{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c7","title":{"source":"VII. Семинарист-карьерист","translated":"A Young Man Bent on a Career"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c7","lines":287},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c8","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c7-s1","source":"Алеша довел своего старца в спаленку и усадил на кровать.","translation":"Alyosha brought his elder into the little bedchamber and settled him on the bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старца","title":"«старец» — the elder","body":"A «старец» (here accusative «старца») is an elder, a spiritually authoritative monk who serves as confessor and guide. It is the central institution of this book; we keep \"elder\" rather than the plain \"old man\" the word can also mean, because Dostoevsky means the monastic office."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спаленку","title":"«спаленка» — the little bedchamber","body":"«Спаленка» is a double diminutive of «спальня» (bedroom): the expressive suffix shrinks and tenderizes the cramped monastic cell into a cosy \"little bedchamber.\" The diminutive carries warmth and pity, not just size."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"довел … и усадил","title":"A chain of perfectives","body":"Both «довёл» (led, brought) and «усадил» (seated, settled) are perfective pasts: each names a single completed act, moving the narrative forward step by step. Note «у-садил», the causative \"made him sit,\" against «сесть» \"to sit oneself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of довел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"довел","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of довел","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спаленку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спаленку","lemma":"спаленка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of довел","gloss":"the little bedchamber"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усадил","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with довел","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровать","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усадил","gloss":"the bed"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c7-s2","source":"Это была очень маленькая комнатка с необходимою мебелью; кровать была узенькая, железная, а на ней вместо тюфяка один только войлок.","translation":"It was a very small room with only the barest furniture; the bed was narrow and made of iron, and on it, in place of a mattress, lay nothing but a strip of felt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с необходимою мебелью","title":"The bookish instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«Необходимою» is the feminine instrumental of the adjective after «с» (with). The fuller ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») is a literary, slightly archaic variant common in 19th-century prose and verse, agreeing with «мебелью»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кровать была узенькая, железная","title":"Predicate adjectives in the nominative","body":"After past-tense «была», the predicate adjectives «узенькая, железная» stand in the long (full) form and nominative, agreeing with feminine «кровать». Russian could use a short form here; the long form keeps the description concrete and pictorial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"узенькая","title":"«узенькая» — narrow, with a sigh","body":"The expressive suffix «-еньк-» on «узкий» (narrow) does not change the meaning but adds a tender, diminishing colour — a poor little narrow bed. It signals the speaker's sympathy for the elder's austerity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вместо тюфяка один только войлок","title":"«тюфяк» and «войлок»","body":"«Тюфяк» is a stuffed mattress or pallet; «войлок» is felt — matted wool cloth. The detail \"in place of a mattress, only a strip of felt\" measures the elder's ascetic poverty. «Вместо» governs the genitive «тюфяка»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of комнатка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to комнатка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies маленькая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнатка","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"комнатка","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking необходимою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необходимою","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мебелью","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"мебелью","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of комнатка","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узенькая","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to узенькая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"узенькая","lemma":"узенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of кровать","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"железная","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with узенькая","gloss":"of iron"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies войлок","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяка","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"тюфяка","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войлок","gloss":"a mattress"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies войлок","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"войлок","lemma":"войлок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"implied subject of the clause","gloss":"felt"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c7-s3","source":"В уголку, у икон, стоял налой, а на нем лежали крест и Евангелие.","translation":"In the corner, by the icons, stood a lectern, and on it lay a cross and the Gospel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"налой","title":"«налой» — the lectern","body":"«Налой» (also «аналой») is a Church-Slavonic word for the slanted reading-stand on which the Gospel, cross, or an icon is laid for veneration in Orthodox worship. Its presence marks the cell as a place of prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял налой, а на нем лежали","title":"Verb-first existential word order","body":"Both clauses front the verb («стоял… лежали») before the new item — \"there stood a lectern, and on it lay…\" This presentational order introduces objects into the scene; the location is the topic, the thing the comment. «Стоять/лежать» also choose the posture of inanimate things."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уголку","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking икон","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"икон","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the icons"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"налой","lemma":"налой","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"a lectern"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"a cross"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with крест","gloss":"the Gospel"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c7-s4","source":"Старец опустился на кровать в бессилии; глаза его блестели, и дышал он трудно.","translation":"The elder sank onto the bed in exhaustion; his eyes glittered, and he breathed with difficulty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в бессилии","title":"«бессилие» — powerlessness","body":"«Бессилие» is literally \"without-strength\" (без + сила), here in the prepositional after «в»: he sank down \"in powerlessness,\" i.e. utterly spent. The abstract -ие noun is bookish and weightier than a plain \"weakly.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глаза его блестели, и дышал он трудно","title":"Imperfective description, inverted","body":"The two imperfectives «блестели» and «дышал» paint a continuing state, not an event — his eyes were glittering, he was breathing hard. Note the expressive inversions: possessive after the noun («глаза его»), and verb before subject («дышал он»), shifting the weight onto the manner «трудно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровать","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"exhaustion"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of блестели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"блестели","lemma":"блестеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with дышал","gloss":"glittered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дышал","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with блестели","gloss":"breathed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дышал","gloss":"with difficulty"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c7-s5","source":"Усевшись, он пристально и как бы обдумывая нечто посмотрел на Алешу.","translation":"Once seated, he looked at Alyosha intently, as though turning something over in his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Усевшись","title":"Perfective gerund «усевшись»","body":"«Усевшись» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) in «-вшись»: \"having seated himself,\" a single prior action sharing the subject of «посмотрел». The reflexive «-сь» makes the sitting his own act. Such gerund-openers are a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы обдумывая нечто","title":"Imperfective gerund «обдумывая» + «как бы»","body":"«Обдумывая» is an imperfective present gerund — a simultaneous \"while turning over\" — paired with «посмотрел». «Как бы» softens it to \"as though,\" and «нечто» is the bookish word for \"something.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Усевшись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"once seated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумывая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"обдумывая","lemma":"обдумывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пристально","gloss":"turning over"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обдумывая","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c7-s6","source":"— Ступай, милый, ступай, мне и Порфирия довольно а ты поспеши.","translation":"\"Go now, my dear, go; Porfiry is enough for me, and you must hurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ступай","title":"«ступай» — go, be off","body":"«Ступай» is the imperative of «ступать», an old, homely command \"go / be off with you,\" warmer and more folk-flavoured than «иди». The elder's speech throughout mixes such plain, kindly forms with solemn Slavonic ones."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне … довольно","title":"Dative + «довольно»","body":"«Мне … довольно» is an impersonal construction: \"for me Porfiry is enough.\" The experiencer stands in the dative «мне» with no nominative subject and an invariable predicate «довольно» — the subjectless pattern Russian uses for states and sufficiency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспеши","title":"Perfective imperative «поспеши»","body":"«Поспеши» (hurry!) is the perfective imperative of «поспешить», urging one prompt, completed act. The «по-» prefix gives the verb its punctual, \"get a move on\" force; contrast the imperfective «спеши»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address within Ступай's clause","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of довольно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Порфирия","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Порфирия","lemma":"порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of довольно","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"is enough"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поспеши","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поспеши","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, contrasted with довольно","gloss":"hurry"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c7-s7","source":"Ты там нужен, ступай к отцу игумену, за обедом и прислужи.","translation":"You are needed there; go to the Father Superior and wait at table for the dinner.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за обедом и прислужи","title":"«за обедом» and the prefix «при-»","body":"«За обедом» is the instrumental after «за» meaning \"at / during dinner.\" «Прислужи» is the perfective imperative of «прислужить» — to wait at table, serve; the prefix «при-» adds the sense of attendant service."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужен","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"are needed"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нужен","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies игумену","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ступай","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обедом","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислужи","gloss":"the dinner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислужи","lemma":"прислужить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"wait at table"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c7-s8","source":"— Благословите здесь остаться, — просящим голосом вымолвил Алеша.","translation":"\"Bless me to stay here,\" Alyosha brought out in a pleading voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вымолвил","title":"«вымолвить» — to bring out (a word)","body":"«Вымолвил» means to utter with effort, to \"bring out\" a word — the «вы-» prefix draws the speech out of him. It suits the «просящим голосом» (pleading voice, instrumental of manner) and Alyosha's reluctance to obey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благословите","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bless me"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остаться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Благословите","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"просящим","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вымолвил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"вымолвил","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Благословите","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вымолвил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c7-s9","source":"— Ты там нужнее.","translation":"\"You are needed there more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нужнее","title":"Comparative «нужнее»","body":"«Нужнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «нужный» (needed): \"more needed.\" The «-ее» comparative does not decline; it pins the new information \"more there\" against the elder's earlier «ты там нужен»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нужнее","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужнее","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нужнее","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more needed"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c7-s10","source":"Там миру нет.","translation":"There is no peace there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Там миру нет","title":"Genitive of negation: «миру нет»","body":"«Нет» (there is not) demands the genitive of the absent thing: «миру» is the genitive of «мир». \"There no peace exists.\" The elder plays on «мир», which means both \"peace\" and \"the world\" — fitting, since he is sending Alyosha into the unpeaceful world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нет","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is none"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c7-s11","source":"Прислужишь и пригодишься.","translation":"You will wait at table and make yourself useful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прислужишь и пригодишься","title":"Perfective futures, no auxiliary","body":"Both verbs are perfective, conjugated like a present but meaning the future: \"you will serve and will prove useful.\" There is no «будешь» — the future sits in the ending. «Пригодишься» carries the reflexive «-ся» of «пригодиться», to come in useful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прислужишь","lemma":"прислужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will wait at table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пригодишься","lemma":"пригодиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прислужишь","gloss":"make yourself useful"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c7-s12","source":"Подымутся беси, молитву читай.","translation":"If demons rise up, recite a prayer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беси","title":"«беси» — demons (old plural)","body":"«Беси» is an archaic, Church-Slavonic-flavoured nominative plural of «бес» (demon), where modern Russian writes «бесы». Such old forms colour the elder's speech as scriptural and grave."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подымутся беси, молитву читай","title":"Conditional by juxtaposition","body":"Two clauses laid side by side make an \"if … then\": \"[if] demons rise up, recite a prayer.\" «Подымутся» is a perfective future (one possible event), «читай» an imperfective imperative urging the ongoing act of prayer. No «если» is needed — the bare sequence carries the condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подымутся","lemma":"подыматься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"беси","lemma":"бес","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Подымутся","gloss":"demons"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читай","gloss":"a prayer"},{"surface":"читай","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"recite"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c7-s13","source":"И знай, сынок (старец любил его так называть), что и впредь тебе не здесь место.","translation":"And know, my son\" (the elder loved to call him so), \"that henceforth, too, this is not your place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сынок","title":"«сынок» — little son","body":"«Сынок» is the affectionate diminutive of «сын» (son), \"my son, my boy.\" The narrator notes the elder \"loved to call him so\" — the suffix is pure tenderness, an old man's endearment for the youth he sends away."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не здесь тебе место","title":"Dative of possession: «тебе место»","body":"«Тебе … место» frames it as \"your place is not here,\" with the dative «тебе» marking the person to whom the place belongs and no verb \"to be\" in the present. «Впредь» (henceforth) is a bookish adverb of future time."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сынок","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"my son"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"называть","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause (не... место)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впредь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies место","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession with место","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c7-s14","source":"Запомни сие, юноша.","translation":"Remember this, young man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сие","title":"«сие» — this (archaic)","body":"«Сие» is the neuter of the archaic demonstrative «сей» (\"this\"), long replaced in speech by «это» but kept for solemn, scriptural weight. \"Remember this\" rings like a commandment. «Юноша» (young man) is likewise an elevated word for a youth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомни","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular, archaic","role":"direct object of Запомни","gloss":"this","note":"«сие» is an archaic/Church-Slavonic form of «это»."},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young man"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c7-s15","source":"Как только сподобит бог преставиться мне — и уходи из монастыря.","translation":"As soon as God grants me to depart this life — leave the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сподобит","title":"«сподобить» — to deem worthy, vouchsafe","body":"«Сподобит» (perfective of «сподоблять») is Church-Slavonic for God's granting or deeming one worthy of something — here, worthy \"to depart.\" It frames death as a grace bestowed, the very heart of the elder's joy in dying."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"преставиться","title":"«преставиться» — to pass away","body":"«Преставиться» is the reverent, ecclesiastical verb for a Christian's death — to \"depart this life,\" literally to be \"transferred\" (пре-стави-ться) to God. One would never use it for a beast or an enemy; it sanctifies the dying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сподобит бог преставиться мне","title":"Dative subject of the infinitive","body":"«Мне» is dative: \"as soon as God grants to me to pass away.\" The one who will die stands in the dative as the experiencer of an act granted from above, with «бог» the grammatical subject — a quietly theological grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сподобит (with только)","gloss":"as","note":"«как только» together mean 'as soon as'."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сподобит","lemma":"сподобить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by Как","gloss":"grants"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сподобит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"преставиться","lemma":"преставиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сподобит","gloss":"to depart this life","note":"euphemism for 'to die'."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сподобит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уходи","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходи","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c7-s16","source":"Совсем иди.","translation":"Leave it for good.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совсем иди","title":"Imperfective imperative «иди»","body":"«Иди» is the imperfective imperative of the unidirectional motion verb «идти» — a plain, urging \"go.\" With «совсем» (entirely, for good) it means leave once and finally. The imperfective imperative here commands the action itself, bluntly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иди","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c7-s17","source":"Алеша вздрогнул.","translation":"Alyosha gave a start.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздрогнул","title":"«вздрогнуть» — to give a start","body":"«Вздрогнул» is a perfective with the «-ну-» suffix of a single sudden motion: he gave one involuntary shudder. The momentary suffix and «вз-» prefix together capture the instant jolt of his fear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c7-s18","source":"— Чего ты?","translation":"\"What is the matter with you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего ты?","title":"Genitive «чего» in an elliptical question","body":"«Чего ты?» is colloquial ellipsis for \"what's with you?\" — the verb is dropped and «что» appears in the genitive «чего», as it does in many fixed exclamatory questions. Curt and intimate, fitting the elder's gentle prodding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (idiom «чего ты?»)","gloss":"what's wrong"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c7-s19","source":"Не здесь твое место пока.","translation":"Your place is not here for the time being.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не здесь твое место пока","title":"Fronted negation for contrast","body":"«Не» negates the adverb «здесь», not the whole clause: \"not here is your place — for now.\" Russian places «не» directly before the word it denies, and fronting «не здесь» throws the contrastive weight onto place. «Пока» (for now) leaves the door open."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"for now"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c7-s20","source":"Благословляю тебя на великое послушание в миру.","translation":"I bless you for a great obedience out in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в миру","title":"«в миру» — out in the world","body":"«Мир» here means the lay, secular world as opposed to the monastery, and «в миру» is a fixed monastic phrase for life outside the walls. The stressed locative «в миру́» is the old set ending; contrast «в ми́ре» (in peace / the universe)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благословляю","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I bless"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Благословляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушание","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies послушание","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Благословляю","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies послушание","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c7-s21","source":"Много тебе еще странствовать.","translation":"You have much wandering still ahead of you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много тебе еще странствовать","title":"Dative + infinitive of destiny","body":"A subjectless construction: \"[there is] much for you still to wander.\" The dative «тебе» names the one fated to it, and the bare infinitive «странствовать» carries the sense of what must or will be — a fortune-telling grammar of necessity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"странствовать","title":"«странствовать» — to wander, journey","body":"«Странствовать» means to roam or make a long journey, with overtones of pilgrimage and the wandering «странник» (holy wayfarer) of Russian spiritual life. It frames Alyosha's coming years as a pilgrim's road, not mere travel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странствовать","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of странствовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странствовать","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"странствовать","lemma":"странствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to wander"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c7-s22","source":"И ожениться должен будешь, должен.","translation":"And you will have to marry — you must.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожениться должен будешь, должен","title":"Compound future of obligation, with insistent «же»","body":"«Должен будешь» is the future of «быть» plus the short adjective «должен» (obliged): \"you will have to.\" The repetition «должен будешь… должен» drives the certainty home. «И» here leans toward the emphatic particle «же» in tone — the elder insists Alyosha must even marry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ожениться","title":"«ожениться» — to marry (of a man)","body":"«Ожениться» (a folk variant of «жениться») is used of a man taking a wife, distinct from «выйти замуж» said of a woman. The reflexive «-ся» is built into the verb. The elder's prophecy that the would-be monk must marry is one of his startling reversals."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ожениться","lemma":"ожениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence, with future auxiliary будешь","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"must"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c7-s23","source":"Всё должен будешь перенести, пока вновь прибудеши.","translation":"You will have to endure everything before you come back again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прибудеши","title":"«прибудеши» — thou shalt return (archaic)","body":"«Прибудеши» is an archaic Church-Slavonic second-person singular future in «-ши» where modern Russian has «прибудешь». The old ending lifts the line into prophecy, sounding like Scripture: \"before thou come again.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё должен будешь перенести, пока вновь прибудеши","title":"«пока» + perfective: \"before you return\"","body":"«Пока» with a perfective verb means \"until / before\" a completed event: endure everything \"before you come back.\" «Перенести» (perfective) is to bear through to the end, and «прибудеши» (perfective future) marks the one decisive return."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перенести","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"перенести","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to endure"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибудеши","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудеши","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прибудеши","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, archaic, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by пока","gloss":"you return","note":"archaic (Church-Slavonic-style) second-person future form of «прибыть»."}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c7-s24","source":"А дела много будет.","translation":"And there will be a great deal of work to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А дела много будет","title":"Genitive of quantity: «дела много»","body":"«Много» (much) governs the genitive: «дела» is the genitive singular of «дело» (work, business), and the predicate «будет» is neuter-singular impersonal — \"there will be much of work.\" The opening «а» softly turns to a new thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"of work"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to много","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c7-s25","source":"Но в тебе не сомневаюсь, потому и посылаю тебя.","translation":"But I have no doubt of you, and that is why I am sending you out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в тебе не сомневаюсь","title":"Reflexive «сомневаться» + «в»","body":"«Сомневаюсь» is a «-ся» verb (existing only in this form) meaning \"I doubt,\" governing «в» + prepositional: «в тебе» \"in you.\" «Потому … посылаю» pairs cause and consequence: \"and that is why I am sending you,\" the imperfective «посылаю» giving a present, deliberate sending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневаюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневаюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневаюсь","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I doubt"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылаю","gloss":"that is why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"посылаю","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by потому","gloss":"I send"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посылаю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c7-s26","source":"С тобой Христос.","translation":"Christ is with you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С тобой Христос","title":"Zero copula: \"Christ is with you\"","body":"There is no verb \"to be\" in the present: «С тобой Христос» is literally \"with you — Christ.\" Russian leaves the present copula unspoken, and fronting «с тобой» (instrumental of accompaniment after «с») makes the blessing land on the closing name."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"forms the predicate (with implied 'is')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula","gloss":"Christ"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c7-s27","source":"Сохрани его, и он сохранит тебя.","translation":"Keep Him, and He will keep you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сохрани его, и он сохранит тебя","title":"Imperative then perfective future","body":"«Сохрани» is a perfective imperative (\"keep [Him]!\"), and «сохранит» the matching perfective future (\"He will keep [you]\"). The mirror of command and consequence — you keep Him, He keeps you — is built from the same verb in two moods, a small liturgical chiasmus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Сохрани","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сохранит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сохранит","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сохрани","gloss":"will keep"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сохранит","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c7-s28","source":"Горе узришь великое и в горе сем счастлив будешь.","translation":"You will behold great sorrow, and in that sorrow you will be happy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"узришь","title":"«узришь» — thou shalt behold","body":"«Узришь» is the archaic/Church-Slavonic perfective future of «узреть» (to behold, perceive with the eyes), far loftier than the everyday «увидишь». It belongs to the register of prophecy and Scripture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в горе сем","title":"«сем» — this (archaic locative)","body":"«Сем» is the prepositional of the archaic demonstrative «сей»: \"in this sorrow.\" Like «сие» above, it lends the elder's promise — sorrow that holds happiness — the cadence of an oracle. «Горе» here is grief, distinct from the homonym \"mountain.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"счастлив будешь","title":"Short adjective «счастлив» in the future","body":"«Счастлив» is the short (predicative) form of «счастливый» (happy), joined to «будешь» for the future: \"you will be happy.\" The short form, bookish and stative, suits a solemn promise; the inversion places \"happy\" first for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узришь","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"узришь","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will behold"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Горе","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастлив","gloss":"sorrow","note":"tagger mistook «горе» (sorrow) for «гора» (mountain); it is the same word as w1."},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, neuter, singular, archaic","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence, with auxiliary будешь","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастлив","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c7-s29","source":"Вот тебе завет: в горе счастья ищи.","translation":"Here is my charge to you: in sorrow, seek happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завет","title":"«завет» — covenant, charge","body":"«Завет» means a testament, covenant, or solemn behest — the word in «Ветхий/Новый Завет» (Old/New Testament). The elder's «вот тебе завет» frames his words as a sacred bequest, almost a last will. We render it \"my charge to you.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в горе счастья ищи","title":"Genitive object after «искать»","body":"«Искать» (to seek) takes a genitive object for the abstract or sought-after: «счастья» is the genitive of «счастье» (happiness). The imperfective imperative «ищи» commands an ongoing search, and fronting «в горе» sets the paradox: in sorrow, keep seeking joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завет","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative) of the elliptical predicate вот...завет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"завет","lemma":"завет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence (with вот)","gloss":"charge","note":"«завет» is a noun meaning charge/precept/testament, not a verb form."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ищи","gloss":"sorrow","note":"tagger mistook «горе» (sorrow) for «гора» (mountain)."},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ищи","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"ищи","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"seek"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c7-s30","source":"Работай, неустанно работай.","translation":"Work, work without ceasing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Работай, неустанно работай","title":"Imperfective imperative, repeated","body":"«Работай» is the imperfective imperative of «работать», commanding the activity as a continuing way of life — not one finished task but ceaseless labour, reinforced by «неустанно» (untiringly) and the doubling. The imperfective is exactly right for an open-ended charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Работай","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies работай","gloss":"tirelessly"},{"surface":"работай","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c7-s31","source":"Запомни слово мое отныне, ибо хотя и буду еще беседовать с тобой, но не только дни, а и часы мои сочтены.","translation":"Remember my words from this day on, for though I shall yet speak with you, not only my days but my very hours are numbered.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic, elevated conjunction \"for, because,\" at home in Scripture and 19th-century prose where speech would use «потому что». It binds the command to remember to its reason: his hours are numbered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и буду … но не только дни, а и часы","title":"«хотя… но» and the «не только… а и» pairing","body":"«Хотя (и)… но» frames a concession: \"though I shall yet speak… still…\" «Буду беседовать» is the compound imperfective future (ongoing talk). The correlative «не только… а и» (\"not only… but also\") with the contrastive «а» heightens \"not only my days but my very hours.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"часы мои сочтены","title":"«сочтены» — are numbered","body":"«Сочтены» is the short past passive participle of «сосчитать» (to count up): \"are counted / numbered.\" The phrase «дни сочтены» is itself a scriptural idiom for approaching death; the short participle states the settled result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомни","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Запомни","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отныне","lemma":"отныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Запомни","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause (хотя...сочтены)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of беседовать","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду беседовать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of беседовать","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беседовать","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"беседовать","lemma":"беседовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of беседовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive сочтены (coordinated with часы)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а (а и = 'but also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive сочтены","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of часы","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сочтены","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are numbered"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c7-s32","source":"В лице Алеши опять изобразилось сильное движение.","translation":"A strong emotion passed once more over Alyosha's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В лице … изобразилось … движение","title":"Reflexive «изобразилось» with inverted subject","body":"The «-ся» verb «изобразилось» is here middle/intransitive — emotion \"showed itself / was depicted\" on his face, with no agent. The grammatical subject «движение» (a stir, emotion) comes last, after the locative «в лице», so the new feeling lands at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изобразилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изобразилось","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"изобразилось","lemma":"изобразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движение","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"движение","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изобразилось","gloss":"emotion"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c7-s33","source":"Углы губ его тряслись.","translation":"The corners of his lips trembled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Углы губ его тряслись","title":"Imperfective «тряслись» and a chain of genitives","body":"«Тряслись» is imperfective past, painting a continuing tremble. The subject is built of stacked genitives: «углы губ» (corners of [the] lips), with «его» (his) a frozen possessive — \"the corners of his lips were trembling.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Углы","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of тряслись","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Углы","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies губ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тряслись","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c7-s34","source":"— Чего же ты снова? — тихо улыбнулся старец. — Пусть мирские слезами провожают своих покойников, а мы здесь отходящему отцу радуемся.","translation":"\"What is it now?\" the elder smiled gently. \"Let the worldly see off their dead with tears; here we rejoice over a departing father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего же ты снова?","title":"Elliptical «чего» with insistent «же»","body":"Again the bare genitive «чего» (\"what now?\") with the verb dropped, now flavoured by the particle «же», which adds gentle, knowing insistence — \"what is it this time?\" «Же» colours the elder's tone as fond and a little chiding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть мирские слезами провожают","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть … провожают» is the let-imperative: «пусть» plus a present-tense verb forms a third-person command, \"let the worldly see [them] off.\" «Слезами» is the instrumental of means (with tears), and «мирские» is a substantivized adjective, \"the worldly ones.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отходящему отцу радуемся","title":"«отходящий» — the departing one","body":"«Отходящему» is the present active participle of «отходить», dative after «радоваться»; «отходить» is a soft idiom for dying — \"passing away.\" The monks «радуемся» (rejoice, a «-ся» verb) over \"a departing father,\" reversing worldly grief into joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чего","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Чего","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the jussive clause with провожают","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мирские","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, substantivized","role":"subject of провожают","gloss":"worldly people"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of провожают","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"провожают","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see off"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of покойников","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"покойников","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of провожают","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of радуемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радуемся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"отходящему","lemma":"отходящий","morphology":"participle, present, active, dative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"departing"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of радуемся","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"радуемся","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with провожают","gloss":"we rejoice"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c7-s35","source":"Радуемся и молим о нем.","translation":"We rejoice and pray for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Радуемся и молим о нем","title":"«молить» + «о» and the н- of «нём»","body":"«Молим» (we pray) takes «о» + prepositional for the one prayed about: «о нём» — note the н- prefixed to the pronoun after a preposition. Both verbs are imperfective \"we\"-forms; the subject is dropped, carried by the endings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Радуемся","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we rejoice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молим","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Радуемся","gloss":"we pray"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молим","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c7-s36","source":"Оставь же меня.","translation":"Now leave me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставь же меня","title":"Imperative softened by «же»","body":"«Оставь» is the perfective imperative \"leave (me).\" The particle «же» here urges gently, \"now do leave me,\" pressing a request the speaker has already half-made. It adds the affective nudge English would carry by intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставь","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Оставь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Оставь","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c7-s37","source":"Молиться надо.","translation":"I must pray.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молиться надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо» (it is necessary) with the infinitive «молиться» forms a subjectless statement of need — \"[I] must pray.\" No nominative; the dative experiencer «мне» is even omitted as obvious. «Молиться» keeps its inherent «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to pray"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c7-s38","source":"Ступай и поспеши.","translation":"Go, and make haste.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступай и поспеши","title":"Pairing imperfective and perfective imperatives","body":"The elder pairs «ступай» (imperfective, the general \"go, be off\") with «поспеши» (perfective, \"make one quick haste\"). The shift in aspect is meaningful: set out, and get there fast. He uses the same pairing as in his first dismissal of Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поспеши","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"hurry"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c7-s39","source":"Около братьев будь.","translation":"Stay close to your brothers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Около братьев будь","title":"Imperative «будь» + «около» + genitive","body":"«Будь» is the irregular imperative of «быть» (be). «Около» (near, beside) governs the genitive «братьев» (of «братья», the irregular plural of «брат»). Word order throws the verb to the end for an urgent, almost telegraphic command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братьев","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of будь","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stay"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c7-s40","source":"Да не около одного, а около обоих.","translation":"And not to one only, but to both.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не около одного, а около обоих","title":"Initial «да» and the contrastive «а»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is an emphatic continuative, \"and (mind you)…,\" not the word for \"yes.\" The «не… а» correction (\"not… but\") with contrastive «а» insists: not one only, but both. «Обоих» is the genitive of «оба/обоих» (both), demanded by «около»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обоих","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"coordinated with одного","gloss":"both"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c7-s41","source":"Старец поднял руку благословить.","translation":"The elder raised his hand to bless him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял руку благословить","title":"Infinitive of purpose","body":"The bare infinitive «благословить» expresses purpose after the main verb — \"raised his hand [in order] to bless.\" Russian can use a plain infinitive of purpose with verbs of motion and gesture, without «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"благословить","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive modifying поднял","gloss":"to bless"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c7-s42","source":"Возражать было невозможно, хотя Алеше чрезвычайно хотелось остаться.","translation":"There was no arguing, though Alyosha longed intensely to stay.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возражать было невозможно","title":"Impersonal «было невозможно» + infinitive","body":"A subjectless predicate: «возражать было невозможно» — \"to object was impossible.\" The neuter «было» plus the invariable «невозможно» and an infinitive state a general impossibility, with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше чрезвычайно хотелось остаться","title":"Dative experiencer with «хотелось»","body":"«Хотелось» is the impersonal reflexive of wanting: the desire \"came over\" Alyosha, who stands in the dative «Алеше», with «остаться» the wished-for act. This dative-subject pattern frames feeling as something that happens to a person — pervasive in Dostoevsky's inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возражать","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to argue"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотелось","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотелось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"intensely"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on невозможно","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to stay"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c7-s43","source":"Хотелось ему еще спросить, и даже с языка срывался вопрос: «Что предозначал этот земной поклон брату Дмитрию?» — но он не посмел спросить.","translation":"He longed, too, to ask one thing more, and the question all but broke from his tongue: \"What did that earthly bow to his brother Dmitri foretell?