{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c8","title":{"source":"VIII. Скандал","translated":"The Scandalous Scene"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c8","lines":166},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c8-s1","source":"Когда Миусов и Иван Федорович входили уже к игумену, то в Петре Александровиче, как в искренно порядочном и деликатном человеке, быстро произошел один деликатный в своем роде процесс, ему стало стыдно сердиться.","translation":"As Miusov and Ivan Fyodorovich were already entering the Father Superior's quarters, there took place within Pyotr Alexandrovich, as in a genuinely decent and refined man, a refined little process of its own kind: he grew ashamed of being angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"входили уже к игумену","title":"Imperfective for the unfolding background","body":"«входили» is imperfective past — they were in the act of entering when the inner event broke in. The imperfective sets the standing scene against which the perfective «произошел … процесс» (a single completed shift) then happens."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как в искренно порядочном и деликатном человеке","title":"«в» + prepositional for location of an event","body":"The process took place «в Петре Александровиче» — «в» governs the prepositional to locate where, inside whom, it happened. The parenthetical «как в … человеке» repeats the same case to characterize him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало стыдно сердиться","title":"Dative experiencer of shame","body":"A textbook impersonal: no nominative subject, the person affected in the dative «ему» plus the neuter predicative «стыдно». Literally \"to-him it-became shameful to be-angry\" — exactly the inner-life construction Dostoevsky leans on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of входили","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входили","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Миусов","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"входили","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"were entering"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входили","gloss":"the Father Superior"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause (произошел) after когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петре","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"Петре","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александровиче","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Петре","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase with человеке","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порядочном","gloss":"genuinely"},{"surface":"порядочном","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеке","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деликатном","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with порядочном","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"деликатный","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of деликатный","gloss":"own kind"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"process"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произошел","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"сердиться","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to be angry"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c8-s2","source":"Он почувствовал про себя, что дрянного Федора Павловича, в сущности, должен бы был он до того не уважать, что не следовало бы ему терять свое хладнокровие в келье старца и так самому потеряться, как оно вышло.","translation":"He felt, privately, that he ought really to have held the wretched Fyodor Pavlovich in such contempt that he should never have lost his composure in the elder's cell and let himself go as he had.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен бы был он … не уважать","title":"Conditional «бы» — what ought to have been","body":"«бы» joined to the past «был» makes the whole clause irrealis: \"he really ought to have despised…\" The doubled «должен бы был» piles modal and conditional to mark an unfulfilled obligation, and «бы» leans on the first stressed word rather than the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не следовало бы ему терять","title":"Impersonal «следовало бы» + dative","body":"Another subjectless, conditional construction: invariable neuter «следовало» (\"it was fitting\") with «бы» and the dative «ему» — \"he should not have lost.\" The dative names the one bound by the propriety."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрянного Федора Павловича","title":"«дрянной» — trashy, contemptible","body":"From the noun «дрянь» (rubbish, trash), «дрянной» is dismissive and colloquial: \"the trashy, good-for-nothing Fyodor Pavlovich.\" It carries Miusov's snobbish disdain in a single epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дрянного","lemma":"дрянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федора","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважать","gloss":"Fyodor","note":"Genitive rather than accusative because the negated verb не уважать takes a genitive object."},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying должен (idiom в сущности)","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional/subjunctive mood with должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должен (subjunctive past)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase до того (modifies уважать), 'to such a degree'","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of следовало (до того...что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следовало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"should have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood with следовало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer with следовало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"терять","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of хладнокровие","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хладнокровие","lemma":"хладнокровие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of терять","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of терять","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеряться","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies ему, modifies потеряться","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"потеряться","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with терять","gloss":"lose himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause, comparative to потеряться","gloss":"turned out"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c8-s3","source":"«По крайней мере монахи-то уж тут не виноваты ни в чем, — решил он вдруг на крыльце игумена, — а если и тут порядочный народ (этот отец Николай игумен тоже, кажется, из дворян), то почему же не быть с ними милым, любезным и вежливым?.. Спорить не буду, буду даже поддакивать, завлеку любезностью и… и…. наконец, докажу им, что я не компания этому Эзопу, этому шуту, этому пьеро́ и попался впросак точно так же, как и они все…»","translation":"\"The monks, at any rate, are not to blame for any of it,\" he decided all at once on the Superior's steps, \"and if here too the people are decent — this Father Nikolai, the Superior, seems to be of the gentry as well — then why not be pleasant with them, gracious and polite?.. I won't argue, I'll even agree with everything, I'll win them over with courtesy and… and… in the end I'll prove to them that I am no associate of that Aesop, that buffoon, that Pierrot, and that I was taken in just as much as the rest of them were…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"монахи-то уж тут не виноваты ни в чем","title":"Topic-marking «-то» and negative concord","body":"The clitic «-то» on «монахи» flags the monks as the known topic being singled out: \"the monks, at least…\" Then «не … ни в чем» shows obligatory negative concord — both «не» and «ни» negating together for one English negative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же не быть с ними милым, любезным и вежливым?","title":"Instrumental predicate after «быть»","body":"After the infinitive «быть» the predicate adjectives go in the instrumental — «милым, любезным, вежливым» — \"to be pleasant, gracious, polite.\" The insistent particle «же» colors the rhetorical question (\"why on earth not…?\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спорить не буду, буду даже поддакивать","title":"Compound imperfective future with «буду»","body":"Both clauses build the future analytically: «буду» plus imperfective infinitive («спорить», «поддакивать»), naming ongoing intended behavior. Russian fronts «спорить не буду» for emphasis — \"argue I will not.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поддакивать","title":"«поддакивать» — to say yes to everything","body":"A vivid verb formed on «да» (yes) with prefix «под-»: to keep chiming \"yes, yes,\" to agree obsequiously with whatever is said. Miusov plans calculated flattery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"попался впросак","title":"Idiom «попасть впросак» — to be caught out","body":"A fixed idiom meaning to land in an awkward fix, to be made a fool of. The opaque «впросак» survives only here; originally a «просак» was a rope-twisting machine one could get dangerously caught in."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the idiom по крайней мере ('at least'), modifies виноваты","gloss":"at","note":"По крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least'."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of виноваты","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizing particle attached to монахи ('монахи-то')","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виноваты","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноваты","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виноваты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виноваты","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not any"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноваты","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"крыльце","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решил","gloss":"the steps"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крыльце","gloss":"of the Superior"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (apodosis: то не быть)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"порядочный","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb 'are'","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"title modifying Николай","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"the Superior"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дворян","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворян","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дворян","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of кажется","gloss":"the gentry"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the apodosis (почему...быть) after если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive predicate, main verb of the clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"любезным","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with милым","gloss":"gracious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вежливым","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with милым","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"Спорить","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of буду (periphrastic future)","gloss":"argue"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Спорить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary of Спорить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary of поддакивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поддакивать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поддакивать","lemma":"поддакивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of буду","gloss":"go along with everything"},{"surface":"завлеку","lemma":"завлечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause (coordinated with Спорить)","gloss":"win over"},{"surface":"любезностью","lemma":"любезность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завлеку","gloss":"with courtesy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to докажу","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies докажу","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"докажу","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause (coordinated with завлеку)","gloss":"I'll prove"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of докажу","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of компания","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of компания","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies компания","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"компания","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (elided copula)","gloss":"associate"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Эзопу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Эзопу","lemma":"эзоп","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of компания","gloss":"Aesop"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"шуту","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Эзопу","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пьеро́","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пьеро́","lemma":"пьеро","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Эзопу","gloss":"Pierrot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попался","lemma":"попасться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with компания (second clause under что)","gloss":"was taken in"},{"surface":"впросак","lemma":"впросак","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of попался (idiom попасться впросак)","gloss":"duped","note":"Идиома попасться впросак = 'to be caught out / taken in'."},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause (они [попались])","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb попались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c8-s4","source":"Спорные же порубки в лесу и эту ловлю рыбы (где всё это — он и сам не знал) он решил им уступить окончательно, раз навсегда, сегодня же, тем более что всё это очень немногого стоило, и все свои иски против монастыря прекратить.","translation":"The disputed timber-felling in the forest and that fishing right — where exactly they lay he himself did not know — he resolved to yield to them outright, once and for all, this very day, all the more since the whole thing was worth very little, and to drop all his suits against the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спорные же порубки в лесу и эту ловлю рыбы … он решил им уступить","title":"Fronted object + topic-marking word order","body":"The objects «порубки … и … ловлю» are hoisted to the front as the topic, with «он решил им уступить» (resolved to yield them) trailing as comment — free Russian order put to rhetorical use. The particle «же» softly marks a turn to a new point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уступить окончательно, раз навсегда, сегодня же","title":"Perfective infinitive of resolve","body":"«уступить» and «прекратить» are perfective infinitives — single, decisive, completed acts of giving-up and dropping. They suit the finality of «раз навсегда» (once for all). The clitic «же» on «сегодня» insists: \"this very day.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порубки","title":"«порубки» — timber-cuttings, the disputed felling","body":"From «рубить» (to chop/fell), «порубка» is the cutting of timber — here the contested logging rights on monastery land that Miusov has been litigating. A concrete legal-economic grievance behind the high spiritual scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спорные","lemma":"спорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies порубки","gloss":"disputed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порубки (topicalizing)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"порубки","lemma":"порубка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of уступить","gloss":"timber-cutting rights"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лесу","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порубки","gloss":"the forest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ловлю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ловлю","lemma":"ловля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with порубки (direct object of уступить)","gloss":"fishing right"},{"surface":"рыбы","lemma":"рыба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ловлю","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb было (in где-clause)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам (emphatic, 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знал (emphatic subject intensifier)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of уступить","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"уступить","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уступить","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom раз навсегда, modifies уступить","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom раз навсегда","gloss":"and for all","note":"Раз навсегда is a fixed idiom meaning 'once and for all'."},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уступить","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня (emphatic)","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем более что ('all the more since')","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause (тем более что)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немногого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"немногого","lemma":"немногий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоило (genitive of price)","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"was worth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (уступить...и...прекратить)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of иски","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of иски","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"иски","lemma":"иск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прекратить","gloss":"suits"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иски","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"прекратить","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with уступить (second infinitive complement of решил)","gloss":"drop"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c8-s5","source":"Все эти благие намерения еще более укрепились, когда они вступили в столовую отца игумена.","translation":"All these good intentions grew stronger still when they entered the Father Superior's dining room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"укрепились","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«укрепились» (from «укрепиться») uses «-сь» to make the verb intransitive: the intentions \"strengthened themselves,\" i.e. grew stronger of their own accord — a change-of-state middle, no external agent named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда они вступили в столовую","title":"Perfective «вступили» + «в» of motion","body":"Perfective «вступили» marks the single completed act of entering, and «в столовую» takes the accusative because «в» here expresses motion into. Contrast the prepositional «в столовой» (location) elsewhere in the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of намерения","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of намерения","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"благие","lemma":"благой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies намерения","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"намерения","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of укрепились","gloss":"intentions"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укрепились","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"укрепились","lemma":"укрепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew stronger"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вступили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вступили","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on укрепились","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столовую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"столовую","lemma":"столовая","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступили","gloss":"the dining room"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столовую","gloss":"of Father"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"Superior's"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c8-s6","source":"Столовой у того, впрочем, не было, потому что было у него всего по-настоящему две комнаты во всем помещении, правда гораздо обширнейшие и удобнейшие, чем у старца.","translation":"He had, however, no dining room as such, for in his whole lodging there were really only two rooms — far more spacious and comfortable, it is true, than the elder's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Столовой у того, впрочем, не было","title":"Genitive of negation in a non-existence clause","body":"\"He had no dining room\" is built on «не было» plus genitive: «столовой … не было». With negated existence the thing absent stands obligatorily in the genitive, and the verb is fixed neuter «было». The genitive «столовой» is also fronted for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо обширнейшие и удобнейшие","title":"Bookish superlative in «-ейший»","body":"«обширнейшие, удобнейшие» use the literary suffixed superlative/elative «-ейш-» (\"most spacious, most comfortable\"), here intensified by «гораздо … чем» into a comparative sense. The synthetic form is markedly bookish, the narrator's register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у того … у старца","title":"«у» + genitive for possession","body":"Russian expresses \"X has\" with «у» + genitive: «у того … было … две комнаты» (\"at him there were two rooms\"), echoed by «чем у старца» (\"than at the elder's\"). The demonstrative «того» refers back to the Superior."}],"words":[{"surface":"Столовой","lemma":"столовая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive with negation)","gloss":"a dining room","note":"Genitive rather than instrumental because the negated existential не было takes a genitive subject."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"his (place)"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying было","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause (было... комнаты)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies две","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the idiom по-настоящему, modifies две","gloss":"really","note":"По-настоящему is a single fixed adverb meaning 'really, truly', split here across two tokens."},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the idiom по-настоящему, modifies две","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"quantifies комнаты, subject of было","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (counted noun with две)","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of помещении","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"помещении","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying обширнейшие","gloss":"admittedly"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обширнейшие","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"обширнейшие","lemma":"обширный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"more spacious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удобнейшие","lemma":"удобный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with обширнейшие","gloss":"more comfortable"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of старца","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удобнейшие","gloss":"the elder's"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c8-s7","source":"Но убранство комнат также не отличалось особым комфортом: мебель была кожаная, красного дерева, старой моды двадцатых годов; даже полы были некрашеные; зато всё блистало чистотой, на окнах было много дорогих цветов; но главную роскошь в эту минуту, естественно, составлял роскошно сервированный стол, хотя, впрочем, и тут говоря относительно: скатерть была чистая, посуда блестящая; превосходно выпеченный хлеб трех сортов, две бутылки вина, две бутылки великолепного монастырского меду и большой стеклянный кувшин с монастырским квасом, славившимся в околотке.","translation":"But the furnishing of the rooms was not distinguished by any particular comfort either: the furniture was of leather, mahogany, in the old fashion of the eighteen-twenties; even the floors were unpainted; yet everything shone with cleanliness, and there were many costly flowers in the windows. The chief luxury at that moment, naturally, was the lavishly laid table — though here too, relatively speaking: the cloth was clean, the dishes gleaming; there was excellently baked bread of three kinds, two bottles of wine, two bottles of magnificent monastery mead, and a great glass pitcher of the monastery kvass that was famous in the district.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мебель была кожаная, красного дерева","title":"Genitive of material — «красного дерева»","body":"\"Of mahogany\" is the bare genitive «красного дерева» (lit. \"of red wood\"), a possessive/descriptive genitive naming what the furniture is made of — no preposition needed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зато всё блистало чистотой … посуда блестящая","title":"Instrumental of means after «блистать»","body":"«блистало чистотой» — \"shone with cleanliness\": the instrumental «чистотой» names that by which it shone. Note also «блестящая», a present active participle of «блестеть» used adjectivally for the gleaming dishes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"монастырским квасом, славившимся в околотке","title":"Past active participle «славившимся»","body":"«славившимся» is the past active participle of «славиться» (to be famed), agreeing with «квасом» in instrumental — \"the kvass that was famous.\" It compresses a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier, retaining its own reflexive «-ся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монастырского меду … квасом","title":"Mead and kvass — monastery drink","body":"«мёд» here is honey-mead, and «квас» a mildly fermented bread drink, both traditional and non-distilled, fitting a monastery. Note «меду» — the old partitive genitive in «-у» (\"some mead\"), a 19th-century survival beside modern «мёда»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"околотке","title":"«околоток» — the neighborhood, the district round about","body":"An old word for the surrounding locality or precinct — \"famous in the district round about.\" Slightly archaic and rural in flavor by Dostoevsky's day."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"убранство","lemma":"убранство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отличалось","gloss":"furnishing"},{"surface":"комнат","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies убранство","gloss":"of the rooms"},{"surface":"также","lemma":"также","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отличалось","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отличалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отличалось","lemma":"отличаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was distinguished"},{"surface":"особым","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комфортом","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"комфортом","lemma":"комфорт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отличалось","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"мебель","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кожаная","gloss":"the furniture"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to кожаная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"кожаная","lemma":"кожаный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of мебель","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"красного","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дерева","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"дерева","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with кожаная (predicate of мебель)","gloss":"wood","note":"красного дерева together literally means 'mahogany'."},{"surface":"старой","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies моды","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"моды","lemma":"мода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кожаная (predicate of мебель)","gloss":"fashion"},{"surface":"двадцатых","lemma":"двадцатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies годов","gloss":"twenties'"},{"surface":"годов","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies моды","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"полы","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of некрашеные","gloss":"the floors"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некрашеные","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"некрашеные","lemma":"некрашеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of полы","gloss":"unpainted"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of блистало","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"блистало","lemma":"блистать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отличалось","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"чистотой","lemma":"чистота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of блистало","gloss":"with cleanliness"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окнах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"окнах","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the windows"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of было","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"дорогих","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies цветов","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by много","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главную","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роскошь","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"роскошь","lemma":"роскошь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of составлял","gloss":"the luxury"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составлял","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составлял","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"составлял","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отличалось","gloss":"constituted"},{"surface":"роскошно","lemma":"роскошно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сервированный","gloss":"lavishly"},{"surface":"сервированный","lemma":"сервированный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of составлял","gloss":"table","note":"стол is the logical subject ('the table constituted the luxury'), though grammatically the accusative form marks it as inverted with роскошь."