrative «тот» ('the one') is filled out by the relative clause with «который» ('who'). «приглашал» is imperfective, viewing the earlier invitation as a remembered act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждать себя не заставил","title":"Idiom «не заставить себя ждать»","body":"«не заставить себя ждать» literally 'did not force himself to be waited for' = 'did not keep them waiting, came at once'. «себя» is the reflexive object; «заставить» + infinitive means 'to make (someone) do'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монах","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заставил, in apposition with тот","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, part of то есть","role":"part of то есть (idiom: \"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, part of то есть (idiom)","role":"part of то есть, with то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заставил, in apposition with монах","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приглашал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"приглашал","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"had invited"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приглашал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приглашал","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обед","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглашал","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обед","gloss":"the Father Superior"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставил","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заставил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заставил","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b2-c6-s159","source":"Он тут же встретил гостей, тотчас же как они сошли с крылечка из кельи старца, точно дожидал их всё время.","translation":"He met the guests at once, the moment they came down from the porch of the elder's cell, as though he had been waiting for them the whole time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно дожидал их всё время","title":"«точно» as 'as if'","body":"«точно» here is not 'exactly' but the comparative 'as though, as if', introducing a hypothetical comparison — 'as if he had been waiting for them all along'. «дожидал» is imperfective, a sustained waiting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с крылечка","title":"«крылечко» — little porch","body":"Diminutive of «крыльцо», the external steps/porch of a building — affectionately scaled down to 'the little porch' of the elder's cell. «с крылечка» = 'down from the porch'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate with как, modifies встретил","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошли","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сошли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сошли","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying встретил","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошли","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошли","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кельи","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дожидал","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"дожидал","lemma":"дожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying встретил (as though)","gloss":"had been waiting"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дожидал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of duration, complement of дожидал","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b2-c6-s160","source":"— Сделайте одолжение, почтенный отец, засвидетельствуйте всё мое глубокое уважение отцу игумену и извините меня лично, Миусова, пред его высокопреподобием в том, что по встретившимся внезапно непредвиденным обстоятельствам ни за что не могу иметь честь принять участие в его трапезе, несмотря на всё искреннейшее желание мое, — раздражительно проговорил монаху Петр Александрович","translation":"\"Do me the kindness, reverend father, of conveying my deepest respect to the Father Superior, and offer him my personal apologies — Miusov's — before his Reverence, that owing to circumstances that have arisen suddenly and unforeseen, I am by no means able to have the honor of joining his repast, however sincerely I should wish to,\" Pyotr Alexandrovich said to the monk with irritation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сделайте одолжение… засвидетельствуйте… извините","title":"Chain of polite imperatives","body":"Three plural/polite perfective imperatives — «сделайте» (do), «засвидетельствуйте» (convey), «извините» (excuse) — pile up Miusov's elaborately courteous request. The perfective imperative asks for a single, completed favour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по встретившимся внезапно непредвиденным обстоятельствам","title":"Participial chain in the dative after «по»","body":"«по… обстоятельствам» (dative after «по» = 'owing to') is stacked with modifiers, including the past active participle «встретившимся» (reflexive «встретиться», 'having arisen'). This dense participial pile-up is the bureaucratically genteel register Miusov affects."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искреннейшее желание","title":"Superlative «искреннейший»","body":"«искреннейшее» is the bookish «-ейший» superlative of «искренний» (sincere) — 'my most sincere wish'. The overwrought superlative caps Miusov's frigidly formal apology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"одолжение","lemma":"одолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Сделайте","gloss":"a kindness"},{"surface":"почтенный","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец (vocative)","gloss":"reverend"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"засвидетельствуйте","lemma":"засвидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сделайте","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уважение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уважение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"глубокое","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уважение","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"уважение","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of засвидетельствуйте","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of засвидетельствуйте","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with засвидетельствуйте","gloss":"excuse"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of извините","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извините","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"Miusov","note":"Accusative form of the surname Миусов, in apposition clarifying who \"меня\" is."},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking высокопреподобием","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of высокопреподобием","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"высокопреподобием","lemma":"высокопреподобие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the что-clause, complement of извините","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельствам","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"встретившимся","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, dative, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying обстоятельствам","gloss":"that arose"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретившимся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"непредвиденным","lemma":"непредвиденный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies обстоятельствам","gloss":"unforeseen"},{"surface":"обстоятельствам","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase ни за что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"anything","note":"\"ни за что\" is an idiom meaning \"by no means, not for anything.