\" — but he did not dare to ask.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с языка срывался вопрос","title":"Imperfective «срывался»: the question kept breaking loose","body":"The reflexive imperfective «срывался» (from «срываться», to tear/break loose) gives a vivid durative: the question \"kept all but breaking from his tongue.\" The «-ся» makes it intransitive — the question rises of itself, against his will."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предозначал","title":"«предозначать» — to foreshadow, presage","body":"«Предозначал» (\"what did it foretell / signify in advance\") layers «пред-» (fore-) onto «означать» (to mean), a heightened, almost portentous word. It casts the bow as an omen whose meaning lies ahead — exactly Alyosha's dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he wanted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Хотелось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотелось","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies срывался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"языка","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of срывался","gloss":"his tongue"},{"surface":"срывался","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хотелось","gloss":"broke free"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of срывался","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предозначал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"предозначал","lemma":"предозначать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"signified in advance"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предозначал","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклон","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предозначал","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмел","gloss":"to ask"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c7-s44","source":"Он знал, что старец и сам бы, без вопроса, ему разъяснил, если бы можно было.","translation":"He knew that the elder would have explained it to him of his own accord, without being asked, if it had been possible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам бы … разъяснил, если бы можно было","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A classic past-irrealis: «разъяснил бы … если бы можно было» — \"would have explained… if it had been possible.\" Both halves use a past-form verb plus «бы»; the «если бы» protasis sets the unreal condition. «Сам» (himself, of his own accord) intensifies the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разъяснил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разъяснил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, intensive","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle with разъяснил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопроса","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would explain"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of можно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on разъяснил","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c7-s45","source":"Но значит, не было на то его воли.","translation":"But it meant, then, that it was not his will to do so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было на то его воли","title":"Genitive of negation: «не было … воли»","body":"The negated existential «не было» forces the absent thing into the genitive: «воли» (of «воля», will). \"There was not his will for it (на то).\" The neuter «было» is the fixed impersonal form regardless of the noun's gender."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но значит","title":"«значит» as a parenthetical inference","body":"«Значит» here is not \"means\" with an object but a discourse word, \"so / it follows that,\" voicing Alyosha's reasoning — free indirect thought slipped into the narration. «Но» opens the turn of inference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential copula (не было = 'there was no')","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom на то, modifying воли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, invariant","role":"determiner of воли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c7-s46","source":"А поклон этот страшно поразил Алешу; он веровал слепо, что в нем был таинственный смысл.","translation":"And that bow had struck Alyosha to the core; he believed blindly that there was a mysterious meaning in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"веровал слепо","title":"«веровать» — to believe (in faith)","body":"«Веровать» is the elevated, religious verb \"to believe / have faith,\" distinct from everyday «верить»; it governs the dative or стоic «в». «Веровал слепо» — he believed blindly — marks Alyosha's faith as the deep, creedal kind, not mere opinion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А поклон этот страшно поразил","title":"Postposed demonstrative «поклон этот»","body":"Placing «этот» after its noun («поклон этот» rather than «этот поклон») is an emphatic, anaphoric word order: \"that bow, that one.\" It picks up the already-known bow as the topic, with the opening «а» marking a shift back to it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"слепо","lemma":"слепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"blindly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to смысл","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"таинственный","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"meaning"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c7-s47","source":"Таинственный, а может быть, и ужасный.","translation":"Mysterious, and perhaps terrible as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таинственный, а может быть, и ужасный","title":"Elliptical fragment with concessive «а … и»","body":"A verbless fragment echoing «таинственный смысл» of the previous sentence: \"Mysterious — and perhaps terrible too.\" «А может быть, и» (\"and maybe even\") uses the soft contrastive «а» plus additive «и» to push the thought one ominous step further."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таинственный","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective continuing смысл from the previous sentence","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"«может быть» together is the idiom 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Таинственный, both modifying the implied смысл","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c7-s48","source":"Когда он вышел за ограду скита, чтобы поспеть в монастырь к началу обеда у игумена (конечно, чтобы только прислужить за столом), у него вдруг больно сжалось сердце, и он остановился на месте: пред ним как бы снова прозвучали слова старца, предрекавшего столь близкую кончину свою.","translation":"When he came out beyond the fence of the hermitage, to reach the monastery in time for the start of the dinner at the Father Superior's (only to wait at table, of course), his heart suddenly contracted with pain, and he stopped where he stood: the elder's words seemed to ring out before him anew, foretelling his own end, so very near.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предрекавшего столь близкую кончину свою","title":"Past active participle «предрекавшего»","body":"«Предрекавшего» is an imperfective past active participle (от «предрекать», to foretell) in the genitive, agreeing with «старца»: \"the elder, who was foretelling…\" It compresses a который-clause into one bookish modifier. «Столь» (so) and «кончина» (demise) are elevated, and «свою» reflexively ties the death back to the elder himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него вдруг больно сжалось сердце","title":"Middle «сжалось» with a possessor in «у»","body":"The reflexive «сжалось» (\"contracted, of itself\") is an intransitive change-of-state; the heart is the subject, while «у него» (at him) names the possessor — Russian's normal way of saying \"his heart contracted.\" The adverb «больно» (painfully) colours the spasm of grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сжалось","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограду","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"ограду","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ограду","gloss":"of the hermitage"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поспеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поспеть","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"reach in time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспеть","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking началу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"началу","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспеть","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies началу","gloss":"of the dinner"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумена","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обеда","gloss":"the Father Superior's"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прислужить","gloss":"only to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прислужить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прислужить","lemma":"прислужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause parallel to поспеть","gloss":"wait at table"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислужить","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сжалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжалось","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"сжалось","lemma":"сжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contracted"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сжалось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сжалось","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозвучали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы, modifies прозвучали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы (\"as if\")","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прозвучали","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"прозвучали","lemma":"прозвучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"seemed to ring out"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of прозвучали","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"предрекавшего","lemma":"предрекать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying старца","gloss":"foretelling"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близкую","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"близкую","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кончину","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"кончину","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предрекавшего","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кончину","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c7-s49","source":"Что предрекал, да еще с такою точностию, старец, то должно было случиться несомненно Алеша веровал тому свято.","translation":"What the elder foretold, and with such precision at that, was bound to come to pass beyond all doubt — Alyosha held that as an article of faith.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что предрекал … то должно было случиться","title":"Correlative «что… то»","body":"A bookish relative frame: «что … то …» — \"what [the elder] foretold, that was bound to happen.\" The neuter «что» opens the clause and «то» resumes it as the main subject. «Должно было случиться» is an impersonal \"was bound to come to pass.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с такою точностию","title":"Archaic endings «-ою / -ию»","body":"«С такою точностию» shows two literary-archaic instrumental endings: «-ою» on the determiner «такою» and «-ию» on «точностию» (modern «точностью»). The older forms lend the sentence a measured, written gravity. «Свято веровал» (held as holy faith) closes the religious key."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предрекал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"предрекал","lemma":"предрекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause (subject clause of должно было случиться)","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да еще (\"and moreover\")","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точностию, with да еще (\"besides\")","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точностию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точностию","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"точностию","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предрекал","gloss":"precision","note":"Archaic instrumental ending -ию; modern Russian would use точностью."},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предрекал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative pronoun, subject of должно (resumes the что-clause)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate with было ... случиться","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"come to pass"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случиться","gloss":"beyond doubt"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of веровал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свято","lemma":"свято","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"devoutly"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c7-s50","source":"Но как же он останется без него, как же будет он не видеть его, не слышать его?","translation":"But how was he to be left without him, how was he to live without seeing him, without hearing him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же он останется без него","title":"«как же» and the perfective future","body":"The particle «же» behind interrogative «как» voices anguished insistence — \"but how on earth will he…?\" «Останется» is a perfective future (\"will be left\"), and «без него» uses «без» + genitive. The line is free indirect discourse, Alyosha's own cry inside the narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не видеть его, не слышать его","title":"Negated imperfective infinitives","body":"After «как же будет он», the imperfective infinitives «не видеть… не слышать» express the ongoing deprivation — \"how will he go on not seeing, not hearing him.\" The imperfective fits the endless, durative loss; «не» negates each verb directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of видеть","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видеть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on останется","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c7-s51","source":"И куда он пойдет?","translation":"And where was he to go?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И куда он пойдет?","title":"Perfective future of motion «пойдёт»","body":"«Пойдёт» is the perfective future of «пойти» (to set off), prefixed «по-» giving the sense of beginning a single journey: \"where will he go (set out)?\" «Куда» asks direction (motion-toward), as opposed to «где» (location)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c7-s52","source":"Велит не плакать и идти из монастыря, господи!","translation":"He bids me not to weep and to leave the monastery — Lord!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Велит","title":"«велеть» — to bid, command","body":"«Велит» (from «велеть», to bid) is a bookish verb for issuing an order, governing the dative of the person and an infinitive. The subjectless \"He bids [me] not to weep and to leave\" keeps Alyosha's stunned, second-hand reporting of the elder's command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he bids"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Велит","gloss":"to weep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плакать","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, vocative address","gloss":"Lord","note":"Vocative form of Господь, used here as an exclamation."}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c7-s53","source":"Давно уже Алеша не испытывал такой тоски.","translation":"It was long since Alyosha had felt such anguish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоски","title":"«тоска» — anguish, longing","body":"«Тоска» (here genitive «тоски» after «такой») is the famously untranslatable Russian word for a heavy spiritual ache — anguish, yearning, soul-sickness all at once. \"Such anguish\" only approximates it; it names the very mood of Dostoevsky's world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давно уже … не испытывал","title":"Imperfective past with «давно … не»","body":"«Давно уже не испытывал» — \"for a long time he had not felt\" — uses the imperfective past for a state stretching back; «давно… не» plus imperfective is the set way to say \"it had been long since.\" Fronting «давно уже» marks the time-span as the topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испытывал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испытывал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испытывал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испытывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"испытывал","lemma":"испытывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had felt"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тоски","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"тоски","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of испытывал","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c7-s54","source":"Он пошел поскорее лесом, отделявшим скит от монастыря, и, не в силах даже выносить свои мысли, до того они давили его, стал смотреть на вековые сосны по обеим сторонам лесной дорожки.","translation":"He walked quickly through the wood that divided the hermitage from the monastery, and, unable even to bear his own thoughts, so heavily did they press upon him, he began to gaze at the ancient pines on either side of the forest path.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лесом, отделявшим скит от монастыря","title":"Past active participle + instrumental of route","body":"«Лесом» is an instrumental of path (\"through / by way of the wood\"), and «отделявшим» an imperfective past active participle agreeing with it in the instrumental: \"the wood, which divided the skete from the monastery.\" «Отделять … от» governs «от» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в силах даже выносить свои мысли","title":"«не в силах» + infinitive","body":"«Не в силах» (literally \"not in [his] strengths\") is an idiom for \"unable, powerless to,\" taking an infinitive: «выносить свои мысли» — to bear his own thoughts. The reflexive possessive «свои» refers the thoughts back to the clause's subject, Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того они давили его","title":"«до того … что» of degree","body":"«До того … они давили» is the \"to such a degree\" construction (\"so heavily did they press him [that]\"), with the result clause folded in. «Давили» is imperfective, the thoughts pressing continuously; «стал смотреть» (he began to look) then turns to the pines as relief."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вековые сосны","title":"«вековые» — age-old","body":"«Вековые» (from «век», century/age) means \"centuries-old, ancient,\" describing the great pines. The word sets the timeless forest against Alyosha's churning, mortal grief — nature's permanence beside the elder's coming death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лесом","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"лесом","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"through the wood"},{"surface":"отделявшим","lemma":"отделять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying лесом","gloss":"that divided"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отделявшим","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделявшим","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the idiom не в силах (\"unable\"), governs выносить","gloss":"able","note":"Idiom не в силах = \"unable, incapable of.\""},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выносить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выносить","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on силах","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выносить","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of давили","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of давили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"давили","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"degree clause, modifies силах","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to gaze"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сосны","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вековые","lemma":"вековой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сосны","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"сосны","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"pines"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторонам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обеим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine","role":"quantifies сторонам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сторонам","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"лесной","lemma":"лесной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорожки","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"дорожки","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторонам","gloss":"path's"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c7-s55","source":"Переход был не длинен, шагов в пятьсот, не более; в этот час никто бы не мог и повстречаться, но вдруг на первом изгибе дорожки он заметил Ракитина.","translation":"The walk was not long, no more than five hundred paces; at such an hour no one could possibly cross his path, yet suddenly, at the first bend in the path, he caught sight of Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагов в пятьсот","title":"Approximation by inversion: «шагов в пятьсот»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral and inserting «в» turns the count into an estimate — \"some five hundred paces.\" «Шагов» is genitive plural after the large numeral «пятьсот». The exact phrase «в пятьсот шагов» would simply state the number; the inversion guesses it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто бы не мог и повстречаться","title":"Conditional «бы» with negative concord","body":"«Никто… не мог бы» combines the irrealis «бы» (\"could not possibly\") with negative concord: the ни-word «никто» still requires «не» on the verb. «Повстречаться» (perfective, «-ся») is to chance to meet. The emphatic/additive particle «и» before it adds \"even.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он заметил Ракитина","title":"Animate accusative «Ракитина»","body":"«Ракитина» takes the genitive-shaped accusative because it is an animate masculine noun (a surname): the object of «заметил» looks like the genitive «нет Ракитина». This is how Russian keeps subject and object apart once word order is free."}],"words":[{"surface":"Переход","lemma":"переход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of длинен","gloss":"the walk"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to длинен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies длинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"длинен","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying длинен","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятьсот (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"adjunct qualifying шагов в пятьсот (\"no more\")","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повстречаться","gloss":"even","note":"Here 'и' is the emphatic particle 'even', not the conjunction 'and'."},{"surface":"повстречаться","lemma":"повстречаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изгибе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изгибе","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"изгибе","lemma":"изгиб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"bend"},{"surface":"дорожки","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies изгибе","gloss":"of the path"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c7-s56","source":"Тот поджидал кого-то.","translation":"He was waiting for someone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот поджидал кого-то","title":"«тот» as \"he\" and indefinite «кого-то»","body":"«Тот» (\"that one\") here simply tracks the just-named Rakitin — Russian often uses the demonstrative to switch reference cleanly to a non-subject of the prior clause. «Кого-то» is «кто» + the indefinite clitic «-то», a specific-but-unidentified \"someone.\" «Поджидал» (imperfective) is to lie in wait, \"-жидать\" colouring it as deliberate watching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поджидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поджидал","lemma":"поджидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of поджидал","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кого","gloss":"-one"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c7-s57","source":"— Не меня ли ждешь? — спросил, поравнявшись с ним, Алеша.","translation":"\"Is it me you're waiting for?\" Alyosha asked, drawing level with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не меня ли ждешь?","title":"Question particle «ли» with negation","body":"«Не меня ли ждёшь?» fronts the focused «меня» (me) and follows it with the enclitic «ли»: \"is it me you're waiting for?\" The «не… ли» frame makes a tentative, expectant yes/no question — more literary than a plain rising intonation. «Ждать» takes the accusative/genitive of the awaited person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поравнявшись с ним","title":"Perfective gerund «поравнявшись»","body":"«Поравнявшись» is a perfective past gerund (от «поравняться с», to draw level with), sharing Alyosha's subject: \"[having] drawn level with him, [he] asked.\" The «-ся» verb governs «с» + instrumental «с ним»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ждешь","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're waiting for"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"поравнявшись","lemma":"поравняться","morphology":"verb, converb, past, perfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying спросил","gloss":"drawing level"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поравнявшись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c7-s58","source":"— Именно тебя, — усмехнулся Ракитин. — Поспешаешь к отцу игумену.","translation":"\"You, precisely,\" Rakitin smirked. \"You're hurrying to the Father Superior.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk","body":"«Усмехнулся» (perfective, «-ся», one momentary act) is a small, often sardonic or knowing smile — a smirk — quite unlike the warm «улыбнулся» the elder gave above. The word instantly characterizes the cynical Rakitin against the gentle monk."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Поспешаешь","title":"«поспешать» — bookish/folksy \"to hasten\"","body":"«Поспешаешь» is the imperfective «поспешать», a slightly archaic-folksy variant of «спешить» (to hurry), echoing the elder's own «поспеши». In Rakitin's mouth it carries a faint mockery of monastic haste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"elliptical predicate, answers previous question","gloss":"you","note":"Elliptical: echoes 'ждешь' from the previous line."},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Поспешаешь","lemma":"поспешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new sentence","gloss":"you're hurrying"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"title noun, in apposition to игумену","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Поспешаешь","gloss":"the Superior"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c7-s59","source":"Знаю; у того стол.","translation":"I know; he's giving a dinner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у того стол","title":"«у того» + zero copula","body":"«У того стол» is \"he's giving a dinner,\" literally \"at that one [there is] a feast,\" the «у» + genitive possessive construction with no verb. «Того» again uses the demonstrative for \"him\" (the abbot). «Стол» here means not \"table\" but a laid feast, a formal dinner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у (possessor)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"existential subject, predicate of у того (idiom for hosting a feast)","gloss":"a dinner","note":"Idiom: у него стол = he is hosting a formal dinner."}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c7-s60","source":"С самого того времени, как архиерея с генералом Пахатовым принимал, помнишь, такого стола еще не было.","translation":"There's been no spread like it since he received the bishop and General Pakhatov, you remember.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С самого того времени, как … принимал","title":"«с самого того времени, как» — ever since","body":"This is the \"ever since…\" frame: «с самого того времени, как» (\"from that very time when…\") plus the imperfective past «принимал» for the act of receiving guests. «Самого» (intensifier \"the very\") and the genitive after «с» mark the long span back to that day."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такого стола еще не было","title":"Genitive of negation: «такого стола не было»","body":"The negated existential «не было» again pulls its noun into the genitive: «такого стола» (of such a feast). \"There had not yet been such a spread.\" The «-ого» on «такого» makes the case audible where the noun's own ending might be ambiguous."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (temporal adjunct)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"архиерея","lemma":"архиерей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"the bishop"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking генералом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"генералом","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимал","gloss":"General"},{"surface":"Пахатовым","lemma":"пахатов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to генералом","gloss":"Pakhatov"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying времени","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, address to listener","gloss":"you remember"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стола","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a spread"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there's been"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c7-s61","source":"Я там не буду, а ты ступай, соусы подавай.","translation":"I shan't be there, but you go along and hand round the sauces.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я там не буду, а ты ступай","title":"Contrastive «а» and a soft command","body":"«а» is the gentle contrastive 'and/but' that pivots topic from one speaker to the other — 'I won't be there, while you go.' «не буду» is the simple (synthetic) future of «быть» in its existential/copular use — 'I won't be there' — refusing the state outright; there is no second infinitive, so it is not a compound future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ступай","title":"«ступай» — a folksy 'go along'","body":"An imperative of «ступать», colloquial and faintly condescending for 'off you go.' It carries a homely, peremptory tone, fitting Rakitin's condescending, needling tone as he sneers at Alyosha for hurrying off to the Father Superior's dinner — 'off you go, serve the sauces.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ступай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with буду","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"соусы","lemma":"соус","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подавай","gloss":"the sauces"},{"surface":"подавай","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"hand round"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c7-s62","source":"Скажи ты мне, Алексей, одно: что сей сон значит?","translation":"Tell me one thing, Alexei: what does this vision mean?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что сей сон значит?","title":"An archaic, mocking idiom","body":"«Сей» is an archaic word for 'this' (modern «этот»). The phrase «что сей сон значит?» literally means 'what does this dream/vision mean?' and is a stock bookish expression Rakitin trots out sarcastically to mock the monks' supposedly prophetic gestures. We keep the lofty register with 'what does this vision mean?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажи ты мне, Алексей, одно","title":"Imperative with an emphatic pronoun","body":"«Скажи» is the perfective imperative ('tell, just this once'), and the normally-droppable «ты» is added for buttonholing emphasis — 'you, tell me.' The full name «Алексей» in direct address sits outside the clause's grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сей","title":"The bookish demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сей» (this) is an archaic, period-elevated demonstrative the 19th-century reader meets far more than the speaker uses; Rakitin reaches for it precisely to sound mock-solemn. Modern Russian says «этот»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Скажи, anticipates the following clause","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of значит, in apposition to одно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the appositive clause explaining одно","gloss":"means"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c7-s63","source":"Я вот что хотел спросить.","translation":"That's just what I wanted to ask.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вот что хотел спросить","title":"Fronted «вот что» for focus","body":"Word order puts the object «вот что» ('this is the thing that') up front, ahead of the verb, to spotlight the coming question — Russian's free order signalling comment-focus rather than grammatical role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to ask"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c7-s64","source":"— Какой сон?","translation":"\"What vision?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой сон?","title":"Interrogative «какой» agreeing","body":"«какой» ('what kind of / which') is an adjectival interrogative and agrees with «сон» in gender, number, and case — here masculine nominative singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c7-s65","source":"— А вот земной-то поклон твоему братцу Дмитрию Федоровичу.","translation":"\"Why, that earthly bow to your dear brother Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"земной-то поклон","title":"The topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"Hyphenated «-то» here is not the indefinite suffix but the emphatic topic clitic: it underlines a known referent — 'that bow, you know the one.' It gives the phrase a knowing, colloquial nudge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братцу Дмитрию Федоровичу","title":"Diminutive «братец», name + patronymic","body":"«братец» (dear/little brother) is an affectionate-mocking diminutive of «брат», dripping with Rakitin's irony. The respectful triad of given name and patronymic «Дмитрию Фёдоровичу» (dative) clashes pointedly with that needling «братец»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the response","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies земной","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, colloquial emphatic suffix","role":"emphatic particle attached to земной","gloss":"[emphatic]","note":"Colloquial particle -то, adds emphasis with no independent meaning."},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братцу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братцу","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклон","gloss":"dear brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братцу","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c7-s66","source":"Да еще как лбом-то стукнулся!","translation":"And how he cracked his forehead on the floor, too!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лбом-то стукнулся","title":"Instrumental of means + reflexive «-ся»","body":"«лбом» is the instrumental of «лоб» (forehead) — the means by which he struck — and «стукнулся» carries the reflexive «-ся», here a self-affecting 'banged himself.' The «-то» again flags the shared topic colloquially."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да еще как","title":"Exclamatory «да ещё как»","body":"Opening «Да» is not 'yes' but an emphatic discourse particle ('and what's more'); «как» launches an exclamation of degree — 'and how he banged it!' The cluster is pure spoken texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стукнулся","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стукнулся, with как (\"and how!\")","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стукнулся, exclamatory intensifier","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнулся","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, colloquial emphatic suffix","role":"emphatic particle attached to лбом","gloss":"[emphatic]","note":"Colloquial particle -то, adds emphasis with no independent meaning."},{"surface":"стукнулся","lemma":"стукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"banged"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c7-s67","source":"— Это ты про отца Зосиму?","translation":"\"You mean about Father Zosima?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про отца Зосиму","title":"«про» + accusative; animate «отца»","body":"«про» ('about') governs the accusative, and «отца Зосиму» shows animacy: the animate masculine accusative borrows the genitive form «отца». 'You mean about Father Zosima?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse pronoun referring to previous remark","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied verb (understood: имеешь в виду)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Зосиму","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Zosima"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c7-s68","source":"— Да, про отца Зосиму.","translation":"\"Yes, about Father Zosima.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Зосиму","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Zosima"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c7-s69","source":"— Лбом?","translation":"\"His forehead?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лбом?","title":"A one-word instrumental question","body":"The whole incredulous question is a single noun in the instrumental — «лбом», 'with his forehead?' Russian's case endings let one inflected word carry a full query."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"his forehead"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c7-s70","source":"— А, непочтительно выразился!","translation":"\"Ah, I put it disrespectfully!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"непочтительно выразился","title":"Reflexive «выразиться»; adverb fronted","body":"«выразился» is the perfective of «выражаться» (to express oneself), a -ся verb where the clitic makes the act self-directed. The adverb «непочтительно» ('disrespectfully') is fronted for emphasis ahead of its verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"непочтительно","lemma":"непочтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"disrespectfully"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put it"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c7-s71","source":"Ну, пусть непочтительно.","translation":"Well, disrespectfully, then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну, пусть непочтительно","title":"Concessive «пусть»","body":"«пусть» here is not the third-person imperative ('let him...') but a concessive 'so be it / let it be' — 'fine, disrespectfully, then.' Rakitin waves away the objection and presses on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непочтительно","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"непочтительно","lemma":"непочтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical phrase (echoes выразился непочтительно)","gloss":"disrespectfully"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c7-s72","source":"Итак, что же сей сон означает?","translation":"So — what does this vision signify?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же сей сон означает?","title":"Insistent «же» and archaic «сей»","body":"The particle «же» after «что» sharpens the question into an impatient demand — 'so what on earth does it mean?' Paired with the bookish «сей», it lets Rakitin parody pious solemnity. «Итак» ('and so, therefore') opens the line with mock-rhetorical formality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, introduces the question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of означает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of означает","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"означает","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"signify"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c7-s73","source":"— Не знаю, Миша, что значит.","translation":"\"I don't know, Misha, what it means.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не знаю, Миша, что значит","title":"Subject-drop and an embedded «что»-clause","body":"The pronoun «я» is dropped — the 1st-person ending of «знаю» already shows it. «что значит» is a subordinate clause introduced by «что» ('what it means'), comma-set as Russian requires."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Миша","title":"«Миша» — familiar form of Mikhail","body":"Alyosha answers Rakitin (Mikhail Osipovich) with the intimate short name «Миша», the everyday diminutive of «Михаил». The warmth of the address quietly contrasts with Rakitin's needling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"it means"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c7-s74","source":"— Так я и знал, что он тебе это не объяснит.","translation":"\"I knew it — that he wouldn't explain it to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так я и знал","title":"The set frame «так я и знал»","body":"A fixed idiom — 'I knew it (all along).' The particle «и» reinforcing «так... знал» gives the smug confirmation; «он тебе это не объяснит» is the perfective future of «объяснить», a single completed non-act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснит","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объяснит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объяснит","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would explain"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c7-s75","source":"Мудреного тут, конечно, нет ничего, одни бы, кажись, всегдашние благоглупости.","translation":"There's nothing clever in it, of course; just the usual pious twaddle, it would seem.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мудреного тут... нет ничего","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Existential «нет» forces the genitive: «мудрёного... ничего» (gen.) — 'there is nothing clever here.' Both the negated quantity «ничего» and the substantivized adjective «мудрёного» stand in the genitive that «нет» demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одни бы, кажись, всегдашние благоглупости","title":"Hedging «бы» and «кажись»","body":"The stray «бы» plus the folksy parenthetical «кажись» ('seems like') soften the claim into a guess — 'just the usual pious nonsense, it would seem.' «бы» here lends a tentative, hypothetical colouring rather than a full conditional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоглупости","title":"«благоглупость» — a coined oxymoron","body":"A sardonic compound welding «благо-» ('pious, good') to «глупость» ('stupidity') — 'sanctimonious twaddle.' The mock-elevated «благо-» prefix, borrowed from Church-Slavonic word-building, makes the sneer sting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мудреного","lemma":"мудрёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего (attributive complement)","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, present, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies благоглупости","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies одни (conditional/tentative nuance)","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"кажись","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, parenthetical, colloquial (equivalent to \"it seems\")","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems","note":"Colloquial/dialectal form of кажется (\"it seems\")."},{"surface":"всегдашние","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies благоглупости","gloss":"the usual"},{"surface":"благоглупости","lemma":"благоглупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement, elliptical clause parallel to Мудреного ... нет ничего","gloss":"pious twaddle"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c7-s76","source":"Но фокус был проделан нарочно.","translation":"But the trick was done on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"фокус был проделан нарочно","title":"Periphrastic passive with a short participle","body":"«был проделан» is быть plus the short past passive participle of «проделать» — a result-stating passive, 'the trick was performed.' The short form «проделан» agrees with «фокус» in masculine singular."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фокус","title":"«фокус» — a conjuror's trick","body":"Not 'focus' (a false friend) but a magician's 'trick' or sleight of hand. Rakitin reduces Zosima's prostration to stagecraft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"фокус","lemma":"фокус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive проделан","gloss":"the trick"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of проделан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"проделан","lemma":"проделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проделан","gloss":"on purpose"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c7-s77","source":"Вот теперь и заговорят все святоши в городе и по губернии разнесут: «Что, дескать, сей сон означает?»","translation":"Now all the sanctimonious folk in town will start chattering and carry it about the province: 'What, you know, does this vision signify?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь и заговорят все святоши","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-» in perfective future","body":"«заговорят» is perfective future; the prefix «за-» here means 'start to' — 'they'll all start chattering.' Subject «все святоши» follows the verb, throwing the new information forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святоши","title":"«святоша» — a sanctimonious hypocrite","body":"Derived from «святой» (holy) but firmly pejorative: a pious poseur, a 'holy Joe.' Rakitin tars the whole town's devout with the same brush."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"A bookish-colloquial particle flagging that the words are someone else's, with a tinge of scorn — 'as they say', 'so they claim.' It lets Rakitin voice the gossipers while mocking them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорят","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"заговорят","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will start chattering"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of святоши","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"святоши","lemma":"святоша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of заговорят","gloss":"sanctimonious folk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святоши","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разнесут","gloss":"the province"},{"surface":"разнесут","lemma":"разнести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заговорят","gloss":"will carry it about"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of означает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of означает","gloss":"vision","note":"Literally 'dream'; the translation renders it 'vision' since Zosima's bow is being read as an omen."},{"surface":"означает","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"signify"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c7-s78","source":"По-моему, старик действительно прозорлив: уголовщину пронюхал.","translation":"If you ask me, the old man really is far-sighted: he's sniffed out a crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старик действительно прозорлив","title":"Short-form predicate adjective","body":"«прозорлив» is the short (predicative) form of «прозорливый» — bookish and stative, asserting an inherent quality: 'the old man is genuinely far-sighted.' The short form can only predicate, never modify."