},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говоря","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"that said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on составлял","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"относительно","lemma":"относительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"relatively"},{"surface":"скатерть","lemma":"скатерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of чистая","gloss":"the tablecloth"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чистая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чистая","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of скатерть","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"посуда","lemma":"посуда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of блестящая (elliptical была)","gloss":"the dishware"},{"surface":"блестящая","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чистая","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"превосходно","lemma":"превосходно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпеченный","gloss":"excellently"},{"surface":"выпеченный","lemma":"выпечь","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies хлеб","gloss":"baked"},{"surface":"хлеб","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the list, subject of elliptical было","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies сортов","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"сортов","lemma":"сорт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies хлеб","gloss":"kinds"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бутылки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хлеб","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бутылки","gloss":"of wine"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бутылки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хлеб","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"великолепного","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меду","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"монастырского","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меду","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"меду","lemma":"мёд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive form)","role":"modifies бутылки","gloss":"of mead"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кувшин","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"стеклянный","lemma":"стеклянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кувшин","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"кувшин","lemma":"кувшин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хлеб","gloss":"pitcher"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квасом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"монастырским","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies квасом","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"квасом","lemma":"квас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кувшин","gloss":"kvass"},{"surface":"славившимся","lemma":"славиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying квасом","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking околотке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"околотке","lemma":"околоток","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of славившимся","gloss":"the district"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c8-s8","source":"Водки не было вовсе.","translation":"Of vodka there was none at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Водки не было вовсе","title":"Genitive of negation, fronted for force","body":"A miniature of the construction: «водки … не было» — the absent «водка» in the genitive with neuter «не было», and the genitive thrust to the front so the whole tiny sentence lands on the absence. \"Of vodka there was none at all.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"vodka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (negated existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c8-s9","source":"Ракитин повествовал потом, что обед приготовлен был на этот раз из пяти блюд: была уха со стерлядью и с пирожками с рыбой; затем разварная рыба, как-то отменно и особенно приготовленная; затем котлеты из красной рыбы, мороженое и компот и, наконец, киселек вроде бланманже.","translation":"Rakitin recounted afterward that the dinner had been prepared on this occasion in five courses: there was sterlet soup with fish patties; then boiled fish, somehow prepared in a choice and special way; then cutlets of red fish, ice cream and a fruit compote, and finally a kissel of the blancmange sort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обед приготовлен был","title":"Short passive participle — the periphrastic passive","body":"«приготовлен был» joins the short-form past passive participle «приготовлен» (from perfective «приготовить») to «был» to state a result: \"the dinner had been prepared.\" The «рыба» in this sentence is modified attributively by the long-form participle «приготовленная» — a different category from the short predicate form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из пяти блюд","title":"Genitive plural after a numeral over five","body":"«пять» and higher govern the genitive plural: «пяти блюд» (\"of five courses\"), with «блюд» the zero-ending genitive plural of «блюдо». Here «из» also requires the genitive, so the count and the preposition agree."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уха со стерлядью","title":"«уха», «стерлядь», «киселёк» — the Russian table","body":"«уха» is a clear fish soup; «стерлядь» the prized sterlet sturgeon; «кисель» (diminutive «киселёк») a thickened fruit jelly likened here to «бланманже» (French blancmange). The menu's plenty quietly mocks the \"humble\" monastic ideal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повествовал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"повествовал","lemma":"повествовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recounted"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повествовал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приготовлен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приготовлен","gloss":"the dinner"},{"surface":"приготовлен","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of повествовал","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приготовлен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлен","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блюд","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies блюд","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"блюд","lemma":"блюдо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of приготовлен","gloss":"courses"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of new clause (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"уха","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стерлядью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стерлядью","lemma":"стерлядь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уха","gloss":"sterlet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пирожками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пирожками","lemma":"пирожок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with стерлядью","gloss":"patties"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"рыбой","lemma":"рыба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пирожками","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces next list item (рыба)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"разварная","lemma":"разварной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыба","gloss":"boiled"},{"surface":"рыба","lemma":"рыба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"list item, subject of elliptical была","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовленная (part of как-то)","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то ('somehow, in some fashion') is split by the tagger into как + то."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то, modifies приготовленная","gloss":"(of 'somehow')"},{"surface":"отменно","lemma":"отменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовленная","gloss":"excellently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовленная","gloss":"specially"},{"surface":"приготовленная","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies рыба","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces next list item (котлеты)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"котлеты","lemma":"котлета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"list item, subject of elliptical были","gloss":"cutlets"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыбы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"красной","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыбы","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"рыбы","lemma":"рыба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies котлеты","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"мороженое","lemma":"мороженое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with котлеты","gloss":"ice cream"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"компот","lemma":"компот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with котлеты","gloss":"compote"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces final list item (киселек)","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"киселек","lemma":"кисель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"list item, coordinated with мороженое/компот","gloss":"kissel"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бланманже","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бланманже","lemma":"бланманже","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of киселек","gloss":"blancmange"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c8-s10","source":"Всё это пронюхал Ракитин, не утерпев и нарочно заглянув на игуменскую кухню, с которою тоже имел свои связи.","translation":"Rakitin had nosed all this out, unable to restrain himself and deliberately peeping into the Superior's kitchen, with which he too had his connections.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не утерпев и нарочно заглянув","title":"Perfective past gerunds — «деепричастие»","body":"Two perfective past gerunds in «-в»: «утерпев» (having failed to restrain himself) and «заглянув» (having peeped in) name prior/attendant actions sharing Rakitin's subject. The chain of «деепричастия» is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narrative texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которою тоже имел свои связи","title":"Archaic relative ending «-ою»","body":"«с которою» is the instrumental of the relative «который», with the bookish/archaic feminine ending «-ою» for modern «-ой». The reflexive possessive «свои» points the connections back to Rakitin himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пронюхал","title":"«пронюхать» — to sniff out, nose out","body":"Literally built on «нюхать» (to sniff), «пронюхать» means to ferret out information by instinct, like a dog catching a scent. The word characterizes Rakitin as a sly gatherer of gossip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это (intensifier 'all')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пронюхал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пронюхал","lemma":"пронюхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had nosed out"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пронюхал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утерпев","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утерпев","lemma":"утерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пронюхал","gloss":"restraining himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглянув","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"заглянув","lemma":"заглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with утерпев","gloss":"peeping in"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"игуменскую","lemma":"игуменский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кухню","gloss":"Superior's"},{"surface":"кухню","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглянув","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of связи","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"связи","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"connections"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c8-s11","source":"Он везде имел связи и везде добывал языка.","translation":"He had connections everywhere and got hold of information everywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"везде имел связи и везде добывал языка","title":"Anaphoric «везде» and imperfective habit","body":"The repeated «везде … везде» frames habit, and the imperfectives «имел … добывал» render it as ongoing, characteristic behavior rather than single events — the iterative-descriptive use of the imperfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добывал языка","title":"«добывать языка» — to get a source, a tongue","body":"A military/idiomatic turn: «язык» (\"tongue\") is captured-prisoner slang for an informant, and «добыть языка» means to procure intelligence. The genitive «языка» reflects the partitive/object-of-acquisition usage. Rakitin always managed to \"get hold of a tongue,\" i.e. inside information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"связи","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"connections"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добывал","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"добывал","lemma":"добывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"got hold of"},{"surface":"языка","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of добывал","gloss":"information","note":"добывать языка is an idiom (literally 'to get a tongue') for gathering intelligence/gossip."}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c8-s12","source":"Сердце он имел весьма беспокойное и завистливое.","translation":"His was a most restless and envious heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сердце он имел весьма беспокойное и завистливое","title":"Fronted object for characterizing weight","body":"Standard order would be «Он имел весьма беспокойное сердце»; fronting «сердце» topicalizes it and throws the new, damning adjectives to the end — \"his heart, now: a most restless and envious one.\" «весьма» is a bookish \"very.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"a heart"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокойное","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"беспокойное","lemma":"беспокойный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"restless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завистливое","lemma":"завистливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with беспокойное","gloss":"envious"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c8-s13","source":"Значительные свои способности он совершенно в себе сознавал, но нервно преувеличивал их в своем самомнении.","translation":"He was perfectly aware in himself of his considerable abilities, but in his vanity he nervously exaggerated them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Значительные свои способности он совершенно в себе сознавал","title":"Reflexive «себя» vs reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"Two reflexives point back to the subject: «свои» (his own abilities) and «в себе» (within himself). «себя» is the full reflexive pronoun in the prepositional «о себе»/«в себе», distinct from the «-ся» clitic — a precise self-reference matching the theme of self-knowledge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в своем самомнении","title":"«самомнение» — self-conceit","body":"A transparent compound, «сам» (self) + «мнение» (opinion): an inflated opinion of oneself, vanity, conceit. The narrator names precisely the flaw Rakitin cannot see in himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значительные","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies способности","gloss":"considerable"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of способности","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"способности","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сознавал","gloss":"abilities"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознавал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавал","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of сознавал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сознавал","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was aware of"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преувеличивал","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"преувеличивал","lemma":"преувеличивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сознавал","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of преувеличивал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самомнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самомнении","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"самомнении","lemma":"самомнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of преувеличивал","gloss":"vanity"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c8-s14","source":"Он знал наверно, что будет в своем роде деятелем, но Алешу, который был к нему очень привязан, мучило то, что его друг Ракитин бесчестен и решительно не сознает того сам, напротив, зная про себя, что он не украдет денег со стола, окончательно считал себя человеком высшей честности.","translation":"He knew for certain that he would be a man of action of his own kind, but Alyosha, who was very much attached to him, was tormented by the fact that his friend Rakitin was dishonorable and was utterly unconscious of it himself — on the contrary, knowing that he would not steal money off a table, he reckoned himself once and for all a man of the highest integrity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет в своем роде деятелем","title":"Instrumental predicate in the future","body":"After future «будет», the predicate noun «деятелем» takes the instrumental — \"he would be a man of action.\" The instrumental frames the role as one assumed in time, the regular pattern with «быть» in past and future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу … мучило то, что его друг Ракитин бесчестен","title":"Impersonal «мучило то, что…»","body":"Subjectless «мучило» (neuter) takes the accusative experiencer «Алешу» and a «то, что…» clause as what tormented him — \"it tormented Alyosha that…\" The correlative «то» anchors the «что»-clause; «бесчестен» is a short-form predicate adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная про себя, что он не украдет денег со стола","title":"Present gerund «зная» + genitive of negation","body":"«зная» is the imperfective present gerund (\"knowing,\" simultaneous, same subject). Inside, the negated future «не украдет денег» puts the object in the genitive — \"would not steal money\" — the genitive of negation softening it to \"any money at all.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал себя человеком высшей честности","title":"«считать кого instrumental» — reckon someone to be","body":"«считать» takes a reflexive object «себя» plus an instrumental predicate «человеком»: \"reckoned himself (to be) a man of the highest integrity.\" The instrumental-of-predicate pattern extends beyond «быть» to verbs of considering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to деятелем","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies деятелем","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"деятелем","lemma":"деятель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"a man of action"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучило","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive привязан","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of привязан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязан","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привязан","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"привязан","lemma":"привязать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Алешу","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"мучило","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, contrastive with знал","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мучило","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бесчестен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бесчестен","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to друг","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"бесчестен","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, clause modifying то","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознает","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сознает","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бесчестен","gloss":"is aware"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сознает","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of сознает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал (contrastive)","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on считал","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of зная","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of украдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of украдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"украдет","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"would steal"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of украдет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украдет","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сознает, contrastive main verb","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честности","gloss":"of the highest"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"integrity"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c8-s15","source":"Тут уж не только Алеша, но и никто бы не мог ничего сделать.","translation":"Here not only Alyosha but no one at all could have done anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто бы не мог ничего сделать","title":"Negative concord under the conditional","body":"Three negatives, one meaning: «никто … не … ничего» (nobody … not … nothing) all cooperate, the obligatory Russian concord. The «бы» with past «мог» makes it counterfactual — \"no one could have done anything.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject of мог (with никто)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c8-s16","source":"Ракитин, как лицо мелкое, приглашен быть к обеду не мог, зато были приглашены отец Иосиф и отец Паисий и с ними еще один иеромонах.","translation":"Rakitin, as a person of small consequence, could not be invited to the dinner, but Father Iosif and Father Paisy had been invited, and with them one more hieromonk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приглашен быть к обеду не мог, зато были приглашены","title":"Short passive participle, active vs done-to","body":"«приглашен … не мог» — short passive participle «приглашен» (\"invited\") in a negated modal: he \"could not be invited.\" The plural «были приглашены» states the fathers' having-been-invited. The contrastive «зато» (\"but on the other hand\") pivots between the two."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как лицо мелкое","title":"«лицо мелкое» — a person of small consequence","body":"«лицо» here means \"a person\" (not \"face\"), and «мелкое» (petty, minor, small-fry) ranks him socially low. Inverted order «лицо мелкое» gives it a faintly bureaucratic, sizing-up tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"marks the comparative phrase лицо мелкое","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"мелкое","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"minor"},{"surface":"приглашен","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"passive infinitive complement of мог (with быть)","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приглашен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обеду","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приглашен","gloss":"the dinner"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приглашены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"приглашены","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приглашен","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приглашены","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies иеромонах (with-phrase)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies иеромонах","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приглашены","gloss":"hieromonk"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c8-s17","source":"Они уже ожидали в столовой игумена, когда вступили Петр Александрович, Калганов и Иван Федорович.","translation":"They were already waiting in the Superior's dining room when Pyotr Alexandrovich, Kalganov, and Ivan Fyodorovich came in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидали в столовой … когда вступили","title":"Imperfective state against perfective entrance","body":"«ожидали» (imperfective) gives the standing situation — they were already waiting — and «вступили» (perfective) the punctual event of the others coming in. The classic background-vs-foreground aspect pairing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ожидали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were waiting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столовой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столовой","lemma":"столовая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидали","gloss":"the dining room"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столовой","gloss":"of the Superior"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вступили","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ожидали","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступили","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Петр","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Петр","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c8-s18","source":"Дожидался еще в сторонке и помещик Максимов.","translation":"The landowner Maximov was also waiting, off to one side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дожидался еще в сторонке и помещик Максимов","title":"Verb-first order to introduce a new figure","body":"Russian fronts the verb «Дожидался» and trails the subject «помещик Максимов», a presentational order that introduces a fresh, lesser character as new information — the comment-first rhythm cases make possible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сторонке","title":"Diminutive «сторонка» — off to one side","body":"The diminutive of «сторона», «сторонка» with «в … -ке» means \"a little off to the side.\" The suffix adds a touch of the diffident, marginal posture suiting the hanger-on Maximov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дожидался","lemma":"дожидаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дожидался","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторонке","gloss":"off to"},{"surface":"сторонке","lemma":"сторонка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Дожидался","gloss":"one side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Дожидался","gloss":"the landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c8-s19","source":"Отец игумен, чтобы встретить гостей, выступил вперед на средину комнаты.","translation":"The Father Superior, in order to greet his guests, stepped forward to the middle of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы встретить гостей, выступил вперед","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» plus the infinitive «встретить» states purpose — \"in order to greet.\" With a single shared subject «чтобы» takes the bare infinitive (not the past-form irrealis used when subjects differ). «выступил» is the perfective step forward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выступил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выступил","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of встретить","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"выступил","lemma":"выступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped forward"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выступил","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"средину","lemma":"средина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выступил","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies средину","gloss":"of the room"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c8-s20","source":"Это был высокий, худощавый, но всё еще сильный старик, черноволосый, с сильною проседью, с длинным постным и важным лицом.","translation":"He was a tall, lean, but still vigorous old man, dark-haired, heavily streaked with gray, with a long, austere, and dignified face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"высокий, худощавый … черноволосый, с длинным постным и важным лицом","title":"Stacked agreeing adjectives + instrumental of feature","body":"A portrait built of long-form adjectives all agreeing with «старик» in masculine nominative, capped by the «с» + instrumental phrase «с длинным … лицом» (\"with a long … face\") — the regular way Russian appends a distinguishing feature."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с длинным постным … лицом","title":"«постный» — Lenten, austere","body":"Literally \"of the fast\" (from «пост», the Orthodox fast), «постный» describes a face that is meager, austere, sanctimoniously grave. The religious word doubles as a sly characterization of the Superior's stern, fasting mien."