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"am able"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"the honor"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of честь","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трапезе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of трапезе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"трапезе","lemma":"трапеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, modifies участие","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of желание","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"искреннейшее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"most sincere"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition на (несмотря на)","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of желание","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"монаху","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to the monk"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b2-c6-s161","source":"— А ведь непредвиденное-то обстоятельство — это ведь я! — сейчас же подхватил Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"And the unforeseen circumstance — why, that's me!\" Fyodor Pavlovich at once chimed in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь непредвиденное-то обстоятельство — это ведь я!","title":"Double «ведь» + topic «-то»","body":"Fyodor Pavlovich frames his interruption with «ведь» twice ('why, after all') and tags the topic with «-то» on «непредвиденное-то». The particles seize Miusov's phrase ('unforeseen circumstance') and gleefully claim it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"непредвиденное","lemma":"непредвиденный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"unforeseen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to непредвиденное","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copular pronoun linking обстоятельство and я","gloss":"that is","note":"Colloquial cleft: \"обстоятельство — это я\" = \"the circumstance — that's me.\""},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies сейчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b2-c6-s162","source":"— Слышите, отец, это Петр Александрович со мной не желает вместе оставаться, а то бы он тотчас пошел.","translation":"\"Do you hear, father, it is Pyotr Alexandrovich who has no wish to remain in my company, otherwise he would go this instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со мной не желает вместе оставаться, а то бы он тотчас пошел","title":"«а то бы» — elliptical counterfactual","body":"«а то бы он… пошел» = 'otherwise he would go (at once)' — an elliptical conditional where «а то» ('or else') replaces a full «если бы не…», and «бы» + past «пошел» carries the would-be result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышите, отец","title":"«отец» as address, no vocative","body":"Modern Russian addresses the monk with the plain nominative «отец», not a vocative form. «Слышите» is the polite imperative used as an attention-grabber ('do you hear / listen')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"independent verb (do you hear)","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft pronoun anticipating Петр Александрович","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желает","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а то (otherwise)","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause (а то)","gloss":"would go"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b2-c6-s163","source":"И пойдете, Петр Александрович, извольте пожаловать к отцу игумену, и — доброго вам аппетита!","translation":"And go you shall, Pyotr Alexandrovich, be so good as to call upon the Father Superior — and a good appetite to you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И пойдете… извольте пожаловать","title":"Future as mock-command + «извольте»","body":"«пойдете» (perfective future, 2nd pl.) is used quasi-imperatively ('and off you'll go'). «извольте пожаловать» is an archaic deferential formula ('be so good as to proceed'), here dripping with Fyodor Pavlovich's mock-politeness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доброго вам аппетита","title":"Genitive in a wish + dative addressee","body":"Good wishes take the genitive of the thing wished: «доброго… аппетита» ('a good appetite (to you)'), with the recipient in the dative «вам». The understood verb is «желаю» ('I wish')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдете","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will go"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдете","gloss":"be so good"},{"surface":"пожаловать","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of извольте","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to игумену","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пожаловать","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доброго","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аппетита","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative addressee of the implied wish (желаю)","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"аппетита","lemma":"аппетит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the implied wish (желаю)","gloss":"appetite","note":"\"доброго вам аппетита\" is a set wish-formula with an unspoken verb желаю (\"I wish you\")."}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b2-c6-s164","source":"Знайте, что это я уклоняюсь, а не вы.","translation":"Know that it is I who am declining, not you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я уклоняюсь, а не вы","title":"Cleft emphasis + contrastive «а»","body":"«это я уклоняюсь, а не вы» — 'it is I who decline, and not you'. The «это… я» cleft fronts the emphasized person, and «а не» sets up the pointed contrast. «уклоняюсь» is reflexive «уклоняться» (to evade, decline)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уклоняюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft pronoun anticipating я","gloss":"it is","note":"Cleft construction \"это я уклоняюсь\" = \"it is I who am declining.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уклоняюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уклоняюсь","lemma":"уклоняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знайте","gloss":"am declining"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"contrasted with я","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b2-c6-s165","source":"Домой, домой, дома поем, а здесь чувствую себя неспособным, Петр Александрович, мой любезнейший родственник.","translation":"Home, home, I'll eat at home — here I feel myself incapable of it, Pyotr Alexandrovich, my most amiable kinsman.