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозорлив","title":"«прозорливый» — spiritually far-seeing","body":"More than ordinary keen-sightedness: «прозорливость» is the gift of spiritual insight attributed to holy elders, the power to read souls and foresee. Rakitin uses the loaded word with a sneer, recasting it as merely sniffing out scandal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уголовщину пронюхал","title":"«пронюхать» — to sniff out","body":"«пронюхать» (from «нюхать», to smell) literally 'to sniff out', used figuratively and coarsely for ferreting out a secret. «уголовщина» is slangy for 'criminal business, a felony.' The animal verb deflates the elder's holy insight."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase по-моему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase по-моему","gloss":"my opinion"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прозорлив","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прозорлив","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"прозорлив","lemma":"прозорливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of старик","gloss":"is far-sighted"},{"surface":"уголовщину","lemma":"уголовщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пронюхал","gloss":"a crime"},{"surface":"пронюхал","lemma":"пронюхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"sniffed out"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c7-s79","source":"Смердит у вас.","translation":"There's a stench about your lot.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердит у вас","title":"Impersonal verb + «у вас»","body":"«Смердит» is an impersonal, subjectless verb ('it stinks'), and «у вас» ('at your place / among your lot') localizes it with «у» + genitive. There is no nominative — the construction simply asserts a state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Смердит","title":"«смердеть» — to reek (Biblical echo)","body":"An old, harsh word for a foul stench, weightier than ordinary «вонять». It carries a Scriptural ring (Lazarus 'already stinketh', John 11:39) and shares its root with the name Smerdyakov — a buried thread of corruption Rakitin's word brushes against."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердит","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reeks"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Смердит","gloss":"your lot"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c7-s80","source":"— Какую уголовщину?","translation":"\"What crime?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какую уголовщину?","title":"Accusative of «какой» + feminine noun","body":"«Какую уголовщину?» is feminine accusative singular — «какую» agrees with «уголовщину», echoing the object of an understood 'you mean.' The adjectival interrogative takes the case its noun would."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of уголовщину","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"уголовщину","lemma":"уголовщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c7-s81","source":"Ракитину видимо хотелось что-то высказать.","translation":"Rakitin was plainly itching to come out with something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ракитину видимо хотелось что-то высказать","title":"Dative subject with «хотелось»","body":"Classic impersonal: the experiencer «Ракитину» stands in the dative and the reflexive «хотелось» is neuter-impersonal — 'Rakitin felt like saying something.' This dative-want frame stages desire as something that happens to a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то высказать","title":"Indefinite «что-то» (specific-unknown)","body":"«что-то» with the clitic «-то» means a specific but unnamed something — Rakitin has a definite thing in mind he hasn't yet voiced — as opposed to «что-нибудь» ('anything at all')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was itching"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the pronoun что-то, direct object of высказать","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the pronoun что-то, direct object of высказать","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to come out with"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c7-s82","source":"— В вашей семейке она будет, эта уголовщина.","translation":"\"It'll be in your nice little family, this crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В вашей семейке она будет, эта уголовщина","title":"Topic-comment dislocation","body":"The prepositional phrase «в вашей семейке» is fronted as the topic, the verb «будет» supplies the comment, and «эта уголовщина» is tacked on at the end as an afterthought-appositive to the pronoun «она». Word order, not grammar, choreographs the menace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"семейке","title":"Diminutive «семейка» — 'nice little family'","body":"«семейка», the diminutive of «семья», here is sarcastic rather than affectionate — 'your charming little family.' The suffix curdles into contempt, a recurring tonal weapon of Rakitin's."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of семейке","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"семейке","lemma":"семейка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"nice little family"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of уголовщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уголовщина","lemma":"уголовщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c7-s83","source":"Случится она между твоими братцами и твоим богатеньким батюшкой.","translation":"It'll happen between your dear brothers and your rich little papa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Случится она между твоими братцами и твоим богатеньким батюшкой","title":"«между» + instrumental","body":"«между» ('between, among') governs the instrumental: «братцами» and «батюшкой» both carry instrumental endings. «Случится» is the perfective future of the reflexive «случиться» (to happen), foretelling a single event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"богатеньким батюшкой","title":"Diminutives «батюшка», «богатенький»","body":"«батюшка» (dear papa) and «богатенький» (nice and rich) are both diminutive-expressive, here mock-cooing — 'your rich little daddy.' Rakitin coats the dangerous Fyodor Pavlovich in syrupy contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Случится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братцами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"твоими","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies братцами","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братцами","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Случится","gloss":"dear brothers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшкой","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"богатеньким","lemma":"богатенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшкой","gloss":"rich little"},{"surface":"батюшкой","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with братцами","gloss":"papa"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c7-s84","source":"Вот отец Зосима и стукнулся лбом на всякий будущий случай.","translation":"And so Father Zosima cracked his forehead against the floor, just in case of what's to come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и стукнулся лбом на всякий будущий случай","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + instrumental of means","body":"«стукнулся» again takes «-ся» (banged himself) with «лбом» in the instrumental as the means. «на всякий случай» is the set phrase 'just in case', here expanded ironically with «будущий» — 'against any future event.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стукнулся","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стукнулся","lemma":"стукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cracked"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стукнулся","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"будущий","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнулся","gloss":"eventuality"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c7-s85","source":"Потом что случится: «Ах, ведь это старец святой предрек, напророчествовал», — хотя какое бы в том пророчество, что он лбом стукнулся?","translation":"Then, when something happens: 'Ah, you know, the holy elder foretold it, he prophesied it' — though what sort of prophecy is there in his banging his forehead on the floor?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какое бы в том пророчество","title":"Rhetorical «бы» + archaic «в том»","body":"An elliptical rhetorical question — 'what sort of prophecy could there be in that?' — where «бы» lends the hypothetical, dismissive force. «в том» uses the bookish demonstrative «тот» in the prepositional, 'in that.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предрек, напророчествовал","title":"Solemn doublet «предречь / напророчествовать»","body":"Two lofty verbs for 'foretold / prophesied': «предрёк» is the elevated, near-Slavonic «предречь», «напророчествовал» the perfective of «пророчествовать». Rakitin piles the sacred vocabulary high precisely to mock the credulous who would use it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ах, ведь это старец святой предрек","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to supposed shared knowledge — 'why, after all, the holy elder foretold it.' Rakitin ventriloquizes the gullible gossips, and «ведь» captures their knowing, self-assured tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случится","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the quoted remark","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the quoted clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предрек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предрек","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"предрек","lemma":"предречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"напророчествовал","lemma":"напророчествовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предрек","gloss":"prophesied"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пророчество","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пророчество","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical какое...пророчество construction","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner referring to стукнулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пророчество","lemma":"пророчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the rhetorical clause","gloss":"prophecy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стукнулся","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стукнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнулся","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"стукнулся","lemma":"стукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"banged"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c7-s86","source":"Нет, это, дескать, эмблема была, аллегория, и черт знает что!","translation":"No, they'll say, it was an emblem, an allegory, and the devil knows what else!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это, дескать, эмблема была, аллегория","title":"Reported «дескать»; overt past copula «была»","body":"«дескать» again flags imagined speech. «эмблема была» inverts subject and the past «была» for emphasis ('it was an emblem'); in the past Russian does use a copula, gendered to agree with «эмблема»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт знает что","title":"«чёрт знает что» — 'the devil knows what'","body":"A fixed exclamation of exasperated dismissal — 'God knows what nonsense.' The casual blasphemy is pointed coming amid mockery of the monks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted remark","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech","gloss":"they'll say"},{"surface":"эмблема","lemma":"эмблема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"an emblem"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"аллегория","lemma":"аллегория","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with эмблема","gloss":"an allegory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c7-s87","source":"Расславят, запомнят: преступление, дескать, предугадал, преступника отметил.","translation":"They'll trumpet it, they'll remember it: he foresaw the crime, they'll say, he marked out the criminal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступление... предугадал, преступника отметил","title":"Object-first order + animate accusative","body":"Both clauses front the object before the verb for rhetorical drumbeat. «преступника» shows animate accusative borrowing the genitive form (vs. inanimate «преступление», whose accusative = nominative) — the case quietly marks the criminal as a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расславят","lemma":"расславить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll trumpet it"},{"surface":"запомнят","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Расславят","gloss":"they'll remember it"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предугадал","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech","gloss":"they'll say"},{"surface":"предугадал","lemma":"предугадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отметил","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"отметил","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предугадал","gloss":"marked out"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c7-s88","source":"У юродивых и всё так: на кабак крестится, а в храм камнями мечет.","translation":"It's always so with the holy fools: he crosses himself at the tavern and hurls stones at the church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У юродивых и всё так","title":"«у» + genitive plural for 'with/among'","body":"«У юродивых» uses «у» + genitive plural to mean 'with holy fools, in their case' — the same possessive «у» that elsewhere expresses 'having.' «всё так» = 'it's always like that.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на кабак крестится, а в храм камнями мечет","title":"Reflexive «креститься»; contrastive «а»","body":"«крестится» is reflexive ('crosses himself'), a self-directed ritual act. «а» pivots to the antithesis — crossing oneself at the tavern but stoning the church — with «камнями» in the instrumental of means. The balanced antithesis is the whole rhetorical point."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юродивых","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"юродивых","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective used as noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of так","gloss":"holy fools"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of всё, main clause","gloss":"is so"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабак","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кабак","lemma":"кабак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крестится","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"крестится","lemma":"креститься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"illustrates так (main clause)","gloss":"crosses himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking храм","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"храм","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мечет","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"камнями","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrument of мечет","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"мечет","lemma":"метать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крестится","gloss":"hurls"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c7-s89","source":"Так и твой старец: праведника палкой вон, а убийце в ноги поклон.","translation":"And so it is with your elder: he drives the righteous man out with a stick, but bows to the ground before a murderer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"праведника палкой вон, а убийце в ноги поклон","title":"Verbless antithesis across the cases","body":"A taut, verbless parallel: animate accusative «праведника» (the righteous man, driven out) against dative «убийце» (to the murderer, bowed); «палкой» is instrumental of means. The omitted verbs and case-only contrast give the line its epigrammatic snap."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"праведник","title":"«праведник» — the righteous one","body":"A «праведник» is a righteous, godly man, often with the religious weight of a 'just man' or near-saint. Set against «убийца» (murderer), it makes Rakitin's charge of inverted values cut deep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the sentence","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"праведника","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided verb (drives out)","gloss":"the righteous man","note":"The verb 'drives out' is elided in Russian, understood from вон; the sentence reads as a stark list of actions."},{"surface":"палкой","lemma":"палка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of the elided verb","gloss":"with a stick"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elided verb","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"убийце","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided verb (bows)","gloss":"to a murderer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom в ноги (bow at the feet)","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вон, elided predicate","gloss":"a bow"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c7-s90","source":"— Какое преступление?","translation":"\"What crime?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое преступление?","title":"Neuter «какое» agreeing","body":"«Какое» is neuter to agree with the neuter «преступление» — the adjectival interrogative matches its noun in gender, number, and case (here nominative)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступление","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c7-s91","source":"Какому убийце?","translation":"What murderer?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какому убийце?","title":"Dative «какому убийце»","body":"Alyosha echoes Rakitin's case: «какому убийце» is dative, picking up «в ноги поклон убийце» — 'to what murderer?' The interrogative «какому» agrees with the dative «убийце»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of убийце","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"убийце","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"murderer"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c7-s92","source":"Что ты? — Алеша стал как вкопанный, остановился и Ракитин.","translation":"What do you mean?\" Alyosha stood rooted to the spot, and Rakitin stopped as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стал как вкопанный","title":"«как вкопанный» — rooted to the spot","body":"A fixed simile, literally 'as if dug in', for someone frozen stock-still. «вкопанный» is a past passive participle ('dug in') used adjectivally in this idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановился и Ракитин","title":"Verb-first order with additive «и»","body":"Here «и» is the additive adverb 'too / also', and the verb «остановился» precedes its subject «Ракитин» — 'Rakitin stopped as well.' The inversion mirrors and balances Alyosha's freezing in the prior clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause Что ты","gloss":"do you mean"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вкопанный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вкопанный","lemma":"вкопанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying стал","gloss":"rooted to the spot"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитин","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c7-s93","source":"— Какому?","translation":"\"What murderer?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, referring back to убийце","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c7-s94","source":"Быдто не знаешь?","translation":"As though you didn't know!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Быдто","title":"«быдто» — colloquial «будто»","body":"A slurred, substandard spelling of «будто» ('as if, as though'), rendering Rakitin's careless speech. «Быдто не знаешь?» = 'as though you didn't know!' — a sneering rhetorical jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Быдто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c7-s95","source":"Бьюсь об заклад, что ты сам уж об этом думал.","translation":"I'll wager you've thought about it yourself already.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бьюсь об заклад","title":"«биться об заклад» — to bet","body":"A set idiom, somewhat archaic-colloquial, for 'I'll wager / I bet.' «заклад» is an old word for a stake or pledge; the phrase has the flavour of confident, gambling certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам уж об этом думал","title":"Intensifier «сам» + particle «уж»","body":"«сам» ('yourself') intensifies «ты», and «уж» (a clipped «уже», 'already') adds insistent emphasis — 'you yourself have already thought about it.' «об этом» is «о» + prepositional, 'about this.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Бьюсь","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll wager"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заклад","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заклад","lemma":"заклад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бьюсь","gloss":"a bet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Бьюсь","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c7-s96","source":"Кстати, это любопытно: слушай, Алеша, ты всегда правду говоришь, хотя всегда между двух стульев садишься: думал ты об этом или не думал, отвечай?","translation":"By the way, this is interesting: listen, Alyosha, you always tell the truth, even though you always seat yourself between two stools — did you think about it or not, answer me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты всегда правду говоришь, хотя всегда между двух стульев садишься","title":"Imperfective of habit + concessive «хотя»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present of habit — «говоришь», «садишься» (reflexive) — for what Alyosha 'always' does. «хотя» ('although') opens a concessive clause; «между двух стульев» (gen.) is the idiom 'between two stools.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"думал ты об этом или не думал, отвечай?","title":"Disjunctive 'whether...or not' + imperative","body":"A 'X or not-X' alternative question — «думал... или не думал» — framing a yes/no demand, capped by the bare imperative «отвечай» ('answer!'). The repeated verb with «или... не» is Russian's emphatic way to corner an answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to любопытно","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of любопытно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"is interesting"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любопытно","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with слушай","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушай","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of садишься","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садишься","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стульев","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies стульев","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"стульев","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of садишься","gloss":"stools","note":"'сидеть между двух стульев' (to sit between two stools) is the Russian idiom for refusing to commit to either side."},{"surface":"садишься","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говоришь","gloss":"you seat yourself"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did you think"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"answer me"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c7-s97","source":"— Думал, — тихо ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"I did,\" Alyosha answered quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо ответил Алеша","title":"Adverb–verb–subject order in a speech tag","body":"A typical narrative inversion: adverb «тихо» then perfective «ответил» then subject «Алеша» — 'Alyosha answered quietly.' The single perfective verb marks one completed reply against the dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I did"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Думал","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c7-s98","source":"Даже Ракитин смутился.","translation":"Even Rakitin was disconcerted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже Ракитин смутился","title":"Focusing particle «даже» + reflexive","body":"«даже» ('even') puts the surprise on Rakitin himself. «смутился» is reflexive ('became flustered'), a -ся verb of inward change of state — the cynic, for once, is thrown."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитин","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was disconcerted"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c7-s99","source":"— Что ты?","translation":"\"What's this?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c7-s100","source":"Да неужто и ты уж думал? — вскричал он.","translation":"Can it be that you, too, have already thought of it?\" he cried.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неужто","title":"«неужто» — incredulous «неужели»","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned variant of «неужели» — 'can it really be?', 'you don't say!' It registers Rakitin's genuine astonishment that Alyosha admits it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужто и ты уж думал?","title":"Stacked emphatic particles","body":"A pile-up of spoken particles: «Да» (and), «неужто» (incredulity), «и» (even/too on «ты»), «уж» (already) — together 'You don't mean to say even you have already thought of it?!' Such particle clusters are the lifeblood of Dostoevsky's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"thought of it"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c7-s101","source":"— Я... я не то чтобы думал, — пробормотал Алеша, — а вот как ты сейчас стал про это так странно говорить, то мне и показалось, что я про это сам думал.","translation":"\"I... it isn't that I exactly thought it,\" Alyosha mumbled, \"but just now, when you suddenly began talking about it so strangely, it seemed to me that I had been thinking it myself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не то чтобы думал","title":"The hedging frame «не то чтобы»","body":"«не то чтобы...» means 'it's not exactly that...', a qualifying construction that half-denies. Alyosha gropes for precision — not that he 'thought' it outright — and the «чтобы» here is part of the fixed phrase, not a purpose clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне и показалось, что я про это сам думал","title":"Dative subject «мне показалось»","body":"Impersonal again: «мне показалось» — 'it seemed to me' — with the experiencer «мне» in the dative and no nominative subject. The «и» adds 'and so', linking cause to effect; «что»-clause reports the seeming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробормотал","title":"«пробормотать» — to mumble","body":"The perfective of «бормотать» (to mutter); the «про-» prefix bounds the action as 'to get out a mumble.' The speech verb paints Alyosha's flustered, halting reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"false start, interrupted","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"thought it"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думал","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показалось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"had been thinking"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c7-s102","source":"— Видишь (и как ты это ясно выразил), видишь?","translation":"\"You see (and how clearly you put it), you see?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видишь... видишь?","title":"Imperfective present «видишь»","body":"«видишь» ('you see') is 2nd-person singular present of the imperfective «видеть» — second conjugation (-ишь). Repeated as a triumphant rhetorical bracket around the parenthesis, with subject «ты» dropped."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ты это ясно выразил","title":"Exclamatory «как» + perfective past","body":"«как... ясно выразил» is an exclamation of degree — 'how clearly you put it!' «выразил» is perfective past (a single, achieved formulation), the prefix «вы-» marking completion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выразил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразил","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"выразил","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Видишь","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Видишь","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c7-s103","source":"Сегодня, глядя на папашу и на братца Митеньку, о преступлении подумал?","translation":"Today, looking at your papa and at your dear brother Mitenka, you thought of a crime?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядя на папашу и на братца Митеньку","title":"Imperfective gerund «глядя»","body":"«глядя» is the present (imperfective) gerund («деепричастие») of «глядеть» — 'while looking', an attendant action sharing the main subject 'you.' It compresses a 'as you looked...' clause into one adverbial word, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папашу... братца Митеньку","title":"A ladder of diminutives","body":"«папаша» (familiar 'pa'), «братец» (mock-affectionate 'little brother'), and «Митенька» (the tender diminutive ladder Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька) all drip with Rakitin's needling intimacy. The names are themselves characterisation, sweet on the surface and barbed beneath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папашу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"папашу","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"your papa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with папашу","gloss":"your brother"},{"surface":"Митеньку","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братца","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"a crime"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you think"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c7-s104","source":"Стало быть, не ошибаюсь же я?","translation":"So I'm not mistaken, am I?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть, не ошибаюсь же я?","title":"«стало быть» + insistent «же»","body":"«Стало быть» is a fixed inferential 'so then, consequently.' «не ошибаюсь» is reflexive imperfective present ('I'm not mistaken'), and «же» presses the question home — 'so I'm not wrong, am I?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть (so, consequently)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошибаюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ошибаюсь","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I mistaken"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошибаюсь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ошибаюсь","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c7-s105","source":"— Да подожди, подожди, — тревожно прервал Алеша, — из чего ты-то всё это видишь?..","translation":"\"But wait, wait,\" Alyosha broke in uneasily, \"what is it that lets you see all this?..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да подожди, подожди","title":"Repeated perfective imperative","body":"«подожди» is the perfective imperative of «подождать» (to wait a bit); the «по-» gives a delimited 'wait a moment.' Doubling it conveys Alyosha's agitated urgency to halt Rakitin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из чего ты-то всё это видишь","title":"«из чего» (gen.) + topic clitic «-то»","body":"«из чего» — «из» + genitive — asks 'from what / out of what do you see all this?' The clitic «-то» on «ты» topicalizes Rakitin pointedly: 'you, of all people.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подожди","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подожди","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"тревожно","lemma":"тревожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"uneasily"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подожди","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видишь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видишь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видишь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"do you see"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c7-s106","source":"Почему это тебя так занимает, вот первое дело?","translation":"Why does it interest you so much — that's the first thing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему это тебя так занимает","title":"Accusative experiencer with «занимать»","body":"Here the thing interests the person: «тебя» (accusative) is the object of «занимает» ('occupies, interests you'), with «это» the nominative subject — 'why does this interest you so?' A different framing of inner life from the dative-experiencer pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of занимает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of занимает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимает","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"занимает","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interests"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первое","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, in apposition to the question","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c7-s107","source":"— Два вопроса раздельные, но естественные.","translation":"\"Two separate questions, but natural ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Два вопроса раздельные, но естественные","title":"Genitive singular after «два»","body":"After «два» the noun takes the genitive singular — «вопроса» — though the modifying adjectives «раздельные, но естественные» stand in nominative plural, agreeing with the plural sense of the whole phrase. A classic numeral-agreement quirk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies вопроса","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the subject phrase (with Два)","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"раздельные","lemma":"раздельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of вопроса","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"естественные","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with раздельные","gloss":"natural"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c7-s108","source":"Отвечу на каждый порознь.","translation":"I'll answer each in turn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отвечу на каждый порознь","title":"Perfective future «отвечу»","body":"«Отвечу» is perfective future ('I will answer'), conjugated with present-type endings but pointing forward to a completed act. Subject «я» is dropped; «на каждый» = «на» + accusative, 'to each one.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Отвечу","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждый","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Отвечу","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"порознь","lemma":"порознь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Отвечу","gloss":"separately"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c7-s109","source":"Почему вижу?","translation":"Why do I see it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему вижу?","title":"Subject-dropped present","body":"A bare question — 'Why do I see [it]?' — with «я» dropped, the 1st-singular ending of «вижу» (2nd conjugation -жу) doing the work alone. Russian readily omits the pronoun once the ending is unambiguous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do I see it"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c7-s110","source":"Ничего я бы тут не видел, если бы Дмитрия Федоровича, брата твоего, вдруг сегодня не понял всего как есть, разом и вдруг, всего как он есть.","translation":"I'd have seen nothing here, if I hadn't suddenly understood your brother Dmitri Fyodorovich today, the whole of him exactly as he is, all at once and in a flash, the whole of him just as he is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего я бы тут не видел, если бы... не понял","title":"A full counterfactual conditional","body":"A textbook past-counterfactual: both clauses pair a past-tense verb with «бы» — «я бы не видел» (main) and «если бы... не понял» (the «если бы» protasis). The mobile «бы» leans on «ничего» in the main clause. 'I'd have seen nothing, if I hadn't understood...'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия Федоровича, брата твоего","title":"Animate accusative + appositive","body":"«Дмитрия Фёдоровича» (the object of «не понял») is animate masculine accusative, identical to the genitive; «брата твоего» is an appositive in the same case. Inverted «брата твоего» (noun before possessive) gives a faintly bookish weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of видел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of понял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понял (genitive under negation)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрия","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (if-)clause on видел","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрия","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with разом","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрия (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause как он есть","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c7-s111","source":"По какой-то одной черте так и захватил его разом всего.","translation":"By some single trait I seized hold of him entire, all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По какой-то одной черте так и захватил его разом всего","title":"«по» + dative; indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«по» governs the dative — «по... черте» ('by some single trait'). «какой-то» (with «-то») marks a specific but unidentified trait. «захватил» is perfective past ('seized'), «его... всего» the animate accusative object, 'the whole of him.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черте","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черте","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"marks какой as indefinite (какой-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies черте","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"черте","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"entirely"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c7-s112","source":"У этих честнейших, но любострастных людей есть черта, которую не переходи.","translation":"These thoroughly honest but voluptuous men have a line that must not be crossed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть черта, которую не переходи","title":"Relative «который» + warning imperative","body":"«которую» is feminine accusative, agreeing in gender/number with «черта» but taking the case its own clause needs (object of «переходи»). The imperative «не переходи» ('don't cross') used generically as a gnomic 'one mustn't cross' — a vivid 2nd-person-for-anyone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любострастных","title":"«любострастный» — lustful","body":"A bookish, slightly archaic adjective for 'voluptuous, given to carnal passion', compounding «любо-» (love) with «страсть» (passion). It belongs to the elevated-moralizing register, foreshadowing «сладострастник» below."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"честнейших","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"most honest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"любострастных","lemma":"любострастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"voluptuous"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переходи","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переходи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переходи","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on черта","gloss":"cross"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b2-c7-s113","source":"Не то — не то он и папеньку ножом пырнет.","translation":"Otherwise — otherwise he'll even put a knife into his papa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то — не то он и папеньку ножом пырнет","title":"«не то» + perfective future; instrumental of means","body":"«не то» is the conditional connective 'otherwise / or else.' «пырнёт» is vivid perfective future ('he'll stab'), «ножом» the instrumental of the weapon, and «и» before «папеньку» means 'even his own papa.' The repeated «не то» heightens the menace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папеньку","title":"Diminutive «папенька»","body":"A tender-old-fashioned diminutive of 'papa' (animate accusative «папеньку»), here freighted with Rakitin's sarcasm — the loving word makes the imagined parricide more grotesque."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker (idiom 'не то' = otherwise)","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker introducing consequence clause","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пырнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies папеньку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"папеньку","lemma":"папенька","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пырнет","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"ножом","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пырнет","gloss":"with a knife"},{"surface":"пырнет","lemma":"пырнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will knife"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b2-c7-s114","source":"А папенька пьяный и невоздержный беспутник, никогда и ни в чем меры не понимал — не удержатся оба, и бух оба в канаву...","translation":"And the papa is a drunken, unbridled debauchee who never in anything knew any measure — the two of them won't hold back, and into the ditch they'll both go, plop...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда и ни в чем меры не понимал","title":"Negative concord with «ни»","body":"Multiple negatives reinforce one meaning: «никогда» (never), «ни в чём» (in nothing), and the verbal «не понимал» — three negators, one sense, 'never knew measure in anything.' «меры» is genitive of negation under «не понимал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бух оба в канаву","title":"Onomatopoeic «бух» — 'plop'","body":"«бух» is an interjectional verb-substitute mimicking a heavy fall or splash, like English 'plop / thud'; used in place of a finite verb for vivid, abrupt effect — 'and into the ditch, the pair of them, plop.' «беспутник» nearby is 'a dissolute fellow, a profligate.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"папенька","lemma":"папенька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject; predicate беспутник","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беспутник","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невоздержный","lemma":"невоздержный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пьяный","gloss":"unrestrained"},{"surface":"беспутник","lemma":"беспутник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun for папенька","gloss":"debauchee"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links никогда and ни в чём","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"меры","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on беспутник","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержатся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удержатся","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will restrain themselves"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on удержатся","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бух","lemma":"бух","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with удержатся","gloss":"plop!"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on бух","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канаву","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"канаву","lemma":"канава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бух","gloss":"ditch"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b2-c7-s115","source":"— Нет, Миша, нет, если только это, так ты меня ободрил.","translation":"\"No, Misha, no; if that's all it is, then you've reassured me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только это, так ты меня ободрил","title":"Real (indicative) conditional with «если»","body":"A real conditional — plain «если» (no «бы»), so indicative, not counterfactual: 'if that's all it is.' «так» introduces the consequence; «ободрил» is perfective past, 'you've reassured me' (a completed effect)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ободрил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of implied 'есть' (if this is all)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ободрил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ободрил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ободрил","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reassured"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b2-c7-s116","source":"До того не дойдет.","translation":"It won't come to that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"До того не дойдет","title":"«до» + genitive; impersonal feel","body":"«до того» is «до» + genitive demonstrative — 'to that point.' «не дойдёт» is perfective future of the prefixed motion verb «дойти» used figuratively, 'it won't reach / come to that.' Subject is the vague 'it', left unexpressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дойдет","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come to"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b2-c7-s117","source":"— А чего ты весь трясешься?","translation":"\"Then why are you trembling all over?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А чего ты весь трясешься?","title":"Reflexive «трястись»; «весь» as adverbial","body":"«трясёшься» is the reflexive «трястись» (to tremble, shake), a -ся verb of bodily state. «весь» ('whole, all over') agrees with «ты» as an emphatic predicate-modifier — 'why are you all a-tremble?' Opening «А» pivots the topic accusingly."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies трясешься (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of трясешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (all over)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"трясешься","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are trembling"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b2-c7-s118","source":"Знаешь ты штуку?","translation":"Do you know the thing of it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штуку","title":"«штука» — 'the thing of it'","body":"Literally 'a piece/item', but colloquially 'the trick, the point, the catch.' «Знаешь ты штуку?» = 'Do you know the thing of it?' — Rakitin promising a clinching insight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Знаешь","gloss":"the trick"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b2-c7-s119","source":"Пусть он и честный человек, Митенька-то (он глуп, но честен); но он — сладострастник.","translation":"Granted he's an honest man, Mitenka (he's stupid, but honest); but he's — a sensualist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть он и честный человек","title":"Concessive «пусть» + «и»","body":"«Пусть... и» is the concessive 'granted that, let it be that' — 'granted he's an honest man.' «честный человек» is a bare nominative predicate (zero copula in the present). The concession sets up the «но» reversal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастник","title":"«сладострастник» — a sensualist","body":"From «сладострастие» ('voluptuousness', literally 'sweet-passion'), a key Karamazov word: a man enslaved to sensual pleasure. Dostoevsky makes «сладострастие» a defining family trait, and Rakitin pins it on Dmitri as 'his entire inner essence.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митенька-то (он глуп, но честен)","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«глуп» and «честен» are short (predicative) adjective forms of «глупый» and «честный» — bookish, stating qualities crisply: 'he's stupid but honest.' The «-то» on «Митенька» topicalizes him knowingly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces concessive clause on человек","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of predicate человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies честный (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"честный","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun for он","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митенька (emphatic -то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глуп","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical predicate of он","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"честен","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глуп","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сладострастник","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сладострастник","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun for он","gloss":"a sensualist"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b2-c7-s120","source":"Вот его определение и вся внутренняя суть.","translation":"There's the whole definition of him, and his entire inner essence.