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to старик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"худощавый","lemma":"худощавый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокий","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of всё ещё (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of всё ещё, modifies сильный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сильный","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"vigorous"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"черноволосый","lemma":"черноволосый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"dark-haired"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проседью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сильною","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies проседью","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"проседью","lemma":"проседь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"streak of gray"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"постным","lemma":"постный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"austere","note":"Literally 'lenten/lean'; describes a gaunt, ascetic face."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важным","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with постным","gloss":"dignified"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c8-s21","source":"Он раскланялся с гостями молча, но те на этот раз подошли под благословение.","translation":"He bowed to the guests in silence, but this time they came up to receive his blessing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскланялся с гостями","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» + «с» instrumental","body":"«раскланялся» carries «-ся» with reciprocal/middle force (exchanged bows), and «с гостями» (instrumental after «с») names those with whom — the standard \"to bow with/to the guests.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раскланялся","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"раскланялся","lemma":"раскланяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостями","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гостями","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of раскланялся","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскланялся","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подошли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошли","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"подошли","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскланялся","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благословение","gloss":"to receive"},{"surface":"благословение","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошли","gloss":"the blessing"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c8-s22","source":"Миусов рискнул было даже поцеловать ручку, но игумен вовремя как-то отдернул, и поцелуй не состоялся.","translation":"Miusov even ventured to kiss his hand, but the Superior somehow drew it back in time, and the kiss did not come off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рискнул было даже поцеловать","title":"The «было» of the interrupted attempt","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective marks an action begun or about to happen but then thwarted: «рискнул было … поцеловать» — \"ventured to kiss (but it didn't come off).\" A distinctive 19th-century device of the frustrated attempt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поцеловать ручку","title":"Diminutive «ручка» — the little hand","body":"«ручка», diminutive of «рука», softens \"hand\" with a note of deference (or, for the narrator, faint mockery) toward the obsequious hand-kiss Miusov attempts. Russian diminutives carry tone, not size, here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рискнул","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"рискнул","lemma":"рискнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ventured"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an attempted/interrupted action, modifies рискнул","gloss":"even","note":"'Рискнул было' marks an action begun but cut short — he tried, but (as the next clause shows) the kiss didn't happen."},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поцеловать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рискнул","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловать","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдернул","gloss":"the Superior"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдернул","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of как-то (somehow), modifies отдернул","gloss":"somehow","note":"'Как-то' ('somehow') is one word split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of как-то (somehow), modifies отдернул","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"отдернул","lemma":"отдёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рискнул","gloss":"drew back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцелуй","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоялся","gloss":"the kiss"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"состоялся","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рискнул","gloss":"come off"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c8-s23","source":"Зато Иван Федорович и Калганов благословились на этот раз вполне, то есть с самым простодушным и простонародным чмоком в руку.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich and Kalganov, by contrast, received the blessing in full this time — that is, with the most simple-hearted and common smack of the lips upon the hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благословились на этот раз вполне","title":"Middle «-ся»: to receive a blessing","body":"«благословились» turns «благословить» (to bless someone) into a middle with «-сь»: they \"got themselves blessed,\" i.e. received the blessing. The «-ся» here shifts the action onto the subject as recipient."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с самым … простонародным чмоком","title":"«чмок» — a smacking kiss","body":"«чмок» is an onomatopoeic word for the audible smack of a kiss. Paired with «простодушный» (simple-hearted) and «простонародный» (of the common folk), it paints the blessing-kiss as artless and a touch comically hearty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"by contrast"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословились","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"благословились","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received the blessing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословились","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благословились","gloss":"in full"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"first part of то есть (that is)","gloss":"that is","note":"'То есть' ('that is') is one idiom split into two tokens."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"second part of то есть (that is)","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чмоком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простодушным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"простодушным","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чмоком","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простонародным","lemma":"простонародный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with простодушным","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"чмоком","lemma":"чмок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословились","gloss":"smack of the lips"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чмоком","gloss":"the hand"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c8-s24","source":"— Мы должны сильно извиниться, ваше высокопреподобие, — начал Петр Александрович, с любезностью осклабляясь, но всё же важным и почтительным тоном, — извиниться, что являемся одни без приглашенного вами сопутника нашего, Федора Павловича; он принужден был от вашей трапезы уклониться, и не без причины.","translation":"\"We must apologize most earnestly, Your Reverence,\" began Pyotr Alexandrovich, smiling graciously, but in a tone that was nonetheless dignified and respectful, \"apologize for appearing alone, without our companion Fyodor Pavlovich, whom you invited; he has been forced to excuse himself from your table, and not without cause.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с любезностью осклабляясь","title":"Present gerund of attendant manner","body":"«осклабляясь» is an imperfective present gerund (\"grinning/smiling\"), describing how Pyotr Alexandrovich began to speak — simultaneous attendant action sharing his subject, set off as adverbial circumstance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без приглашенного вами сопутника","title":"Past passive participle as attribute + instrumental agent","body":"«приглашенного вами» is the past passive participle «приглашенный» (invited) declined to agree with «сопутника», with the agent «вами» in the instrumental — \"the companion invited by you.\" A compact passive-relative folded into a noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабляясь","title":"«осклабиться» — to grin, bare the teeth","body":"A faintly unflattering verb for smiling that suggests a forced or toothy grin rather than warmth — the narrator's wry undercutting of Miusov's \"gracious\" performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извиниться","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"извиниться","lemma":"извиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"apologize"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of высокопреподобие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"высокопреподобие","lemma":"высокопреподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Your Reverence"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb reporting the speech","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любезностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любезностью","lemma":"любезность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осклабляясь","gloss":"graciousness"},{"surface":"осклабляясь","lemma":"осклабляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"first part of всё же (nonetheless), modifies тоном","gloss":"nonetheless","note":"'Всё же' ('nonetheless') is one idiom split into two tokens."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of всё же (nonetheless)","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"важным","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"dignified"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почтительным","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with важным","gloss":"respectful"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"извиниться","lemma":"извиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"resumes and restates должны (interrupted apology)","gloss":"apologize"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of являемся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"являемся","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of извиниться","gloss":"we appear"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of являемся","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сопутника","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"приглашенного","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying сопутника","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of приглашенного","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"сопутника","lemma":"сопутник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"companion"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сопутника","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сопутника","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принужден","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate with был: main verb of the clause","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to принужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трапезы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трапезы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"трапезы","lemma":"трапеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уклониться","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"уклониться","lemma":"уклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принужден","gloss":"excuse himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates без причины (not without cause)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причины","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"cause"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c8-s25","source":"В келье у преподобного отца Зосимы, увлекшись своею несчастною родственною распрей с сыном, он произнес несколько слов совершенно некстати… словом сказать, совершенно неприличных… о чем, как кажется (он взглянул на иеромонахов), вашему высокопреподобию уже и известно.","translation":"In the cell of the reverend Father Zosima, carried away by his unhappy family quarrel with his son, he uttered several words altogether out of place… in a word, altogether improper… of which, it seems\" — he glanced at the hieromonks — \"Your Reverence is already aware.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увлекшись своею несчастною родственною распрей","title":"Perfective gerund «увлекшись» + instrumental","body":"«увлекшись» (\"having been carried away\") is a perfective past gerund of the «-ся» verb «увлечься», governing the instrumental «распрей» (carried away by the quarrel). Note the archaic instrumental endings «-ою» on «своею несчастною родственною»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашему высокопреподобию уже и известно","title":"Dative + «известно» — impersonal of knowing","body":"\"Is known to Your Reverence\": the dative «высокопреподобию» names the one who knows, with the neuter predicative «известно». The experiencer-in-the-dative pattern, here in formal register."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"преподобного","lemma":"преподобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"reverend"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"увлекшись","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of распрей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несчастною","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies распрей","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"родственною","lemma":"родственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with несчастною, modifies распрей","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"распрей","lemma":"распря","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увлекшись (instrumental object of reflexive verb)","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies распрей","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on слов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некстати","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"некстати","lemma":"некстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"out of place"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"словом сказать","morphology":"adverb (idiom)","role":"first part of словом сказать (in a word), parenthetical","gloss":"in a word","note":"'Словом сказать' ('in a word') is a parenthetical idiom, not an object."},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"словом сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"second part of словом сказать, parenthetical","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприличных","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"неприличных","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов (elided repetition)","gloss":"improper"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical кажется","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical action","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иеромонахов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"иеромонахов","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"the hieromonks"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of высокопреподобию","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"высокопреподобию","lemma":"высокопреподобие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative subject of известно","gloss":"Your Reverence"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes известно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of высокопреподобию","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c8-s26","source":"А потому, сам сознавая себя виновным и искренно раскаиваясь, почувствовал стыд и, не могши преодолеть его, просил нас, меня и сына своего, Ивана Федоровича, заявить пред вами всё свое искреннее сожаление, сокрушение и покаяние…. Одним словом, он надеется и хочет вознаградить всё потом, а теперь, испрашивая вашего благословения, просит вас забыть о случившемся…","translation":"And so, acknowledging himself to be at fault and sincerely repenting, he felt shame, and being unable to overcome it, he asked us — me and his son, Ivan Fyodorovich — to declare before you his whole sincere regret, contrition, and penitence… In a word, he hopes and means to make amends for everything later, and for now, begging your blessing, he asks you to forget what occurred…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам сознавая себя виновным и искренно раскаиваясь","title":"Paired gerunds + instrumental predicate «виновным»","body":"Two imperfective gerunds «сознавая … раскаиваясь» stack the attendant states (acknowledging, repenting); inside, «сознавая себя виновным» uses reflexive «себя» plus instrumental predicate «виновным» — \"acknowledging himself (to be) guilty.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могши преодолеть его","title":"Archaic gerund «не могши»","body":"«могши» is the literary past gerund of «мочь» (\"being unable\"), a form felt as bookish/archaic even in the 19th century — modern Russian avoids it. Its use heightens the formal, almost ecclesiastical pitch of Miusov's set speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of сознавая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"recognizing"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сознавая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сознавая","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаиваясь","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"раскаиваясь","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"repenting"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могши","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могши","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on просил","gloss":"being able"},{"surface":"преодолеть","lemma":"преодолеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могши","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of преодолеть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with нас","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нас","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сына","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сына","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"заявить","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сожаление","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сожаление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"искреннее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сожаление","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"сожаление","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заявить","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"сокрушение","lemma":"сокрушение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сожаление","gloss":"contrition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покаяние","lemma":"покаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сожаление","gloss":"penitence"},{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"first part of одним словом (in a word)","gloss":"in a word","note":"'Одним словом' ('in a word') is a parenthetical idiom."},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"second part of одним словом, parenthetical","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надеется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надеется","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надеется","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"вознаградить","lemma":"вознаградить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"make up for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вознаградить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вознаградить","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"испрашивая","lemma":"испрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on просит","gloss":"requesting"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of благословения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"благословения","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of испрашивая","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надеется","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просит","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случившемся","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"случившемся","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, prepositional, perfective","role":"complement of забыть","gloss":"what occurred"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c8-s27","source":"Миусов умолк.","translation":"Miusov fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Миусов умолк","title":"Perfective «умолк» — the punctual fall to silence","body":"«умолк» (from «умолкнуть») is perfective: the single, completed act of falling silent, sealing the tirade. The prefix «у-» gives the sense of ceasing/dying away into silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолк","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"умолк","lemma":"умолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c8-s28","source":"Произнеся последние слова своей тирады, он остался собою совершенно доволен, до того, что и следов недавнего раздражения не осталось в душе его.","translation":"Having pronounced the last words of his tirade, he was left thoroughly pleased with himself, so much so that not a trace of his recent irritation remained in his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Произнеся последние слова","title":"Perfective gerund «произнеся» — prior action","body":"«произнеся» is the perfective past gerund of «произнести» (\"having pronounced\"), the completed action that precedes and frames the main clause — having finished his tirade, he then felt pleased. Same subject throughout, as the gerund requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остался собою совершенно доволен","title":"Instrumental «собою» after «доволен»","body":"«доволен» (short adjective, \"satisfied\") governs the instrumental of cause: «собою» — \"satisfied with himself.\" «собою» is the archaic-flavored instrumental of the reflexive «себя», beside modern «собой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и следов недавнего раздражения не осталось","title":"Genitive of negation with «не осталось»","body":"\"Not a trace remained\": negated «не осталось» (neuter) takes its subject in the genitive — «следов … не осталось» — the absence-construction. «следов» is genitive plural, fronted with «и» (\"not even a trace\") for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произнеся","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остался","gloss":"having pronounced"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of Произнеся","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тирады","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тирады","lemma":"тирада","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"tirade"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of доволен","gloss":"with himself"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of до того, что (so much so that)","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осталось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes следов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"следов","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"traces"},{"surface":"недавнего","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражения","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"раздражения","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следов","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c8-s29","source":"Он вполне и искренно любил опять человечество.","translation":"He once again fully and sincerely loved mankind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вполне и искренно любил опять человечество","title":"Imperfective «любил» for a restored state","body":"«любил» is imperfective — love as a continuing state, not an event — and «опять» (again) marks the return of that condition. The narrator's faint irony rides on the imperfective's smooth, settled feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вполне","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"mankind"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c8-s30","source":"Игумен, с важностью выслушав его, слегка наклонил голову и произнес в ответ:","translation":"The Superior, having heard him out with dignity, inclined his head slightly and answered:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с важностью выслушав его","title":"Perfective gerund + «с» of manner","body":"«выслушав» is the perfective past gerund of «выслушать» (\"having heard out\"), the completed prior action; «с важностью» (\"with dignity\") is a «с» + instrumental phrase of manner. The chain leads into the perfective main verbs «наклонил … произнес»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наклонил","gloss":"The Superior"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking важностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"важностью","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушав","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on наклонил","gloss":"having heard out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наклонил","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"наклонил","lemma":"наклонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наклонил","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with наклонил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c8-s31","source":"— Чувствительно сожалею об отлучившемся.","translation":"\"I am keenly sorry for the absent one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чувствительно сожалею об отлучившемся","title":"Past active participle nominalized — «об отлучившемся»","body":"«отлучившемся» is the past active participle of «отлучиться» (to absent oneself), used as a noun in the prepositional after «о»: \"about the one who has absented himself.\" A bookish, elevated way to name the missing Fyodor Pavlovich."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чувствительно сожалею","title":"«чувствительно» — keenly, feelingly","body":"Here «чувствительно» means not \"sensitively\" but \"keenly, to a felt degree\" — an elevated, slightly old-fashioned adverb of intensity fitting the Superior's measured, dignified diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чувствительно","lemma":"чувствительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожалею","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"сожалею","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am sorry"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отлучившемся","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отлучившемся","lemma":"отлучиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, prepositional, perfective","role":"complement of об, object of сожалею","gloss":"the absent one"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c8-s32","source":"Может быть, за трапезой нашею он полюбил бы нас, равно как и мы его.","translation":"Perhaps, at our table, he would have come to love us, and we him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за трапезой нашею он полюбил бы нас","title":"Conditional «бы» + inceptive «полюбил»","body":"«полюбил бы» is the past-form-plus-«бы» conditional: \"he would have come to love us.\" The perfective prefix «по-» on «любить» is inceptive — to begin to love. Note archaic «нашею» (instrumental) for «нашей»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"равно как и мы его","title":"Gapped comparison «как и мы его»","body":"The verb is elided in the second limb: «мы его (полюбили бы)» — \"and we (would have come to love) him.\" «равно как и» is a bookish \"just as also,\" balancing the mutual love the Superior wishes for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"first part of может быть (perhaps), parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'Может быть' ('perhaps') is a parenthetical idiom."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second part of может быть, parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трапезой","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трапезой","lemma":"трапеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полюбил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"нашею","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трапезой","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would love"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks полюбил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно как и","morphology":"adverb (idiom)","role":"first part of равно как и (just as), links clauses","gloss":"just as","note":"'Равно как и' ('just as / as well as') is a three-word idiom."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"равно как и","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"second part of равно как и","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"равно как и","morphology":"particle","role":"third part of равно как и","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elided полюбил бы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided полюбил бы","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c8-s33","source":"Милости просим, господа, откушать.","translation":"You are kindly welcome, gentlemen, to partake.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Милости просим … откушать","title":"«милости просим» and «откушать» — courteous welcome","body":"«милости просим» is a set, slightly old-world formula of hospitable invitation (\"you are kindly welcome\"), and «откушать» an archaic, ceremonious verb for \"to partake/dine.\" Together they give the Superior's welcome a warm, traditional Russian grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милости","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom милости просим (you are welcome)","gloss":"welcome","note":"'Милости просим' is a set welcoming formula, literally 'we ask [your] favor.'"