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Домой, домой, дома поем","title":"«домой» vs «дома» — direction vs location","body":"Russian distinguishes «домой» ('homeward', motion-to) from «дома» ('at home', location). The same English 'home' splits across the two; Fyodor Pavlovich rattles off both. «поем» is the perfective future of «поесть» ('I'll have a bite')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствую себя неспособным","title":"Instrumental predicate of «чувствовать себя»","body":"«чувствовать себя» + instrumental means 'to feel oneself (to be) …': «неспособным» (instrumental of «неспособный», incapable). The reflexive «себя» is the object, the instrumental the assumed state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любезнейший родственник","title":"Ironic superlative «любезнейший»","body":"«любезнейший» is the «-ейший» superlative of «любезный» (amiable, courteous) — 'most amiable'. Aimed at the man who has just disowned him, it is pure sarcasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поем","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Домой","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поем","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"поем","lemma":"поесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll eat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поем","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"неспособным","lemma":"неспособный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чувствую","gloss":"incapable"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родственник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любезнейший","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственник","gloss":"most amiable"},{"surface":"родственник","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"kinsman"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b2-c6-s166","source":"— Не родственник я вам и никогда им не был, низкий вы человек!","translation":"\"I am no kinsman of yours and never was, you base man!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не родственник я вам и никогда им не был","title":"Negative concord + instrumental predicate","body":"«никогда… не был» shows negative concord (the «ни»-adverb still requires «не» on the verb). «им» is the instrumental predicate of «быть» in the past — 'was never a kinsman to you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"низкий вы человек","title":"Pronoun wedged into the noun phrase","body":"«низкий вы человек» — 'you base man' — drops «вы» between adjective and noun, a vivid colloquial insult-frame. «низкий» here is moral ('base, low'), not physical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родственник","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"родственник","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (implied 'am')","gloss":"kinsman"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of родственник","gloss":"of yours"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, referring to родственник","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"низкий","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"part of vocative phrase with человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of vocative exclamation","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b2-c6-s167","source":"— Я нарочно и сказал, чтобы вас побесить, потому что вы от родства уклоняетесь, хотя все-таки вы родственник, как ни финтите, по святцам докажу; за тобой, Иван Федорович, я в свое время лошадей пришлю, оставайся, если хочешь, и ты.","translation":"\"I said it on purpose, precisely to enrage you, because you shy away from the kinship — though all the same you are a kinsman, however you wriggle out of it, and I'll prove it by the church calendar. As for you, Ivan Fyodorovich, I'll send horses for you in good time; stay on too, if you like.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал, чтобы вас побесить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + perfective infinitive","body":"«чтобы… побесить» ('in order to enrage you') is a purpose clause with a bare infinitive, since the subject is the same. The perfective «побесить» aims at the achieved result of provoking Miusov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни финтите","title":"Concessive «как ни»","body":"«как ни финтите» = 'however much you wriggle'. The «как ни» (+ verb) construction concedes 'no matter how…', a fixed pattern where «ни» does not negate but universalizes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за тобой, Иван Федорович, я… лошадей пришлю","title":"Shift to intimate «ты»; perfective future","body":"Fyodor Pavlovich switches to «ты» («за тобой… оставайся») with his son Ivan, the familiar pronoun, versus the cold «вы» to Miusov. «пришлю» is the perfective future of «прислать» ('I'll send'); «оставайся» is the «ты»-imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побесить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of побесить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"побесить","lemma":"побесить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"enrage"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уклоняетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"родства","lemma":"родство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уклоняетесь","gloss":"kinship"},{"surface":"уклоняетесь","lemma":"уклоняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the causal clause (потому что), modifies сказал","gloss":"shy away"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки (all the same)","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of родственник","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"родственник","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of the concessive clause (хотя)","gloss":"a kinsman"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause как ни","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как ни (however)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"финтите","lemma":"финтить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause (как ни)","gloss":"you dodge"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святцам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"святцам","lemma":"святцы","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of докажу","gloss":"the church calendar","note":"Святцы = the church calendar listing saints' name-days; Fyodor jokes he can \"prove\" the kinship by it."},{"surface":"докажу","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"I'll prove"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришлю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying пришлю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пришлю","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"пришлю","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll send"},{"surface":"оставайся","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final imperative clause","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставайся","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ты (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставайся (emphatic)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b2-c6-s168","source":"Вам же, Петр Александрович, даже приличие велит теперь явиться к отцу игумену, надо извиниться в том, что мы с вами там накутили…","translation":"And as for you, Pyotr Alexandrovich, even common decency requires that you present yourself now to the Father Superior, to apologize for the disturbance we kicked up in there…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам же… даже приличие велит","title":"Dative object of «велеть» + particle «же»","body":"«велеть» ('to bid, require') governs a dative — «вам» ('you'). «же» adds insistence ('as for you, decency itself bids you…'). «приличие» (propriety) is the nominative subject doing the bidding."