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот его определение и вся внутренняя суть","title":"Frozen possessive «его»; zero copula","body":"«его» ('his') is the invariable third-person possessive, never declining, here modifying «определение». The whole sentence is verbless — a nominative naming-statement with no copula in the present: 'There's the whole definition of him.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentational particle, head of the phrase","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of определение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"определение","lemma":"определение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject presented by Вот","gloss":"definition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суть","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"внутренняя","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суть","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"суть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with определение","gloss":"essence"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b2-c7-s121","source":"Это отец ему передал свое подлое сладострастие.","translation":"It was the father who handed down to him that vile sensuality.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это отец ему передал","title":"Fronted «это» as a cleft","body":"«Это» here is not the demonstrative pronoun but an emphatic particle fronting the whole clause, equivalent to an English cleft: «it was the father who…». The real subject «отец» follows, and «ему» (dative) is the indirect object — to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастие","title":"«сладострастие» — voluptuousness","body":"A bookish compound of «сладкий» (sweet) and «страсть» (passion): lustful sensuality, voluptuousness. It is the keyword of the whole Karamazov chapter, recurring as the family vice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle (cleft: it was...)","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed down"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сладострастие","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"подлое","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сладострастие","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"сладострастие","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"sensuality"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b2-c7-s122","source":"Ведь я только на тебя, Алеша, дивлюсь: как это ты девственник?","translation":"You know, Alyosha, you're the one thing I marvel at: how is it that you're a virgin?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» opens the sentence as an appeal to shared knowledge — 'you know', 'after all'. Rakitin uses it constantly here to draw Alyosha into complicity, a hallmark of his insinuating, conversational manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дивлюсь","title":"Reflexive «дивиться» — to marvel","body":"«Дивлюсь» is the 1sg of «дивиться», a -ся verb meaning 'to marvel at, wonder at', governing «на» + accusative «на тебя» ('to marvel at'); the form «тебя» is accusative, not dative (which would be «тебе»). The reflexive -сь here marks an inner, intransitive reaction rather than a true reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девственник","title":"«девственник» — a virgin (male)","body":"The masculine form of 'virgin' (feminine «девственница»), from «дева» (maiden). Rakitin throws it at Alyosha half-mockingly, and it becomes a refrain through the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дивлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of дивлюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"дивлюсь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom 'как это' (how is it that)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'как это' (how is it that)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of девственник","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"девственник","lemma":"девственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun for ты","gloss":"virgin"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b2-c7-s123","source":"Ведь и ты Карамазов!","translation":"You're a Karamazov too, after all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь и ты Карамазов!","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"There is no verb 'to be': «ты Карамазов» simply juxtaposes subject and nominative predicate noun, the normal Russian way of saying 'you are a Karamazov' in the present. The particle «и» here means 'also, too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun for ты","gloss":"a Karamazov"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b2-c7-s124","source":"Ведь в вашем семействе сладострастие до воспаления доведено.","translation":"In your family, you know, sensuality is worked up to the point of fever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до воспаления доведено","title":"Short passive participle «доведено»","body":"«Доведено» is the short (predicative) neuter form of the past passive participle «доведённый» (from «довести», to bring/carry to a point), agreeing with the neuter «сладострастие». It states a resultant condition: 'has been brought to the point of inflammation'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до воспаления","title":"«до» + genitive of extent","body":"The preposition «до» governs the genitive «воспаления» and marks the limit reached — 'up to inflammation', i.e. worked up to a feverish pitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семействе","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"семействе","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доведено","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"сладострастие","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive доведено","gloss":"sensuality"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспаления","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воспаления","lemma":"воспаление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сладострастие","gloss":"a fever pitch"},{"surface":"доведено","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worked up"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b2-c7-s125","source":"Ну вот эти три сладострастника друг за другом теперь и следят... с ножами за сапогом.","translation":"Well, so these three sensualists are watching one another now... with knives tucked in their boots.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"друг за другом… следят","title":"Reciprocal «друг за другом» and «следить за»","body":"«Друг за другом» (literally 'friend after friend') is the fixed reciprocal phrase 'one after another / one another'; only the second «друг» declines for the governing preposition. «Следить за» + instrumental means 'to keep watch on', so the three watch each other."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастника","title":"«сладострастник» — a sensualist","body":"The agent noun from «сладострастие»: a man given over to lust, a voluptuary. Here «три сладострастника» — «сладострастника» is the genitive singular governed by «три» (numerals 2–4 take the genitive singular), labelling the three rivalrous Karamazov men; the nominative plural «сладострастники» does not appear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ножами за сапогом","title":"«нож за сапогом» — a knife in the boot","body":"Literally 'with knives behind the boot' — the proverbial image of a peasant or brigand carrying a hidden knife tucked into the boot-top, ready for murder. It paints the Karamazov rivalry as lethal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три (presentational)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on сладострастника","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"сладострастника","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следят","gloss":"sensualists"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of idiom 'друг за другом' (each other), object of следят","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следят (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"следят","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ножами","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"knives"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогом","gloss":"tucked in"},{"surface":"сапогом","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ножами","gloss":"boot"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b2-c7-s126","source":"Состукнулись трое лбами, а ты, пожалуй, четвертый.","translation":"The three of them have already locked horns, and you, very likely, make a fourth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Состукнулись… лбами","title":"«столкнуться лбами» — to butt heads","body":"«Состукнулись» (colloquial for «столкнулись», 'collided') with «лбами» (instrumental plural of «лоб», forehead) gives the idiom 'knocked their foreheads together', i.e. came to blows, locked horns. The instrumental «лбами» names the body part used."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ты, пожалуй, четвертый","title":"Contrastive «а» and hedging «пожалуй»","body":"«А» pivots gently to a new subject — 'and you, for your part'. «Пожалуй» is a modal hedge, 'perhaps, very likely, I daresay', softening the claim that Alyosha makes a fourth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Состукнулись","lemma":"состукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have locked heads"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of Состукнулись","gloss":"the three"},{"surface":"лбами","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Состукнулись","gloss":"foreheads"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of четвертый","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier","gloss":"very likely"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate for ты","gloss":"a fourth"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b2-c7-s127","source":"— Ты про эту женщину ошибаешься.","translation":"— You're mistaken about that woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про эту женщину","title":"«про» + accusative — 'about'","body":"«Про» governs the accusative «эту женщину» and means 'about, concerning', a slightly more colloquial equivalent of «о» + prepositional. «Ошибаешься» is the reflexive «ошибаться», to be mistaken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ошибаешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщину","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ошибаешься","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"ошибаешься","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are mistaken"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b2-c7-s128","source":"Дмитрий ее презирает, — как-то вздрагивая, проговорил Алеша.","translation":"Dmitri despises her, — Alyosha said, with a kind of shudder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то вздрагивая","title":"Imperfective gerund «вздрагивая»","body":"«Вздрагивая» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «вздрагивать», 'to shudder, give a start', describing the manner attending Alyosha's speech — 'speaking with a kind of shudder'. It shares his subject and runs simultaneously with «проговорил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как-то","title":"«как-то» — somehow, in a kind of way","body":"The indefinite adverb «как-то», interrogative «как» plus the -то clitic, softens the description: 'somehow, in a sort of way'. It lends Dostoevsky's narration its hesitant, groping precision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирает","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то (somehow), modifies вздрагивая","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то (somehow)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вздрагивая","lemma":"вздрагивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies проговорил (manner)","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b2-c7-s129","source":"— Грушеньку-то?","translation":"— Grushenka, you mean?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушеньку-то?","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» attached to «Грушеньку» (accusative) is the emphatic topic clitic, not the indefinite one: it picks up and stresses a just-mentioned referent — 'Grushenka, you mean?'. It is a staple of colloquial reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (echo question)","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Грушеньку (emphatic -то)","gloss":"you mean"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b2-c7-s130","source":"Нет, брат, не презирает.","translation":"No, brother, he does not despise her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не презирает","title":"Negated present «не презирает»","body":"«Не презирает» negates the imperfective present 'he despises' with «не» placed directly before the verb — the basic Russian negator. The repetition across these lines (презирает / не презирает) drives Rakitin's argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despises"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b2-c7-s131","source":"Уж когда невесту свою въявь на нее променял, то не презирает.","translation":"Once a man openly throws over his own betrothed for her, he doesn't despise her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж когда… то не презирает","title":"Correlative «когда… то»","body":"The subordinating «когда» ('once, when') is answered by the resumptive «то» ('then') opening the main clause — a common 19th-century correlative frame. «Уж» reinforces it: 'once a man has actually gone so far as to…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невесту свою","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«Свою» (reflexive possessive, accusative feminine) means 'his own', referring back to the clause's subject, the man who throws over his betrothed. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"въявь","title":"«въявь» — openly, in plain sight","body":"A bookish, archaic adverb (from «явь», waking reality) meaning 'openly, manifestly, before everyone's eyes'. It heightens the scandal of the betrayal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда (once already)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of променял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of променял","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"въявь","lemma":"въявь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies променял","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of променял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"променял","lemma":"променять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (when-)clause on презирает","gloss":"traded away"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative 'then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despises"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b2-c7-s132","source":"Тут... тут, брат, нечто, чего ты теперь не поймешь.","translation":"There's... there's something here, brother, that you can't grasp yet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечто, чего ты… не поймешь","title":"«нечто» with genitive-of-negation relative","body":"«Нечто» is the indefinite 'something'; the relative pronoun «чего» stands in the genitive because its verb «не поймёшь» is negated — the genitive of negation reaching into the relative clause. «Поймёшь» is a perfective future, 'you won't (manage to) grasp'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (presentational)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (presentational, repeated)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"depends on тут","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поймешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймешь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поймешь","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on нечто","gloss":"will grasp"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b2-c7-s133","source":"Тут влюбится человек в какую-нибудь красоту, в тело женское, или даже только в часть одну тела женского (это сладострастник может понять), то и отдаст за нее собственных детей, продаст отца и мать, Россию и отечество; будучи честен, пойдет и украдет; будучи кроток — зарежет, будучи верен — изменит.","translation":"When a man falls in love with some beauty, with a woman's body, or even with no more than a single part of a woman's body (a sensualist can understand this), then he'll give up his own children for her sake, he'll sell his father and mother, sell Russia and his fatherland; an honest man, he'll go and steal; a meek man, he'll cut a throat; a faithful man, he'll betray.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будучи честен, пойдет и украдет","title":"Concessive gerund «будучи» + short adjective","body":"«Будучи» is the gerund of «быть» ('being'), here concessive — 'though he be honest'. It governs the short-form predicate adjective «честен» (and parallel «кроток», «верен»), the bookish predicative form favoured for such absolute states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдаст… продаст… пойдет… зарежет… изменит","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"The whole apodosis is a cascade of perfective verbs conjugated as simple futures — «отдаст, продаст, украдёт, зарежет, изменит» — each naming one decisive completed act. The rhythm of single perfectives makes the catastrophe feel headlong and inevitable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в какую-нибудь красоту","title":"«какой-нибудь» — some (any) beauty","body":"«Какую-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite, 'some… or other, any', built with the -нибудь clitic, marking the object of infatuation as arbitrary and interchangeable — the point Rakitin presses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюбится","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"влюбится","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls in love"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюбится","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красоту","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of красоту","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"marks какую as indefinite","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"красоту","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбится","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тело","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with красоту","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"женское","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"a woman's"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часть","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тело","gloss":"a part"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies часть","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"of a body"},{"surface":"женского","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тела","gloss":"a woman's"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сладострастник","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a sensualist"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative 'then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдаст (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влюбится","gloss":"will give away"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдаст","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"собственных","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отдаст","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"продаст","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдаст","gloss":"will sell"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of продаст","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отечество","lemma":"отечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"fatherland"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to честен","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"честен","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on пойдет","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдаст","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"украдет","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"will steal"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to кроток","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"кроток","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on зарежет","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"зарежет","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдаст","gloss":"will cut a throat"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to верен","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"верен","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on изменит","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"изменит","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зарежет","gloss":"will betray"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b2-c7-s134","source":"Певец женских ножек, Пушкин, ножки в стихах воспевал; другие не воспевают, а смотреть на ножки не могут без судорог.","translation":"The singer of women's feet, Pushkin, sang those little feet in verse; others don't sing them, but they can't so much as look at a pair of feet without a shudder going through them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ножек","title":"Diminutive «ножки»","body":"«Ножки» is the affectionate diminutive of «ноги» (feet/legs), formed with -к-. The caressing suffix is precisely the point: it makes the feet objects of tender, fetishistic regard — Pushkin's, and the sensualist's."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воспевал","title":"«воспевать» — to sing in praise","body":"An elevated, poetic verb, «воспевать/воспеть», 'to celebrate in verse, hymn'. The prefix «вос-» (Church-Slavonic «воз-») gives it a solemn, literary ring, fitting for a comment on Pushkin's art."}],"words":[{"surface":"Певец","lemma":"певец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воспевал (in apposition with Пушкин)","gloss":"the singer"},{"surface":"женских","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ножек","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"ножек","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Певец","gloss":"of feet"},{"surface":"Пушкин","lemma":"пушкин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Певец","gloss":"Pushkin"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of воспевал","gloss":"the little feet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стихах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"стихах","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies воспевал","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"воспевал","lemma":"воспевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sang the praises of"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воспевают","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспевают","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"воспевают","lemma":"воспевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воспевал","gloss":"sing praises"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воспевают","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судорог","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"судорог","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of могут","gloss":"shudders"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b2-c7-s135","source":"Но ведь не одни ножки...","translation":"But it isn't only the feet, you know...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь не одни ножки...","title":"«не одни» — not only","body":"«Не одни» (negated «один» in the plural) means 'not only / not just the feet'. Combined with «ведь», it presses the shared insinuation a step further. The plural «одни» agrees with plural «ножки»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ножки","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"feet"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b2-c7-s136","source":"Тут, брат, презрение не помогает, хотя бы он и презирал Грушеньку.","translation":"Here, brother, contempt is no help, even if he did despise Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы он и презирал","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + бы-conditional","body":"«Хотя бы… и презирал» is a concessive hypothetical: 'even if he did despise her'. The past-form verb «презирал» with the particle «бы» builds the irrealis, and «и» reinforces the concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помогает","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of помогает","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помогает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помогает","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helps"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презирал","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of презирал (хотя бы)","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирал (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on помогает","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b2-c7-s137","source":"И презирает, да оторваться не может.","translation":"He despises her and yet he can't tear himself away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И презирает, да оторваться не может","title":"Adversative «да» and reflexive «оторваться»","body":"«Да» here is the colloquial adversative 'and yet, but'. «Оторваться» is the reflexive perfective of «оторвать» (to tear off), middle in sense — 'to tear oneself away'; with «не может» it conveys the helpless pull of desire."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he despises"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, contrastive (yet)","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"оторваться","lemma":"оторваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"tear himself away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презирает","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b2-c7-s138","source":"— Я это понимаю, — вдруг брякнул Алеша","translation":"— I understand that, — Alyosha blurted out suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брякнул","title":"«брякнуть» — to blurt out","body":"An expressive perfective, «брякнуть», originally 'to clang/clatter', then 'to come out with something abruptly and tactlessly'. The sound-word colours Alyosha's confession as involuntary; Rakitin will seize on it for several lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брякнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"брякнул","lemma":"брякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брякнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b2-c7-s139","source":"— Быдто?","translation":"— Do you, now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Быдто?","title":"«Быдто?» — Really? Is that so?","body":"A colloquial, slurred form of «будто» ('as if, supposedly'), used alone as a sceptical retort: 'Oh, you do, do you? Really?'. Dostoevsky spells the relaxed pronunciation to catch Rakitin's mocking tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Быдто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle (dialectal pronunciation of будто)","role":"head of the phrase, one-word question","gloss":"Do you, now?","note":"Быдто is a dialectal slurring of будто, used here as an incredulous echo question."}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b2-c7-s140","source":"И впрямь, стало быть, ты это понимаешь, коли так с первого слова брякнул, что понимаешь, — с злорадством проговорил Ракитин.","translation":"And so it seems you really do understand it, if you blurted out at the very first word that you understand, — Rakitin said with malicious relish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли так… брякнул","title":"Conditional «коли»","body":"«Коли» is a folksy, archaic conjunction for «если» ('if, since'), introducing the condition: 'if you blurted it out at the very first word'. Such homely conjunctions flavour Rakitin's speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с злорадством","title":"«злорадство» — malicious glee","body":"«Злорадство» (from «зло», evil, + «радость», joy) is Schadenfreude — pleasure at another's discomfort. The instrumental «с злорадством» names the manner of Rakitin's speech, exposing his unkindness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"И впрямь, стало быть","title":"«впрямь» and «стало быть»","body":"«Впрямь» is a colloquial adverb 'really, indeed, truly'; «стало быть» is a parenthetical 'so then, consequently, it follows'. Both are conversational discourse markers that lend Rakitin's reasoning its needling, deductive air."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"forms fixed phrase 'стало быть' (so it seems)","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of fixed phrase 'стало быть'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (dialectal for если)","role":"introduces the conditional clause with брякнул","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брякнул","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of брякнул","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"брякнул","lemma":"брякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of брякнул","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злорадством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злорадством","lemma":"злорадство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"malicious relish"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b2-c7-s141","source":"— Ты это нечаянно брякнул, это вырвалось.","translation":"— You blurted that out without meaning to; it slipped from you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вырвалось","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» — it escaped","body":"«Вырвалось» is the reflexive perfective past of «вырваться», 'to break/burst free'; impersonal and middle in sense — 'it slipped out, escaped you'. The -ся removes any agent, casting the confession as something that happened to Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of брякнул","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of брякнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брякнул","gloss":"unintentionally"},{"surface":"брякнул","lemma":"брякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вырвалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брякнул","gloss":"slipped out"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b2-c7-s142","source":"Тем драгоценнее признание: стало быть, тебе уж знакомая тема, об этом уж думал, о сладострастье-то.","translation":"All the more precious the confession: so it's a subject already familiar to you, you've thought about this before — about sensuality, that is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем драгоценнее признание","title":"«тем + comparative» correlative","body":"«Тем драгоценнее» uses the instrumental «тем» with the predicative comparative «драгоценнее» (from «драгоценный», precious) — 'all the more precious'. The construction implies a suppressed «чем»-clause: the more involuntary, the more telling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о сладострастье-то","title":"Afterthought topic «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» tacked onto «сладострастье» marks it as the now-foregrounded topic, dropped in as a pointed afterthought — 'about sensuality, that is'. It is the emphatic, not the indefinite, «-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular (adverbial: 'all the more')","role":"modifies драгоценнее","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"драгоценнее","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of признание","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of драгоценнее","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"forms fixed phrase 'стало быть' (so)","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of fixed phrase 'стало быть'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of знакомая","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знакомая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знакомая","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тема","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"тема","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"topic"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to тема (implied subject 'you')","gloss":"you've thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сладострастье","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сладострастье","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"sensuality"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"emphasizes сладострастье","gloss":"that is"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b2-c7-s143","source":"Ах ты, девственник!","translation":"Ah, you virgin!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ах ты, девственник!","title":"Exclamatory address «Ах ты»","body":"«Ах ты» is an exclamatory vocative frame — 'Ah, you…!' — that pairs the interjection «ах» with the nominative «ты» used in direct address. It carries affection or mock-reproach, here the latter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to Ах","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"девственник","lemma":"девственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"virgin"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b2-c7-s144","source":"Ты, Алешка, тихоня, ты святой, я согласен, но ты тихоня, и черт знает о чем ты уж не думал, черт знает что тебе уж известно!","translation":"You, Alyoshka, you're a quiet one, you're a saint, I grant it, but you're a quiet one, and the devil knows what you haven't already thought about, the devil knows what you already know!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алёшка» — the rougher diminutive","body":"«Алёшка», with the -к- suffix, is a blunter, more familiar (even slightly disparaging) form of «Алёша» than the tender «Алёшенька». Rakitin's choice of name marks his offhand, needling intimacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тихоня","title":"«тихоня» — a quiet sly one","body":"«Тихоня» (from «тихий», quiet) is a common-gender noun for someone meek and still on the surface — often with the insinuation that depths lurk beneath the calm. Rakitin means exactly that double edge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"черт знает о чем ты уж не думал","title":"«чёрт знает» + indefinite + double negation","body":"«Чёрт знает что/о чём» ('the devil knows what') functions as an indefinite expression. With «не думал» it forms a rhetorical negation — 'there's no telling what you haven't already thought about' — the negative concord typical of «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тихоня","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ты","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"тихоня","lemma":"тихоня","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine or feminine (common gender), singular","role":"predicate noun of Ты","gloss":"quiet one"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of святой","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тихоня","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тихоня","lemma":"тихоня","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine or feminine (common gender), singular","role":"predicate noun of ты","gloss":"quiet one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, parallel to first черт знает","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b2-c7-s145","source":"Девственник, а уж такую глубину прошел, — я тебя давно наблюдаю.","translation":"A virgin, and yet you've already passed through such depths — I've been watching you a long while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такую глубину прошел","title":"Perfective «прошёл» — passed through","body":"«Прошёл» (perfective past of «пройти») presents the experience as a single completed traversal — 'you've already passed through such depths'. The directional prefix «про-» ('through') turns the motion verb into an ordinary perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебя давно наблюдаю","title":"Imperfective present of ongoing action","body":"«Наблюдаю» is the imperfective present, and with «давно» ('for a long time now') it means a process still going on — 'I have been watching you a long while'. Russian uses the plain present where English needs a perfect-progressive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Девственник","lemma":"девственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, refers to implied ты","gloss":"a virgin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrastive)","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глубину","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"глубину","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прошел","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed through"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наблюдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдаю","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"наблюдаю","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"have been watching"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b2-c7-s146","source":"Ты сам Карамазов, ты Карамазов вполне — стало быть, значит же что-нибудь порода и подбор.","translation":"You're a Karamazov yourself, a Karamazov through and through — which means that breeding and the mixing of blood count for something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"значит же что-нибудь","title":"Insistent «же» + indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"«Же» here insists and concludes — 'it does mean something, then'. «Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'something or other', leaving the precise import vague while affirming there is one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порода и подбор","title":"«порода» and «подбор» — breed and selection","body":"«Порода» means 'breed, pedigree, stock' (as of animals); «подбор» is 'selection, matching' (as in «естественный подбор», natural selection). Rakitin's pseudo-scientific jargon mocks the Karamazov 'blood' in Darwinian terms then in vogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Карамазов","gloss":"through and through"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"forms fixed phrase 'стало быть' (which means)","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of fixed phrase 'стало быть'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of порода и подбор","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (part 1 of что-нибудь)","role":"direct object of значит","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (part 2 of что-нибудь)","role":"part of что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"порода","lemma":"порода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"breeding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подбор","lemma":"подбор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with порода","gloss":"the mixing of blood"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b2-c7-s147","source":"По отцу сладострастник, по матери юродивый.","translation":"On your father's side a sensualist, on your mother's a holy fool.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По отцу… по матери","title":"«по» + dative of respect","body":"«По отцу», «по матери» use «по» + dative to mean 'on the father's / mother's side, as regards lineage'. The construction sorts a person's inherited traits along the two bloodlines."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, 'on the father's side'","gloss":"father's side"},{"surface":"сладострастник","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, refers to implied ты","gloss":"a sensualist"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, 'on the mother's side'","gloss":"mother's side"},{"surface":"юродивый","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сладострастник","gloss":"a holy fool"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b2-c7-s148","source":"Чего дрожишь?","translation":"Why are you trembling?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего дрожишь?","title":"Colloquial «чего» for «почему»","body":"«Чего» — strictly the genitive of «что» — is used colloquially for «почему» ('why?') in casual speech: 'What are you trembling for?'. «Дрожишь» is the imperfective present of «дрожать», to tremble."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (idiomatic: why)","role":"adverbial complement of дрожишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"дрожишь","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembling"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b2-c7-s149","source":"Аль правду говорю?","translation":"Am I telling the truth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Аль","title":"«аль» — folk 'or is it?'","body":"«Аль» is a folksy, archaic contraction of «али»/«или» ('or'), opening a question with a peasant ring: 'Or am I telling the truth?'. It marks Rakitin's deliberately down-to-earth, baiting register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle (dialectal, interrogative 'or')","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"am I not"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"telling"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b2-c7-s150","source":"Знаешь что: Грушенька просила меня: «Приведи ты его (тебя то есть), я с него ряску стащу».","translation":"Listen to this: Grushenka begged me, \"Bring him to me (you, that is), and I'll strip the cassock right off him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приведи… стащу","title":"Imperative «приведи» + perfective future «стащу»","body":"«Приведи» is the perfective imperative of «привести» ('bring him'); «стащу» is the perfective future of «стащить» ('I'll drag/strip off'). The pairing — a command and its intended result — drives Grushenka's quoted demand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ряску","title":"«ряска» — the little cassock","body":"«Ряска» is the diminutive of «ряса», the long black cassock of an Orthodox monk or novice. The affectionate-belittling diminutive in Grushenka's mouth makes stripping the cassock a teasing, sexual conquest of the would-be monk Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, idiom 'знаешь что' (listen)","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Знаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of просила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаешь","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of просила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Приведи","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Приведи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Приведи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"in apposition to его, clarifying","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle (part 1 of fixed phrase то есть)","role":"part of phrase 'то есть' (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle (part 2 of fixed phrase то есть)","role":"part of phrase 'то есть' (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стащу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стащу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ряску","lemma":"ряса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular (diminutive)","role":"direct object of стащу","gloss":"cassock"},{"surface":"стащу","lemma":"стащить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Приведи","gloss":"strip off"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b2-c7-s151","source":"Да ведь как просила-то: приведи да приведи!","translation":"And how she begged: bring him, bring him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приведи да приведи","title":"Reduplicated imperative «приведи да приведи»","body":"Repeating the imperative joined by «да» («приведи да приведи») is a colloquial intensifier conveying insistent, nagging repetition — 'bring him, bring him!'. The «-то» on «просила-то» again topicalizes the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'да ведь'","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (exclamatory)","role":"introduces the exclamation on просила","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she begged"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"emphasizes просила","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"приведи","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted imperative, first instance","gloss":"bring him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the repetition","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приведи","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with first приведи","gloss":"bring him"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b2-c7-s152","source":"Подумал только: чем ты это ей так любопытен?","translation":"I just wondered: what is it about you that makes her so curious?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем ты это ей так любопытен","title":"Instrumental «чем» + short adjective «любопытен»","body":"«Чем» (instrumental of «что») asks 'by what / in what respect', and «любопытен» is the short predicative form of «любопытный» — here 'intriguing, interesting to her'. «Ей» is the dative experiencer, the one to whom Alyosha is curious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (implied subject 'I')","gloss":"I wondered"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Подумал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of любопытен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любопытен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (pleonastic)","role":"pleonastic, reinforces the question","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of любопытен","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"любопытен","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of ты, clausal complement of Подумал","gloss":"interesting"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b2-c7-s153","source":"Знаешь, необычайная и она женщина тоже!","translation":"You know, she's an extraordinary woman herself, too!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"необычайная и она женщина тоже","title":"Marked word order for emphasis","body":"The adjective «необычайная» ('extraordinary') is fronted before the subject «она… женщина», throwing the rhetorical weight onto her exceptional quality. «И… тоже» ('also, too') adds her to the gallery of remarkable people."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker (you know)","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"необычайная","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она, emphatic (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of женщина","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"also"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b2-c7-s154","source":"— Кланяйся, скажи, что не приду, — криво усмехнулся Алеша. — Договаривай, Михаил, о чем зачал, я тебе потом мою мысль скажу.","translation":"— Give her my respects and tell her I won't come, — Alyosha said with a wry smile. — Finish what you began, Mikhail, and I'll tell you my own thought afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кланяйся, скажи","title":"Paired imperatives «кланяйся, скажи»","body":"«Кланяйся» (imperfective imperative of «кланяться», to bow/send greetings — 'give my respects') and «скажи» (perfective imperative of «сказать») chain two commands. The imperfective imperative for the courtesy, perfective for the single report, is idiomatic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зачал","title":"«зачать» — to begin (archaic)","body":"«Зачал» here is a folksy/archaic perfective for «начал» ('began'), echoing «договаривай» ('finish saying'). Alyosha matches Rakitin's homely register: 'finish what you started'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кланяйся","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with скажи","gloss":"give her my respects"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Кланяйся","gloss":"tell her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"криво","lemma":"криво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"wryly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Договаривай","lemma":"договаривать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зачал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"зачал","lemma":"зачать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (colloquial for начать)","role":"relative clause modifying Договаривай","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b2-c7-s155","source":"— Чего тут договаривать, всё ясно.","translation":"— What's there to finish, it's all plain enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего тут договаривать","title":"«Чего» + infinitive of dismissal","body":"«Чего тут договаривать» — colloquial «чего» ('what for') plus a bare infinitive — is a dismissive rhetorical question: 'what's there to finish?'