},{"surface":"просим","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we ask"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"откушать","lemma":"откушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of просим","gloss":"to partake"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c8-s34","source":"Он стал перед образом и начал вслух молитву.","translation":"He stood before the icon and began the grace aloud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал перед образом и начал … молитву","title":"Inceptive perfectives «стал … начал»","body":"Both verbs are perfective and inceptive: «стал» (took his stand) and «начал» (began) mark the punctual onset of the grace. «перед образом» uses «перед» + instrumental for position before the icon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"the grace"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c8-s35","source":"Все почтительно преклонили головы, а помещик Максимов даже особенно выставился вперед, сложив перед собой ладошками руки от особого благоговения.","translation":"All bowed their heads reverently, and the landowner Maximov even thrust himself particularly forward, his hands pressed palm to palm before him out of special devotion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сложив перed собой ладошками руки","title":"Perfective gerund + instrumental of manner","body":"«сложив» (perfective gerund, \"having folded\") describes the prior gesture; «ладошками» is the instrumental — \"with the palms\" — naming how the hands were pressed together. The reflexive «перед собой» (before himself) points back to Maximov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладошками","title":"Diminutive «ладошки» — little palms","body":"«ладошка», diminutive of «ладонь» (palm), lends Maximov's pious gesture a childlike, faintly absurd tenderness — the suffix doing characterizing work, as so often in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of преклонили","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преклонили","gloss":"reverently"},{"surface":"преклонили","lemma":"преклонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of преклонили","gloss":"their heads"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выставился","gloss":"the landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies особенно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставился","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"выставился","lemma":"выставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with преклонили","gloss":"thrust himself"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставился","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"сложив","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выставился","gloss":"folding"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of сложив","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ладошками","lemma":"ладошка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сложив (manner: palm to palm)","gloss":"palm to palm"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сложив","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благоговения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"особого","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благоговения","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"благоговения","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложив","gloss":"devotion"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c8-s36","source":"И вот тут-то Федор Павлович и выкинул свое последнее колено.","translation":"And it was just here that Fyodor Pavlovich played his last trick.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вот тут-то Федор Павлович и выкинул","title":"Emphatic «тут-то … и» — the very moment","body":"The clitic «-то» on «тут» and the emphatic «и» before the verb together spotlight the instant: \"and it was just here that he…\" A common Russian framing device that builds anticipation for the punchline action «выкинул»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выкинул свое последнее колено","title":"Idiom «выкинуть колено» — to pull a stunt","body":"«выкинуть колено» (lit. \"to throw out a knee/figure,\" from a dance-step) is an idiom for performing some outrageous, unexpected antic. \"He pulled his last trick\" — exactly the buffoon's flourish the narrator has been promising."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тут-то","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выкинул","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix of тут (тут-то)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выкинул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes выкинул","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выкинул","lemma":"выкинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of колено","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies колено","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"колено","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выкинул","gloss":"trick","note":"Idiomatic use of колено (literally 'knee') for a wild prank or stunt."}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c8-s37","source":"Надо заметить, что он действительно хотел было уехать и действительно почувствовал невозможность, после своего позорного поведения в келье старца, идти как ни в чем не бывало к игумену на обед.","translation":"It must be noted that he really had meant to drive off, and really had felt the impossibility, after his shameful conduct in the elder's cell, of going to dine with the Superior as though nothing had happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"действительно хотел было уехать","title":"«хотел было» — the abandoned intention","body":"Again the «было» of the thwarted plan, here on «хотел … уехать»: he \"had been going to drive off\" but the impulse came to nothing. The repeated «действительно» (\"really\") insists on the sincerity of an intention that won't survive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идти как ни в чем не бывало","title":"Idiom + negative concord «как ни в чем не бывало»","body":"A fixed phrase, \"as if nothing had happened,\" literally \"as though nothing had been\": «ни в чем не бывало» again shows the «ни … не» concord, with the archaic «бывало». «идти» (unidirectional imperfective) names the single trajectory of going to dinner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, invariant","role":"marks the abortive action with хотел","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"уехать","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"невозможность","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"the impossibility"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поведения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поведения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"позорного","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поведения","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"поведения","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition после","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition в","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of невозможность","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the idiom как ни в чём не бывало","gloss":"as","note":"как ни в чём не бывало is a fixed idiom meaning 'as if nothing had happened.'"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom, modifies чем","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition в","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on идти","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the Superior"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обед","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition на","gloss":"dinner"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c8-s38","source":"Не то чтоб он стыдился себя так уж очень и обвинял; может быть, даже совсем напротив; но всё же он чувствовал, что обедать-то уж неприлично.","translation":"It was not that he was so very ashamed of himself or blamed himself; perhaps it was quite the opposite; but all the same he felt that to sit down to dinner would be improper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то чтоб он стыдился себя так уж очень","title":"«не то чтоб(ы)» — \"it's not that…\"","body":"«не то чтоб(ы)» is a concessive hedge introducing a qualified denial: \"it wasn't that he was so very ashamed…\" Built from «чтобы», it takes the past-form verb «стыдился» under the negation, marking the irrealis flavor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обедать-то уж неприлично","title":"Topic «-то» + impersonal predicate «неприлично»","body":"The clitic «-то» highlights «обедать» as the point at issue (\"as for dining…\"), and «неприлично» is an impersonal neuter predicate, \"it would be improper.\" «уж» adds an insistent shading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom не то чтоб","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стыдился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"genitive complement of стыдился (стыдиться governs the genitive, not the accusative)","gloss":"of himself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies так очень","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдился","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"обвинял","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыдился","gloss":"blamed himself"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"может быть is a fixed phrase meaning 'perhaps.'"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical parallel to может быть","gloss":"the opposite"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неприлично","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обедать","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal subject of неприлично","gloss":"dining"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix of обедать","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неприлично","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"improper"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c8-s39","source":"Но только было подали к крыльцу гостиницы его дребезжащую коляску, как он, уже влезая в нее, вдруг приостановился.","translation":"Yet no sooner had his rattling carriage been brought up to the porch of the inn than, just as he was already climbing into it, he suddenly stopped short.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только было подали … как он … вдруг приостановился","title":"\"No sooner… than\" with «только… как»","body":"The «только… как» frame means \"no sooner had X than Y.\" The «было» on «подали» again marks an action just accomplished and then overtaken — the carriage had just been brought up when he stopped short («приостановился», perfective)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже влезая в нее","title":"Present gerund of simultaneity «влезая»","body":"«влезая» is the imperfective present gerund (\"climbing in\"), an action in progress simultaneous with the main verb — he was in the very act of getting in when he stopped. «в нее» takes the accusative for motion into the carriage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дребезжащую коляску","title":"«дребезжащий» — rattling; «коляска» — carriage","body":"«дребезжащую» is the present active participle of «дребезжать» (to rattle, jangle), agreeing with «коляску» — a «коляска» being a light open carriage. The rattling vehicle is a small comic emblem of the old buffoon's shabby grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with как (only...than)","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, invariant","role":"part of только...как construction","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"подали","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крыльцу","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подали","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"гостиницы","lemma":"гостиница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крыльцу","gloss":"of the inn"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of коляску","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дребезжащую","lemma":"дребезжащий","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies коляску","gloss":"rattling"},{"surface":"коляску","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подали","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with только (no sooner...than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приостановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влезая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"влезая","lemma":"влезать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приостановился","gloss":"climbing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влезая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приостановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приостановился","lemma":"приостановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped short"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c8-s40","source":"Ему вспомнились его же собственные слова у старца: «Мне всё так и кажется, когда я вхожу куда-нибудь, что я подлее всех и что меня все за шута принимают, — так вот давай же я и в самом деле сыграю шута, потому что вы все до единого глупее и подлее меня».","translation":"He recalled his own words, spoken at the elder's: \"It always seems to me, whenever I walk in somewhere, that I am baser than everyone and that they all take me for a buffoon — so let me, then, actually play the buffoon, for you are every one of you stupider and baser than I am.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему вспомнились его же собственные слова","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of involuntary memory + dative","body":"«вспомнились» (with «-сь») makes remembering happen to the experiencer rather than be done by him: the words \"came back to him,\" dative «ему», subject «слова». The emphatic «же» on «его собственные» stresses \"his very own\" words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда я вхожу куда-нибудь","title":"Multidirectional «вхожу» + indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"«вхожу» (imperfective, multidirectional «ходить»-type) gives the habitual \"whenever I walk in,\" and «куда-нибудь» uses «-нибудь» for an unspecified \"anywhere at all.\" The pairing renders a recurring, non-specific situation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давай же я … сыграю шута … глупее и подлее меня","title":"Hortative «давай» + comparatives of genitive","body":"«давай … сыграю» is the first-person exhortation \"let me play,\" «давай» plus the perfective future; «же» insists. The comparatives «глупее, подлее» take the standard of comparison in the genitive «меня» — \"stupider and baser than I.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я подлее всех … за шута принимают","title":"«подлый» and «шут» — the buffoon's creed","body":"«подлый» means base, mean, vile (a key Karamazov word for moral lowness), and «шут» the buffoon/jester. \"They take me for a buffoon\" — «за шута принимают», with «за» + accusative for \"as.\" These two words encode Fyodor Pavlovich's defiant self-abasement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вспомнились","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вспомнились","lemma":"вспомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его (emphatic)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of вспомнились","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вхожу","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вхожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вхожу","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кажется","gloss":"walk in"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вхожу","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of куда","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подлее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлее","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлее","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of кажется","gloss":"baser"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of подлее","gloss":"than everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принимают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шута","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимают","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"принимают","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подлее","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the hortative clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сыграю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom и в самом деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле, modifies сыграю","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"сыграю","lemma":"сыграть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with давай","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сыграю","gloss":"the buffoon"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глупее","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единого","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition до","gloss":"the last one"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement, comparative with меня","gloss":"stupider"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подлее","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with глупее","gloss":"baser"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of глупее/подлее","gloss":"than I"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c8-s41","source":"Ему захотелось всем отомстить за собственные пакости.","translation":"He felt a longing to take revenge on everyone for his own foul tricks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему захотелось всем отомстить","title":"Dative desire «ему захотелось» + dative object","body":"«захотелось» is the impersonal reflexive of sudden wanting: dative experiencer «ему», neuter verb — \"a longing came over him.\" Then «отомстить всем» takes a dative «всем» (to take revenge on everyone), the case «мстить»/«отомстить» governs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за собственные пакости","title":"«пакость» — a dirty trick, a piece of nastiness","body":"«пакость» is a mean, dirty deed or vileness done to another. The irony is acute: he wants to avenge himself on others for his own «пакости» — a key word the chapter returns to in s42 and s48."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt a longing"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отомстить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"отомстить","lemma":"отомстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"take revenge"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакости","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies пакости","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пакости","lemma":"пакость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отомстить","gloss":"foul tricks"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c8-s42","source":"Вспомнил он вдруг теперь кстати, как когда-то, еще прежде, спросили его раз: «За что вы такого-то так ненавидите?» И он ответил тогда, в припадке своего шутовского бесстыдства: «А вот за что: он, правда, мне ничего не сделал, но зато я сделал ему одну бессовестнейшую пакость, и только что сделал, тотчас же за то и возненавидел его».","translation":"He now recalled, suddenly and to the point, how once, long before, someone had asked him: \"Why do you hate so-and-so so much?\" And he had answered then, in a fit of his buffoonish shamelessness: \"Here is why: he, it's true, has done nothing to me, but I once played a most unconscionable trick on him, and the moment I had done it, that very instant I came to hate him for it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросили его раз … И он ответил тогда","title":"Indefinite-personal plural «спросили»","body":"«спросили» with no stated subject is the indefinite-personal construction: a 3rd-plural verb meaning \"someone/people asked\" (\"he was asked\"). Russian routinely drops the agent this way where English needs a passive or \"they.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что сделал, тотчас же … возненавидел","title":"Inceptive perfective «возненавидел»","body":"«возненавидел» (prefix «воз-» on «ненавидеть») is an inceptive perfective: the punctual onset of hatred, \"came to hate.\" Paired with «только что сделал … тотчас же», it nails the paradoxical instant in which the wrong breeds the loathing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За что вы такого-то так ненавидите?","title":"«за что» and the placeholder «такой-то»","body":"«за что» asks \"for what reason, on what grounds\" (motive), distinct from «почему». «такого-то» is the placeholder \"so-and-so\" (accusative animate), built with the «-то» clitic to stand in for an unnamed person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бессовестнейшую пакость","title":"Superlative «бессовестнейший» — most unconscionable","body":"«бессовестный» (without conscience, «без» + «совесть») in the bookish superlative «-ейш-»: \"a most conscienceless dirty trick.\" The piling of moral self-accusation is delivered with Fyodor Pavlovich's relishing «шутовское бесстыдство» (buffoonish shamelessness)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вспомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вспомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вспомнил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вспомнил","gloss":"aptly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-то, modifies спросили","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of когда","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросили","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"спросили","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (adverbial)","role":"adverbial modifier of спросили","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ненавидите","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ненавидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидите","gloss":"so-and-so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of такого","gloss":"-and-so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидите","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ненавидите","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бесстыдства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шутовского","lemma":"шутовской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бесстыдства","gloss":"buffoonish"},{"surface":"бесстыдства","lemma":"бесстыдство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"shamelessness"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase вот за что","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying сделал","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the он-clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the я-clause","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies пакость","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"бессовестнейшую","lemma":"бессовестный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пакость","gloss":"most shameless"},{"surface":"пакость","lemma":"пакость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause только что","gloss":"did it"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возненавидел","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition за","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возненавидел","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"came to hate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c8-s43","source":"Припомнив это теперь, он тихо и злобно усмехнулся в минутном раздумье.","translation":"Recalling this now, he gave a quiet, malicious laugh in a moment's reflection.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Припомнив это теперь, он тихо и злобно усмехнулся","title":"Perfective gerund «припомнив» framing the laugh","body":"«припомнив» (perfective past gerund of «припомнить», \"having recalled\") sets the prior mental act; the perfective «усмехнулся» (gave a single smirk) is the resulting deed. The «-ся» on «усмехнуться» is the verb's inherent reflexive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Припомнив","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on усмехнулся","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Припомнив","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Припомнив","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a laugh"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздумье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"минутном","lemma":"минутный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздумье","gloss":"moment's"},{"surface":"раздумье","lemma":"раздумье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнулся","gloss":"reflection"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c8-s44","source":"Глаза его сверкнули, и даже губы затряслись.","translation":"His eyes flashed, and even his lips quivered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза его сверкнули, и даже губы затряслись","title":"Semelfactive «сверкнули» and inceptive «затряслись»","body":"«сверкнули» (suffix «-ну-») is semelfactive — a single flash of the eyes; «затряслись» (prefix «за-» + «-ся») is inceptive — the lips \"began to quiver.\" Two flavors of the perfective catch a momentary, involuntary stir of malice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Глаза (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies губы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of затряслись","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"затряслись","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сверкнули","gloss":"quivered"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c8-s45","source":"«А коль начал, так и кончить», — решил он вдруг.","translation":"\"Since I've begun, I may as well finish,\" he suddenly decided.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коль начал, так и кончить","title":"Folksy conditional «коль» + elided modality","body":"«коль» (also «коли») is a colloquial, somewhat archaic \"if\": \"if I've begun, then to finish too.\" The infinitive «кончить» stands for an implied \"I must/may as well finish\" — terse, proverb-like spoken syntax. «так и» reinforces the consequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with коль (so...also)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive predicate of the так и construction","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c8-s46","source":"Сокровеннейшее ощущение его в этот миг можно было бы выразить такими словами: «Ведь уж теперь себя не реабилитируешь, так давай-ка я им еще наплюю до бесстыдства: не стыжусь, дескать, вас, да и только!»","translation":"His innermost sensation at that instant might have been put into these words: \"There's no rehabilitating myself now, so let me spit on them all the more shamelessly: I'm not ashamed of you, that's all there is to it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно было бы выразить такими словами","title":"Impersonal «можно … бы» + instrumental of means","body":"«можно было бы» is the impersonal conditional of possibility (\"might have been possible to express\"), with «бы» making it hypothetical. «такими словами» is the instrumental of means — \"by such words.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя не реабилитируешь … давай-ка я им еще наплюю","title":"Generalizing «ты» + hortative «давай-ка»","body":"«не реабилитируешь» is a 2nd-singular used generically (\"one can't rehabilitate oneself\"), with reflexive «себя». Then «давай-ка я … наплюю» is the hortative \"come now, let me…,\" the softening particle «-ка» giving a coaxing, self-egging tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не стыжусь, дескать, вас, да и только!","title":"«дескать» and «да и только» — reported defiance","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle flagging quoted/assumed speech (\"as if to say\"), and «да и только» a dismissive idiom, \"and that's that.\" «Сокровеннейшее» (\"innermost,\" bookish superlative) frames this as his secret credo of shamelessness. «наплевать» (to spit on) is crude contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сокровеннейшее","lemma":"сокровенный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущение","gloss":"innermost"},{"surface":"ощущение","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразить","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ощущение (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition в","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional of можно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выразить","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies реабилитируешь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies теперь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies реабилитируешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of реабилитируешь","gloss":"yourself","note":"Generic second-person address (\"you can't redeem yourself\"), rendered in the translation as \"myself.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies реабилитируешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"реабилитируешь","lemma":"реабилитировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"redeem"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with реабилитируешь","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"softens the imperative давай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наплюю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of наплюю","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наплюю","gloss":"even more"},{"surface":"наплюю","lemma":"наплевать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with давай","gloss":"spit"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесстыдства","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"бесстыдства","lemma":"бесстыдство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition до","gloss":"shamelessness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"am ashamed"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks a reported attitude","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of стыжусь (стыдиться governs the genitive, not the accusative)","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и только","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и только","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"completes the idiom да и только","gloss":"that's all"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c8-s47","source":"Кучеру он велел подождать, а сам скорыми шагами воротился в монастырь и прямо к игумену.","translation":"He told the coachman to wait, and with rapid strides returned to the monastery and went straight to the Superior.