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"накутили","title":"«накутить» — to kick up a row","body":"Colloquial: «кутить» means to carouse/revel; with «на-» it gives 'we made a scene / raised a rumpus'. Fyodor Pavlovich blithely lumps himself and Miusov together («мы с вами») as joint culprits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of велит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вам (as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Вам","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приличие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"приличие","lemma":"приличие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"decency"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явиться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"to present yourself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to игумену","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явиться","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"извиниться","lemma":"извиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"apologize"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of извиниться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of накутили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of накутили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мы (you and I)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накутили","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"накутили","lemma":"накутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"we kicked up"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b2-c6-s169","source":"— Да правда ли, что вы уезжаете? Не лжете ли вы?","translation":"\"But is it true you're leaving? Aren't you lying?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да правда ли… Не лжете ли вы?","title":"«ли» questions, one negated","body":"Both are «ли» yes/no questions: «правда ли» ('is it true') and «не лжете ли вы» ('aren't you lying'). The negated «не… ли» form expects or fears a 'yes', voicing Miusov's suspicion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying правда","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уезжаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уезжаете","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of правда","gloss":"are leaving"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лжете","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying лжете","gloss":"aren't"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лжете","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b2-c6-s170","source":"— Петр Александрович, как же бы я посмел после того, что случилось! Увлекся, простите, господа, увлекся!","translation":"\"Pyotr Alexandrovich, how could I dare to, after what has happened! I got carried away — forgive me, gentlemen, I got carried away!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же бы я посмел","title":"Conditional «бы» + intensifying «же»","body":"«как же бы я посмел» — 'how could I ever have dared'. «посмел» (past) + «бы» makes the hypothetical; «же» intensifies the rhetorical incredulity. The mobile «бы» leans on «как же» rather than the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увлекся, простите, господа, увлекся!","title":"Subject-drop with reflexive past","body":"«Увлекся» (reflexive «увлечься», 'got carried away') drops the pronoun «я» — the «-ся» past form and context supply the 1st person. The doubled verb conveys Fyodor Pavlovich's theatrical self-reproach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies как","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of посмел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"Увлекся","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I got carried away"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address (within простите)","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"увлекся","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Увлекся","gloss":"I got carried away"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b2-c6-s171","source":"И, кроме того, потрясен! Да и стыдно.","translation":"And besides, I'm shaken! And, well, ashamed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потрясен","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«потрясён» is the short past passive participle of «потрясти» (to shake, shock) — predicative, '(I am) shaken/stunned'. With dropped «я (есть)» it states his shaken state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и стыдно","title":"Impersonal «стыдно»","body":"«стыдно» again as impersonal predicative ('(I'm) ashamed'), with an understood dative «мне». «Да и» ('and besides, and what's more') tacks on the admission."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме того (besides)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потрясен","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (predicate) of the sentence","gloss":"I'm shaken"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и (well)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ashamed"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b2-c6-s172","source":"Господа, у иного сердце как у Александра Македонского, а у другого — как у собачки Фидельки.","translation":"Gentlemen, one man has a heart like Alexander of Macedon, and another like the little lapdog Fidelka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у иного сердце… а у другого","title":"Possessive «у» + contrastive «а»","body":"«у иного… а у другого» ('one man has… while another…') uses «у» + genitive for possession and the contrastive «а» to balance the two types. «иной» here is the bookish 'one (kind of person)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иного (possessive 'has')","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"one person"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (implied copula)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Александра","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Александра","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Александра","lemma":"александр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, compared to сердце","gloss":"Alexander"},{"surface":"Македонского","lemma":"македонский","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Александра","gloss":"of Macedon"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого (possessive 'has')","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"object of preposition у, coordinated with иного","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with собачки","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собачки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"собачки","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, compared to (elided) сердце","gloss":"the little dog"},{"surface":"Фидельки","lemma":"фидельки","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to собачки","gloss":"Fidelka"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b2-c6-s173","source":"У меня — как у собачки Фидельки.","translation":"Mine is like the little lapdog Fidelka's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня — как у собачки Фидельки","title":"Elliptical possessive with «у»","body":"An ellipsis: '(My heart is) — like the lapdog Fidelka's'. The «у меня» / «у… Фидельки» frames possession with «у» + genitive, and the verb and noun «сердце» are simply dropped, the dash carrying them."