. The infinitive without subject conveys the pointlessness of the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of договаривать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies договаривать","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"договаривать","lemma":"договаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Чего (rhetorical: what's there to finish)","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"it's all"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of всё","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b2-c7-s156","source":"Всё это, брат, старая музыка.","translation":"It's all an old tune, brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старая музыка","title":"«старая музыка» — the same old tune","body":"Literally 'old music', a colloquial idiom for a tiresomely familiar story — 'the same old song'. Rakitin waves off the whole tangle as predictable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of музыка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies музыка","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"музыка","lemma":"музыка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Всё это","gloss":"tune"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b2-c7-s157","source":"Если уж и ты сладострастника в себе заключаешь, то что же брат твой Иван, единоутробный?","translation":"If even you carry a sensualist within you, then what about your brother Ivan, your own mother's son?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если уж и ты… то что же","title":"«если… то» conditional with «уж» and «же»","body":"«Если уж и ты… то что же» frames a conditional: 'if even you…, then what about…'. «Уж» and «и» intensify the protasis, while «же» in «что же» sharpens the rhetorical question about Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единоутробный","title":"«единоутробный» — born of the same womb","body":"A formal term (from «единый» + «утроба», womb) for a sibling sharing the same mother but not necessarily the same father. It precisely marks Ivan as Alyosha's full maternal brother, central to Rakitin's bloodline analysis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключаешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies и ты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заключаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сладострастника","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заключаешь","gloss":"a sensualist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заключаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"заключаешь","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction (correlative, then)","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative or accusative, neuter","role":"head of the main clause predicate","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"единоутробный","lemma":"единоутробный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"your own mother's son"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b2-c7-s158","source":"Ведь и он Карамазов.","translation":"He's a Karamazov too, after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь и он Карамазов","title":"«Ведь» + zero copula, refrain","body":"The line echoes s123 almost verbatim — «ведь» appealing to shared knowledge, «и» meaning 'also', and no copula before the nominative predicate «Карамазов». The repetition makes 'a Karamazov too' a drumbeat refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"a Karamazov"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b2-c7-s159","source":"В этом весь ваш карамазовский вопрос заключается: сладострастники, стяжатели и юродивые!","translation":"Therein lies the whole of your Karamazov question: sensualists, money-grubbers, and holy fools!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этом… заключается","title":"Reflexive «заключаться в» — to consist in","body":"«Заключается» is the reflexive «заключаться в» + prepositional, 'to consist in, lie in'. Fronting «в этом» ('in this') before the subject «вопрос» gives the pronouncement its weighty, summarizing cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стяжатели","title":"«стяжатель» — a money-grubber","body":"«Стяжатель» (from «стяжать», to acquire/amass) is a censorious word for a grasping accumulator of wealth, with a moral-religious edge: the «стяжатели» were historically opposed to the «нестяжатели», monks who renounced property. It names the second Karamazov vice."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключается","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"карамазовский","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключается","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"заключается","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"сладострастники","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вопрос, listing its parts","gloss":"sensualists"},{"surface":"стяжатели","lemma":"стяжатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сладострастники","gloss":"money-grubbers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юродивые","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сладострастники","gloss":"holy fools"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b2-c7-s160","source":"Брат твой Иван теперь богословские статейки пока в шутку по какому-то глупейшему неизвестному расчету печатает, будучи сам атеистом, и в подлости этой сам сознается — брат твой этот, Иван.","translation":"Your brother Ivan is publishing little theological articles just now, as a joke, by some idiotic, undisclosed calculation, though he's an atheist himself, and he admits the baseness of it himself — this brother of yours, Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будучи сам атеистом","title":"Gerund «будучи» + predicate instrumental","body":"«Будучи… атеистом» is the gerund of «быть» governing the predicate noun «атеистом» in the instrumental — the case that follows «быть» for a role or state: 'being an atheist himself'. The gerund makes it a concessive backdrop to his publishing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"статейки","title":"«статейки» — little articles (dismissive)","body":"«Статейки» is the diminutive plural of «статья» (article), here carrying a belittling, contemptuous tone rather than mere smallness — 'paltry little pieces'. Likewise «глупейшему» is the superlative of «глупый», 'most idiotic'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of печатает","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies печатает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"богословские","lemma":"богословский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies статейки","gloss":"theological"},{"surface":"статейки","lemma":"статейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of печатает","gloss":"little articles"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies печатает","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of печатает","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчету","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular (part 1 of какой-то)","role":"determiner of расчету","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of какой-то)","role":"part of какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"глупейшему","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"idiotic"},{"surface":"неизвестному","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"undisclosed"},{"surface":"расчету","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of печатает","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"печатает","lemma":"печатать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"publishes"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"converb, present, imperfective","role":"introduces the concessive clause on атеистом","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Брат (emphatic himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"атеистом","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будучи","gloss":"an atheist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подлости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подлости","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознается","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подлости","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сознается (emphatic himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сознается","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with печатает","gloss":"admits"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition, restates the subject","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b2-c7-s161","source":"Кроме того, от братца Мити невесту себе отбивает, ну и этой цели, кажется, что достигнет.","translation":"On top of that, he's cutting his brother Mitya out of his betrothed, and it seems he'll attain that end too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невесту себе отбивает","title":"Reflexive dative «себе» of benefit","body":"«Себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя», marking the action as done for the subject's own benefit — 'cutting the betrothed out for himself'. «Отбивает» (imperfective) is the metaphorical 'to win away, steal (a sweetheart)'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братца Мити","title":"Diminutives «братец» and «Митя»","body":"«Братец» is the diminutive of «брат» (here faintly ironic, 'dear brother'), and «Мити» is the genitive of «Митя», the diminutive of Dmitri. Rakitin's steady use of such pet-forms gives his gossip its cosy, mocking warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of fixed phrase 'кроме того'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбивает","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братца","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отбивает","gloss":"fiancée"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of отбивает","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"отбивает","lemma":"отбивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is taking away"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цели","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигнет","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with отбивает","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достигнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"достигнет","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"will attain"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b2-c7-s162","source":"Да еще как: с согласия самого Митеньки, потому что Митенька сам ему невесту свою уступает, чтобы только отвязаться от нее да уйти поскорей к Грушеньке.","translation":"And how he'll do it: with Mitenka's own consent, because Mitenka himself is giving up his betrothed to him, just to be rid of her and slip away the sooner to Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы только отвязаться… да уйти","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы» introduces a purpose clause with bare infinitives «отвязаться… да уйти» (same subject as the main clause) — 'just to be rid of her and slip away'. «Чтобы» is «что» fused with the irrealis «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уйти поскорей","title":"Perfective motion «уйти» + «поскорей»","body":"«Уйти» (perfective, prefix «у-» 'away') is 'to leave, get away'; «поскорей» is a colloquial comparative adverb, 'the sooner, as fast as possible'. Together: to slip off to Grushenka all the quicker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'да еще как'","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (how)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking согласия","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"согласия","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"the consent"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митеньки","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Митеньки","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies согласия","gloss":"Mitenka's"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of потому что)","role":"introduces the clause of уступает","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part 2 of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase 'потому что'","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уступает","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митенька, emphatic himself","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступает","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уступает","gloss":"fiancée"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"уступает","lemma":"уступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the because-clause","gloss":"is giving up"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвязаться","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"отвязаться","lemma":"отвязаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose-clause verb, coordinated with уйти","gloss":"be rid"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвязаться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвязаться","gloss":"slip away"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйти","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйти","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b2-c7-s163","source":"И всё это при всем своем благородстве и бескорыстии, заметь себе это.","translation":"And all of this with the fullest nobility and disinterestedness, mark that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"при всем своем благородстве","title":"«при» + prepositional, concessive","body":"«При всём своём благородстве» uses «при» + prepositional in a concessive sense — 'for all his nobility, with all his disinterestedness'. «Заметь себе» is an imperative with reflexive «себе», 'mark it (for yourself)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of заметь, resumed later by это","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благородстве","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of благородстве","gloss":"all its"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of благородстве","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"благородстве","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition при","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бескорыстии","lemma":"бескорыстие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with благородстве","gloss":"disinterestedness"},{"surface":"заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"idiomatic reflexive dative with заметь","gloss":"to yourself","note":"«заметь себе» is a fixed idiom meaning \"take note of this\" — себе isn't a literal indirect object."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметь","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b2-c7-s164","source":"Вот эти-то люди самые роковые и есть!","translation":"These are exactly the people who are the most fatal of all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти-то люди… и есть","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «и есть»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «эти» and the emphatic «и есть» ('are precisely / are the very ones') together pin the assertion down: 'these are exactly the most fatal people'. «Есть» as an explicit present copula is itself emphatic in modern Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the emphatic вот...и есть construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to эти","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, superlative marker","role":"modifies роковые","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"роковые","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariant copula","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b2-c7-s165","source":"Черт вас разберет после этого: сам подлость свою сознает и сам в подлость лезет!","translation":"The devil himself can't make you out after that: a man recognizes his own baseness and climbs into the baseness anyway!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Черт вас разберет","title":"Idiomatic «чёрт разберёт» + perfective future","body":"«Чёрт вас разберёт» (literally 'the devil will sort you out') is a set expression for 'there's no making you out / who can figure you?'. «Разберёт» is the perfective future used for a generalized impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам подлость свою сознает","title":"Intensifier «сам» + reflexive «свою»","body":"«Сам» ('himself, of his own accord') intensifies the subject, and «свою» is the reflexive possessive pointing back to it — 'recognizes his own baseness himself'. The doubled reflexivity stresses the self-aware perversity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разберет","gloss":"the devil","note":"«черт разберет» is idiomatic for \"who the devil can make sense of it/you.\""},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разберет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разберет","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will figure out"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разберет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic subject of сознает","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознает","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подлость","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сознает","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to разберет","gloss":"recognizes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic subject of лезет","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подлость","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лезет","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"лезет","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сознает","gloss":"climbs"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b2-c7-s166","source":"Слушай дальше: Митеньке теперь пересекает дорогу старикашка отец.","translation":"Listen further: the old man, the father, is now blocking Mitenka's road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старикашка","title":"«старикашка» — wretched old man","body":"«Старикашка» is the pejorative diminutive of «старик» (old man), formed with the contemptuous -ашк- suffix — 'wretched old codger'. Rakitin's disdain for old Fyodor Karamazov sits right in the word's shape."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пересекает дорогу","title":"Imperfective present «пересекает»","body":"«Пересекает дорогу» (imperfective present, 'is crossing/blocking the road') idiomatically means 'standing in someone's way'. The present tense renders the rivalry as a live, ongoing obstacle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Слушай","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"Митеньке","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of interest, oblique complement of пересекает","gloss":"for Mitenka"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пересекает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пересекает","lemma":"пересекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"is blocking"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пересекает","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"старикашка","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пересекает","gloss":"the old man","note":"старикашка is a pejorative diminutive of старик — a dismissive \"wretched old man,\" not neutral."},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старикашка","gloss":"the father"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b2-c7-s167","source":"Ведь тот по Грушеньке с ума вдруг сошел, ведь у него слюна бежит, когда на нее глядит только.","translation":"For he's gone suddenly mad over Grushenka; the saliva runs in his mouth merely when he looks at her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по Грушеньке… с ума сошел","title":"«по» + dative of cause; idiom «сойти с ума»","body":"«По Грушеньке… с ума сошёл» — «сойти с ума» ('to go mad') with «по» + dative naming the object of the madness: 'gone mad over Grushenka'. «Вдруг» ('suddenly') marks the abrupt onset, «сошёл» the completed perfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слюна бежит","title":"«слюна бежит» — mouth waters","body":"Literally 'the saliva runs', a vivid colloquial image of physical craving. Applied to old Fyodor gazing at Grushenka, it reduces his lust to a grossly animal drool."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бежит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at","note":"«у него слюна бежит» is idiomatic for \"he's drooling.\""},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слюна","lemma":"слюна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бежит","gloss":"saliva"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежит","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"only"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b2-c7-s168","source":"Ведь это он только из-за нее одной в келье сейчас скандал такой сделал, за то только, что Миусов ее беспутною тварью назвать осмелился.","translation":"It was for her sake alone, you know, and no one else's, that he made that scene in the cell just now, only because Miusov dared to call her a dissolute creature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то только, что… осмелился","title":"Causal «за то, что»","body":"«За то… что» is a causal frame, 'for the reason that, just because'. «Осмелился» (reflexive perfective of «осмелиться», to dare) takes the infinitive «назвать»: 'because Miusov dared to call her…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспутною тварью","title":"«беспутная тварь» — dissolute creature","body":"«Беспутная» (from «беспутный», 'dissolute, profligate' — literally 'pathless') with «тварь» ('creature, wretch', a contemptuous term for a person) is a harsh insult. The instrumental «тварью» is the complement of «назвать» ('to call X a Y')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphasizes он in cleft construction","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нее","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (first part of compound)","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (second part of compound)","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нее","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a scene"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of скандал","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase за то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмелился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмелился","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"беспутною","lemma":"беспутный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тварью","gloss":"dissolute"},{"surface":"тварью","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of назвать","gloss":"a creature"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмелился","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"осмелился","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by что, giving the reason for сделал","gloss":"dared"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b2-c7-s169","source":"Влюбился хуже кошки.","translation":"He's fallen in love worse than a tomcat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хуже кошки","title":"Comparative «хуже» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Хуже» is the suppletive comparative of «плохой» ('worse'), and «кошки» is the genitive of comparison after it — 'worse than a tomcat'. Russian can mark the standard of comparison with a bare genitive instead of «чем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell in love"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies Влюбился","gloss":"worse than"},{"surface":"кошки","lemma":"кошка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"a tomcat","note":"кошка literally means a female cat; the translation's \"tomcat\" is a free rendering of the idiom."}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b2-c7-s170","source":"Прежде она ему тут только по делишкам каким-то темным да кабачным на жалованье прислуживала, а теперь вдруг догадался и разглядел, остервенился, с предложениями лезет, не с честными конечно.","translation":"Before this she only served him for wages in some shady, tavern dealings, but now he's suddenly woken up and taken a good look, lost his head, and comes pressing his offers — not honorable ones, of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разглядел, остервенился, с предложениями лезет","title":"Perfective chain + present «лезет»","body":"A run of perfective pasts — «догадался, разглядел, остервенился» — gives the sudden, completed turn of events, before the imperfective present «лезет» ('keeps pushing in') opens onto his ongoing pestering. Aspect choreographs the shift from event to habit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остервенился","title":"«остервениться» — to go into a frenzy","body":"«Остервениться» (from «стерво/стерва», 'carrion'; the 'bestial' flavour is acquired, not an etymological tie to «зверь») means 'to fly into a savage, frenzied rage or passion', losing all restraint. It paints Fyodor's awakened lust as bestial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по делишкам… кабачным","title":"«делишки» and «кабачный»","body":"«Делишки» is the belittling diminutive of «дела» ('shady little affairs'), and «кабачный» is the adjective from «кабак» (a low tavern, pot-house). Together they sketch the seedy, tavern-world dealings in which Grushenka first served Fyodor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислуживала","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прислуживала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прислуживала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислуживала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делишкам","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делишкам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"делишкам","lemma":"делишко","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прислуживала","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of темным","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic completing какой-то, attached to каким","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"темным","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies делишкам","gloss":"shady"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кабачным","lemma":"кабачный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with темным","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалованье","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жалованье","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислуживала","gloss":"wages"},{"surface":"прислуживала","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause contrasted with прислуживала","gloss":"caught on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разглядел","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with догадался","gloss":"looked closely"},{"surface":"остервенился","lemma":"остервениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with догадался","gloss":"grew frenzied"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предложениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"предложениями","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of лезет","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"лезет","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with догадался","gloss":"pushes in"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies честными","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"честными","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with предложениями (elliptical)","gloss":"honorable ones"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не с честными","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b2-c7-s171","source":"Ну и столкнутся же они, папенька с сыночком, на этой дорожке.","translation":"Well, and so they'll collide, papa and his little son, on that very road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столкнутся же они","title":"Reflexive «столкнуться» + insistent «же»","body":"«Столкнутся» is the reciprocal-reflexive perfective future of «столкнуться» ('to collide, come into conflict'); the particle «же» adds gleeful certainty — 'and collide they certainly will'. «Ну и…» frames the gleeful prediction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папенька с сыночком","title":"Mock-tender «папенька» and «сыночек»","body":"«Папенька» (dear papa) and «сыночек» (dear little son) are affectionate diminutives, used here with heavy irony for the lust-rivals Fyodor and Dmitri. The cosy words sharpen the grotesque image of father and son fighting over the same woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies столкнутся","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столкнутся","lemma":"столкнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will collide"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столкнутся","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of столкнутся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"папенька","lemma":"папенька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыночком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сыночком","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of apposition папенька с сыночком","gloss":"little son"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорожке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорожке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дорожке","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of столкнутся","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b2-c7-s172","source":"А Грушенька ни тому, ни другому; пока еще виляет да обоих дразнит, высматривает, который выгоднее, потому хоть у папаши можно много денег тяпнуть, да ведь зато он не женится, а пожалуй, так под конец ожидовеет и запрет кошель.","translation":"And Grushenka leans to neither one nor the other; for now she dodges and teases the two of them, sizing up which is the better catch, for there's a great deal of money to be squeezed out of the papa, only he won't marry her, and quite likely in the end he'll turn miser, tighten up like a Jew, and lock his purse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни тому, ни другому","title":"Double «ни… ни» with dative","body":"«Ни тому, ни другому» is the negative-concord pairing «ни… ни» ('neither… nor') in the dative — she leans (inclines) to neither one. The elliptical clause omits the verb, the dative alone carrying 'to neither'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"виляет да дразнит… тяпнуть","title":"«вилять», «дразнить», «тяпнуть»","body":"«Виляет» ('wags, dodges, prevaricates'), «дразнит» ('teases'), and the slangy perfective «тяпнуть» ('to grab, snatch, filch') paint Grushenka as a shrewd, mercenary flirt. «Тяпнуть» recurs as Rakitin's pet word for grabbing money."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ожидовеет и запрет кошель","title":"«ожидоветь» — the anti-Semitic slur","body":"«Ожидоветь» means 'to turn miserly', built on the slur «жид» (a derogatory word for a Jew) and trading on the period's anti-Semitic stereotype of avarice; «запереть кошель» is 'to lock up the purse'. The phrase records Rakitin's casual prejudice, not the narrator's endorsement."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виляет","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the elided verb, correlates with другому","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тому","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виляет","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виляет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"виляет","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with дразнит","gloss":"dodges"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"direct object of дразнит","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"дразнит","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with виляет","gloss":"teases"},{"surface":"высматривает","lemma":"высматривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дразнит","gloss":"sizes up"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выгоднее","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"выгоднее","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of высматривает","gloss":"more profitable"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause explaining her calculation","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папаши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"папаши","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the потому clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on денег","gloss":"a lot of"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of тяпнуть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"тяпнуть","lemma":"тяпнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"grab"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"but then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"женится","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause contrasted with можно...тяпнуть","gloss":"will marry her"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ожидовеет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидовеет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидовеет","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"ожидовеет","lemma":"ожидоветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with женится","gloss":"will turn miserly","note":"ожидоветь is coined from the ethnic slur «жид»; it plays on an antisemitic stereotype of stinginess and is offensive — flag as period slang, not a neutral word for \"stingy.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запрет","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ожидовеет","gloss":"will lock"},{"surface":"кошель","lemma":"кошель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запрет","gloss":"his purse"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b2-c7-s173","source":"В таком случае и Митенька свою цену имеет; денег у него нет, но зато способен жениться.","translation":"In that case Mitenka has his own value too; he has no money, but he is capable of marrying her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег у него нет","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«Денег… нет» puts «деньги» (money) in the genitive «денег» as the absent subject of «нет» — the obligatory genitive after «нет / не было». «У него» locates the lack: 'he has no money'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но зато способен жениться","title":"Compensatory «зато» + short adjective","body":"«Зато» ('but on the other hand, to make up for it') pivots to a compensating advantage. «Способен» is the short predicative form of «способный» ('capable'), governing the infinitive «жениться» ('to marry', of a man)."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеет","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митенька","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цену","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"цену","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"logical subject of нет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"then again"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"of marrying"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b2-c7-s174","source":"Да-с, способен жениться!","translation":"Yes, sir, capable of marrying her!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite enclitic attached to Да","gloss":"sir","note":"archaic deferential enclitic \"-с\" (short for сударь, \"sir\"), added to sound polite/servile."},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"of marrying her"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b2-c7-s175","source":"Бросить невесту, несравненную красоту, Катерину Ивановну, богатую, дворянку и полковничью дочь, и жениться на Грушеньке, бывшей содержанке старого купчишки, развратного мужика и городского головы Самсонова.","translation":"Of throwing over his betrothed, that incomparable beauty, Katerina Ivanovna, rich, a noblewoman and a colonel's daughter, and marrying Grushenka, the former kept mistress of an old shopkeeper, the dissolute peasant and town mayor Samsonov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бросить невесту… и жениться","title":"Bare infinitives as nominal heads","body":"The whole sentence hangs on two perfective infinitives, «бросить» ('to throw over') and «жениться» ('to marry'), used substantively to name the hypothetical deed without a finite verb — a compressed, list-like syntax typical of Rakitin's tallying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"богатую, дворянку и полковничью дочь","title":"Apposition agreeing in the accusative","body":"«Богатую», «дворянку», «полковничью дочь» all stand in the accusative, in apposition to «Катерину Ивановну» (the object of «бросить»): rich, a noblewoman, a colonel's daughter. The matching case threads the appositives back to her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"купчишки","title":"«купчишка» — a contemptible little merchant","body":"The pejorative diminutive of «купец» (merchant), with the belittling -ишк- suffix: 'a shabby little tradesman'. It strips Samsonov of dignity and underscores the squalor Mitya would marry into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to throw over"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Бросить","gloss":"his betrothed"},{"surface":"несравненную","lemma":"несравненный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красоту","gloss":"incomparable"},{"surface":"красоту","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to невесту","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to красоту","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"богатую","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"дворянку","lemma":"дворянка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"a noblewoman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полковничью","lemma":"полковничий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"colonel's"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дворянку","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Бросить","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жениться","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"бывшей","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies содержанке","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"содержанке","lemma":"содержанка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Грушеньке","gloss":"kept mistress"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies купчишки","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"купчишки","lemma":"купчишка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies содержанке","gloss":"shopkeeper"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"dissolute"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купчишки","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"городского","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies головы","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужика","gloss":"mayor"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies головы","gloss":"Samsonov"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b2-c7-s176","source":"Из всего сего действительно может столкновение произойти уголовное.","translation":"Out of all of this a criminal collision really could arise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из всего сего","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сего»","body":"«Сего» is the genitive of «сей» ('this'), the bookish, archaic demonstrative for «этот/этого». Rakitin slips into elevated, almost legalese diction — fitting before the word «уголовное» — for ironic gravity: 'out of all of this'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столкновение… уголовное","title":"«уголовное столкновение» — a criminal clash","body":"«Уголовный» means 'criminal' in the legal sense (cf. «уголовный кодекс», criminal code); «столкновение» is a collision or clash. Rakitin foretells, with chilling lightness, the criminal catastrophe the novel will deliver."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"столкновение","lemma":"столкновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a collision"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of может","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"уголовное","lemma":"уголовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies столкновение","gloss":"criminal"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b2-c7-s177","source":"А этого брат твой Иван и ждет, тут он и в малине: и Катерину Ивановну приобретет, по которой сохнет, да и шестьдесят ее тысяч приданого тяпнет.","translation":"And that is just what your brother Ivan is waiting for; that's where he sits pretty: he'll win Katerina Ivanovna, the one he's pining for, and pocket her sixty thousand of dowry into the bargain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по которой сохнет","title":"Relative «которой» in its own case","body":"«По которой сохнет» — the relative «которой» is feminine to agree with its antecedent «Катерину Ивановну» but takes the prepositional governed by «по сохнуть по…» ('to pine for'). «Сохнет» (lit. 'dries up') idiomatically means 'wastes away with longing'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в малине","title":"«в малине» — sitting pretty","body":"«Малина» is literally 'raspberry'; the slang «(быть) в малине» means to be in clover, in a cushy, enviable spot. Rakitin pictures Ivan poised to profit from everyone's ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ждет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is waiting for"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate в малине","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (он [is] в малине)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малине","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"малине","lemma":"малина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause with он","gloss":"clover","note":"idiom «быть в малине» ≈ \"to be sitting pretty\" — literally \"to be in raspberries.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приобретет","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"приобретет","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждет","gloss":"will win"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохнет","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"сохнет","lemma":"сохнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Катерину","gloss":"he pines"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"шестьдесят","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of тяпнет, quantified by шестьдесят","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"приданого","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"of dowry"},{"surface":"тяпнет","lemma":"тяпнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приобретет","gloss":"will grab"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b2-c7-s178","source":"Маленькому-то человечку и голышу, как он, это и весьма прельстительно для начала.","translation":"For a little man, a pauper like him, that's a very tempting thing to start with.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Маленькому-то человечку и голышу… прельстительно","title":"Dative experiencer + topic «-то»","body":"The datives «маленькому человечку» and «голышу» name the one for whom the prospect is «прельстительно» ('tempting') — a dative-experiencer construction with no nominative subject. The «-то» on «маленькому» topicalizes the type of man."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человечку и голышу","title":"«человечек» and «голыш»","body":"«Человечку» is the diminutive of «человек», 'a little man, a nobody'; «голыш» (from «голый», naked/bare) is a penniless wretch, a have-nothing. Both belittle Ivan's social standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маленькому","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечку","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Маленькому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"человечку","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of the person concerned, modifies прельстительно","gloss":"a little man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"голышу","lemma":"голыш","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человечку","gloss":"a pauper"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison modifying человечку","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared element in как-clause","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прельстительно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прельстительно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прельстительно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"прельстительно","lemma":"прельстительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes это","gloss":"tempting"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прельстительно","gloss":"a start"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b2-c7-s179","source":"И ведь заметь себе: не только Митю не обидит, но даже по гроб одолжит.","translation":"And mark this, too: not only will he do Mitya no wrong, he'll actually put him in his debt to the grave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только… но даже","title":"«не только… но даже» correlative","body":"The paired «не только… но даже» ('not only… but even') escalates: he won't merely avoid wronging Mitya, he'll positively oblige him. Both verbs «обидит» and «одолжит» are perfective futures predicting completed outcomes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по гроб одолжит","title":"«по гроб» — to the grave","body":"«По гроб» (literally 'up to the coffin') means 'to the end of one's life, for ever'; «одолжить» here is 'to oblige, put under obligation'. Ivan will make Mitya beholden to him for life."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметь","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"idiomatic reflexive dative with заметь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не только construction","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидит","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обидит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обидит","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"will wrong"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одолжит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одолжит","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"одолжит","lemma":"одолжить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обидит","gloss":"will put him in his debt","note":"«по гроб одолжит» ≈ \"will keep him indebted for life\" — ironic, since forcing Mitya out of the engagement is framed as an unwanted \"favor.