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кучеру он велел подождать","title":"Dative addressee of «велеть»","body":"«велеть» (to order) takes a dative of the person commanded and an infinitive: «кучеру … велел подождать» — \"ordered the coachman to wait.\" The dative «кучеру» is fronted, topicalizing the coachman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скорыми шагами воротился в монастырь","title":"Instrumental of manner + perfective return","body":"«скорыми шагами» (instrumental, \"with rapid strides\") expresses manner of motion. «воротился» is a slightly archaic/colloquial perfective of returning (beside «возвратился»), with «-ся», and «в монастырь» takes the accusative of motion-toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кучеру","lemma":"кучер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"the coachman"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"подождать","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"скорыми","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"rapid"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"strides"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies к игумену","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with монастырь (second destination)","gloss":"the Superior"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c8-s48","source":"Он еще не знал хорошо, что сделает, но знал, что уже не владеет собою и — чуть толчок — мигом дойдет теперь до последнего предела какой-нибудь мерзости, — впрочем, только мерзости, а отнюдь не какого-нибудь преступления или такой выходки, за которую может суд наказать.","translation":"He did not yet rightly know what he would do, but he knew that he was no longer master of himself and that, at the slightest push, he would now be carried in an instant to the very last extreme of some vileness — though merely vileness, mind, and by no means any crime or any escapade for which a court might punish him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже не владеет собою","title":"Instrumental governed by «владеть»","body":"«владеть» (to command, master) governs the instrumental: «не владеет собою» — \"is not master of himself,\" with «собою» the archaic-flavored instrumental of «себя». The present tense in a past narrative gives vivid immediacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до последнего предела какой-нибудь мерзости","title":"Indefinite «какой-нибудь» + chain of genitives","body":"«какой-нибудь» (non-specific \"some… or other\") modifies «мерзости», all in a genitive chain «до … предела … мерзости» governed by «до» — \"to the last extreme of some vileness.\" The vagueness underlines that even he doesn't know what he'll do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнюдь не какого-нибудь преступления … за которую может суд наказать","title":"Emphatic «отнюдь не» + relative «за которую»","body":"«отнюдь не» is an emphatic \"by no means.\" The relative «за которую» (\"for which\") agrees in gender/number with «выходку» but takes accusative from its own clause — the case-flexibility of «который». Note the colloquial «чуть толчок» (\"at the slightest push\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерзости … выходки","title":"«мерзость» and «выходка» — vileness vs escapade","body":"«мерзость» is something loathsome, an abomination; «выходка» an outrageous prank or escapade. The careful distinction — vileness yes, but no «преступление» (crime) a «суд» (court) could punish — measures exactly how far the buffoon will go."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"he would do"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of владеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies владеет","gloss":"longer","note":"уже не = 'no longer'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies владеет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"владеет","lemma":"владеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was master of"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of владеет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толчок","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"толчок","lemma":"толчок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical, parallel to владеет","gloss":"push"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойдет","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"дойдет","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with владеет","gloss":"would reach"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дойдет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предела","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предела","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"предела","lemma":"предел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойдет","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мерзости","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мерзости","gloss":"-ever","note":"какой-нибудь is one indefinite pronoun split across two tokens; -нибудь carries no meaning alone."},{"surface":"мерзости","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предела","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерзости","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мерзости","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"мерзости","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мерзости","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступления","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступления","gloss":"-ever","note":"какого-нибудь is one indefinite pronoun split across two tokens."},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мерзости","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выходки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"выходки","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мерзости","gloss":"escapade"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наказать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on выходки","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a court"},{"surface":"наказать","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"punish"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c8-s49","source":"В последнем случае он всегда умел себя сдерживать и даже сам себе дивился насчет этого в иных случаях.","translation":"In the latter case he always knew how to hold himself back, and in certain instances even marveled at himself for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда умел себя сдерживать","title":"Imperfective habit «умел … сдерживать»","body":"«умел … сдерживать» (both imperfective) with «всегда» renders a settled, habitual capacity — \"he always knew how to restrain himself.\" Reflexive «себя» is the object; the imperfective infinitive suits the recurring ability."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам себе дивился насчет этого","title":"«дивиться» + dative; intensifier «сам»","body":"«дивиться» (to marvel) governs the dative «себе» — \"marveled at himself.\" The intensifier «сам» («сам себе») underscores the self-reflexive wonder, and «насчет этого» (\"on this score\") is a colloquial \"about it.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнем","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умел","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of сдерживать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сдерживать","lemma":"сдерживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"to hold back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of дивился","gloss":"at himself"},{"surface":"дивился","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умел","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дивился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дивился","gloss":"instances"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c8-s50","source":"Он показался в столовой игумена ровно в тот миг, когда кончилась молитва и все двинулись к столу.","translation":"He appeared in the Superior's dining room at the very instant the grace ended and everyone was moving toward the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ровно в тот миг, когда кончилась молитва","title":"Correlative «в тот миг, когда…»","body":"«в тот миг, когда…» pairs the demonstrative «тот» with the temporal «когда» to pinpoint the instant — \"at the very moment when.\" «кончилась» (perfective «-ся») marks the grace's completed ending, perfectly timed to his entrance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столовой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столовой","lemma":"столовая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показался","gloss":"dining room"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столовой","gloss":"the Superior's"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показался","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончилась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кончилась","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on показался","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"молитва","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончилась","gloss":"the grace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of двинулись","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"двинулись","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончилась","gloss":"were moving"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of двинулись","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c8-s51","source":"Остановившись на пороге, оглядел компанию и засмеялся длинным, наглым, злым смешком, всем отважно глядя в глаза.","translation":"Pausing on the threshold, he surveyed the company and broke into a long, insolent, spiteful little laugh, looking everyone boldly in the eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Остановившись на пороге, оглядел … и засмеялся … всем отважно глядя в глаза","title":"Gerunds front and back of the action","body":"The sentence is framed by gerunds: perfective «остановившись» (having paused) before, imperfective «глядя» (looking) trailing as simultaneous manner. Between them the perfective main verbs «оглядел … засмеялся» carry the events. A dense «деепричастие» chain typical of the narrator."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наглым, злым смешком","title":"Diminutive «смешок» + harsh epithets","body":"«смешок» is the diminutive of «смех» — a short, snickering little laugh — here yoked to «длинным, наглым, злым» (long, insolent, spiteful). The affectionate-sized suffix turned nasty makes the laugh creep, the diminutive carrying menace not charm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остановившись","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оглядел","gloss":"pausing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Остановившись","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"оглядел","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surveyed"},{"surface":"компанию","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядел","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглядел","gloss":"broke into laughter"},{"surface":"длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"наглым","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"злым","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялся","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of глядя","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"отважно","lemma":"отважно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on засмеялся","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"the eye"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c8-s52","source":"— А они-то думали, я уехал, а я вот он! — вскричал он на всю залу.","translation":"\"They thought I'd driven off, and here I am!\" he cried for the whole hall to hear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А они-то думали, я уехал, а я вот он!","title":"Topic-«-то», contrastive «а», deictic «вот он»","body":"«они-то» flags \"they, for their part\" with the topic clitic; the two «а»'s are mild contrastive hinges (\"and/but\"); «я вот он!» is the colloquial deixis \"and here I am!\" — «вот» pointing at himself. Pure spoken Karamazov bravado."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскричал он на всю залу","title":"«на всю залу» — for the whole hall","body":"«на всю залу» idiomatically means \"so the whole room could hear,\" «на» + accusative measuring the reach of the shout. Note «зала» (older feminine) for the hall, beside the modern masculine «зал» (the neuter «зало» was a separate archaic variant)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on они","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думали","gloss":"had left"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of он","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with уехал","gloss":"(I'm) here","note":"я вот он is idiomatic for 'here I am'."},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думали","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c8-s53","source":"Одно мгновение все смотрели на него в упор и молчали, и вдруг все почувствовали, что выйдет сейчас что-нибудь отвратительное, нелепое, с несомненным скандалом.","translation":"For a single moment everyone stared at him point-blank and said nothing, and all at once they all felt that something abominable, absurd, an unmistakable scandal, was about to break out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдет сейчас что-нибудь отвратительное … с несомненным скандалом","title":"Perfective future + indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"«выйдет» (perfective future of «выйти») foretells a single coming event — \"something will come of it.\" «что-нибудь» (non-specific \"something or other\") with neuter agreement on the stacked adjectives lets the dread stay shapeless until it breaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрели на него в упор и молчали","title":"Imperfective held moment vs the «вдруг» turn","body":"«смотрели … молчали» (imperfectives) hold the frozen, durative instant of staring and silence; «вдруг … почувствовали» (perfective) snaps it. The aspectual switch dramatizes the held breath before the scandal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of смотрели","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в упор","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"point-blank","note":"в упор is a fixed idiom meaning 'point-blank'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчали","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрели","gloss":"said nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовали","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почувствовали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"почувствовали","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрели","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовали","gloss":"was about to break out"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"-ever","note":"что-нибудь is one indefinite pronoun split across two tokens."},{"surface":"отвратительное","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"abominable"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отвратительное","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скандалом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"несомненным","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies скандалом","gloss":"unmistakable"},{"surface":"скандалом","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"scandal"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c8-s54","source":"Петр Александрович из самого благодушного настроения перешел немедленно в самое свирепое.","translation":"Pyotr Alexandrovich passed instantly from the most genial of moods into the most ferocious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из самого благодушного настроения перешел … в самое свирепое","title":"Superlative «самый» framing the swing of mood","body":"The periphrastic superlative «самый» declines with its adjective at both poles — «из самого благодушного … в самое свирепое» — and the «из … в» (genitive… accusative) maps the abrupt passage from one extreme to the other."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перешел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name with Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настроения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благодушного","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"благодушного","lemma":"благодушный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроения","gloss":"genial"},{"surface":"настроения","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перешел","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свирепое","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свирепое","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"свирепое","lemma":"свирепый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"ferocious"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c8-s55","source":"Всё, что угасло было в его сердце и затихло, разом воскресло и поднялось. — Нет, вынести этого я не могу! — вскричал он, — совсем не могу и… никак не могу!","translation":"Everything that had died down and gone quiet in his heart rose up and came back to life all at once. \"No, this I cannot endure!\" he cried, \"I simply cannot, and… I absolutely cannot!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё, что угасло было … затихло, разом воскресло и поднялось","title":"Pluperfect «было» + correlative «всё, что»","body":"«угасло было» uses «было» on a perfective to mark a state reached earlier and now reversed (a pluperfect feel) — what had died down now «воскресло». The correlative «всё, что…» (\"everything that…\") packs the subject into a relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынести этого я не могу!","title":"Genitive of negation + emphatic fronting","body":"«этого … не могу (вынести)» puts the negated object in the genitive «этого» (\"this I cannot bear\"), and the whole object is hurled to the front for force. The triple «совсем не могу … никак не могу» piles emphatic negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of воскресло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of угасло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"угасло","lemma":"угаснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Всё","gloss":"had died down"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of угасло (pluperfect)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of угасло","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затихло","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with угасло","gloss":"gone quiet"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскресло","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"воскресло","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came back to life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поднялось","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскресло","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to endure"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынести","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to воскресло","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to воскресло","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c8-s56","source":"Кровь бросилась ему в голову.","translation":"The blood rushed to his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кровь бросилась ему в голову","title":"Dative of the affected person","body":"\"The blood rushed to his head\" places the affected person in the dative «ему», not a possessive — Russian's idiom for bodily reactions happening to someone. «бросилась» is the perfective «-ся» of a sudden rush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бросилась","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c8-s57","source":"Он даже спутался, но было уже не до слога, и он схватил свою шляпу.","translation":"He even grew flustered, but it was no longer a moment for fine phrasing, and he snatched up his hat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было уже не до слога","title":"Impersonal «не до» + genitive","body":"The idiom «не до X» (with genitive «слога») means \"there was no time/room for X\" — here \"it was no longer a moment for fine phrasing.\" An impersonal, subjectless turn very characteristic of Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не до слога","title":"«слог» — literary style, fine phrasing","body":"«слог» here means not \"syllable\" but \"style, manner of expression.\" The narrator's joke: Miusov, the fastidious stylist, is now too rattled to choose his words — \"no time for elegant style.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спутался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спутался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"спутался","lemma":"спутаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew flustered"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb before не до слога","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до слога","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до слога","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слога","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"слога","lemma":"слог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"fine phrasing","note":"не до слога is idiomatic: 'no time/mood for style'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спутался","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шляпу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шляпу","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"hat"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c8-s58","source":"— Чего такого он не может? — вскричал Федор Павлович, — «никак не может и ни за что не может»? Ваше преподобие, входить мне аль нет? Принимаете сотрапезника?","translation":"\"What is it he cannot do?\" cried Fyodor Pavlovich. \"'Absolutely cannot, and cannot on any account'? Your Reverence, am I to come in or not? Will you receive a fellow diner?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"входить мне аль нет?","title":"Dative subject of the infinitive + folksy «аль»","body":"«входить мне аль нет?» is a deliberative-infinitive question with dative «мне»: \"am I to come in or not?\" — no nominative, the infinitive carrying the modality. «аль» is a rustic, folksy variant of «или» (\"or\"), part of Fyodor Pavlovich's clowning peasant act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Принимаете сотрапезника?","title":"«сотрапезник» — a fellow at table","body":"«сотрапезник», from «со-» (with) + «трапеза» (the meal/repast, itself a churchly word), means a fellow diner, a companion at the board. Its faintly elevated, monastic ring makes Fyodor Pavlovich's mock-humble entrance the more impudent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of может","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Чего","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to может","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name with Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"anything","note":"ни за что = 'on any account'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the Superior","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"входить","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the question, contrasted with нет","gloss":"to come in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of входить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links входить and нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical alternative to входить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Принимаете","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you receive"},{"surface":"сотрапезника","lemma":"сотрапезник","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Принимаете","gloss":"a fellow diner"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c8-s59","source":"— Милости просим от всего сердца, — ответил игумен. — Господа! Позволю ли себе, — прибавил он вдруг, — просить вас от всей души, оставив случайные распри ваши, сойтись в любви и родственном согласии, с молитвой ко господу, за смиренною трапезою нашей…","translation":"\"You are welcome with all my heart,\" answered the Superior. \"Gentlemen! May I,\" he added suddenly, \"beg you with all my soul to set aside your chance quarrels and to come together in love and kindred concord, with a prayer to the Lord, at our humble table…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позволю ли себе … просить вас","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» softening a request","body":"«Позволю ли себе» fronts the verb with the enclitic «ли» to form a deferential yes/no question — \"may I permit myself…?\" — a more formal, literary move than question intonation, fitting the Superior's courtly plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставив случайные распри ваши, сойтись в любви","title":"Perfective gerund + perfective infinitive of appeal","body":"«оставив» (perfective gerund, \"having set aside\") names the prior condition, leading to the perfective infinitive «сойтись» (\"to come together\") that is the object of «просить». Note the bookish post-positioned possessive «распри ваши»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милости","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of просим","gloss":"welcome","note":"милости просим is a fixed idiom for 'you are welcome'."},{"surface":"просим","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we welcome"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просим","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to просим","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the Superior"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"Позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may I"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Позволю","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of Позволю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Позволю","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Позволю","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сойтись","gloss":"setting aside","note":"оставив (converb, 'having set aside') must share its subject with the verb it modifies. просить's subject is the игумен speaking; сойтись's controlled subject is вас (the addressees) — and it is the addressees, not the speaker, who are to set aside their quarrels. So the converb scopes over сойтись, not просить."},{"surface":"случайные","lemma":"случайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies распри","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"распри","lemma":"распря","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оставив","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of распри","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сойтись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of просить","gloss":"to come together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"родственном","lemma":"родственный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согласии","gloss":"kindred"},{"surface":"согласии","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"concord"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитвой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молитвой","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись, parallel to любви","gloss":"a prayer"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies молитвой","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трапезою","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"смиренною","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трапезою","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"трапезою","lemma":"трапеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись, parallel to любви","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трапезою","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c8-s60","source":"— Нет, нет, невозможно, — крикнул как бы не в себе Петр Александрович.","translation":"\"No, no, impossible,\" Pyotr Alexandrovich shouted, almost beside himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул как бы не в себе","title":"«как бы» + idiom «не в себе»","body":"«как бы» (\"as if, as it were\") hedges the description with «бы»; «не в себе» is the fixed idiom \"beside oneself, not himself,\" «в себе» using the reflexive in the prepositional. Together: \"shouted, as if beside himself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to крикнул","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы, modifies не в себе","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"himself","note":"не в себе is idiomatic for 'beside himself'."},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name with Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c8-s61","source":"— А коли Петру Александровичу невозможно, так и мне невозможно, и я не останусь.","translation":"\"Well, if it is impossible for Pyotr Alexandrovich, then it is impossible for me too, and I shall not stay.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Петру Александровичу невозможно… и мне невозможно","title":"Dative-subject impossibility","body":"«Невозможно» is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject: the person for whom the thing is impossible stands in the dative — «Петру Александровичу», «мне». This experiencer-first frame, so common in Russian, makes Fyodor's clowning sound like a logical syllogism."