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (possessive 'mine')","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with собачки","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собачки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"собачки","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"parallel to меня","gloss":"the little dog"},{"surface":"Фидельки","lemma":"фидельки","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to собачки","gloss":"Fidelka"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b2-c6-s174","source":"Обробел!","translation":"I've turned coward!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Обробел","title":"«оробеть» — to lose one's nerve","body":"«оробел» (here colloquially spelled «обробел») is the perfective of «робеть» (to be timid), with «о-» — 'I've grown timid / turned coward'. The one-word exclamation, subject dropped, is Fyodor Pavlovich's comic confession of cowardice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обробел","lemma":"обробеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I lost my nerve"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b2-c6-s175","source":"Ну как после такого эскапада да еще на обед, соусы монастырские уплетать?","translation":"Why, after such an escapade, how could I go to dinner and gobble up the monastery's sauces?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соусы монастырские уплетать","title":"«уплетать» — to gobble up","body":"«уплетать» is expressive colloquial for eating greedily, 'to wolf/gobble down'. The imperfective infinitive after «как… да… уплетать» ('how could I go gobbling…') paints the gluttony he claims to be too ashamed for."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эскапада","title":"«эскапада» — escapade","body":"A French loan («escapade») for a wild, scandalous prank. Like «эмблема» earlier, the dandyish foreign word sits comically in Fyodor Pavlovich's mouth as he names his own disgraceful scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уплетать (rhetorical 'how')","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эскапада","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эскапада","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"эскапада","lemma":"эскапад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"an escapade"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase да еще (and what's more)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обед","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, modifies уплетать","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"соусы","lemma":"соус","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of уплетать","gloss":"sauces"},{"surface":"монастырские","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies соусы","gloss":"monastery's"},{"surface":"уплетать","lemma":"уплетать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb (rhetorical infinitive)","gloss":"gobble up"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b2-c6-s176","source":"Стыдно, не могу, извините!","translation":"I'm ashamed, I can't, forgive me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стыдно, не могу, извините","title":"Telegraphic subjectless string","body":"Three clipped clauses with dropped subjects: impersonal «стыдно» ('(it's) shameful (to me)'), «не могу» ('I can't'), and the polite imperative «извините» ('forgive me'). The breathless ellipsis conveys his flustered retreat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I'm ashamed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стыдно","gloss":"I can't"},{"surface":"извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"forgive me"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b2-c6-s177","source":"«Черт его знает, а ну как обманывает!» — остановился в раздумье Миусов, следя недоумевающим взглядом за удалявшимся шутом.","translation":"\"The devil knows — what if he's deceiving us!\" Miusov halted in perplexity, following the retreating buffoon with a bewildered gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ну как обманывает","title":"Colloquial «а ну как» — 'what if'","body":"«а ну как» is a colloquial 'what if / suppose that' introducing a feared possibility — 'what if he's deceiving (us)'. «обманывает» is imperfective, the deception viewed as an ongoing ploy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следя… за удалявшимся шутом","title":"Gerund + past active participle as modifier","body":"«следя» is the imperfective gerund of «следить» (to watch), 'while following'; «удалявшимся» is the past active participle of reflexive «удаляться» (to recede), modifying «шутом» — 'the retreating buffoon'. «следить за» governs the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шутом","title":"«шут» — buffoon, jester","body":"«шут» is a court jester or clown, and the narrator's settled name for Fyodor Pavlovich, who casts himself as the buffoon to wound others. «Черт его знает» ('the devil knows') opens Miusov's exasperated thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"him","note":"\"черт его знает\" is an idiom, \"the devil (only) knows.\""},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а ну как (what if)","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase а ну как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"обманывает","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause (а ну как)","gloss":"he's deceiving"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"halted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздумье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раздумье","lemma":"раздумье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"perplexity"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"следя","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"недоумевающим","lemma":"недоумевающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"bewildered"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следя","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутом","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"удалявшимся","lemma":"удаляться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies шутом","gloss":"retreating"},{"surface":"шутом","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за, oblique complement of следя","gloss":"the buffoon"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b2-c6-s178","source":"Тот обернулся и, заметив, что Петр Александрович за ним следит, послал ему рукою поцелуй.","translation":"The other turned round and, noticing that Pyotr Alexandrovich was watching him, blew him a kiss with his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернулся и, заметив… послал ему рукою поцелуй","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«заметив» (perfective gerund of «заметить», to notice) marks the completed prior action before the main «послал» (sent). «рукою» is the bookish instrumental ('with his hand'); «ему» is the dative recipient of the kiss."