\""}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b2-c7-s180","source":"Ведь я наверно знаю, что Митенька сам и вслух, на прошлой неделе еще, кричал в трактире пьяный, с цыганками, что недостоин невесты своей Катеньки, а брат Иван — так вот тот достоин.","translation":"For I know it for certain, that just last week Mitenka himself shouted aloud, drunk, in the tavern with the gypsy girls, that he was unworthy of his betrothed Katenka, but brother Ivan — now there's a man who is worthy of her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что недостоин… а… тот достоин","title":"Reported «что» + short adjective «достоин»","body":"«Что» introduces the reported content of Mitya's shout. «Недостоин»/«достоин» are short predicative forms of «достойный» ('worthy'), governing the genitive «невесты своей» — 'unworthy of his betrothed'. The contrastive «а… так вот тот» pivots to Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митенька… Катеньки","title":"Diminutives «Митенька» and «Катенька»","body":"«Митенька» (tender form of Dmitri) and «Катенька» (of Katerina) use the affectionate -еньк- suffix. In Rakitin's narration the cosy pet-names rub ironically against the sordid tavern scene he describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митенька","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вслух","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлой","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделе","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"неделе","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митенька, predicative","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цыганками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"цыганками","lemma":"цыганка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"gypsy women"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of недостоин","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"недостоин","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, implied subject он","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"невесты","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies недостоин","gloss":"of his betrothed"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Катеньки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Катеньки","lemma":"катенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невесты","gloss":"Katenka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the final clause (тот достоин)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достоин","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достоин","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"достоин","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main clause contrasted with недостоин","gloss":"worthy"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b2-c7-s181","source":"А сама Катерина Ивановна уж, конечно, такого обворожителя, как Иван Федорович, под конец не отвергнет; ведь она уж и теперь между двумя ими колеблется.","translation":"And Katerina Ivanovna herself, of course, will not in the end reject such a charmer as Ivan Fyodorovich; why, even now she's wavering between the two of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отвергнет","title":"Perfective future: «she won't reject»","body":"«Отвергнет» is the perfective verb «отвергнуть» conjugated like a present, which yields future meaning — a single, decisive future act of rejection. The preceding «не... под конец» frames it as something that, in the end, will not happen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'why, after all, you know' — coaxing the listener to grant a point already half-conceded. It gives Rakitin's gossip its insinuating, conspiratorial texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обворожитель","title":"«обворожитель» — a charmer, an enchanter","body":"Built on «ворожить» (to cast spells, divine), «обворожитель» literally casts a 'charm' over its victim. The word carries a faintly mocking, theatrical edge — Rakitin sneers at Ivan's seductive spell over the household."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"между двумя ими колеблется","title":"Instrumental after «между»","body":"«Между» governs the instrumental here — «двумя ими», 'between the two of them' — and «колеблется» is a reflexive «-ся» verb meaning 'wavers, vacillates'. The middle reflexive turns the verb intransitive, picturing her own inner oscillation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерина Ивановна","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отвергнет","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"patronymic, depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical aside modifying отвергнет","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обворожителя","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"обворожителя","lemma":"обворожитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергнет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"charmer"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with обворожителя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to обворожителя","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic, depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"idiom под конец, modifies отвергнет","gloss":"the end","note":"под конец is an idiom meaning 'in the end'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвергнет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвергнет","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"will reject"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the second clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of колеблется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies теперь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies колеблется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ими","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies ими","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of колеблется","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"колеблется","lemma":"колебаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is wavering"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b2-c7-s182","source":"И чем только этот Иван прельстил вас всех, что вы все пред ним благоговеете?","translation":"And what is it about this Ivan that has so bewitched the whole lot of you, that you all stand before him in awe?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем... прельстил","title":"Instrumental of means: «with what did he bewitch»","body":"«Чем» is the instrumental of «что» — 'by what means' — governed by «прельстил» (perfective, 'enchanted, bewitched'). The case asks literally 'with what did this Ivan ensnare you', a question of instrument rather than object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред ним благоговеете","title":"Bookish «пред» + the verb «благоговеть»","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, shortened form of «перед» (before), governing the instrumental «ним». «Благоговеете» ('you stand in awe, revere') is a Church-Slavonic-flavoured verb — solemn diction Rakitin wields sarcastically."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular (interrogative)","role":"oblique complement of прельстил","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Иван","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прельстил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"прельстил","lemma":"прельстить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has bewitched"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прельстил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благоговеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of благоговеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благоговеете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"благоговеете","lemma":"благоговеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"stand in awe"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b2-c7-s183","source":"А он над вами же смеется: в малине, дескать, сижу и на ваш счет лакомствую.","translation":"And he's laughing at you all the while: here I sit pretty, he says, feasting at your expense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"над вами же смеется","title":"«смеяться над» + insistent «же»","body":"«Смеяться» exists only in the «-ся» form and governs its object with «над» + instrumental ('laughs at you'). The particle «же» here insists — 'and all the while he is laughing at you' — sharpening the irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative 'he says'","body":"«Дескать» is a colloquial reportative particle marking that the following words are quoted, often skeptically, from someone else's mouth: 'he says, as it were'. It frames Ivan's imagined boast in a mocking, second-hand voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в малине... сижу","title":"«сидеть в малине» — sitting pretty","body":"Literally 'I sit in the raspberries', «в малине» is an idiom for living in clover, cushily provided for. «Лакомствую» (from «лакомство», a delicacy) means to feast on dainties — Ivan pictured battening on the household's comforts."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is laughing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"малине","lemma":"малина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу (idiom: sit pretty)","gloss":"clover","note":"сидеть в малине is an idiom meaning 'to live in clover/sit pretty'."},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лакомствую (idiom: at your expense)","gloss":"expense"},{"surface":"лакомствую","lemma":"лакомствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"I feast","note":"лакомствовать is a colloquial/dialectal formation from лакомство ('delicacy'); not verifiably Dostoevsky's own coinage"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b2-c7-s184","source":"— Почему ты всё это знаешь?","translation":"— How do you know all this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты всё это знаешь","title":"Familiar «ты» and the present «знаешь»","body":"Alyosha addresses Rakitin with the intimate «ты», the verb «знаешь» (2nd-person present) carrying person and number in its ending, so no pronoun would even be needed — «ты» here adds a note of pointed challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b2-c7-s185","source":"Почему так утвердительно говоришь? — резко и нахмурившись спросил вдруг Алеша.","translation":"Why do you speak so positively? — Alyosha asked suddenly, sharply and with a frown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нахмурившись","title":"Past gerund «нахмурившись» — having frowned","body":"«Нахмурившись» is a perfective past «деепричастие» from «нахмуриться» (to knit one's brows): 'having frowned / with a frown'. The gerund shares Alyosha's subject and pins the manner of his asking to a single completed gesture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросил вдруг Алеша","title":"Verb-first word order in dialogue tags","body":"Dostoevsky inverts the natural order — verb «спросил», then adverb «вдруг», then subject «Алеша» — a standard narrative rhythm for reporting clauses that throws weight onto the suddenness of the act before naming the speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утвердительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"утвердительно","lemma":"утвердительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"do you speak"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нахмурившись","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with резко, modifies спросил","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b2-c7-s186","source":"— А почему ты теперь спрашиваешь и моего ответа вперед боишься?","translation":"— And why are you asking now, and dreading my answer in advance?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"моего ответа... боишься","title":"Genitive object of «бояться»","body":"«Бояться» (to fear) governs the genitive, so 'my answer' becomes «моего ответа». The reflexive «-ся» verb takes its complement in the genitive of the thing feared — here Alyosha's dreaded reply."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вперед","title":"«вперёд» — beforehand, in advance","body":"Beyond its literal 'forward', «вперёд» here means 'in advance, ahead of time': dreading the answer before it is even given. The riposte turns Alyosha's question back on him with sly logic."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашиваешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашиваешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"спрашиваешь","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are asking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links спрашиваешь and боишься","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ответа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боишься (genitive)","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боишься","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"боишься","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спрашиваешь","gloss":"are dreading"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b2-c7-s187","source":"Значит, сам соглашаешься, что я правду сказал.","translation":"It means you agree yourself that I've told the truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам соглашаешься","title":"Intensifier «сам» — 'you yourself agree'","body":"«Сам» intensifies the dropped subject 'you', insisting that Alyosha by his very question concedes the point. The reflexive «соглашаешься» ('you agree') is a «-ся» verb of mutual/middle sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я правду сказал","title":"Reporting «что» + perfective «сказал»","body":"«Что» introduces a subordinate clause of reported fact ('that I told the truth'), and «сказал» is the perfective past — a single completed act of telling, against which the truth now stands. «Правду» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse marker (verb form used parenthetically)","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of соглашаешься","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"соглашаешься","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you agree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of соглашаешься","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b2-c7-s188","source":"— Ты Ивана не любишь.","translation":"— You don't like Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивана не любишь","title":"Animate accusative under negation","body":"«Ивана» is the animate masculine accusative (which borrows the genitive form) — the object of «не любишь». Note that here, with a specific named person, Russian keeps the accusative rather than shifting to a genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любишь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b2-c7-s189","source":"Иван не польстится на деньги.","translation":"Ivan won't be tempted by money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не польстится на деньги","title":"«польститься на» — to be tempted by","body":"«Польститься» (perfective «-ся» verb) means to be lured or tempted, and governs its bait with «на» + accusative («на деньги»). The perfective future «не польстится» asserts a firm 'he will not be tempted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of польстится","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies польстится","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"польстится","lemma":"польститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be tempted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of польстится","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b2-c7-s190","source":"— Быдто?","translation":"— Oh, won't he?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Быдто?","title":"«Быдто?» — 'Oh, is that so?'","body":"A colloquial, slightly slurred form of «будто» (as if / supposedly), thrown out as a one-word skeptical retort: 'You think so? As if!' The eye-dialect spelling marks Rakitin's coarse, sardonic speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Быдто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle (dialectal pronunciation)","role":"head of the phrase, expresses skepticism","gloss":"really?","note":"Быдто is a dialectal/folk pronunciation of будто, expressing doubt ('oh, is that so?')."}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b2-c7-s191","source":"А красота Катерины Ивановны?","translation":"And the beauty of Katerina Ivanovna?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"красота Катерины Ивановны","title":"Genitive of possession in a verbless line","body":"«Катерины Ивановны» is the genitive ('the beauty of Katerina Ivanovna'), both name and patronymic declining together. The clause has no verb at all — a bare nominal exclamation thrown in as a counter-argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"patronymic, depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b2-c7-s192","source":"Не одни же тут деньги, хотя и шестьдесят тысяч вещь прельстительная.","translation":"It isn't only the money here, though sixty thousand is a tempting thing too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не одни же тут деньги","title":"Negation + «же»: 'it isn't only the money'","body":"«Не одни... деньги» negates exclusivity ('not money alone'), with «одни» the plural of «один» agreeing with «деньги», a plurale tantum. The particle «же» adds insistent emphasis, 'it isn't just the money, after all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и","title":"Concessive «хотя и» — 'though even'","body":"«Хотя» ('although') with reinforcing «и» concedes a point in passing: 'though sixty thousand is indeed a tempting thing'. «Прельстительная» is a short-ish bookish adjective from the same root «прельстить» seen above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прельстительная","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шестьдесят тысяч","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"шестьдесят","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"forms numeral phrase with шестьдесят, subject of вещь","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, describes шестьдесят тысяч","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"прельстительная","lemma":"прельстительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"tempting"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b2-c7-s193","source":"— Иван выше смотрит.","translation":"— Ivan looks higher than that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выше смотрит","title":"Comparative adverb «выше»","body":"«Выше» is the comparative of «высоко» ('higher'), used here figuratively: Ivan 'aims higher'. Russian comparative adverbs and predicative adjectives share this invariable -е/-ее form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b2-c7-s194","source":"Иван и на тысячи не польстится.","translation":"Ivan won't be tempted even by the thousands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и на тысячи не польстится","title":"Concessive «и»: 'not even by thousands'","body":"Here «и» before «на тысячи» means 'even' — 'he won't be tempted even by the thousands'. «Тысячи» stands in the accusative plural after «на», governed again by «польститься на»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of польстится","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of польстится","gloss":"the thousands"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies польстится","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"польстится","lemma":"польститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be tempted"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b2-c7-s195","source":"Иван не денег, не спокойствия ищет.","translation":"Ivan is seeking neither money nor peace of mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не денег, не спокойствия ищет","title":"Genitive after «искать» and double negation","body":"«Искать» (to seek) governs the genitive of an abstract or non-specific object, so 'money' and 'peace' appear as «денег» and «спокойствия». The paired «не... не» negates each in turn — 'seeks neither money nor peace'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ищет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спокойствия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спокойствия","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ищет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"peace of mind"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is seeking"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b2-c7-s196","source":"Он мучения, может быть, ищет.","translation":"Perhaps he's seeking torment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучения... ищет","title":"Genitive of the sought object","body":"«Мучения» ('torment, suffering') stands in the genitive after «искать», continuing the pattern: Ivan paradoxically 'seeks torment'. The fronting of «мучения» before the verb throws the news-weight onto what, of all things, he seeks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть","title":"Parenthetical «может быть»","body":"«Может быть» ('perhaps, maybe') is a frozen parenthetical, set off in the flow of the sentence, hedging Alyosha's intuition about his brother's inner torment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мучения","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ищет (genitive)","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (parenthetical может быть)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is seeking"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b2-c7-s197","source":"— Это еще что за сон?","translation":"— And what sort of dream is this, now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это еще что за сон?","title":"«что за» — 'what sort of'","body":"The idiom «что за» (literally 'what for') means 'what kind of', taking a nominative noun («сон», dream): 'what sort of dream is this?'. The added «ещё» injects scornful impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (idiom что за)","role":"head of predicate, forms idiom with за","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition (idiomatic, part of что за)","role":"completes the idiom что за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement within что за сон, predicate of Это","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b2-c7-s198","source":"Ах вы... дворяне!","translation":"Ah, you... noblemen!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дворяне (elliptical)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дворяне","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of вы","gloss":"noblemen"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b2-c7-s199","source":"— Эх, Миша, душа его бурная.","translation":"— Ah, Misha, his soul is a stormy one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эх, Миша","title":"«Эх» and the familiar «Миша»","body":"«Эх» is a sighing interjection of rueful feeling. «Миша» is the affectionate short form of Mikhail (Rakitin's first name) — Alyosha softens toward him just as he names the soul of another, Ivan, as «бурная»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"душа его бурная","title":"Zero copula: 'his soul is stormy'","body":"There is no verb 'to be': in the present, Russian simply juxtaposes subject «душа его» and predicate adjective «бурная» ('stormy'). The long-form nominative adjective here states a settled quality of the soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"Миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бурная","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive, indeclinable)","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бурная","lemma":"бурный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies душа","gloss":"stormy"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b2-c7-s200","source":"Ум его в плену.","translation":"His mind is in captivity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ум его в плену","title":"Prepositional «в плену» — 'in captivity'","body":"«В плену» is the prepositional of «плен» (captivity), one of those masculine nouns taking a stressed locative -у́ after «в». The verbless clause states a state: his mind is held captive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, possessive (indeclinable)","role":"determiner of Ум","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плену","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"плену","lemma":"плен","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the clause","gloss":"captivity"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b2-c7-s201","source":"В нем мысль великая и неразрешенная.","translation":"There's a great and unresolved idea in him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В нем мысль великая и неразрешенная","title":"Existential «в нём» + fronted predicate","body":"An existential frame — 'in him [there is] a great and unresolved idea' — with no verb. «Неразрешённая» is a past passive participle ('unresolved') used attributively, agreeing with feminine «мысль»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative complement of the clause","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неразрешенная","lemma":"неразрешённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with великая, modifies мысль","gloss":"unresolved"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b2-c7-s202","source":"Он из тех, которым не надобно миллионов, а надобно мысль разрешить.","translation":"He's one of those who need not millions, but to resolve an idea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из тех, которым не надобно миллионов","title":"Correlative «тех, которым» + dative impersonal","body":"«Из тех, которым...» is the correlative 'one of those to whom...', with «который» in the dative («которым») as the experiencer of the impersonal «не надобно» ('there is no need'). Under that negated need, «миллионов» appears in the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надобно","title":"«надобно» — archaic 'is needed'","body":"«Надобно» is a bookish, slightly archaic variant of «нужно/надо» ('it is necessary'), lending Alyosha's sentence a grave, almost scriptural cadence as he defines his brother's nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"head of the predicate phrase","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural (relative)","role":"indirect object of надобно","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"миллионов","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of надобно (genitive under negation)","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"coordinated with the first надобно","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"to resolve"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b2-c7-s203","source":"— Литературное воровство, Алешка.","translation":"— Literary theft, Alyoshka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алёшка» — the rough diminutive","body":"Where Alyosha says «Миша» warmly, Rakitin spits «Алёшка»: the -ка suffix on a name is dismissive, even contemptuous, not tender. The naming itself marks the sudden cooling of the exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Литературное","lemma":"литературный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воровство","gloss":"literary"},{"surface":"воровство","lemma":"воровство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b2-c7-s204","source":"Ты старца своего перефразировал.","translation":"You're paraphrasing your elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старца своего перефразировал","title":"Reflexive possessive «своего»","body":"«Своего» ('your own') refers back to the subject 'you', so «старца своего» is 'your own elder' — using «твоего» would be possible but «свой» is the idiomatic, subject-bound choice. «Старца» is the animate genitive/accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перефразировал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перефразировал","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"перефразировал","lemma":"перефразировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are paraphrasing"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b2-c7-s205","source":"Эк ведь Иван вам загадку задал! — с явною злобой крикнул Ракитин.","translation":"What a riddle Ivan has set you all! — Rakitin cried out with evident spite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эк ведь Иван вам загадку задал!","title":"Exclamatory «Эк» + «ведь» + dative «вам»","body":"«Эк» is an exclamatory particle of astonished disdain ('my, what a...'), reinforced by appealing «ведь». «Вам» is the dative — the people 'to whom' the riddle was set — and «задал» is perfective ('set, posed')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с явною злобой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«С явною злобой» ('with evident spite') uses «явною», the older literary feminine instrumental in -ою (modern -ой). Such full endings are a hallmark of 19th-century narrative prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эк","lemma":"эк","morphology":"particle (exclamatory)","role":"exclamatory particle, modifies задал","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, part of the phrase Эк","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of задал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"загадку","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задал","gloss":"a riddle"},{"surface":"задал","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"has set"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"явною","lemma":"явный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобой","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b2-c7-s206","source":"Он даже в лице изменился, и губы его перекосились. — Да и загадка-то глупая, отгадывать нечего.","translation":"His very face changed, and his lips twisted. — And the riddle's a stupid one at that; there's nothing to puzzle out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в лице изменился","title":"Reflexive «изменился» — he changed","body":"«Измениться» (reflexive «-ся») is the intransitive 'to change, alter', so «в лице изменился» is 'he changed in the face'. The «-ся» turns the verb back on the subject, picturing the change happening to Rakitin himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"загадка-то глупая","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «загадка-то» highlights the known topic — 'the riddle, that is' — with a dismissive shrug: 'and the riddle itself is a stupid one'. This topic-marking «-то» is distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отгадывать нечего","title":"«нечего» + infinitive: 'nothing to puzzle out'","body":"The negative «нечего» ('there is nothing to') with an infinitive forms an impersonal construction of absence: 'there's nothing to puzzle out'. Its dative subject is left unexpressed but understood as 'for one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменился","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"изменился","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of перекосились","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive, indeclinable)","role":"determiner of губы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"перекосились","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменился","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глупая","gloss":"the riddle"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"attaches to загадка for emphasis","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"глупая","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies загадка","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"отгадывать","lemma":"отгадывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun (predicative, negative)","role":"coordinated with глупая","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b2-c7-s207","source":"Пошевели мозгами — поймешь.","translation":"Use your brains a little — you'll understand it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пошевели мозгами — поймешь","title":"Imperative + perfective future result","body":"«Пошевели» is the imperative ('give a stir, work'), and «мозгами» the instrumental of means ('with your brains'). The bare perfective future «поймёшь» ('you'll understand') states the consequence — a conditional 'do this, and you'll get it' without any 'if'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пошевели","lemma":"пошевелить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"мозгами","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Пошевели","gloss":"your brains"},{"surface":"поймешь","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you'll understand"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b2-c7-s208","source":"Статья его смешна и нелепа.","translation":"His article is ridiculous and absurd.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смешна и нелепа","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Смешна» and «нелепа» are short feminine adjectives ('[is] ridiculous and absurd'), agreeing with «статья». The short form can only predicate, and lends a crisp, categorical verdict to Rakitin's dismissal of Ivan's article."}],"words":[{"surface":"Статья","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смешна","gloss":"the article"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive, indeclinable)","role":"determiner of Статья","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"смешна","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелепа","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешна","gloss":"absurd"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b2-c7-s209","source":"А слышал давеча его глупую теорию: «Нет бессмертия души, так нет и добродетели, значит, всё позволено».","translation":"Did you hear his stupid theory just now: \"There is no immortality of the soul, so there is no virtue either, which means everything is lawful\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет бессмертия души","title":"Existential «нет» + genitive","body":"«Нет» ('there is not') forces its subject into the genitive: «бессмертия души» ('of the immortality of the soul'). This genitive of negated existence is the backbone of Ivan's whole syllogism — 'no immortality, so no virtue'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a short while ago","body":"«Давеча» is a homely, slightly archaic adverb meaning 'just now, a little while back', common in 19th-century speech. It grounds the quoted theory in something heard moments earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you hear"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive, indeclinable)","role":"determiner of теорию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глупую","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies теорию","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"теорию","lemma":"теория","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"theory"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb (existential negation), present, indicative","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"бессмертия","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Нет (genitive)","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бессмертия","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second нет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb (existential negation), present, indicative","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добродетели","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the second нет (genitive)","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"which means"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"is permitted"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b2-c7-s210","source":"(А братец-то Митенька, кстати, помнишь, как крикнул: «Запомню!»)","translation":"(And brother Mitenka, by the way, remember how he cried out: \"I will remember!\")","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братец-то Митенька","title":"Diminutives: «братец» and «Митенька»","body":"«Братец» is an affectionate-ironic diminutive of «брат» (dear brother), and «Митенька» the tender form of Dmitri (Mitya). Coupled with the topic-marking «-то», the line drips with mock-fondness as Rakitin recalls Mitya's outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как крикнул","title":"Perfective «крикнул» — a single cry","body":"«Крикнул» is the perfective past of «кричать/крикнуть», naming one sharp completed act: 'he cried out'. The -ну- suffix marks exactly this momentary, semelfactive sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"братец","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"attaches to братец","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братец, subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крикнул","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнишь","gloss":"he cried out"},{"surface":"Запомню","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"direct quotation, complement of крикнул","gloss":"I will remember"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b2-c7-s211","source":"Соблазнительная теория подлецам...","translation":"A theory seductive to scoundrels...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Соблазнительная теория подлецам","title":"Dative of the person to whom it appeals","body":"«Подлецам» is the dative plural of «подлец» (scoundrel): a theory 'seductive to scoundrels'. The dative marks those to whom the seduction is directed, leaving the clause verbless and aphoristic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Соблазнительная","lemma":"соблазнительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies теория","gloss":"seductive"},{"surface":"теория","lemma":"теория","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a theory"},{"surface":"подлецам","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"dative complement of теория","gloss":"to scoundrels"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b2-c7-s212","source":"Я ругаюсь, это глупо... не подлецам, а школьным фанфаронам с «неразрешимою глубиной мыслей».","translation":"I'm losing my temper, this is stupid... not to scoundrels, but to schoolboy braggarts with their \"unfathomable depth of thought\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ругаюсь","title":"Reflexive «ругаться» — to curse, rail","body":"«Ругаюсь» is the «-ся» verb 'I'm cursing / losing my temper, railing', here a momentary self-correction. The reflexive gives the verb its intransitive 'flying into abuse' sense without an object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фанфаронам","title":"«фанфарон» — a braggart","body":"«Фанфарон» (from French fanfaron) is a strutting boaster or blowhard. «Школьным фанфаронам» — 'schoolboy braggarts' — is Rakitin's withering label for Ivan's clever-clever posturing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неразрешимою глубиной","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«С неразрешимою глубиной мыслей» ('with their unfathomable depth of thought') again uses the bookish feminine instrumental in -ою. The mock-quotation marks signal Rakitin sneering at a pretentious cliché."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ругаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ругаюсь","lemma":"ругаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"am losing my temper"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of a coordinated clause","gloss":"is stupid"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подлецам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подлецам","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"to scoundrels"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"школьным","lemma":"школьный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies фанфаронам","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"фанфаронам","lemma":"фанфарон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with подлецам","gloss":"braggarts"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубиной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неразрешимою","lemma":"неразрешимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубиной","gloss":"unfathomable"},{"surface":"глубиной","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с, describes фанфаронам","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глубиной","gloss":"of thought"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b2-c7-s213","source":"Хвастунишка, а суть-то вся: «С одной стороны, нельзя не признаться, а с другой — нельзя не сознаться!»","translation":"A little show-off, and the whole gist of it comes to: \"On the one hand, one cannot but admit, and on the other — one cannot but confess!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Хвастунишка","title":"«хвастунишка» — pitiful little braggart","body":"The pejorative diminutive suffix -ишк- shrinks «хвастун» (boaster) into «хвастунишка», a contemptible little show-off. The suffix carries scorn, not size — a small, despicable bragging."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя не признаться","title":"Double negative «нельзя не» — 'one cannot but'","body":"«Нельзя не признаться» pairs the impersonal «нельзя» ('it is impossible') with «не» on the infinitive to mean 'one cannot but admit'. Rakitin parodies the mealy-mouthed both-sidesism of «с одной стороны... с другой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хвастунишка","lemma":"хвастунишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (common gender)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a little braggart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"суть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вся","gloss":"the gist"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"attaches to суть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies суть","gloss":"amounts to"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of preposition С, modifies нельзя","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of the first quoted clause","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признаться","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"признаться","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular (elliptical: стороны)","role":"oblique complement of preposition с, modifies the second нельзя","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"coordinated with the first нельзя","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознаться","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сознаться","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"confess"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b2-c7-s214","source":"Вся его теория — подлость!","translation":"His whole theory is baseness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вся его теория — подлость!","title":"Zero copula with a dash","body":"The dash stands in for the absent 'is': «вся его теория — подлость» ('his whole theory [is] baseness'). Both nouns sit in the nominative, the dash marking the predicative equation in the present tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлость","title":"«подлость» — baseness, a vile thing","body":"«Подлость» names a moral category dear to Dostoevsky's lexicon: vileness, a low and dishonourable act. Built from «подлый» (base), it brands Ivan's whole theory as not merely wrong but morally squalid."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of теория","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive, indeclinable)","role":"determiner of теория","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"теория","lemma":"теория","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подлость","gloss":"theory"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"baseness"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b2-c7-s215","source":"Человечество само в себе силу найдет, чтобы жить для добродетели, даже и не веря в бессмертие души!","translation":"Humanity will find the strength within itself to live for virtue, even without believing in the immortality of the soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"силу найдет, чтобы жить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы жить для добродетели» expresses purpose — 'in order to live for virtue'. When the subject is the same, «чтобы» takes a plain infinitive rather than the past-form irrealis. «Найдёт» is the perfective future, 'will find'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не веря в бессмертие","title":"Present gerund «не веря» — 'without believing'","body":"«Веря» is the imperfective present «деепричастие» of «верить», negated: 'not believing, without believing'. The gerund expresses a simultaneous circumstance sharing the subject 'humanity' — virtuous even while not believing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of найдет","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes Человечество (subject), not силу","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative (reflexive)","role":"oblique complement of найдет ('within itself will find')","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найдет","gloss":"the strength"},{"surface":"найдет","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on найдет","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродетели","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веря","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веря","gloss":"even","note":"и here is part of the fixed intensifier даже и ('even'), not a separate 'also'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веря","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on жить","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of веря","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бессмертие","gloss":"of the soul"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b2-c7-s216","source":"В любви к свободе, к равенству, братству найдет...","translation":"It will find it in the love of freedom, of equality, of brotherhood...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В любви к свободе","title":"«любовь к» + dative","body":"«Любовь к» ('love of/toward') governs the dative — «к свободе, к равенству, братству». The whole phrase sits in the prepositional «в любви» ('in the love'), naming where humanity will find its strength."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of найдет","gloss":"the love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свободе","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of любви","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking равенству","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"равенству","lemma":"равенство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of любви, coordinated with свободе","gloss":"equality"},{"surface":"братству","lemma":"братство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of любви, coordinated with свободе","gloss":"brotherhood"},{"surface":"найдет","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will find"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b2-c7-s217","source":"Ракитин разгорячился, почти не мог сдержать себя.","translation":"Rakitin had grown heated, and could scarcely contain himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разгорячился","title":"Reflexive inceptive «разгорячился»","body":"«Разгорячиться» is a perfective «-ся» verb, 'to grow heated, work oneself up'. The prefix раз- adds the inceptive sense of flaring into a state, and «-ся» turns it inward on the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог сдержать себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«Сдержать себя» ('to contain oneself') uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as object — distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся». «Себя» has no nominative and points back to the subject Rakitin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разгорячился","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"разгорячился","lemma":"разгорячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown heated"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разгорячился","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сдержать","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"contain"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержать","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b2-c7-s218","source":"Но вдруг, как бы вспомнив что-то, остановился.","translation":"But suddenly, as if remembering something, he stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вспомнив что-то","title":"«как бы» + past gerund «вспомнив»","body":"«Как бы вспомнив» — 'as if having remembered' — pairs the hedging «как бы» ('as it were') with the perfective past gerund «вспомнив», a completed prior act. «Что-то» is the indefinite 'something' (a specific but unnamed thing)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановился","title":"Reflexive «остановиться» — to stop","body":"«Остановился» (perfective «-ся») is the intransitive 'he stopped, came to a halt' — the «-ся» making the stopping happen to the subject himself, against the transitive «остановить» ('to stop something')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы, modifies вспомнив","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вспомнив","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вспомнив, part of что-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вспомнив, part of что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b2-c7-s219","source":"— Ну довольно, — еще кривее улыбнулся он, чем прежде. — Чего ты смеешься?","translation":"— Well, enough, — he said, smiling more wryly than before. — Why are you laughing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще кривее улыбнулся","title":"Comparative «кривее» — more crookedly","body":"«Кривее» is the comparative of the adverb «криво» ('crookedly'), so «ещё кривее улыбнулся» is 'he smiled still more wryly'. «Чем прежде» ('than before') supplies the standard of comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего ты смеешься?","title":"Genitive «чего» with «смеяться»","body":"Colloquially «смеяться» can take «чего» (genitive of «что») meaning 'what are you laughing at / why are you laughing'. The reflexive «-ся» verb plus this oblique interrogative gives the question its blunt, spoken feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кривее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"кривее","lemma":"криво","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"more wryly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of чем, adverbial clause on улыбнулся","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are laughing"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b2-c7-s220","source":"Думаешь, что я пошляк?","translation":"Do you think I'm a vulgar lout?