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли","title":"Folksy «коли» for «если»","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial, slightly archaic conditional conjunction equivalent to «если» (if). Fyodor adopts a mock-peasant register here, opening his protest with a homely subordinator that flavors the whole speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не останусь","title":"Perfective future as a vow","body":"«Останусь» is the perfective «остаться» conjugated like a present, so it reads as a single completed future act — «I shall (not) stay». Negated, it becomes a flat refusal, the perfective sealing it as a one-time decision rather than a habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of невозможно","gloss":"for Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александровичу","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name with Петру","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of невозможно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with невозможно","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of останусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with невозможно","gloss":"shall stay"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c8-s62","source":"Я с тем и шел.","translation":"That is what I came in for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я с тем и шел","title":"«с тем» — 'with that purpose'","body":"«С тем» (instrumental of «то») here means 'with that very intention'; the «и» before «шел» underscores it — 'that is precisely what I came in for'. «Шел» is the imperfective unidirectional motion verb «идти» in the past, framing the arrival as the journey he was already on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"that purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c8-s63","source":"Я всюду теперь буду с Петром Александровичем: уйдете, Петр Александрович, и я пойду, останетесь — и я останусь.","translation":"From now on I shall be everywhere with Pyotr Alexandrovich: if you leave, Pyotr Alexandrovich, I leave too; if you stay, I stay.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду с Петром Александровичем","title":"Compound future with быть","body":"«Буду» is the future of «быть» — but here it stands alone as a full verb 'I will be', plus «с Петром Александровичем» in the instrumental after «с» ('with'). The same «буду» also builds the imperfective compound future when joined to an infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уйдете… и я пойду, останетесь — и я останусь","title":"Conditionless conditionals in the perfective future","body":"These are implicit conditions with no «если»: the bare perfective futures «уйдете / пойду», «останетесь / останусь» pair off as 'if you leave, I'll leave; if you stay, I'll stay'. The parallel perfective verbs lock each clause into a single matched event, mimicking Fyodor like a shadow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всюду","lemma":"всюду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Петром","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александровичем","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петром","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"уйдете","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause (protasis); apodosis is пойду","gloss":"you leave"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"apodosis to уйдете","gloss":"I'll leave too"},{"surface":"останетесь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause (protasis); apodosis is останусь","gloss":"you stay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of останусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"apodosis to останетесь","gloss":"I'll stay"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c8-s64","source":"Родственным-то согласием вы его наипаче кольнули, отец игумен: не признает он себя мне родственником!","translation":"It was the kindred concord that stung him most of all, Father Superior: he does not acknowledge me as a kinsman!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Родственным-то согласием","title":"Instrumental of means + the topic clitic «-то»","body":"«Родственным согласием» is instrumental, the means by which he was stung ('by the kindred concord'). The hyphenated «-то» on the fronted phrase flags it as the known topic under discussion — 'as for that kindred-concord business' — a colloquial highlighting clitic, not the indefinite «-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наипаче","title":"Archaic «наипаче» — 'most of all'","body":"«Наипаче» is a bookish Church-Slavonic adverb meaning 'especially, above all', the elevated cousin of «особенно». Fyodor sprinkles such solemn words to mock the monastic register he is profaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не признает он себя мне родственником","title":"Reflexive «себя» with predicate instrumental","body":"«Признаёт себя… родственником» — 'acknowledges himself as a kinsman': «себя» is the reflexive object pointing back to the subject, and «родственником» is a predicate noun in the instrumental, the case Russian uses for the role one is recognized as."}],"words":[{"surface":"Родственным","lemma":"родственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согласием","gloss":"kindred"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Родственным согласием","gloss":"indeed","note":"Emphatic particle attached with a hyphen (Родственным-то), roughly \"it was precisely the kindred concord\"."},{"surface":"согласием","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental of means for кольнули","gloss":"concord"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кольнули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кольнули","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наипаче","lemma":"наипаче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кольнули","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"кольнули","lemma":"кольнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stung"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец, vocative","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"признает","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"does...acknowledge"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of признает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of родственником","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"родственником","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of признает","gloss":"a kinsman"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c8-s65","source":"Так ли, фон Зон? Вот и фон Зон стоит. Здравствуй, фон Зон.","translation":"Isn't that so, von Sohn? Look, there's von Sohn standing there. Hello, von Sohn.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли, фон Зон?","title":"The interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Так ли?» — 'Is that so?' — uses the enclitic «ли», which fronts the focused word («так») and forms a neutral yes/no question. Fyodor's repeated «Так ли, фон Зон?» becomes a taunting refrain through the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здравствуй","title":"Familiar singular imperative «Здравствуй»","body":"«Здравствуй» is the «ты»-singular greeting (literally 'be healthy'), an old imperative form. Choosing the intimate singular over the polite «здравствуйте» is itself an insult, treating the startled Maximov like a familiar inferior."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the name фон Зон, vocative address","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фон","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the name фон Зон, subject of стоит","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is standing"},{"surface":"Здравствуй","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hello"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the name фон Зон, vocative address","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c8-s66","source":"— Вы… это мне-с? — пробормотал изумленный помещик Максимов.","translation":"\"You… you mean me, sir?\" muttered the astonished landowner Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это мне-с?","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"«-с» (from «сударь», 'sir') is an obsequious particle tacked onto words to signal deference. Mild, frightened Maximov peppers his speech with it — «мне-с?» — marking his low social footing; it recurs throughout the chapter as a badge of timid politeness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробормотал","title":"«пробормотать» — to mutter out","body":"«Пробормотал» is the perfective of «бормотать» (to mumble); the prefix «про-» gives it the sense of getting a few words out under one's breath. It paints Maximov's flustered, half-audible reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"fragment, addresses the interlocutor","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of это","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to мне","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servile-polite suffix \"-с\" (short for сударь), added to sound deferential."},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"изумленный","lemma":"изумлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещик","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c8-s67","source":"— Конечно, тебе, — крикнул Федор Павлович. — А то кому же? Не отцу же игумену быть фон Зоном!","translation":"\"Of course you,\" cried Fyodor Pavlovich. \"Who else? The Father Superior can hardly be von Sohn!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Конечно, тебе… А то кому же?","title":"Dative addressee and the particle «же»","body":"«Тебе» and «кому» are datives ('to you', 'to whom'), the case of the person addressed. «Же» on «кому же» adds insistent exasperation — 'well, who else?!' — one of the small modal particles that carry tone where English needs stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не отцу же игумену быть фон Зоном!","title":"Dative + infinitive 'is hardly to be'","body":"A dative subject «отцу игумену» plus the infinitive «быть» builds a rhetorical impossibility — 'the Father Superior is hardly the one to be von Sohn'. The predicate «фон Зоном» sits in the instrumental after «быть», and «же» makes it incredulous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а то","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of быть","gloss":"the Father"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate complement of быть, part of the name","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зоном","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c8-s68","source":"— Да ведь и я не фон Зон, я Максимов.","translation":"\"But I'm not von Sohn either, I'm Maximov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь и я не фон Зон","title":"Stacked particles: «да ведь и»","body":"Three little words pile up to plead: «да» ('but'), «ведь» (appealing to the obvious — 'after all, you see'), and «и» ('also'). Together they give Maximov's protest its helpless, reasoning tone: 'but you see, I'm not von Sohn either'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не фон Зон, я Максимов","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"Both clauses are verbless: Russian uses no 'to be' in the present, so the predicate noun stays in the nominative («Максимов»). Negation just adds «не» before the noun — there is no copula for it to attach to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate фон Зон)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate complement, part of the name","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate Максимов)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with фон Зон","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c8-s69","source":"— Нет, ты фон Зон.","translation":"\"No, you are von Sohn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, ты фон Зон","title":"Flat assertion with «ты»","body":"The bare nominative «ты фон Зон» (zero copula) and the familiar «ты» make Fyodor's contradiction blunt and overbearing. He simply overrules the man's own name, the comedy lying in the impossibility of the claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, precedes the clause","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate фон Зон)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate complement, part of the name","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c8-s70","source":"Ваше преподобие, знаете вы, что такое фон Зон? Процесс такой уголовный был: его убили в блудилище — так, кажется, у вас сии места именуются, — убили и ограбили и, несмотря на его почтенные лета, вколотили в ящик, закупорили и из Петербурга в Москву отослали в багажном вагоне, за нумером.","translation":"Your Reverence, do you know what von Sohn is? There was a criminal trial about it: he was murdered in a den of vice — that, I believe, is what such places are called among you — murdered and robbed, and despite his venerable years he was packed into a crate, sealed up, and shipped from Petersburg to Moscow in a baggage car, under a number.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"блудилище","title":"«блудилище» — a den of vice","body":"Built on the root «блуд» (fornication) with the Slavonic place-suffix «-илище», «блудилище» is a heavily bookish, condemnatory word for a brothel — 'a place of debauchery'. Its churchy form makes Fyodor's smut sound mock-scriptural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сии места именуются","title":"Archaic «сии» and the -ся passive «именуются»","body":"«Сии» is the bookish archaic demonstrative for «эти» ('these'), and «именуются» is the imperfective «-ся» form used passively — 'are called/named'. The lofty register («сии… именуются») drips with sarcasm aimed at the monks' delicacy of speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убили и ограбили и… вколотили в ящик, закупорили и… отослали","title":"A chain of perfective verbs driving the narrative","body":"A string of perfective past verbs — «убили, ограбили, вколотили, закупорили, отослали» — marches the grisly story forward event by event. Each names a single completed act; the impersonal third-person plural ('they') leaves the killers vague."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несмотря на его почтенные лета","title":"«лета» — years (of age)","body":"«Лета» here is the suppletive plural meaning 'years of age / one's years' (related to «год»). «Почтенные лета» — 'venerable years' — is a set, slightly formal phrase, the dignified diction sharpening the horror of the crate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за нумером","title":"Old spelling «нумер» for «номер»","body":"«Нумер» is the 19th-century form of «номер» ('number'), closer to its Latin source. 'Shipped... under a number' reduces the murdered man to freight — a label on a parcel — and the dated spelling fixes the anecdote in its period."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do...know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что такое","gloss":"(kind of thing)"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"subject of что, part of the name","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn","note":"\"Von Sohn\" alludes to a real 1869 St. Petersburg murder victim well known from the newspapers of the day."},{"surface":"Процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уголовный","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"уголовный","lemma":"уголовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (via был), modifies Процесс","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was murdered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блудилище","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"блудилище","lemma":"блудилище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убили","gloss":"a den of vice"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies именуются","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies именуются","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of именуются","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural (archaic)","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of именуются","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"именуются","lemma":"именоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"are called"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбили","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лета","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"почтенные","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лета","gloss":"venerable"},{"surface":"лета","lemma":"лета","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"вколотили","lemma":"вколотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"packed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ящик","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вколотили","gloss":"a crate"},{"surface":"закупорили","lemma":"закупорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"sealed up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослали","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослали","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"отослали","lemma":"отослать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"shipped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вагоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"багажном","lemma":"багажный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вагоне","gloss":"baggage"},{"surface":"вагоне","lemma":"вагон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослали","gloss":"car"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нумером","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"нумером","lemma":"нумер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослали","gloss":"a number"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c8-s71","source":"А когда заколачивали, то блудные плясавицы пели песни и играли на гуслях, то есть на фортоплясах.","translation":"And while they were nailing him up, the lewd dancing-women sang songs and played on psalteries — that is, on fortifianos.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда заколачивали, то… пели… и играли","title":"Imperfective past for the simultaneous backdrop","body":"The imperfective verbs «заколачивали», «пели», «играли» set an ongoing scene — they were nailing him up *while* the women sang and played. Imperfective aspect supplies exactly this 'all the while' background, against which the perfectives elsewhere mark the discrete deeds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"блудные плясавицы","title":"«плясавицы» — mock-Slavonic dancing-women","body":"«Плясавица» is a deliberately archaic, biblical-sounding word for a dancing-girl (cf. the dancer who asked for John the Baptist's head), paired with «блудные» ('lewd'). The faux-Scriptural coinage is Fyodor parodying a holy idiom for a brothel scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на гуслях… на фортоплясах","title":"«гусли» and the nonce-word «фортопляс»","body":"The «гусли» is an ancient Russian plucked zither (psaltery); «фортопляс» is Fyodor's drunken garble of «фортепьяно» (piano), comically crossing it with «плясать» (to dance). The mash-up — 'on psalteries, that is, on fortifianos' — caps the buffoonery."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заколачивали","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"заколачивали","lemma":"заколачивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пели","gloss":"were nailing him up"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause after когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"блудные","lemma":"блудный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies плясавицы","gloss":"lewd"},{"surface":"плясавицы","lemma":"плясавица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пели","gloss":"dancing-women"},{"surface":"пели","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пели","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"играли","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пели","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гуслях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гуслях","lemma":"гусли","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играли","gloss":"psalteries"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фортоплясах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"фортоплясах","lemma":"фортопляс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to гуслях","gloss":"fortifianos","note":"Fyodor Pavlovich's drunken malapropism, garbling \"фортепьяно\" (pianoforte) into a nonsense word."}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c8-s72","source":"Так вот это тот самый фон Зон и есть. Он из мертвых воскрес, так ли, фон Зон?","translation":"So that is the very same von Sohn. He has risen from the dead — isn't that so, von Sohn?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это тот самый фон Зон и есть","title":"Emphatic «тот самый» + retained «есть»","body":"«Тот самый» means 'the very same / that exact one', and the retained copula «есть» (normally dropped in the present) plus «и» adds emphatic finality — 'so this is the very same von Sohn'. Such retained «есть» is a markedly emphatic, bookish flourish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из мертвых воскрес","title":"«воскреснуть» — to rise from the dead","body":"«Из мертвых воскрес» — 'rose from the dead' — is the very phrase of Christ's Resurrection in the Creed. Fyodor blasphemously applies the Paschal formula to his von Sohn farce, a calculated profanation in a monastery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фон","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate complement, part of the name","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскрес","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мертвых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мертвых","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of воскрес","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"воскрес","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has risen"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the tag question","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that so"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"vocative address, part of the name","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c8-s73","source":"— Что же это такое? Как же это? — послышались голоса в группе иеромонахов.","translation":"\"What is this? What is the meaning of it?\" came voices from the group of hieromonks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же это такое? Как же это?","title":"«же» of indignant astonishment","body":"The particle «же» on «что же / как же» intensifies the question into an outcry — 'what on earth is this? how can this be?'. It carries the scandalized emotion of the monks where English would rely on tone alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Что такое","gloss":"(kind of thing)"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышались","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Как","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"послышались","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of послышались","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"иеромонахов","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies группе","gloss":"of hieromonks"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c8-s74","source":"— Идем! — крикнул Петр Александрович, обращаясь к Калганову.","translation":"\"Let us go!\" cried Pyotr Alexandrovich, turning to Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идем!","title":"First-person exhortation «Идём!»","body":"«Идём!» uses the present-tense 'we' form as a hortative — 'let's go!' — a common alternative to «давайте пойдём». Miusov's clipped command marks his decision to walk out on the whole scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к Калганову","title":"Present gerund «обращаясь»","body":"«Обращаясь» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) — 'turning [to]' — naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «крикнул». It shares the subject (Miusov) and compresses 'he cried out, turning to Kalganov' into one literary stroke. «К Калганову» is dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Let's go"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Калганову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Калганову","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c8-s75","source":"— Нет-с, позвольте! — визгливо перебил Федор Павлович, шагнув еще шаг в комнату, — позвольте и мне довершить.","translation":"\"No, sir, allow me!\" Fyodor Pavlovich shrilly broke in, taking yet another step into the room. \"Allow me to finish too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте… позвольте и мне довершить","title":"Polite plural imperative «позвольте»","body":"«Позвольте» is the polite/plural imperative of «позволить» ('allow, permit'), here used as a courteous interruption — 'allow me'. The added dative «мне» plus «и» ('me too') and the perfective infinitive «довершить» ('to finish off') frame his demand to have his say."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагнув еще шаг","title":"Perfective past gerund «шагнув»","body":"«Шагнув» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) — 'having taken a step' — expressing a prior, completed action attending «перебил» (broke in). The cognate object «шаг» ('a step') intensifies the single, momentary stride into the room."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"визгливо","title":"«визгливо» — shrilly, with a squeal","body":"«Визгливо» (adverb from «визг», a screech/squeal) paints Fyodor's voice as high and grating — the sound of an excited, undignified man. The narrator's word choice deflates his self-styled 'knight of honor' before he even speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, precedes the clause","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to Нет","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servile-polite suffix \"-с\" (short for сударь)."},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"визгливо","lemma":"визгливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"shrilly"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"шагнув","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перебил","gloss":"taking a step"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шаг","gloss":"yet another"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of шагнув","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнув","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of довершить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"довершить","lemma":"довершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to finish"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c8-s76","source":"Там в келье ославили меня, что я будто бы непочтительно вел себя, а именно тем, что про пескариков крикнул.","translation":"In there, in the cell, they put it about that I behaved disrespectfully — namely, by shouting about the gudgeons.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ославили меня","title":"«ославить» — to spread it about, defame","body":"«Ославить» (perfective) means to give someone a bad name by gossip — 'they put it about (that I…)'. Built on «слава» (fame/repute) with «о-», it casts Fyodor as the slandered victim, reversing the truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я будто бы… вел себя","title":"«будто бы» — reportedly, supposedly","body":"«Будто бы» flags reported, doubtful claim — 'that I supposedly behaved...'. It disclaims responsibility for the assertion. «Вел себя» ('behaved oneself') uses the reflexive «себя» as object of the set phrase «вести себя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про пескариков","title":"«пескарики» — the little gudgeons","body":"«Пескарик» is the diminutive of «пескарь», a small river fish (gudgeon). The affectionate «-ик» suffix mocks the triviality of the offense he is accused of — 'shouting about the little gudgeons' — a running gag through the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ославили","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ославили","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"ославили","lemma":"ославить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put it about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ославили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies вел","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"(supposedly)"},{"surface":"непочтительно","lemma":"непочтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вел","gloss":"disrespectfully"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ославили","gloss":"behaved"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вел","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а именно","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вел","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крикнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пескариков","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пескариков","lemma":"пескарик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the gudgeons"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"I shouted"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c8-s77","source":"Петр Александрович Миусов, родственник мой, любит, чтобы в речи было plus de noblesse que de sincérité, a я, обратно, люблю, чтобы в моей речи было plus de sincérité que de noblesse, и — наплевать на noblesse!","translation":"Pyotr Alexandrovich Miusov, my kinsman, likes there to be plus de noblesse que de sincérité in one's speech, whereas I, on the contrary, like there to be plus de sincérité que de noblesse in mine, and — to hell with noblesse!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любит, чтобы в речи было…","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"After verbs of wishing like «любит» ('likes [it] to be'), the subordinate clause takes «чтобы» plus a past-form verb («было») — the willed/desired mood, not a plain fact. This is the «что» vs «чтобы» distinction: not reporting that something is, but wanting it to be so."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я, обратно","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the comparison","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction marking a shift of subject — 'whereas I, on the contrary'. It hinges Fyodor's self-flattering inversion against Miusov, the gentle 'and/but' that has no exact English equal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наплевать на noblesse","title":"«наплевать на» — to spit on / not give a damn","body":"«Наплевать на (что-то)» literally means 'to spit upon', idiomatically 'to not give a damn about'. After his mincing French, Fyodor crashes back into crude Russian — 'to hell with noblesse' — the very collision of registers that is his weapon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Александрович","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"родственник","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"kinsman"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родственник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"likes"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential copula linking to plus","gloss":"there be"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"word","role":"clausal complement of любит","gloss":"more","note":"French: \"plus de noblesse que de sincérité\" = \"more nobility than sincerity.