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот обернулся","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as 'the other'","body":"«Тот» ('that one, the other') refers back to Fyodor Pavlovich, distinguishing him from Miusov in the previous sentence — Russian's way of keeping two third persons apart without repeating the name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned round"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with обернулся","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следит","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"on","note":"'следить за + instr.' is the idiom for 'to watch/keep an eye on'."},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"следит","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметив","gloss":"was watching"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with следит","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"рукою","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of послал","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"поцелуй","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"a kiss"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b2-c6-s179","source":"— Вы-то идете к игумену? — отрывисто спросил Миусов Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"\"And you — are you going to the Father Superior?\" Miusov asked Ivan Fyodorovich abruptly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы-то идете к игумену?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «вы-то» singles out the addressee with mild contrast — 'and you, for your part, are you going…?'. «к игумену» is «к» + dative ('to the Father Superior')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of идете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вы","gloss":"for your part","note":"Emphatic '-то' attached to 'Вы'; not rendered by a separate English word."},{"surface":"идете","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идете","gloss":"the Father Superior"},{"surface":"отрывисто","lemma":"отрывисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b2-c6-s180","source":"— Почему же нет? К тому же я особенно приглашен игуменом еще вчерашнего дня.","translation":"\"Why not? Besides, I was specially invited by the Superior only yesterday.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я особенно приглашен игуменом еще вчерашнего дня","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«приглашён» is the short past passive participle of «пригласить» (to invite), '(I) was invited'; its agent «игуменом» stands in the instrumental, the standard way to name the doer in a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему же нет?","title":"Particle «же» in a retort","body":"«Почему же нет?» — 'why ever not?'. «же» here lends a touch of challenge or self-evidence to Ivan's curt reply, the texture of spoken Russian English would carry by stress alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to","note":"Idiom 'к тому же' = 'besides, moreover'."},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приглашен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive приглашен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приглашен","gloss":"specially"},{"surface":"приглашен","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was invited"},{"surface":"игуменом","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглашен","gloss":"by the Superior"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчерашнего","gloss":"even","note":"'еще вчерашнего дня' = 'as far back as yesterday'."},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of приглашен","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b2-c6-s181","source":"— К несчастию, я действительно чувствую себя почти в необходимости явиться на этот проклятый обед, — всё с тою же горькою раздражительностью продолжал Миусов, даже и не обращая внимания, что монашек слушает.","translation":"\"Unfortunately, I really do feel myself almost obliged to appear at this cursed dinner,\" Miusov went on with the same bitter irritation, not even minding that the little monk was listening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к несчастию","title":"«к несчастию» — alas, unfortunately","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, «к» + dative, literally 'to (one's) misfortune'. The old spelling «несчастию» (modern «несчастью») is a period dative ending; it functions as a sentence adverb, 'unfortunately'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствую себя","title":"Reflexive «чувствовать себя»","body":"«чувствую себя» uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» (accusative), not the verbal clitic -ся: literally 'I feel myself'. «себя» points back to the subject and has no nominative; here it makes 'feel' introspective — to feel oneself to be in some state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явиться на этот проклятый обед","title":"Perfective infinitive «явиться»","body":"«явиться» is the perfective of «являться», viewing the appearance as a single completed act — to show up the one time. «на» + accusative «этот… обед» marks motion/direction toward the event he is obliged to attend."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё с тою же горькою раздражительностью","title":"Instrumental of manner with archaic endings","body":"«с» + instrumental «горькою раздражительностью» states the manner of speaking — 'with the same bitter irritation'. The endings «-ою/-ою» and «тою же» are 19th-century literary variants of modern «-ой» («горькой раздражительностью», «той же»), lending an elevated, bookish cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и не обращая внимания","title":"Gerund «не обращая внимания»","body":"«обращая» is an imperfective present деепричастие (adverbial participle) sharing Miusov's subject: 'while not paying any attention'. The idiom «обращать внимание на» governs «на» + accusative, here displaced into the «что»-clause that follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монашек","title":"«монашек» — the little monk","body":"An affectionate-diminutive of «монах» (monk), with the suffix -ек conveying his youth and smallness, hence 'the little monk'. The word recurs through the scene as the silent escort of the quarrelling gentlemen."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастию","gloss":"to","note":"Idiom 'к несчастию' = 'unfortunately'."},{"surface":"несчастию","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of чувствую","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимости","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking необходимости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"необходимости","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствую","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies необходимости","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обед","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обед","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обед","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явиться","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раздражительностью","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тою","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"горькою","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раздражительностью","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"раздражительностью","lemma":"раздражительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обращая","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"minding"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращая","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слушает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушает","gloss":"the little monk"},{"surface":"слушает","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of обращая","gloss":"was listening"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b2-c6-s182","source":"— Хоть там-то извиниться надо за то, что мы здесь натворили, и разъяснить, что это не мы… Как вы думаете?","translation":"\"At least there we ought to apologize for what we did here, and explain that it was not us… What do you think?