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пошляк","title":"«пошляк» — a vulgarian","body":"«Пошляк» (from «пошлый», banal, vulgar) names a peculiarly Russian type: not merely crude but smugly, complacently trivial. It is one of the culture's sharpest insults, and Rakitin dreads being seen as one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошляк","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошляк","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошляк","lemma":"пошляк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Думаешь, predicate of я","gloss":"a vulgar lout"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b2-c7-s221","source":"— Нет, я и не думал думать, что ты пошляк.","translation":"— No, it never even entered my mind to think you a vulgar lout.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не думал думать","title":"Negated «не думал думать»","body":"The figura etymologica «не думал думать» ('I didn't [even] think to think') stacks the verb on itself for emphasis: it never crossed his mind. «Что ты пошляк» reports the supposed thought with «что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to думал","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошляк","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошляк","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пошляк","lemma":"пошляк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думать","gloss":"a vulgar lout"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b2-c7-s222","source":"Ты умен, но... оставь, это я сдуру усмехнулся.","translation":"You're clever, but... never mind, that was a foolish smile of mine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставь","title":"Imperative «оставь» — 'let it be'","body":"«Оставь» is the singular imperative of «оставить» ('to leave'), used idiomatically as 'never mind, drop it'. Stem-final consonant plus stressed ending gives the -и-less -ь imperative form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдуру усмехнулся","title":"Reflexive «усмехнулся» + adverb «сдуру»","body":"«Усмехнуться» (perfective «-ся») is 'to give a smile/smirk', a single act. «Сдуру» is a fused adverb ('out of foolishness, foolishly'), built from «с» + the genitive of «дурь» — Alyosha excusing his own smile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умен","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оставь","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of its own clause","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the clause я...усмехнулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сдуру","lemma":"сдуру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"foolishly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b2-c7-s223","source":"Я понимаю, что ты можешь разгорячиться, Миша.","translation":"I understand that you can get heated, Misha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты можешь разгорячиться","title":"Reporting «что» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«Что» introduces the object clause after «понимаю» ('I understand that...'), with «разгорячиться» the perfective reflexive infinitive 'to get heated'. The «-ся» keeps the heating turned on the subject himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"разгорячиться","lemma":"разгорячиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"get heated"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"Миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to ты","gloss":"Misha"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b2-c7-s224","source":"По твоему увлечению я догадался, что ты сам неравнодушен к Катерине Ивановне, я, брат, это давно подозревал, а потому и не любишь брата Ивана.","translation":"From your warmth I guessed that you're not indifferent to Katerina Ivanovna yourself; I've suspected it a long time, brother, and that's why you don't like our brother Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По твоему увлечению я догадался","title":"«по» + dative: 'from / by'","body":"«По твоему увлечению» ('from your warmth/enthusiasm') uses «по» + dative in its evidential sense, 'judging by'. «Догадался» (perfective reflexive past) means 'I guessed, surmised'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неравнодушен к Катерине Ивановне","title":"Short adjective + «к» + dative","body":"«Неравнодушен» is the short masculine form of «неравнодушный» ('not indifferent'), a predicate adjective, and it governs its object with «к» + dative — 'not indifferent to Katerina Ivanovna'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а потому и не любишь","title":"Resultative «а потому» — 'and that's why'","body":"«А потому» ('and therefore, and that's why') draws the consequence, with the contrastive «а» softening the join and «и» ('precisely') sharpening it: 'and that is just why you don't like brother Ivan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увлечению","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of увлечению","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"увлечению","lemma":"увлечение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неравнодушен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of неравнодушен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies неравнодушен, intensifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"неравнодушен","lemma":"неравнодушный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of догадался, predicate of ты","gloss":"not indifferent"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неравнодушен","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозревал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подозревал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with догадался","gloss":"have suspected"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любишь, part of потому и","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любишь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подозревал","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b2-c7-s225","source":"Ты к нему ревнуешь?","translation":"Are you jealous of him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты к нему ревнуешь?","title":"«ревновать к» + dative","body":"«Ревновать» (to be jealous) governs the person one is jealous of with «к» + dative — «к нему», 'jealous of him'. The third-person pronoun takes the prepositional н- prefix («нему»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ревнуешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревнуешь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ревнуешь","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are jealous"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b2-c7-s226","source":"— И к ее денежкам тоже ревную?","translation":"— And jealous of her money too?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"денежкам","title":"«денежки» — the dear little money","body":"«Денежки» is the affectionate-ironic diminutive of «деньги» (money), the -еньк- suffix here oozing sarcasm: 'her precious little cash'. Rakitin bitterly anticipates the insult before Alyosha can voice it."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денежкам","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of денежкам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"денежкам","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ревную","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревную","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ревную","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I jealous"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b2-c7-s227","source":"Прибавляй, что ли?","translation":"Go on, add that, why don't you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прибавляй","title":"Imperfective imperative «прибавляй»","body":"«Прибавляй» is the imperfective imperative ('go on adding, keep adding'), inviting repeated or continued action — here a goading 'go on, pile it on'. The imperfective imperative often carries this 'get on with it' tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что ли","title":"«что ли» — tag of weary challenge","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial tag particle softening or challenging a statement, here roughly 'why don't you, then?'. It lends the dare a grudging, conversational shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибавляй","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on, add"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase что ли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b2-c7-s228","source":"— Нет, я ничего о деньгах не прибавлю, я не стану тебя обижать.","translation":"— No, I'll add nothing about money; I won't insult you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего о деньгах не прибавлю","title":"Negative concord with «ничего»","body":"«Ничего... не прибавлю» shows negative concord: the «ни»-word «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») requires «не» on the verb too — 'I'll add nothing'. The genitive form fits the negated object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стану тебя обижать","title":"«стать» + infinitive as future","body":"«Не стану... обижать» uses «стать» ('to begin/come to') plus an imperfective infinitive as a near-future of intention: 'I won't [go and] insult you'. «Тебя» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to прибавлю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прибавлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of прибавлю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавлю","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will add"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавлю","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обижать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обижать","lemma":"обижать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"insult"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b2-c7-s229","source":"— Верю, потому что ты сказал, но черт вас возьми опять-таки с твоим братом Иваном!","translation":"— I believe it, because you said so, but the devil take you all the same, you and your brother Ivan!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что ты сказал","title":"Causal «потому что»","body":"«Потому что» ('because') opens a subordinate clause of cause, set off by a comma: 'I believe it because you said so'. «Сказал» is the perfective past, the single act of saying that grounds the belief."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт вас возьми","title":"«чёрт возьми» — devil take it","body":"«Чёрт вас возьми» ('the devil take you') is a stock imprecation; «опять-таки» ('all the same, once again') adds exasperation. Such mild oaths pepper Rakitin's speech, marking his earthy, irreligious register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Верю","gloss":"said so"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьми","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Верю","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase опять-таки, modifies возьми","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братом","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьми","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b2-c7-s230","source":"Не поймете вы никто, что его и без Катерины Ивановны можно весьма не любить.","translation":"Not one of you will grasp that a man can heartily dislike him quite apart from Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не поймете вы никто","title":"Negative concord: «не поймёте... никто»","body":"«Никто» ('no one') again triggers «не» on the verb — 'none of you will grasp'. The fronted negated verb «не поймёте» plus apposed «вы никто» throws emphatic weight onto the failure to understand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его... можно весьма не любить","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«Можно... не любить» is the impersonal 'one can dislike', with «его» (animate accusative) the object. «Весьма» ('quite, heartily') is a bookish intensifier; «без Катерины Ивановны» ('apart from K.I.') uses «без» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поймете","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will grasp"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поймете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"none of you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"heartily"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b2-c7-s231","source":"И за что я его стану любить, черт возьми!","translation":"And why on earth should I like him, devil take it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что я его стану любить","title":"«за что» — 'for what reason'","body":"«За что» ('for what, why on earth') is «за» + accusative «что», asking the grounds. «Стану любить» again is «стать» + infinitive as future of intention: 'why should I [come to] love him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стану","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьми","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стану","gloss":"take it"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b2-c7-s232","source":"Ведь удостоивает же он меня сам ругать.","translation":"After all, he condescends to abuse me himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь удостоивает же он меня","title":"Double charge: «ведь... же»","body":"Rakitin loads the sentence with both «ведь» ('after all') and insistent «же», dripping sarcasm: 'after all, he does deign...'. «Удостоивает... ругать» means 'condescends to abuse', the verb «удостоить» ironically elevating the insult to an honour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоивает","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"удостоивает","lemma":"удостаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"condescends"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоивает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ругать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ругать","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of удостоивает","gloss":"to abuse"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b2-c7-s233","source":"Почему же я его не имею права ругать?","translation":"Why then haven't I the right to abuse him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имею права ругать","title":"Genitive after negated «иметь»","body":"«Не имею права» ('I haven't the right') puts «право» into the genitive «права» under negation. «Почему же» fronts the indignant 'why then', with «же» sharpening the rhetorical thrust."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ругать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"ругать","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies права","gloss":"to abuse"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b2-c7-s234","source":"— Я никогда не слыхал, чтоб он хоть что-нибудь сказал о тебе, хорошего или дурного; он совсем о тебе не говорит.","translation":"— I've never heard him say so much as a single word about you, good or bad; he doesn't speak of you at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не слыхал, чтоб он... сказал","title":"«чтобы» + past form after a negated verb","body":"After the negated «никогда не слыхал» ('never heard'), the clause takes «чтоб[ы]» plus the past-form «сказал» — the irrealis pattern Russian uses for unattested or denied content: 'never heard that he said'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть что-нибудь","title":"Non-specific «что-нибудь»","body":"«Что-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'anything at all', reinforced by «хоть» ('even so much as'): 'never heard him say so much as anything'. The «-нибудь» series is the 'any' member against specific «что-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слыхал","title":"«слыхал» — colloquial 'heard'","body":"«Слыхал» is the iterative/colloquial past of «слышать» ('to hear'), with a homely, conversational flavour ('I've never heard'), slightly more vernacular than the plain «слышал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase хоть что-нибудь","gloss":"so much as"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказал, part of что-нибудь","gloss":"any-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слыхал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"дурного","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хорошего","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of its own clause","gloss":"speaks"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b2-c7-s235","source":"— А я так слышал, что третьего дня у Катерины Ивановны он отделывал меня на чем свет стоит — вот до чего интересовался вашим покорным слугой.","translation":"— Well, I heard that the day before yesterday, at Katerina Ivanovna's, he tore me to shreds — that's how interested he was in your humble servant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — the day before yesterday","body":"A fixed genitive-of-time phrase, literally 'of the third day', meaning 'the day before yesterday'. Such bare genitives of time are a feature of older and literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на чем свет стоит","title":"«на чём свет стоит» — for all he was worth","body":"The idiom «ругать на чём свет стоит» (literally 'on what the world stands') means to abuse someone roundly, ferociously — to tear them to shreds. «Отделывал» here is the imperfective 'was working me over'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вашим покорным слугой","title":"«ваш покорный слуга» — your humble servant","body":"«Ваш покорный слуга» is the formulaic 'your humble servant', a third-person self-reference used ironically here ('me'). In the instrumental «вашим покорным слугой» after «интересовался» (which governs the instrumental), it drips self-mocking sarcasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отделывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase третьего дня, modifies дня","gloss":"day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделывал, part of третьего дня","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделывал","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отделывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отделывал","lemma":"отделывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"was tearing into"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отделывал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase на чем свет стоит","gloss":"for all"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отделывал","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase вот до чего","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересовался","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"интересовался","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of its own clause","gloss":"was interested"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слугой","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"покорным","lemma":"покорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугой","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"слугой","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересовался","gloss":"servant"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b2-c7-s236","source":"И кто, брат, кого после этого ревнует — не знаю!","translation":"And just who, brother, is jealous of whom after that — I'm sure I don't know!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто... кого после этого ревнует","title":"Twin interrogatives «кто... кого»","body":"«Кто» (nominative, the jealous one) and «кого» (animate accusative, the object of jealousy) stand together: 'who is jealous of whom'. The clash of cases lets Rakitin pointedly reverse the question Alyosha put to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ревнует","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ревнует","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после, oblique complement of ревнует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ревнует","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"is jealous"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b2-c7-s237","source":"Изволил выразить мысль, что если я-де не соглашусь на карьеру архимандрита в весьма недалеком будущем и не решусь постричься, то непременно уеду в Петербург и примкну к толстому журналу, непременно к отделению критики, буду писать лет десяток и в конце концов переведу журнал на себя.","translation":"He was good enough to express the opinion that if I won't agree to a career as an archimandrite in the very near future and won't bring myself to take the tonsure, then I'll certainly be off to Petersburg to attach myself to some fat journal, certainly to the criticism section, write for a decade or so, and in the end take the journal over for myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Изволил выразить мысль","title":"«изволил» — was so good as to","body":"«Изволить» ('to deign, be pleased to') is a courtly, archaic verb here used with heavy sarcasm: Ivan 'was good enough to express the opinion'. The dropped subject and the deferential verb mock Ivan's lordly condescension."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если я-де не соглашусь... то... уеду","title":"Real conditional «если... то»","body":"«Если... то» frames a real (not hypothetical) condition: 'if I won't agree..., then I'll certainly...'. Both verbs are perfective futures («соглашусь, уеду, примкну»), chaining the imagined career step by step."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я-де","title":"«-де» — reportative clitic","body":"«-де» is an archaic reportative particle (kin to «дескать»), marking the words as quoted from Ivan's mouth: 'if I, says he, won't agree'. It threads Rakitin's bitter ventriloquism through the whole tirade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изволил","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pleased to"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Изволил","gloss":"express"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразить","gloss":"the opinion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уеду, content of мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соглашусь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соглашусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative particle, modifies соглашусь","gloss":"(they say)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соглашусь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"соглашусь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уеду","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карьеру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"карьеру","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашусь","gloss":"a career"},{"surface":"архимандрита","lemma":"архимандрит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карьеру","gloss":"as archimandrite"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недалеком","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"недалеком","lemma":"недалёкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies будущем","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"будущем","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашусь","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решусь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"решусь","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соглашусь","gloss":"bring myself"},{"surface":"постричься","lemma":"постричься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решусь","gloss":"take the tonsure"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with если, introduces the clause of уеду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уеду","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"уеду","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уеду","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примкну","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уеду","gloss":"will attach myself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking журналу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"толстому","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies журналу","gloss":"fat"},{"surface":"журналу","lemma":"журнал","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примкну","gloss":"journal"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отделению","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отделению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отделению","lemma":"отделение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with журналу","gloss":"the section"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отделению","gloss":"of criticism"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of писать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"писать","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уеду","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies десяток, inverted for approximation","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"десяток","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of писать, temporal accusative","gloss":"about ten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце, part of в конце концов","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase в конце концов","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase в конце, modifies конце","gloss":"of ends"},{"surface":"переведу","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уеду","gloss":"will take over"},{"surface":"журнал","lemma":"журнал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переведу","gloss":"the journal"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of переведу","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b2-c7-s238","source":"Затем буду опять его издавать и непременно в либеральном и атеистическом направлении, с социалистическим оттенком, с маленьким даже лоском социализма, но держа ухо востро, то есть, в сущности, держа нашим и вашим и отводя глаза дуракам.","translation":"Then I'll go on publishing it, and certainly in a liberal and atheistic direction, with a socialist tinge, even with a little gloss of socialism, but keeping my ear to the ground — that is, in essence, playing both sides and throwing dust in the eyes of fools.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"держа ухо востро","title":"Present gerund «держа» + idiom","body":"«Держа» is the imperfective present «деепричастие» of «держать» ('holding, keeping'), a simultaneous circumstance. «Держать ухо востро» ('to keep one's ear sharp') is the idiom 'to stay on one's guard'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нашим и вашим","title":"«и нашим и вашим» — playing both sides","body":"The idiom «(служить) и нашим и вашим» — literally 'to ours and to yours' — means to serve both parties at once, to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds. «Отводя глаза» ('averting eyes') completes the picture: throwing dust in fools' eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies издавать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of издавать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies издавать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of издавать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"издавать","lemma":"издавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on publishing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направлении","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking направлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"либеральном","lemma":"либеральный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies направлении","gloss":"liberal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"атеистическом","lemma":"атеистический","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with либеральном","gloss":"atheistic"},{"surface":"направлении","lemma":"направление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of издавать","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оттенком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"социалистическим","lemma":"социалистический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оттенком","gloss":"socialist"},{"surface":"оттенком","lemma":"оттенок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of издавать","gloss":"tinge"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лоском","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лоском","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лоском","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лоском","lemma":"лоск","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of издавать","gloss":"gloss"},{"surface":"социализма","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лоском","gloss":"of socialism"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with издавать","gloss":"keeping"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of держа","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"востро","lemma":"востро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держа","gloss":"pricked","note":"Idiom «держать ухо востро» = to keep one's ear to the ground, stay on guard."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence (в сущности = in essence)","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держа (ухо востро)","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of держа","gloss":"our side","note":"Idiom «держать нашим и вашим» = to play both sides."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with нашим","gloss":"your side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отводя","lemma":"отводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держа","gloss":"diverting","note":"Idiom «отводить глаза» = to throw dust in someone's eyes, deceive."},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отводя","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"дуракам","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of отводя","gloss":"of fools"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b2-c7-s239","source":"Конец карьеры моей, по толкованию твоего братца, в том, что оттенок социализма не помешает мне откладывать на текущий счет подписные денежки и пускать их при случае в оборот, под руководством какого-нибудь жидишки, до тех пор, пока не выстрою капитальный дом в Петербурге, с тем чтобы перевесть в него и редакцию, а в остальные этажи напустить жильцов.","translation":"The end of my career, according to your dear brother's interpretation, is that the tinge of socialism won't keep me from setting aside the subscription money in a current account and putting it into circulation, when the chance offers, under the management of some little Jew, until I've built myself a fine block of flats in Petersburg, with the idea of moving the editorial office into it as well and letting out the remaining floors to tenants.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по толкованию твоего братца","title":"«по» + dative; mocking diminutive «братца»","body":"«По толкованию» ('according to the interpretation') is «по» + dative in its 'according to' sense. «Твоего братца» is the sneering diminutive of «брат» in the genitive — 'your dear little brother's' reading of Rakitin's future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока не выстрою","title":"«пока не» + perfective future: 'until'","body":"«Пока не выстрою» means 'until I build', where «пока не» ('until') takes a perfective future — the не is grammatical, not a real negation: the action goes on up to that completed point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жидишки","title":"«жидишка» — a slur, in pejorative diminutive","body":"«Жид» is an ethnic slur for a Jew, and the suffix -ишк- adds belittling contempt ('some wretched little Jew'). The word is bigoted; we keep it because it characterizes Rakitin's casual antisemitism and the period's prejudice, not the narrator's view."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подписные денежки... в оборот","title":"Subscription money put 'into circulation'","body":"«Подписные денежки» are subscribers' fees (again the sarcastic diminutive «денежки»); «пускать в оборот» means to put money into circulation, to invest or lend it out at interest. The phrase pins Rakitin's imagined hypocrisy: a socialist editor quietly speculating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"карьеры","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Конец","gloss":"of career"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies карьеры","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толкованию","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"толкованию","lemma":"толкование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"the interpretation"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies толкованию","gloss":"dear brother","note":"Affectionate/ironic diminutive of «брат»."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Конец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помешает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оттенок","lemma":"оттенок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешает","gloss":"the tinge"},{"surface":"социализма","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оттенок","gloss":"of socialism"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помешает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помешает","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"will keep from"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of помешает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"откладывать","lemma":"откладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of помешает","gloss":"setting aside"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"текущий","lemma":"текущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies счет","gloss":"current"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откладывать","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"подписные","lemma":"подписной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies денежки","gloss":"subscription"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of откладывать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пускать","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with откладывать","gloss":"putting"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пускать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"when the"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускать","gloss":"occasion offers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оборот","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"оборот","lemma":"оборот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускать","gloss":"circulation"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руководством","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"руководством","lemma":"руководство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускать","gloss":"the management"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жидишки","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"particle, invariant","role":"determiner of жидишки","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"жидишки","lemma":"жидишка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руководством","gloss":"little Jew","note":"A period-typical derogatory diminutive for «Jew», used to characterize Ivan's cynical persona; Garnett softens it to \"little Jew.\""},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пускать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выстрою","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выстрою","gloss":"(until)"},{"surface":"выстрою","lemma":"выстроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying пор","gloss":"I build"},{"surface":"капитальный","lemma":"капитальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выстрою","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces purpose clause with чтобы","gloss":"the aim"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перевесть","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"перевесть","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"moving","note":"Archaic/dialectal spelling of «перевести»."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перевесть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies редакцию","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"редакцию","lemma":"редакция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перевесть","gloss":"the editorial office"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этажи","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies этажи","gloss":"the remaining"},{"surface":"этажи","lemma":"этаж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of напустить","gloss":"floors"},{"surface":"напустить","lemma":"напустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with перевесть","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"жильцов","lemma":"жилец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of напустить","gloss":"tenants"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b2-c7-s240","source":"Даже место дому назначил: у Нового Каменного моста через Неву, который проектируется, говорят, в Петербурге, с Литейной на Выборгскую...","translation":"He even fixed on the site for the house: by the New Stone Bridge over the Neva, which they say is being planned in Petersburg, running from the Liteiny side over to the Vyborg side...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который проектируется","title":"Relative «который» + passive «-ся»","body":"«Который проектируется» ('which is being planned') joins a relative clause; «проектируется» is the imperfective passive in «-ся» — 'is [being] projected'. «Который» agrees in gender with «мост» but takes nominative as its clause's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"место дому назначил","title":"Dative «дому» — site 'for the house'","body":"«Назначить место дому» assigns a site 'to/for the house', with «дому» in the dative as the beneficiary. The fronted «даже место» ('even the site') throws the emphasis onto how absurdly far Ivan's imagined scheme went."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies место","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of назначил","gloss":"the site"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of назначил","gloss":"for the house"},{"surface":"назначил","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed on"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моста","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies моста","gloss":"New"},{"surface":"Каменного","lemma":"каменный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies моста","gloss":"Stone"},{"surface":"моста","lemma":"мост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of назначил","gloss":"Bridge"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Неву","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Неву","lemma":"Нева","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies моста","gloss":"the Neva"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проектируется","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"проектируется","lemma":"проектироваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on моста","gloss":"is being planned"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying проектируется","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проектируется","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Литейной","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Литейной","lemma":"Литейная","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"describes the bridge's route, modifies моста","gloss":"the Liteiny side"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Выборгскую","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Выборгскую","lemma":"выборгский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Литейной","gloss":"the Vyborg side"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b2-c7-s241","source":"— Ах, Миша, ведь это, пожалуй, как есть всё и сбудется, до последнего даже слова! — вскричал вдруг Алеша, не удержавшись и весело усмехаясь.","translation":"\"Ah, Misha, you know it may all turn out exactly as you say, down to the very last word!\" Alyosha cried out suddenly, unable to hold back, grinning merrily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to what the hearer already half-knows — 'you know', 'after all'. Here it softens Alyosha's sudden delight into shared confidence: the prediction really might come true. English carries it only through tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбудется","title":"Perfective future «сбудется»","body":"«Сбудется» (from perfective «сбыться», to come true) is conjugated like a present but means the future — a single completed outcome. Set against the imperfective «есть всё», it frames the whole prophecy as something that will fully come to pass."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удержавшись и весело усмехаясь","title":"Paired gerunds: prior and simultaneous","body":"Two деепричастия colour Alyosha's outburst at once: the perfective past «не удержавшись» ('having failed to hold back') names what happened just before, while the imperfective present «усмехаясь» ('grinning') runs alongside the main verb «вскричал». Both share its subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"Миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбудется","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сбудется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбудется","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как есть, modifies всё","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom как есть, modifies всё","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это (quantifier), subject of сбудется","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбудется","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сбудется","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come true"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последнего","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до, modified by последнего","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержавшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удержавшись","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"holding back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехаясь","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"усмехаясь","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удержавшись, adverbial on вскричал","gloss":"grinning"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b2-c7-s242","source":"— И вы в сарказмы пускаетесь, Алексей Федорович.","translation":"\"So now you're taking to sarcasm too, Alexei Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сарказмы пускаетесь","title":"Reflexive «пускаться» + «в» + accusative","body":"The -ся verb «пускаться/пуститься во что-то» means to launch into, take to (a pursuit). With «в» governing the accusative plural «сарказмы», Rakitin charges Alyosha with embarking on sarcasm. The plural of an abstract noun adds a faintly mocking, bookish ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алексей Федорович","title":"Name + patronymic as cool address","body":"Rakitin addresses Alyosha by full first name and patronymic «Алексей Фёдорович» — the respectful, distancing register, pointed here because the two are familiars who normally use «ты». The formality signals wounded stiffness."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускаетесь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пускаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сарказмы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сарказмы","lemma":"сарказм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пускаетесь","gloss":"sarcasm"},{"surface":"пускаетесь","lemma":"пускаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are taking"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b2-c7-s243","source":"— Нет, нет, я шучу, извини.","translation":"\"No, no, I'm only joking, forgive me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"извини","title":"Singular familiar imperative «извини»","body":"«Извини» is the perfective imperative of «извинить», in the bare singular form with no «-те» — Alyosha speaks to Rakitin as an intimate «ты», precisely the warmth Rakitin has just refused him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated with нет (w2)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шучу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шучу","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am joking"},{"surface":"извини","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шучу","gloss":"forgive me"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b2-c7-s244","source":"У меня совсем другое на уме.","translation":"\"I have something else entirely on my mind.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на уме","title":"Idiom «на уме» — on one's mind","body":"«У меня на уме» literally 'on the mind' (prepositional «уме» after «на») is the set idiom for what someone is privately thinking or scheming about. «Совсем другое» — 'something else entirely' — marks a deliberate change of subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor (у меня = I have)","gloss":"me","note":"Idiom «у меня» = \"I have.\""},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"what is possessed (у меня)","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"my mind"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b2-c7-s245","source":"Позволь, однако: кто бы тебе мог такие подробности сообщить, и от кого бы ты мог о них слышать.","translation":"\"But wait, all the same: who could have told you such details, and from whom could you have heard about them?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто бы тебе мог такие подробности сообщить","title":"Conditional «бы» for a guarded wondering","body":"The particle «бы» with the past-form «мог» turns a flat question into a hypothetical musing — 'who could possibly have...'. «Бы» leans on «кто», the first stressed word, rather than on the verb. The same structure repeats in «от кого бы ты мог... слышать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позволь, однако","title":"«Позволь» — let me, allow me","body":"«Позволь» is the singular imperative of perfective «позволить» ('permit'), used idiomatically to pause a conversation — 'wait, let me think'. «Однако» here is the adversative 'all the same, however', staging Alyosha's second thoughts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait","note":"Idiom «но позволь» = \"but allow me / wait a moment.\""},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Позволь","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b2-c7-s246","source":"Ты не мог ведь быть у Катерины Ивановны лично, когда он про тебя говорил?","translation":"\"You couldn't have been with Katerina Ivanovna in person, after all, while he was talking about you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не мог ведь быть","title":"Negated possibility with «ведь»","body":"«Не мог быть» negates the modal «мочь» plus infinitive — 'you couldn't have been'. The wedged-in «ведь» appeals to shared logic ('after all, surely'), turning the line into a half-rhetorical check rather than a real question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Катерины Ивановны","title":"«У» + genitive for 'at someone's'","body":"«У Катерины Ивановны» — the preposition «у» governs the genitive to mean 'at/with' a person, i.e. at her place. The personal name and patronymic both decline: «Катерина Ивановна» → «Катерины Ивановны»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Катерины","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"in person"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"was talking"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b2-c7-s247","source":"— Меня не было, зато был Дмитрий Федорович, и я слышал это своими ушами от Дмитрия же Федоровича то есть, если хочешь, он не мне говорил, а я подслушал разумеется поневоле, потому что у Грушеньки в ее спальне сидел и выйти не мог всё время, пока Дмитрий Федорович в следующей комнате находился.","translation":"\"I wasn't there, but Dmitri Fyodorovich was, and I heard it with my own ears from Dmitri Fyodorovich himself — that is, if you must know, he wasn't speaking to me; I overheard it, against my will of course, because I was sitting in Grushenka's bedroom and couldn't come out the whole time Dmitri Fyodorovich was in the next room.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня не было","title":"Genitive of negation in a negated existential","body":"'I wasn't there' is «меня не было» — the absent subject stands obligatorily in the genitive «меня» with the neuter «не было». Russian denies existence by withholding the nominative entirely, a pattern foreign to English."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от Дмитрия же Федоровича","title":"Emphatic «же» — from Dmitri himself","body":"Here «же» is the insistent particle wedged into the name: 'from Dmitri Fyodorovich himself, of all people'. It underscores that the source was Dmitri's own mouth, sharpening the awkwardness of the admission."