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"noblesse","lemma":"noblesse","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sincérité","lemma":"sincérité","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential copula linking to plus","gloss":"there be"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"word","role":"clausal complement of люблю","gloss":"more","note":"French: \"plus de sincérité que de noblesse\" = \"more sincerity than nobility.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sincérité","lemma":"sincérité","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"noblesse","lemma":"noblesse","morphology":"word","role":"depends on plus","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наплевать","lemma":"наплевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"independent exclamation, coordinated with любит","gloss":"to hell with","note":"Idiom, literally \"to spit on,\" i.e. \"who cares about.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noblesse","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"noblesse","lemma":"noblesse","morphology":"word","role":"oblique complement of наплевать","gloss":"nobility"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c8-s78","source":"Так ли, фон Зон? Позвольте, отец игумен, я хоть и шут и представляюсь шутом, но я рыцарь чести и хочу высказать.","translation":"Isn't that so, von Sohn? Permit me, Father Superior: I may be a buffoon and play the buffoon, but I am a knight of honor and I wish to speak my mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я хоть и шут… но я рыцарь чести","title":"Concessive «хоть… но»","body":"«Хоть (и)… но» is the concessive frame 'although… yet' — 'though I am a buffoon, yet I am a knight of honor'. Both predicate nouns stand in the bare nominative (zero copula), the antithesis posed as flat self-definition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представляюсь шутом","title":"«-ся» verb + predicate instrumental","body":"«Представляюсь» is the reflexive «представляться» ('to present oneself as, pretend to be'), and its predicate «шутом» takes the instrumental — the case of the assumed role. He plays the buffoon; the instrumental quietly frames it as a performance, not his essence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рыцарь чести","title":"«рыцарь чести» — a knight of honor","body":"«Рыцарь» (knight) carries chivalric, romantic overtones; «рыцарь чести» is a stock noble self-image. From a self-confessed «шут» (buffoon), the phrase is pure bombast — the Schillerian posturing Fyodor loves to strike."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"vocative address, part of the name","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Permit me"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шут","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и, modifies шут","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"(even though)"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the clause (subject я)","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представляюсь","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinate clause, subject я","gloss":"play the part"},{"surface":"шутом","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of представляюсь","gloss":"of a buffoon"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рыцарь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рыцарь","lemma":"рыцарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the clause (subject я)","gloss":"a knight"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыцарь","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, subject я","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to speak my mind"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c8-s79","source":"Да-с, я рыцарь чести, а в Петре Александровиче — прищемленное самолюбие и ничего больше.","translation":"Yes, sir, I am a knight of honor, whereas in Pyotr Alexandrovich there is nothing but wounded vanity and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да-с, я рыцарь чести, а в Петре Александровиче…","title":"Locative «в ком» for 'in someone'","body":"«В Петре Александровиче» is prepositional after «в», locating a quality inside a person — 'in Pyotr Alexandrovich [there is]…'. The contrastive «а» again sets his nobility against Miusov's mere vanity. «Да-с» = emphatic «да» + the servile «-с»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прищемленное самолюбие","title":"«прищемлённое самолюбие» — pinched pride","body":"«Самолюбие» is self-regard/amour-propre; «прищемлённое» (past passive participle of «прищемить», to pinch/catch) gives the vivid image of vanity caught and smarting, as a finger in a door. 'Wounded vanity and nothing more' is Fyodor's diagnosis of his rival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, precedes the clause","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to Да","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servile-polite suffix \"-с\" (short for сударь)."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рыцарь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рыцарь","lemma":"рыцарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the clause (subject я)","gloss":"a knight"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыцарь","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петре","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided copula, modifies самолюбие","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александровиче","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петре","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"прищемленное","lemma":"прищемлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самолюбие","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of the elided copula","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with самолюбие","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c8-s80","source":"Я и приехал-то, может быть, сюда давеча, чтобы посмотреть да высказать.","translation":"I came here today, perhaps, precisely to take a look and to speak my mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я и приехал-то… чтобы посmotreть да высказать","title":"«чтобы» of purpose + infinitives","body":"«Чтобы» here introduces purpose — 'in order to take a look and speak out' — governing the perfective infinitives «посмотреть» and «высказать». The emphatic «и… -то» on «приехал-то» foregrounds the very fact of his coming: 'I did come here, you know, precisely to…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a while ago, earlier today","body":"«Давеча» is a homely, slightly archaic adverb meaning 'earlier (today), a little while back'. It belongs to the folksy colloquial layer of Fyodor's speech, like «коли» — the peasant idiom he affects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on приехал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to приехал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, with быть forms 'perhaps'","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom 'может быть')","gloss":"be","note":"'может быть' together is the idiom for 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"earlier today","note":"Colloquial adverb meaning 'a while ago today', not a noun."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of посмотреть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on приехал","gloss":"to take a look"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates посмотреть and высказать","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотреть","gloss":"speak my mind"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c8-s81","source":"У меня здесь сын Алексей спасается; я отец, я об его участи забочусь и должен заботиться.","translation":"My son Alexei is seeking salvation here; I am his father, I care about his fate and am bound to care about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сын Алексей спасается","title":"Reflexive «спасаться» — to seek one's salvation","body":"«Спасается» is the «-ся» verb «спасаться», which in a monastic context means 'is working out his salvation / lives the ascetic life' — not merely 'is saving himself'. The reflexive turns the act inward, the standard word for entering monastic life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об его участи забочусь","title":"«заботиться о» + prepositional","body":"«Заботиться» ('to care for, be concerned about') governs «о» plus the prepositional — «об его участи» ('about his fate'). The verb is itself a «-ся» reflexive. Note the old «об его»; modern usage prefers «о его»."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у (possessive 'my')","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасается","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасается","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"спасается","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is seeking salvation"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of omitted copula, predicate отец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я (copula omitted)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забочусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking участи","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of участи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"участи","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition об","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"забочусь","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"first verb of the coordination (linked to должен by и)","gloss":"care about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"predicative adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with забочусь","gloss":"am bound"},{"surface":"заботиться","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to care about it"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c8-s82","source":"Я всё слушал да представлялся, да и смотрел потихоньку, а теперь хочу вам и последний акт представления проделать.","translation":"I have been listening all the while and playing my part, watching on the sly, and now I want to perform for you the last act of the show as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал да представлялся, да и смотрел потихоньку","title":"Imperfective past + folksy «да (и)»","body":"The three imperfective past verbs «слушал, представлялся, смотрел» depict sustained, simultaneous activity over the whole scene — 'I kept listening and playing a part and watching'. The connective «да (и)» is a folk-flavored 'and', looser and chattier than «и»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потихоньку","title":"«потихоньку» — quietly, on the sly","body":"«Потихоньку» (from «тихо», quiet, with a diminutive softening) means 'quietly, little by little, on the quiet'. It catches the sly, watchful self-control Fyodor claims under his clowning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was listening"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представлялся","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"put on an act"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the compound conjunction да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"on the sly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, linked by а","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хочу","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies последний акт (meaning 'also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"акт","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проделать","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"представления","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"of the show"},{"surface":"проделать","lemma":"проделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to perform"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c8-s83","source":"У нас ведь как? У нас что падает, то уж и лежит.","translation":"For how do things go with us? With us, whatever falls lies where it falls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У нас что падает, то уж и лежит","title":"Correlative «что… то» as 'whatever… that'","body":"The relative «что» paired with correlative «то» means 'whatever (falls), that (lies)'. The imperfective «падает / лежит» states a general law, and «уж и» ('already and') gives the resigned finality — 'whatever falls just lies there'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"У нас ведь как?","title":"«У нас» + «ведь» — 'with us, you know'","body":"«У нас» (literally 'at ours', genitive after «у») means 'in our country / among us'. The particle «ведь» invites agreement — 'for how is it with us, you know?'. Fyodor frames a sweeping claim about the Russian character."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of падает","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of падает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"падает","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause, correlate of то","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun, subject of лежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of то","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c8-s84","source":"У нас что раз упало, то уж и вовеки лежи.","translation":"With us, whatever has once fallen must lie there forever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что раз упало, то уж и вовеки лежи","title":"Imperative «лежи» as a generalized fate","body":"After the perfective «упало» ('once fallen'), the singular imperative «лежи» ('lie!') is used impersonally for an inescapable rule — 'whatever has fallen, just lie there forever'. This jussive use of the imperative makes a command of fate itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вовеки","title":"«вовеки» — forever, unto the ages","body":"«Вовеки» is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavored adverb meaning 'for ever, unto the ages' (cf. liturgical «во веки веков»). Its solemnity ironically inflates a fatalistic shrug into eternal doom."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of упало","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of упало","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упало","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"упало","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause, correlate of то","gloss":"has fallen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun, subject of лежи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вовеки лежи","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вовеки лежи","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вовеки","lemma":"вовеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежи","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"лежи","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of то","gloss":"must lie","note":"Generalized imperative form used for an impersonal rule, not a noun."}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c8-s85","source":"Как бы не так-с! Я встать желаю.","translation":"Not a bit of it, sir! I mean to get up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Как бы не так-с!","title":"«как бы не так» — 'not a bit of it!'","body":"«Как бы не так» is a fixed colloquial exclamation of scornful refusal — 'nothing of the kind!', 'not on your life!'. The «бы» is frozen inside the idiom rather than building a real conditional; the appended «-с» keeps the mock-deferential tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я встать желаю","title":"«желать» + perfective infinitive; marked word order","body":"«Желать» ('to wish, mean to') takes the perfective infinitive «встать» ('to get up, rise'). Fronting «встать» before «желаю» throws the stress onto the act of rising — the news of the sentence — a small instance of Russian's topic-comment freedom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom 'как бы не так' ('not likely')","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom 'как бы не так'","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the idiom phrase","gloss":"so","note":"'Как бы не так' is a fixed idiom meaning 'nothing of the sort!'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"polite enclitic attached to так","gloss":"sir","note":"Obsolete deferential particle '-с', roughly like adding 'sir' to speech."},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желаю","gloss":"to get up"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean to"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c8-s86","source":"Отцы святые, я вами возмущен.","translation":"Holy fathers, I am indignant with you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вами возмущен","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Возмущён» is the short-form past passive participle of «возмутить» ('to outrage'), used predicatively — 'I am indignant'. The cause stands in the instrumental, «вами» ('by you'), the regular agent case in such passive constructions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative (nominative form), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, modified by святые","gloss":"Fathers"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Отцы","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возмущен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent complement of возмущен","gloss":"with you"},{"surface":"возмущен","lemma":"возмутить","morphology":"verb, short passive participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence (copula omitted with я)","gloss":"am indignant"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c8-s87","source":"Исповедь есть великое таинство, пред которым и я благоговею и готов повергнуться ниц, а тут вдруг там в келье все на коленках и исповедуются вслух.","translation":"Confession is a great sacrament, before which even I stand in awe and am ready to prostrate myself to the ground — and then suddenly, in there in the cell, everyone is on their knees confessing aloud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исповедь есть великое таинство","title":"Retained copula «есть» in a solemn definition","body":"Russian normally drops 'to be' in the present, but «есть» is kept here for gravity, as in formal definitions and Scripture — 'Confession IS a great sacrament'. The retained «есть» lends a creedal, lapidary weight to the pronouncement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред которым… благоговею","title":"Relative «который» + archaic «пред»","body":"«Пред которым» — 'before which' — uses the relative «который», agreeing in gender/number with «таинство» but taking the instrumental its preposition demands. «Пред» is the bookish variant of «перед», governing the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повергнуться ниц","title":"«повергнуться ниц» — to fall prostrate","body":"«Ниц» is an archaic adverb 'face-downward', and «повергнуться ниц» means to throw oneself down in prostration — the full liturgical bow. The solemn phrase momentarily lets Fyodor pose as a man of reverence before he resumes his attack."}],"words":[{"surface":"Исповедь","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Confession"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies таинство","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"таинство","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"sacrament"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition пред, complement of благоговею","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благоговею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"благоговею","lemma":"благоговеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on таинство","gloss":"stand in awe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"predicative adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благоговею","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"повергнуться","lemma":"повергнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to prostrate myself"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повергнуться","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"sets the scene, modifies исповедуются","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исповедуются","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исповедуются","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исповедуются","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленках","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исповедуются","lemma":"исповедоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, linked by а","gloss":"are confessing"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исповедуются","gloss":"aloud"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c8-s88","source":"Разве вслух позволено исповедоваться?","translation":"Is it permitted to confess aloud?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве вслух позволено исповедоваться?","title":"«Разве» + impersonal «позволено»","body":"«Разве» introduces an incredulous rhetorical question — 'is it really allowed…?'. «Позволено» is a short impersonal passive participle ('it is permitted'), governing the «-ся» infinitive «исповедоваться» ('to confess [oneself]'). No subject is named — the rule is stated impersonally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволено","gloss":"is it really"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исповедоваться","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"исповедоваться","lemma":"исповедоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"logical subject of позволено","gloss":"to confess"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c8-s89","source":"Святыми отцами установлено исповедание на ухо, тогда только исповедь ваша будет таинством, и это издревле.","translation":"The holy fathers established confession in the ear; only then will your confession be a sacrament, and so it has been from of old.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Святыми отцами установлено исповедание","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Установлено» is the short past passive participle ('has been established'), and the agent «святыми отцами» ('by the holy fathers') stands in the instrumental — the textbook agent construction. The fronted agent gives the rule scriptural authority."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"издревле","title":"«издревле» — from of old, since ancient times","body":"«Издревле» is a bookish, elevated adverb meaning 'from ancient times, of old' (root «древний», ancient). It anchors the practice in venerable tradition — and recurs in the abbot's reply, knitting their exchange."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на ухо","title":"«исповедание на ухо» — confession 'in the ear'","body":"«На ухо» literally 'into the ear' is the idiom for whispering privately; «исповедание на ухо» is auricular (private) confession. The set phrase contrasts pointedly with the «вслух» ('aloud') Fyodor decries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Святыми","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies отцами","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"отцами","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of passive установлено","gloss":"by the fathers"},{"surface":"установлено","lemma":"установить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"исповедание","lemma":"исповедание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive установлено","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ухо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"the ear"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет, correlate of только","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тогда только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"исповедь","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of исповедь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to таинством","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"таинством","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"a sacrament"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (ellipsis with издревле as predicate)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"издревле","lemma":"издревле","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (ellipsis)","gloss":"from of old"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c8-s90","source":"А то как я ему объясню при всех, что я, например, то и то…. ну то есть то и то, понимаете? Иногда ведь и сказать неприлично.","translation":"Or else how am I to explain to him in front of everyone that I, for instance, did this and that… well, that is, this and that, you understand? Sometimes, you know, it is improper even to say it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я ему объясню при всех","title":"Perfective future «объясню» as deliberation","body":"«Объясню» is the perfective future of «объяснить» ('I will/am to explain'), here in a deliberative rhetorical question — 'how am I to explain…?'. «Ему» is the dative addressee; «при всех» ('in front of everyone') uses the prepositional after «при»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказать неприлично","title":"Impersonal predicate «неприлично»","body":"«Неприлично» is an impersonal predicative — 'it is improper / indecent' — taking an infinitive («сказать») and no subject. The particle «ведь» ('you know, after all') makes Fyodor's mock-coyness conspiratorial."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom 'а то' ('or else')","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'а то'","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объясню","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объясню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объясню","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"объясню","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"am to explain"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, plural","role":"object of preposition при","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of объясню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the placeholder clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies то и то","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"placeholder predicate of я","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates то and то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'то есть' ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom 'то есть'","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"placeholder object continuing the что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates то and то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"you understand"},{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприлично","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неприлично","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"logical subject of неприлично","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприлично","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"improper"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c8-s91","source":"Так ведь это скандал! Нет, отцы, с вами тут, пожалуй, в хлыстовщину втянешься… Я при первом же случае напишу в синод, а сына своего Алексея домой возьму…","translation":"Now that's a scandal! No, fathers, with you here one might well be drawn into Flagellantism… At the very first opportunity I'll write to the Synod, and I'll take my son Alexei home…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в хлыстовщину втянешься","title":"Generalized 2nd-person «втянешься»","body":"«Втянешься» is the perfective future of the «-ся» verb «втянуться» ('to get drawn in'), used in the impersonal generalizing 'one' sense — 'one might well get drawn into…'. The «-ся» makes it intransitive/middle; «в хлыстовщину» is accusative of motion-into after «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сына своего Алексея… возьму","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Своего» (свой) means 'one's own', pointing back to the subject 'I' — 'my own son'. Using «свой» rather than «моего» is the idiomatic choice when the possessor is the clause's subject. «Возьму» is perfective future, sealing the threat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of скандал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скандал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (copula omitted)","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative (nominative form), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies втянешься","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"modifies втянешься","gloss":"might well"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлыстовщину","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"хлыстовщину","lemma":"хлыстовщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Flagellantism"},{"surface":"втянешься","lemma":"втянуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get drawn in"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напишу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первом (emphasis)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition при","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"напишу","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll write"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking синод","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"синод","lemma":"синод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the Synod"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive/accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Алексея","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive/accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сына","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with напишу","gloss":"I'll take"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c8-s92","source":"Здесь нотабене.","translation":"Here a nota bene.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нотабене","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нотабене","lemma":"нотабене","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular, indeclinable","role":"predicate (copula omitted)","gloss":"a nota bene"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c8-s93","source":"Федор Павлович слышал, где в колокола звонят.