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть там-то извиниться надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо» is an impersonal predicate of necessity taking a bare infinitive («извиниться»), with no nominative subject — 'one ought to apologize'. The experiencer, if named, would stand in the dative; here it is left general."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"там-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «там» is the emphatic topic particle, not the indefinite one: 'there at least / there of all places'. It singles out the dinner as the place where amends can still be made, contrasting with the disgrace just committed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что мы здесь натворили","title":"Correlative «за то, что»","body":"«извиниться за» + accusative governs the correlative «то», expanded by a «что»-clause: 'apologize for (that which) we did here'. The neuter «то» holds the object slot while the subordinate clause supplies the content."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"натворили","title":"«натворить» — to get up to (mischief)","body":"Perfective «натворить» (from «творить», to make/do) is colloquial and pejorative: to have done a whole lot of something bad, to make a mess of things. The prefix на- adds the sense of an accumulated quantity of misdeeds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извиниться","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извиниться","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"извиниться","lemma":"извиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"apologize"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"we ought"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of натворили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of натворили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натворили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"натворили","lemma":"натворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мы","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of разъяснить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"how","note":"'Как вы думаете?' literally 'How do you think/see it?'; conventionally rendered 'What do you think?' — 'как' itself means 'how', not 'what'. Also not a subordinating conjunction here: this is a standalone question, not a subordinate clause."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b2-c6-s183","source":"— Да, надо разъяснить, что это не мы. К тому же батюшки не будет, — заметил Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Yes, we must explain that it was not us. Besides, the old man won't be there,\" Ivan Fyodorovich remarked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это не мы","title":"Zero-copula «это не мы»","body":"Present-tense 'to be' is unexpressed: «это не мы» = 'it is not us', with the predicate pronoun «мы» left in the nominative and only «не» doing the negating. Russian needs no copula in the present, so the bare «не мы» carries the whole denial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К тому же батюшки не будет","title":"Genitive of negation with «не будет»","body":"An absent future existential: «батюшки не будет» — 'the father won't be (there)'. The subject «батюшка» drops into the genitive «батюшки» because negated existence with «нет / не было / не будет» governs the genitive, not the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — father (old man)","body":"Literally a warm diminutive of «батя/отец», 'dear father'. Here it is the family's half-mocking name for old Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov; the same word also serves as the respectful address for an Orthodox priest, an ambiguity Dostoevsky enjoys."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"we must"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мы","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of разъяснить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to","note":"Idiom 'к тому же' = 'besides'."},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"батюшки","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"the old man","note":"Genitive of the absent subject under negation ('не будет' = 'won't be there')."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to будет","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b2-c6-s184","source":"— Да еще же бы с вашим батюшкой! Проклятый этот обед!","translation":"\"Yes, just imagine it with your father there! This cursed dinner!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да еще же бы с вашим батюшкой!","title":"Stacked particles «да… же… бы»","body":"A pile-up of modal particles carries the exclamation's whole force: «да» (and, intensifying), «же» (insistent emphasis), and «бы» (the irrealis, imagining the scene). Together with no finite verb they conjure a hypothetical horror — 'and just imagine it, with your father there too!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с вашим батюшкой","title":"Comitative «с» + instrumental","body":"«с» meaning 'with' (accompaniment) governs the instrumental «вашим батюшкой». The possessive «вашим» agrees with it in case, gender, and number — the visible instrumental ending on the adjective confirms the noun's case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проклятый этот обед!","title":"Emphatic inversion «Проклятый этот обед»","body":"Normal order would be «этот проклятый обед»; fronting the adjective «проклятый» before the demonstrative throws the curse-word into focus — 'this cursed dinner!'. Free word order lets Russian stage emotion through position alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бы","gloss":"of course","note":"'еще бы' is the idiom for 'of course!/just imagine!'."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking батюшкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшкой","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"батюшкой","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Проклятый","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies обед","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обед","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dinner"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b2-c6-s185","source":"И однако, все шли.","translation":"And yet, for all that, they all went.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И однако, все шли.","title":"Imperfective «шли» as background","body":"«шли» is the imperfective past of the unidirectional motion verb «идти» — they were (all) going, walking along. The imperfective frames the walk as an ongoing process and sets the scene; the contrastive «и однако» ('and yet') turns it ironic against their protests."