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я подслушал","title":"Perfective «подслушал» — caught by overhearing","body":"«Подслушать» (perfective) means to overhear/eavesdrop as a single completed act; the prefix «под-» carries a sense of doing something stealthily, from under. The perfective past pins it as one event, not a habit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поневоле","title":"«Поневоле» — against one's will","body":"«Поневоле» is an adverb meaning 'willy-nilly, unavoidably, against one's will' — built on «неволя» (un-freedom, captivity). Alyosha pleads that the eavesdropping was forced on him by circumstance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньки","title":"«Грушенька» — a tender diminutive","body":"«Грушенька» is the affectionate-diminutive of «Аграфена/Груша», with the endearing suffix «-еньк-». The name carries warmth and a touch of the intimate even in passing, contrasting with the brutal «публичная девка» Rakitin will hurl later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was there"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"was there"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of ушами","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"ушами","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подслушал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подслушал","lemma":"подслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"overheard"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подслушал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"поневоле","lemma":"поневоле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подслушал","gloss":"against my will"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of спальне","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спальне","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подслушал","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находился","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"следующей","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying время","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b2-c7-s248","source":"— Ах да, я и забыл, ведь она тебе родственница...","translation":"\"Ah yes, I'd forgotten — she's a relation of yours, isn't she...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она тебе родственница","title":"Zero copula with a dative of relation","body":"No verb 'to be' appears in the present: «она тебе родственница» — literally 'she [is] to-you a relation'. The dative «тебе» marks the person to whom she is kin, and the nominative «родственница» is the bare predicate the zero copula leaves uninflected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"in apposition to Ах","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the following remark","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of родственница","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of родственница","gloss":"of yours"},{"surface":"родственница","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of она","gloss":"a relation"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b2-c7-s249","source":"— Родственница?","translation":"\"A relation?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Родственница","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A relation"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b2-c7-s250","source":"Это Грушенька-то мне родственница? — вскричал вдруг Ракитин, весь покраснев","translation":"\"Grushenka — a relation of mine?\" Rakitin cried out suddenly, flushing all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это Грушенька-то мне родственница?","title":"The topic-clitic «-то» in incredulity","body":"The hyphenated «-то» pins «Грушенька» as the astonished topic — 'Grushenka, of all people, a relation to ME?' This is the emphatic topic-marking «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то». Word order fronts the named topic before the comment «родственница»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь покраснев","title":"Perfective gerund «покраснев»","body":"«Покраснев» is the perfective past деепричастие of «покраснеть» (to redden) — 'having flushed', the change of colour completing just as he cries out. «Весь» ('all over') intensifies it. The narration packs Rakitin's reaction into one adverbial phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of родственница (copula elided)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Это","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"attaches to Грушенька for emphasis","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of родственница","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"родственница","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"a relation"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покраснев (intensifier: all over)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснев","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"flushing"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b2-c7-s251","source":"— Да ты с ума спятил, что ли?","translation":"\"Have you gone out of your mind, or what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спятил","title":"«Спятить» — to go off one's head","body":"«С ума спятил» is rough colloquial for 'gone crazy, lost it' — «спятить» on its own already means to go mad, with «с ума» ('off one's mind') reinforcing it. The blunt register marks Rakitin's flash of genuine rage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли","title":"Tag particle «что ли»","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial sentence-tag expressing doubting surprise — 'or what?, eh?'. It contains the interrogative «ли» fused into an idiom, lending the question a jabbing, confrontational tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спятил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спятил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спятил","gloss":"your mind"},{"surface":"спятил","lemma":"спятить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have gone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли (or what)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли (or what)","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b2-c7-s252","source":"Мозги не в порядке","translation":"\"Your brains are out of order.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мозги не в порядке","title":"«Не в порядке» — out of order","body":"«Не в порядке» literally 'not in order' is the idiom for something being amiss or malfunctioning; applied to «мозги» ('brains', plural) it is a dismissive 'you're not right in the head'. The verbless construction is curt and dialogue-blunt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мозги","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of порядке","gloss":"your brains"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порядке","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b2-c7-s253","source":"— А что?","translation":"\"Why, what is it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что?","title":"The hinge-particle «а»","body":"«А что?» — 'why?, what is it?' — opens with the mild contrastive «а», a topic-shifting 'and/but' with no real opposition. It is Alyosha gently pressing back, an untranslatable conversational pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what is it"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b2-c7-s254","source":"Разве не родственница?","translation":"\"She isn't a relation, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве не родственница?","title":"«Разве» for surprised doubt","body":"«Разве» introduces a question coloured by surprise or disbelief — 'is she really not a relation, then?'. Paired with the negation «не», it expresses Alyosha's puzzled retreat from his earlier assumption."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родственница","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родственница","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"родственница","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a relation"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b2-c7-s255","source":"Я так слышал...","translation":"\"That's how I heard it...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я так слышал","title":"Imperfective «слышал» — heard it as report","body":"«Слышал» is the imperfective past — Alyosha reports a piece of received hearsay as a general fact ('that's what I heard'), not a single pointed event. The trailing «...» leaves the claim hanging, half-retracted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard it"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b2-c7-s256","source":"— Где ты мог это слышать?","translation":"\"Where could you have heard such a thing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где ты мог это слышать?","title":"Modal «мог» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Мог слышать» pairs the past of «мочь» with the imperfective infinitive «слышать» — 'could have heard'. The imperfective frames the hearing as an open, repeatable possibility ('where might you have been hearing such a thing'), suiting an incredulous demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышать","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have heard"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b2-c7-s257","source":"Нет, вы, господа Карамазовы, каких-то великих и древних дворян из себя корчите, тогда как отец твой бегал шутом по чужим столам да при милости на кухне числился.","translation":"\"No, you gentlemen Karamazovs put on airs as if you were some great and ancient nobility, when in fact your father went running about as a buffoon at other men's tables and was kept on in the kitchen out of charity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из себя корчите","title":"Idiom «корчить из себя» with reflexive «себя»","body":"«Корчить из себя» (literally 'to contort out of oneself') means to pose as, put on airs of being. The reflexive pronoun «себя» — which has no nominative — points back to the subject «вы». The whole jab: 'you make yourselves out to be grand old nobility'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как","title":"Concessive «тогда как» — whereas","body":"«Тогда как» is a bookish subordinating conjunction meaning 'whereas, while in fact', setting the pretension against the squalid reality of the elder Karamazov's past. It opens a sharp adversative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бегал шутом по чужим столам","title":"«Шут» and sponging at other men's tables","body":"«Шут» is a fool/buffoon; «бегал шутом» uses the instrumental of role ('ran around AS a buffoon'). «По чужим столам» evokes a sponger going from one rich household's dinner table to another — the disgrace Rakitin throws at the Karamazov name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"opening negation, contrasts with корчите","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of корчите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Карамазовы","lemma":"Карамазовы","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"Karamazovs"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дворян","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix attached to каких","role":"forms indefinite determiner каких-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дворян","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"древних","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with великих","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"дворян","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of корчите (idiom корчить из себя)","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя, part of idiom корчить из себя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"reflexive complement in idiom корчить из себя","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"корчите","lemma":"корчить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiom: put on airs as)","gloss":"put on airs as","note":"корчить из себя = to pose/put on airs as."},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бегал (with тогда, 'whereas')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бегал","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бегал","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on корчите","gloss":"ran about"},{"surface":"шутом","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бегал","gloss":"as a buffoon"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столам","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"чужим","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies столам","gloss":"other men's"},{"surface":"столам","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бегал","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking милости","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"милости","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of числился","gloss":"charity"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кухне","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of числился","gloss":"the kitchen"},{"surface":"числился","lemma":"числиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бегал","gloss":"was kept on"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b2-c7-s258","source":"Положим, я только поповский сын и тля пред вами, дворянами, но не оскорбляйте же меня так весело и беспутно.","translation":"\"Granted, I'm only a priest's son and a mere louse before you noblemen — but don't insult me so gaily and so wantonly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Положим","title":"Concessive «положим» — granted, suppose","body":"«Положим» is the first-person plural imperative of «положить» used as a fixed concessive particle: 'let's grant, suppose, say'. It opens Rakitin's grudging admission before the sharp «но» that follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тля","title":"«Тля» — a louse, a nothing","body":"«Тля» literally an aphid/plant-louse, used figuratively for a contemptible nonentity. Rakitin bitterly casts himself as «тля пред вами, дворянами» — an insect before the noblemen — in caustic, self-lacerating self-abasement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред вами","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«Пред» is the elevated/old variant of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «вами». The clipped form lends a deliberately bookish, almost biblical solemnity to the louse-before-the-mighty image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не оскорбляйте же меня","title":"Negated imperative with insistent «же»","body":"«Не оскорбляйте» is the negated imperfective imperative ('don't insult'), and «же» drives it home as an urgent appeal — 'do not, then, insult me so'. The «-те» marks plural/distancing address, matching the formal «вы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces the concession","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the predicate сын/тля","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поповский сын","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"поповский","lemma":"поповский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"priest's"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (omitted есть), complement of я","gloss":"a son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тля","lemma":"тля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сын","gloss":"a louse"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of тля","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дворянами","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вами","gloss":"noblemen"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскорбляйте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"оскорбляйте","lemma":"оскорблять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскорбляйте","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбляйте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбляйте","gloss":"gaily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспутно","lemma":"беспутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with весело","gloss":"wantonly"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b2-c7-s259","source":"У меня тоже честь есть, Алексей Федорович.","translation":"\"I have my honor too, Alexei Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня тоже честь есть","title":"Possession with «у» + genitive and «есть»","body":"Russian 'I have honour too' is «у меня есть честь» — literally 'by me there is honour', with «у» governing genitive «меня» and existential «есть». The retained «есть» (often dropped) here insists on the bare fact of possession: he too has honour."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"[in possession of]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть (possessive construction)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies честь есть","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей (patronymic)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b2-c7-s260","source":"Я Грушеньке не могу быть родней, публичной девке, прошу понять-с!","translation":"\"I cannot be kin to Grushenka, a public woman — understand that, if you please, sir!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу быть родней","title":"Instrumental of the predicate «родней»","body":"After «быть» the predicate noun goes in the instrumental: «быть роднёй» ('to be kin'). The infinitive construction frames kinship as an assumed role, the case Russian reserves for predicates of «быть»/«стать» outside the present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"публичной девке","title":"«Публичная девка» — a public woman","body":"«Публичная девка» is a harsh period euphemism for a prostitute (literally 'public girl'). In apposition to «Грушеньке» (dative) it is the crude charge Rakitin flings; «девка» itself is already coarse for a woman of low standing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понять-с","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» appended to «понять» is the abbreviated «сударь/сударыня» ('sir/madam'), a deferential — and here sarcastically obsequious — tic of 19th-century speech. Rakitin's «прошу понять-с» mocks even as it bristles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of родней","gloss":"to Grushenka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to родней","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"родней","lemma":"родня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"kin"},{"surface":"публичной","lemma":"публичный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девке","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"девке","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Грушеньке","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, polite suffix","role":"attached to понять as a deferential marker","gloss":"sir","note":"the colloquial suffix -с (short for сударь) adds servile politeness."}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b2-c7-s261","source":"Ракитин был в сильном раздражении.","translation":"Rakitin was in a state of violent irritation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был в сильном раздражении","title":"«Быть в» + prepositional for a state","body":"«Был в сильном раздражении» — 'was in a state of strong irritation' — uses «в» + prepositional to name an emotional condition, with the adjective «сильном» agreeing with «раздражении» in the prepositional. A common Russian way to render an inner state as a place one is 'in'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to раздражении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сильном","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражении","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"раздражении","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"irritation"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b2-c7-s262","source":"— Извини меня ради бога, я никак не мог предполагать, и притом какая она публичная?","translation":"\"Forgive me, for God's sake, I could never have supposed it — and besides, how is she a public woman?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Извини меня ради бога","title":"«Ради» + genitive — for the sake of","body":"«Ради бога» ('for God's sake') uses the preposition «ради» governing the genitive «бога». A formulaic plea for pardon — note the lowercase «бога» here marks the worn-down idiom rather than direct invocation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не мог предполагать","title":"Negative concord with «никак»","body":"«Никак не мог» piles the ни-adverb «никак» ('in no way') onto the negated verb — 'I could in no way have supposed'. Russian requires this double negation (negative concord): the ни-word never cancels the «не», it intensifies it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извини","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Извини","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Извини","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Извини","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"предполагать","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публичная","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of публичная","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"публичная","lemma":"публичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the clause","gloss":"a public woman"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b2-c7-s263","source":"Разве она... такая? — покраснел вдруг Алеша. — Повторяю тебе, я так слышал, что родственница.","translation":"\"Is she really... that sort?\" Alyosha suddenly flushed. \"I tell you again, that's how I heard it — that she was a relation.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве она... такая?","title":"«Разве» + «такая» — really that sort?","body":"«Разве» again frames a startled, reluctant question; «такая» ('such, that kind') is the demonstrative euphemism Alyosha shrinks from spelling out. The ellipsis stages his embarrassment, mirrored by «покраснел» (he flushed)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что родственница","title":"Reporting «что» — heard that...","body":"«Слышал, что родственница» uses the subordinating «что» ('that') to report a fact at second hand. Russian sets the clause off with a comma; the predicate «родственница» again stands as a bare nominative with zero copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of она","gloss":"that sort"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Повторяю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родственница","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"родственница","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"a relation"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b2-c7-s264","source":"Ты к ней часто ходишь и сам мне говорил, что ты с нею связей любви не имеешь...","translation":"\"You go to see her often, and you told me yourself that you have no ties of love with her...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты к ней часто ходишь","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» for habit","body":"«Ходишь» is the multidirectional motion verb «ходить» — going there repeatedly, by habit — not the one-trip «идти». With «часто» ('often') it captures Rakitin's regular visits. «К ней» ('to her') uses «к» + dative for motion toward a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"связей любви не имеешь","title":"Genitive of negation: «связей не имеешь»","body":"Under the negated «не имеешь» the object shifts to the genitive: «связей любви» ('ties of love'), genitive plural. Negating «иметь» regularly pulls its object out of the accusative into the genitive — a classic genitive-of-negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ходишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходишь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходишь","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ходишь","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elided subject ты (intensifier) of говорил","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходишь","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies связей","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"связей","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имеешь","gloss":"ties"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies связей","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеешь","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b2-c7-s265","source":"Вот я никогда не думал, что уж ты-то ее так презираешь!","translation":"\"There, I never imagined that you of all people despised her so!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж ты-то","title":"«Уж» + «ты-то»: you of all people","body":"The particle «уж» intensifies, and the clitic «-то» on «ты» singles out the topic emphatically — 'that YOU, of all people'. Together they voice Alyosha's surprised reproach that Rakitin specifically should despise her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не думал","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"«Никогда не думал» — 'never thought' — again shows obligatory double negation: the ни-adverb «никогда» co-occurs with «не», one negation expressed twice as Russian grammar demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презираешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"of all people"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of презираешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic suffix attached to ты","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of презираешь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"презираешь","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"despised"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b2-c7-s266","source":"Да неужели она достойна того?","translation":"\"And does she really deserve it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели","title":"«Неужели» — surely not?","body":"«Неужели» is the particle of incredulous astonishment — 'is it really possible that...?'. Here Alyosha wonders whether Grushenka truly deserves («достойна») such contempt. The short adjective «достойна» (+ genitive «того») predicates the state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достойна","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of достойна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"достойна","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"deserves"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of достойна","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b2-c7-s267","source":"— Если я ее посещаю, то на то могу иметь свои причины, ну и довольно с тебя.","translation":"\"If I visit her, then I may have my own reasons for it, and that's enough for you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я ее посещаю, то на то...","title":"«Если..., то...» correlative","body":"The conditional «если» ('if') is answered by the resumptive «то» ('then') — a tidy correlative pairing. «На то» ('for that') points back with «на» + accusative neuter «то», meaning 'for it'. The imperfective «посещаю» states a habitual fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свои причины","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"«Свои причины» ('my own reasons') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which points back to the clause's subject «я». Russian prefers «свой» over «мои» here precisely because the reasons belong to the speaker-subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"довольно с тебя","title":"«Довольно с тебя» — that's enough for you","body":"«Довольно с тебя» (literally 'enough off you', «с» + genitive «тебя») is the idiom 'that'll do for you, mind your own business' — a brusque shut-down of further questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посещаю","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посещаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посещаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"посещаю","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"correlates with если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of причины","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, main predicate of the clause","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of the preposition с (with довольно)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b2-c7-s268","source":"А насчет родства, так скорей твой братец али даже сам батюшка навяжет ее тебе, а не мне, в родню.","translation":"\"As for kinship, it's far more likely that your dear brother, or even your papa himself, will foist her on you as a relation than on me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скорей твой братец али даже сам батюшка навяжет","title":"Perfective future «навяжет»","body":"«Навяжет» is the perfective future of «навязать» ('to foist, force on') — a single completed action seen ahead in time. «Скорей» ('sooner, more likely') sets up the comparison: more likely they than I will saddle you with her as kin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братец","title":"Diminutive «братец» — dear/precious brother","body":"«Братец» is the diminutive of «брат» with the «-ец» suffix; in Rakitin's mouth it is sarcastic rather than tender — 'your precious brother'. «Батюшка» likewise is an affectionate-respectful 'dear father/papa' turned mocking here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"Folksy «али» for «или»","body":"«Али» is a colloquial, rustic variant of «или» ('or'). Sprinkled through Rakitin's speech here (and in the lines that follow), it lends his diction a homely, lower-register, half-mocking coloring."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родства","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"родства","lemma":"родство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of навяжет","gloss":"kinship"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"correlates with А насчет, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies навяжет","gloss":"far more likely"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братец","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of навяжет","gloss":"dear brother"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links братец and батюшка disjunctively","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject of навяжет","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"навяжет","lemma":"навязать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will foist"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of навяжет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of навяжет","gloss":"on you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with тебе","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родню","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"родню","lemma":"родня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of навяжет","gloss":"a relation"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b2-c7-s269","source":"Ну вот и дошли.","translation":"\"Well, here we are, we've arrived.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дошли","title":"Prefixed perfective of motion «дойти»","body":"«Дошли» is the perfective past of «дойти» ('to reach on foot, arrive'), the prefix «до-» giving the sense of reaching a goal. Like «прийти», a directional prefix converts the motion verb into an ordinary perfective — 'we've arrived'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошли","gloss":"here we are"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошли","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"дошли","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we've arrived"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b2-c7-s270","source":"Ступай-ка на кухню лучше.","translation":"\"You'd do better to take yourself off to the kitchen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступай-ка","title":"Imperative «ступай» softened by «-ка»","body":"«Ступай» is the singular imperative of «ступать» ('go, get along'), a slightly old/folksy 'off you go'. The clitic «-ка» softens or coaxes the command — 'do go along now'. A dig: he sends Alyosha back to the kitchen like a servant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"-ка","morphology":"particle, softening suffix attached to imperative","role":"attached to Ступай","gloss":"(softening particle)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кухню","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ступай","gloss":"the kitchen"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Ступай","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b2-c7-s271","source":"Ай! что тут такое, что это?","translation":"\"Hey! What's going on here, what is this?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тут такое","title":"«Что такое» — what's the matter","body":"«Что тут такое?» ('what's going on here?') is the set interrogative «что такое» with «тут» ('here') inserted. The neuter demonstrative «такое' substantivises into 'what sort of thing', voicing sudden alarm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Hey"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, main predicate of the first clause","gloss":"going on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, parallel question to что(w2)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что(w5)","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b2-c7-s272","source":"Аль опоздали?","translation":"\"Are we too late?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Аль","title":"Folk-particle «аль» — or, can it be that","body":"«Аль» (also «али») is a colloquial, dialectal contraction meaning 'or / surely not', opening an anxious guessing question. It recurs through Rakitin's excited patter at the gate, marking his earthy, popular speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опоздали","title":"Perfective «опоздать» — to be late","body":"«Опоздали» is the perfective past of «опоздать» ('to be/come late'), a single completed result — 'we've missed it'. The bare verb with dropped pronoun ('we') relies on the «-ли» ending to mark plural past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle introducing the question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"опоздали","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are we too late"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b2-c7-s273","source":"Да не могли же они так скоро отобедать?","translation":"\"Surely they couldn't have finished dinner so soon?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не могли же они","title":"Stacked particles «да... же»","body":"«Да» opens with an exclamatory 'why, surely', and «же» insists — 'surely they couldn't have...'. The cluster of particles around the negated «не могли» conveys Rakitin's incredulous reasoning aloud, a texture English renders only by intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отобедать","title":"«Отобедать» — to finish dining","body":"«Отобедать» (perfective) is 'to dine, to have finished dinner' — the prefix «от-» marking completion of the meal. A slightly formal, period word for getting through the дворянский dinner with the Father Superior."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"couldn't have"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отобедать","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отобедать","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"отобедать","lemma":"отобедать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"finished dinner"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b2-c7-s274","source":"Аль тут опять что Карамазовы напрокудили?","translation":"\"Or have the Karamazovs been up to some mischief here again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напрокудили","title":"«Напрокудить» — to get up to mischief","body":"«Напрокудить» is a rare, dialectal/colloquial verb for kicking up trouble, playing a nasty prank, making a mess of things. Its earthy flavour fits Rakitin's gleeful suspicion that the Karamazovs have caused yet another disgrace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle introducing the question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напрокудили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напрокудили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напрокудили","gloss":"some mischief"},{"surface":"Карамазовы","lemma":"Карамазовы","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of напрокудили","gloss":"the Karamazovs"},{"surface":"напрокудили","lemma":"напрокудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been up to"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b2-c7-s275","source":"Наверно так.","translation":"\"That must be it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b2-c7-s276","source":"Вот и батюшка твой, и Иван Федорович за ним.","translation":"\"There's your papa, and Ivan Fyodorovich after him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван Федорович за ним","title":"«За» + instrumental — after, behind him","body":"«За ним» ('after/behind him') uses «за» governing the instrumental «ним» to mark following motion. With the verb 'comes' elided, the bare phrase paints Ivan trailing his father out — vivid, telegraphic reportage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with батюшка","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван (patronymic)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван Федорович","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b2-c7-s277","source":"Это они от игумена вырвались.","translation":"\"They've torn themselves away from the Father Superior.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от игумена вырвались","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» + «от» + genitive","body":"«Вырвались» (perfective -ся verb «вырваться», 'to tear oneself free') with «от игумена» ('from the Father Superior', «от» + genitive) suggests an abrupt, almost violent escape from the dinner — exactly the scandal the gossip senses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with вырвались","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вырвались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумена","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвались","gloss":"the Father Superior"},{"surface":"вырвались","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torn themselves away"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b2-c7-s278","source":"Вот отец Исидор с крыльца кричит им что-то вослед.","translation":"\"There's Father Isidor shouting something after them from the porch.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вослед","title":"Archaic «вослед» — after, in pursuit","body":"«Вослед» ('after, in the wake of') is the elevated/old variant of «вслед», governing the dative «им». The bookish form lends a faint solemnity to the image of Father Isidor calling after the departing party."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Исидор","lemma":"Исидор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Isidor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крыльца","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричит","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кричит","gloss":"after them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кричит","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix attached to что","role":"forms indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"вослед","lemma":"вослед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"after them"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b2-c7-s279","source":"Да и батюшка твой кричит и руками махает, верно бранится.","translation":"\"And your papa is shouting too, and waving his arms — he's surely cursing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кричит и руками махает","title":"Instrumental of means «руками»","body":"«Махает руками» ('waves his arms') puts the body part in the instrumental «руками» — the means by which the action is performed. «Махает» is a colloquial present beside the standard «машет», fitting the breathless live narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бранится","title":"Reflexive «браниться» — to curse, rail","body":"«Бранится» is a -ся verb meaning to swear, scold, rail (from «бранить», to abuse). The reflexive here is the middle/intransitive use — he is in a state of cursing — common with verbs of quarrelling and emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is shouting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of махает","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"махает","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бранится","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"бранится","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"cursing"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b2-c7-s280","source":"Ба, да вон и Миусов в коляске уехал, видишь едет.","translation":"\"Bah, and there goes Miusov driving off in his carriage — see, he's leaving.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в коляске уехал","title":"Prefixed perfective «уехать» — to drive off","body":"«Уехал» is the perfective past of «уехать» ('to depart by vehicle'), the prefix «у-» marking motion away. «В коляске» ('in a carriage', «в» + prepositional) names the conveyance — Miusov leaving in his open carriage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ба","title":"Interjection «ба!» — well, look here!","body":"«Ба!» is an exclamation of surprised recognition — 'ah!, well now!, look at that!'. It punctuates Rakitin's running commentary as each figure bursts from the monastery into view."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ба","lemma":"ба","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Bah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Миусов","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"коляске","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехал","gloss":"his carriage"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by видишь","gloss":"he's leaving"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b2-c7-s281","source":"Вот и Максимов-помещик бежит — да тут скандал; значит, не было обеда!","translation":"\"And there's Maximov the landowner running — yes, there's a scandal here; it means there was no dinner!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было обеда","title":"Genitive of negation: «не было обеда»","body":"'There was no dinner' is «не было обеда» — the negated existential «не было» (neuter) forces its subject into the genitive «обеда». Russian denies that the dinner existed by withholding the nominative, the genitive-of-negation at work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бежит","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Максимов","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежит","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Максимов","gloss":"the landowner"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скандал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided есть), main predicate of the clause","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"dinner"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b2-c7-s282","source":"Уж не прибили ли они игумена?","translation":"\"Surely they haven't gone and beaten the Father Superior?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не прибили ли они игумена?","title":"«Уж не... ли?» — surely they haven't?","body":"The frame «уж не... ли?» builds a question of anxious suspicion — 'surely they haven't gone and...?'. The interrogative «ли» follows the focused negated verb «не прибили», while «уж» adds the worried 'surely'. A favourite Dostoevskian turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибили","title":"Perfective «прибить» — to beat, thrash","body":"«Прибили» is the perfective past of «прибить» ('to beat up, give a thrashing'), a single completed act. The animate object «игумена» takes the genitive-like accusative (он → его pattern) marking it as a living being."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибили","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибили","gloss":"haven't"},{"surface":"прибили","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone and beaten"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибили","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прибили","gloss":"the Father Superior"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b2-c7-s283","source":"Али их, пожалуй, прибили?","translation":"\"Or has someone, perhaps, beaten them?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Али их, пожалуй, прибили?","title":"Indefinite agent in «их прибили»","body":"With no stated subject, «их прибили» ('they were beaten' / 'someone beat them') uses a third-plural verb to express an unnamed agent — a common Russian impersonal turn. The accusative «их» is the object; «пожалуй» softens to 'perhaps'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Али","lemma":"али","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle introducing the question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прибили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies прибили","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"прибили","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beaten"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b2-c7-s284","source":"Вот бы стоило!..","translation":"\"It would have served them right!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот бы стоило!","title":"Wishful «бы» without a clause","body":"«Вот бы стоило!» — 'it would have served them right!' — is the irrealis particle «бы» with the neuter past «стоило» ('would have been worth it'), no subject, expressing a relishing wish. «Бы» here leans on the opening «вот»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with стоило","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served them right"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b2-c7-s285","source":"Ракитин восклицал не напрасно.","translation":"Rakitin had not been exclaiming for nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицал не напрасно","title":"Imperfective «восклицал» for repeated outcry","body":"«Восклицал» is the imperfective past — Rakitin had been exclaiming, repeatedly and as a process, not in one shout. «Не напрасно» ('not in vain') confirms in narratorial voice that his excited guesses were justified."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been exclaiming"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напрасно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"for nothing"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b2-c7-s286","source":"Скандал действительно произошел, неслыханный и неожиданный.","translation":"A scandal had indeed occurred, one unheard-of and wholly unexpected.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неслыханный и неожиданный","title":"Past passive participle «неслыханный»","body":"«Неслыханный» ('unheard-of') is a past passive participle of «слышать» with the negative «не-», long-form, agreeing with masculine «скандал». Used adjectivally, it pairs with «неожиданный' ('unexpected') to stress how extraordinary the scandal was."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скандал действительно произошел","title":"Perfective «произойти» — to occur","body":"«Произошёл» is the perfective past of «произойти» ('to take place, happen'), marking the scandal as a single accomplished event that moves the narrative forward — against the imperfective background of Rakitin's exclaiming just before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had occurred"},{"surface":"неслыханный","lemma":"неслыханный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Скандал","gloss":"unheard-of"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданный","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неслыханный","gloss":"unexpected"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b2-c7-s287","source":"Всё произошло «по вдохновению».","translation":"It had all happened \"by inspiration.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по вдохновению","title":"«По» + dative — according to inspiration","body":"«По вдохновению» ('by/according to inspiration') uses «по» with the dative «вдохновению». The narrator's scare quotes «...» mark it as a borrowed phrase — events unfolded 'on inspiration', i.e. on a sudden, unpremeditated impulse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё произошло","title":"Neuter «всё» as subject with perfective","body":"«Всё произошло» ('it all happened') takes the neuter pronoun «всё» ('everything') as subject, agreeing with the neuter perfective past «произошло». A summarising sentence that gathers the whole scandal into one completed whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вдохновению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вдохновению","lemma":"вдохновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"inspiration"}]}]}