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"connects to шли","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of шли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"шли","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b2-c6-s186","source":"Монашек молчал и слушал.","translation":"The little monk was silent and listened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Монашек молчал и слушал.","title":"Imperfective pair «молчал и слушал»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, painting two simultaneous, durative states — he kept silent and kept listening. There is no event here, only ongoing background; the perfective would have flattened it into a single point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"the little monk"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"listened"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b2-c6-s187","source":"Дорогой через лесок он только раз лишь заметил, что отец игумен давно уже ожидают и что более получаса опоздали.","translation":"On the way through the little wood he remarked only once that the Father Superior had long been waiting and that they were over half an hour late.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только раз лишь заметил","title":"Perfective «заметил» as a single remark","body":"«заметил» is perfective past (from «замечать/заметить») — a single completed act of remarking, reinforced by «только раз лишь», 'only the one time'. Against the imperfective walking, this is the one discrete event in the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отец игумен давно уже ожидают","title":"Honorific plural «ожидают»","body":"The singular subject «отец игумен» (the Father Superior) takes a plural verb «ожидают», a deferential 19th-century usage by which servants and inferiors spoke of a respected person in the plural — 'his Reverence have long been waiting'. It marks the monk's humble register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лесок","title":"«лесок» — a little wood","body":"Diminutive of «лес» (forest/wood) with the suffix -ок, here neutral-descriptive: a small wood or copse on the path from the hermitage to the monastery proper. Russian readily diminishes landscape nouns this way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более получаса опоздали","title":"Genitive «получаса» of quantity","body":"«более» ('more than') governs the genitive «получаса» (of half an hour); «полчаса» itself fuses «пол-» (half) with the genitive «часа». «опоздали», perfective past plural, states the completed fact: they had arrived more than half an hour late."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of заметил","gloss":"on the way"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесок","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"лесок","lemma":"лесок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"the little wood"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ожидают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидают","gloss":"the Father"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидают","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ожидают","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"had been waiting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опоздали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получаса","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"получаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of опоздали","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"опоздали","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ожидают","gloss":"were late"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b2-c6-s188","source":"Ему не ответили.","translation":"No one answered him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему не ответили.","title":"Dative object + subjectless 3pl","body":"«ответить» governs the dative of the person answered, so 'him' is «ему». The verb «не ответили» is an impersonal 3rd-plural with no stated subject — a common Russian way to say 'no one answered him' without naming an agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответили","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b2-c6-s189","source":"Миусов с ненавистью посмотрел на Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"Miusov looked at Ivan Fyodorovich with hatred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ненавистью посмотрел","title":"Instrumental of manner «с ненавистью»","body":"«с» + instrumental «ненавистью» expresses the manner of the look — 'looked with hatred'. «посмотрел» is perfective past, a single completed glance directed «на» + accusative «Ивана Федоровича»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на Ивана Федоровича","title":"Animate accusative of the name + patronymic","body":"«посмотреть на» + accusative; because «Иван Фёдорович» is animate masculine, the accusative borrows the genitive form «Ивана Фёдоровича». Both the given name and the patronymic decline, the polite name-plus-patronymic address marking adult respect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненавистью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b2-c6-s190","source":"«А ведь идет на обед как ни в чем не бывало! — подумал он. — Медный лоб и карамазовская совесть».","translation":"\"There he goes to dinner as though nothing had happened!\" he thought. \"A brazen forehead and a Karamazov conscience.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь идет на обед","title":"Particles «а ведь» of indignant appeal","body":"«а» is the contrastive hinge ('and yet'), and «ведь» appeals to shared, self-evident knowledge — 'why, after all, look — he's going to the dinner!'. The pair stages Miusov's inward astonishment as if inviting the reader to agree."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как ни в чем не бывало","title":"Idiom «как ни в чём не бывало»","body":"A frozen idiom: 'as if nothing had happened', perfectly unconcerned. It preserves an archaic «бывало» and shows negative concord — «ни в чём… не» — 'as though there had been nothing in anything', three negations to one English meaning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Медный лоб","title":"«медный лоб» — a brazen forehead","body":"Literally 'a copper / brass forehead', an idiom for shameless effrontery, a hardened conscience that cannot be made to blush. It pairs with Dostoevsky's coined «карамазовская совесть» (a Karamazov conscience) to brand Ivan's cool composure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"карамазовская совесть","title":"Possessive adjective «карамазовская»","body":"Russian readily turns a surname into an adjective: «карамазовский, -ая, -ое» — 'Karamazov-ish, of the Karamazovs'. Here «карамазовская совесть» agrees with feminine «совесть» and damns the whole family in one epithet rather than saying 'the conscience of a Karamazov'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обед","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывало","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on идет","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to идет","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лоб","gloss":"brazen","note":"Literally 'brass/copper'; idiom for shameless, unabashed."},{"surface":"лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"карамазовская","lemma":"карамазовская","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совесть","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лоб","gloss":"conscience"}]}]}