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich could hear where the bells were ringing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слышать, где в колокола звонят","title":"An idiom about knowing the lay of the land","body":"Literally \"to hear where the bells are ringing,\" this Russian idiom means to have a sharp sense of what is going on and where the sensitive spots lie. We keep the literal image — \"could hear where the bells were ringing\" — because the church bells are especially apt in a monastery setting; in plainer English it would simply mean he knew where the weak spot lay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где в колокола звонят","title":"Impersonal 'they' + accusative «в колокола»","body":"«Звонят» is third-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite 'they ring / the bells are rung'. The idiom takes «в колокола» (accusative after «в»), since «звонить в» governs the accusative for the instrument struck."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could hear"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of звонят","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колокола (idiom 'звонить в колокола')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"колокола","lemma":"колокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"bells"},{"surface":"звонят","lemma":"звонить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"were ringing"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c8-s94","source":"Были когда-то злые сплетни, достигшие даже до архиерея (не только по нашему, но и в других монастырях, где установилось старчество), что будто слишком уважаются старцы, в ущерб даже сану игуменскому, и что, между прочим, будто бы старцы злоупотребляют таинством исповеди и проч., и проч.","translation":"There had once been malicious rumors, reaching even the bishop — not only about our monastery but about others where the institution of elders had taken root — that the elders were supposedly held in too great esteem, even to the detriment of the Superior's office, and that, among other things, the elders supposedly abused the sacrament of confession, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сплетни, достигшие даже до архиерея","title":"Past active participle «достигшие»","body":"«Достигшие» is the past active participle of «достигнуть/достичь» ('that had reached'), agreeing with «сплетни» and condensing a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier — 'rumors that had reached…'. Such participial economy is a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что будто слишком уважаются старцы","title":"«будто» reported claim + «-ся» passive","body":"«Будто» marks the content as merely alleged ('that supposedly…'), and «уважаются» is the imperfective «-ся» used passively — 'the elders are [too greatly] esteemed'. The whole rumor is held at arm's length as hearsay."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в ущерб… сану игуменскому","title":"«в ущерб» + dative — 'to the detriment of'","body":"«В ущерб» ('to the detriment of') governs the dative — «сану игуменскому» ('the abbot's office/rank'). «Сан» is the dignity or rank of a churchman, so the complaint is that the elders' prestige undercut the abbot's official authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сплетни, part of когда-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic part of когда-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"злые","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сплетни","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"сплетни","lemma":"сплетня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"rumors"},{"surface":"достигшие","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сплетни","gloss":"reaching"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies архиерея","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking архиерея","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"архиерея","lemma":"архиерей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"the bishop"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нашему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine/neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по (elliptical 'monastery')","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в других монастырях","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, plural","role":"modifies монастырях","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"монастырях","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies установилось","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"установилось","lemma":"установиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on монастырях","gloss":"had taken root"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of установилось","gloss":"the institution of elders"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reported clause of уважаются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважаются","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважаются","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"уважаются","lemma":"уважаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause, complement of что","gloss":"were esteemed"},{"surface":"старцы","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уважаются","gloss":"the elders"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ущерб","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ущерб","lemma":"ущерб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (idiom 'в ущерб')","gloss":"the detriment"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сану","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сану","lemma":"сан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of ущерб phrase","gloss":"the office"},{"surface":"игуменскому","lemma":"игуменский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сану","gloss":"of the Superior"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second reported clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition между","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'будто бы'","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'будто бы'","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"старцы","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of злоупотребляют","gloss":"the elders"},{"surface":"злоупотребляют","lemma":"злоупотреблять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause, complement of что","gloss":"abused"},{"surface":"таинством","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of злоупотребляют","gloss":"the sacrament"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies таинством","gloss":"of confession"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, indeclinable","role":"coordinated with исповеди","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, indeclinable","role":"coordinated with проч","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c8-s95","source":"Обвинения нелепые, которые и пали в свое время сами собой и у нас, и повсеместно.","translation":"Absurd accusations, which in due time died away of themselves, both with us and everywhere else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пали… сами собой","title":"Reflexive «сами собой» — of their own accord","body":"«Сами собой» (intensive «сам» + instrumental of reflexive «себя») means 'by themselves, of their own accord, with no outside cause'. The accusations 'fell away of themselves' — a set idiom built on the reflexive pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые и пали в свое время","title":"Relative «которые» resuming the noun","body":"«Которые» picks up «обвинения» ('accusations'), agreeing in number and taking nominative as the subject of its own clause. «В своё время» ('in due course') uses reflexive «свой»; «пали» is the perfective past of «пасть», a bookish higher synonym of «упасть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head noun, modified by нелепые","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"нелепые","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Обвинения","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пали","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"пали","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Обвинения","gloss":"died away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic, modifies пали","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"idiom 'сами собой' ('of their own accord'), modifies пали","gloss":"on their own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative 'и...и...' ('both...and')","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with у нас","gloss":"everywhere"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c8-s96","source":"Но глупый дьявол, который подхватил и нес Федора Павловича на его собственных нервах куда-то всё дальше и дальше в позорную глубину, подсказал ему это бывшее обвинение, в котором Федор Павлович сам не понимал первого слова.","translation":"But the stupid devil who had caught Fyodor Pavlovich up and was bearing him on his own nerves ever deeper into a shameful abyss prompted him with this old accusation, of which Fyodor Pavlovich himself did not understand the first word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дьявол, который подхватил и нес… на его собственных нервах","title":"Relative clause + mixed aspect","body":"The «который»-clause pairs a perfective («подхватил» — had caught up) with an imperfective («нёс» — was bearing), so a single seizing gives way to an ongoing carrying. «На его собственных нервах» — 'on his own nerves' — is prepositional after «на»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором Федор Павлович сам не понимал первого слова","title":"Genitive of negation: «не понимал первого слова»","body":"Under negation the object slips into the genitive: «не понимал… первого слова» ('did not understand the first word'). The idiom 'not to understand the first word [of something]' relies on this genitive of negation for its absoluteness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в позорную глубину","title":"«позорная глубина» — a shameful abyss","body":"«Позор» is public shame/disgrace; «позорная глубина» is the 'shameful depth/abyss' into which the devil drags him. The moralized landscape — a man borne 'ever deeper' into shame — is pure Dostoevskian interior drama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дьявол","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"дьявол","lemma":"дьявол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подсказал","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on дьявол","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нес","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подхватил","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нес","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нервах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of нервах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"собственных","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, plural","role":"modifies нервах","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"нервах","lemma":"нерв","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дальше, part of куда-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic part of куда-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дальше (intensifier)","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies нес","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with дальше","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубину","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"позорную","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубину","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"глубину","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нес","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"подсказал","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бывшее","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подсказал","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, oblique complement of понимал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic, modifies Федор Павлович","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on обвинение","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c8-s97","source":"Да и высказать-то его грамотно не сумел, тем более что на этот раз никто в келье старца на коленях не стоял и вслух не исповедовался, так что Федор Павлович ничего не мог подобного сам видеть и говорил лишь по старым слухам и сплетням, которые кое-как припомнил.","translation":"And he could not even state it coherently, all the more since on this occasion no one in the elder's cell had stood on their knees or confessed aloud, so that Fyodor Pavlovich could have seen nothing of the sort himself and was speaking only from old rumors and gossip that he had somehow scraped together in his memory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"высказать-то его грамотно не сумел","title":"Emphatic «-то» + perfective «не сумел»","body":"The clitic «-то» on the fronted infinitive «высказать» topicalizes it — 'as for even *stating* it coherently, he couldn't'. «Не сумел» is the perfective past of «суметь» ('manage to'), so the failure is a single completed outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто… на коленях не стоял и вслух не исповедовался","title":"Negative concord with «никто»","body":"Russian requires the verb to stay negated even with a negative pronoun: «никто… не стоял… не исповедовался» — literally 'nobody did not stand… did not confess', meaning 'no one stood or confessed'. This double negation is obligatory, not a logical error."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не мог подобного сам видеть","title":"Genitive of negation: «ничего… подобного»","body":"«Ничего подобного» ('nothing of the sort') sits in the genitive under the negated «не мог… видеть» — the genitive of negation triggered by «ничего». The split of «ничего» from its modifier «подобного» across the verb is a fluid, colloquial word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Да to the clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on высказать","gloss":"even","note":"Enclitic -то adds emphasis to the word it's attached to; it isn't a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"грамотно","lemma":"грамотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказать","gloss":"coherently"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed to"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем более","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тем более","gloss":"the more","note":"тем более что = \"all the more since.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоял","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"their knees"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"content clause of более, coordinated with исповедовался","gloss":"had stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исповедовался","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исповедовался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исповедовался","lemma":"исповедоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так что, introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause, coordinated with говорил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"подобного","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"of the sort"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор Павлович","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слухам","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слухам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"старым","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies слухам","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"слухам","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"rumors"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сплетням","lemma":"сплетня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with слухам","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (fragment)","role":"part of the adverb кое-как","gloss":"somehow","note":"кое-как is a single adverb (\"any old way\") split across two tokens."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (fragment)","role":"part of the adverb кое-как, modifies припомнил","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on слухам и сплетням","gloss":"had recalled"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c8-s98","source":"Но, высказав свою глупость, он почувствовал, что сморозил нелепый вздор, и вдруг захотелось ему тотчас же доказать слушателям, а пуще всего себе самому, что сказал он вовсе не вздор.","translation":"But, having blurted out his foolishness, he felt that he had spouted absurd nonsense, and suddenly he longed to prove at once to his hearers, and above all to himself, that what he had said was not nonsense at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"высказав свою глупость, он почувствовал","title":"Perfective past gerund «высказав»","body":"«Высказав» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) — 'having blurted out' — marking an action completed just before the main verb «почувствовал». It shares the subject and packs sequence into a single clause, the hallmark of narrative prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захотелось ему… доказать","title":"Dative-subject «захотелось»","body":"«Захотелось ему» is an impersonal, subjectless construction — the wish 'comes over' the experiencer, who stands in the dative «ему». The «-ся» reflexive plus dative renders desire as something that befalls him rather than something he wills."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сморозил нелепый вздор","title":"«сморозить вздор» — to blurt out nonsense","body":"«Сморозить» is a vivid colloquial perfective for blurting out something stupid (literally akin to 'to freeze out'), and «вздор» is 'rubbish, nonsense'. The slangy verb captures Fyodor's own dawning sense that he has said something foolish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"высказав","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"having blurted out"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глупость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высказав","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сморозил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сморозил","lemma":"сморозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had spouted"},{"surface":"нелепый","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сморозил","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"he longed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захотелось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to prove"},{"surface":"слушателям","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of доказать","gloss":"to his hearers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the idiom пуще всего, modifies себе","gloss":"most of all","note":"пуще всего is a fixed idiom meaning \"above all.\""},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom пуще всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"coordinated with слушателям, indirect object of доказать","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of доказать","gloss":"he had said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c8-s99","source":"И хотя он отлично знал, что с каждым будущим словом всё больше и нелепее будет прибавлять к сказанному уже вздору еще такого же, — но уж сдержать себя не мог и полетел как с горы.","translation":"And although he knew perfectly well that with each succeeding word he would only heap more and more, still more absurd nonsense onto what he had already said, he could no longer hold himself back and went tumbling on as though down a hill.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя он отлично знал, что… будет прибавлять","title":"Concessive «хотя» + compound future","body":"«Хотя» ('although') opens the concessive clause; inside it «будет прибавлять» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive) — 'he would keep adding', an ongoing, repeated action. The imperfective stresses the relentless piling-on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полетел как с горы","title":"«как с горы» — like rolling downhill","body":"«Полететь как с горы» ('to fly off as from a mountain') is the image of an unstoppable downhill plunge. The simile renders Fyodor's loss of self-control as physical momentum — once started, he 'went tumbling on'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"perfectly well"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибавлять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"будущим","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"succeeding"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавлять","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies прибавлять","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелепее","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more absurdly"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of прибавлять","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"прибавлять","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"heap"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вздору","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"сказанному","lemma":"сказанный","morphology":"adjective (participle), dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздору","gloss":"already-said"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказанному","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вздору","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавлять","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такого","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавлять (partitive genitive)","gloss":"more of the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такого","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"сдержать","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"restrain"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with полетел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полетел","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"went flying"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with горы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полетел","gloss":"a hill"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c8-s100","source":"— Какая подлость! — крикнул Петр Александрович.","translation":"\"What baseness!\" cried Pyotr Alexandrovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Какая подлость!","title":"«подлость» — baseness, a vile act","body":"«Подлость» is meanness, baseness, a contemptibly low deed (root «подлый», base/vile). Miusov's clipped exclamation — 'what baseness!' — is the gentry's recoil at Fyodor's gutter performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подлость","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"подлость","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c8-s101","source":"— Простите, — сказал вдруг игумен. — Было сказано издревле: «И начат глаголати на мя многая некая, даже и до скверных некиих вещей. Аз же вся слышав, глаголах в себе: се врачество Иисусово есть и послал исцелити тщеславную душу мою».","translation":"\"Forgive me,\" the Superior said suddenly. \"It was said of old: 'And they began to speak against me many things, even unto certain foul matters. But I, having heard it all, said within myself: this is the medicine of Jesus, sent to heal my vainglorious soul.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начат глаголати на мя многая некая… Аз же вся слышав","title":"Church Slavonic quotation","body":"The Superior answers in Church Slavonic, the liturgical language of Russian Orthodoxy, which sounds archaic and scriptural to a modern ear. Note forms like Аз (\"I\", modern я), начат (\"began\"), and глаголати (\"to speak\", modern говорить). Dostoevsky uses the elevated register to contrast the monk's humility with Fyodor's vulgar mockery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на мя… в себе","title":"Old pronoun «мя» and the gerund «слышав»","body":"«Мя» is the Old Church Slavonic accusative of «я» ('me', modern «меня»), and «на мя» means 'against me'. «Аз же вся слышав» ('but I, having heard all') uses the archaic past gerund «слышав» with neuter-plural «вся» ('all things') — solemn, Scripture-flavored syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врачество… исцелити… тщеславную душу","title":"«врачество», «исцелити», «тщеславие»","body":"«Врачество» is the archaic 'medicine/healing', and «исцелити» the Slavonic infinitive 'to heal' (modern «исцелить»). «Тщеславную» — 'vainglorious' — names the very sin of vanity. The abbot reframes Fyodor's abuse as the medicine of Christ sent to cure his own pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the Superior"},{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сказано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"издревле","lemma":"издревле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"of old"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начат","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"was begun","note":"Church Slavonic scripture quotation; forms are archaic."},{"surface":"глаголати","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive (Church Slavonic)","role":"complement of начат","gloss":"to speak","note":"Church Slavonic infinitive of \"to speak.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"мя","lemma":"аз","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"oblique complement of глаголати","gloss":"me","note":"мя is the Church Slavonic accusative of \"I.\""},{"surface":"многая","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, plural (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies некая","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"некая","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, plural (Church Slavonic)","role":"direct object of глаголати","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некиих","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking некиих","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"скверных","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies некиих","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"некиих","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with некая","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies некиих","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"Аз","lemma":"аз","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"subject of глаголах","gloss":"I","note":"Аз is the Church Slavonic first-person pronoun \"I.\""},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Аз","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural (Church Slavonic)","role":"direct object of слышав","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"слышав","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (Church Slavonic)","role":"adverbial clause on глаголах","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"глаголах","lemma":"глаголать","morphology":"verb, past (aorist), indicative, active, first, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of глаголах","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"се","lemma":"се","morphology":"particle (Church Slavonic, demonstrative)","role":"introduces the predicate of есть","gloss":"behold, this is","note":"Archaic demonstrative particle, \"behold/here is.\""},{"surface":"врачество","lemma":"врачество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the medicine"},{"surface":"Иисусово","lemma":"иисусов","morphology":"adjective, possessive, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies врачество","gloss":"of Jesus"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"исцелити","lemma":"исцелить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive (Church Slavonic)","role":"complement of послал","gloss":"to heal"},{"surface":"тщеславную","lemma":"тщеславный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"vainglorious"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of исцелити","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c8-s102","source":"А потому и мы благодарим вас с покорностью, гость драгоценный!","translation":"\"And so we too thank you with humility, precious guest!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодарим вас с покорностью","title":"«благодарить» + accusative; «с покорностью»","body":"«Благодарить» takes the accusative of the person thanked — «вас». «С покорностью» ('with humility/submission') uses the instrumental of manner after «с». The plural «мы» («благодарим») speaks for the whole brotherhood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гость драгоценный","title":"«драгоценный» — precious; postposed adjective","body":"«Драгоценный» is an elevated 'precious, dear', and placing the adjective *after* «гость» ('guest') gives a warm, formulaic, almost liturgical ring — 'precious guest'. The abbot returns Fyodor's abuse with disarming, deliberate courtesy."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарим","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom потому и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of благодарим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"благодарим","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благодарим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покорностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"покорностью","lemma":"покорность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарим","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"драгоценный","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"precious"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c8-s103","source":"И он поклонился Федору Павловичу в пояс.","translation":"And he bowed to Fyodor Pavlovich from the waist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонился Федору Павловичу в пояс","title":"«поклониться» + dative of the person bowed to","body":"«Поклониться» ('to bow') governs the dative of the one bowed to — «Федору Павловичу». «В пояс» ('to the waist') is the idiom for a deep waist-bow. The reflexive «-ся» here is lexicalized into the verb of bowing."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояс","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пояс","lemma":"пояс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"the waist"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c8-s104","source":"— Те-те-те! Ханжество и старые фразы! Старые фразы и старые жесты! Старая ложь и казенщина земных поклонов! Знаем мы эти поклоны!","translation":"\"Tut, tut, tut! Hypocrisy and stale phrases! Stale phrases and stale gestures! The old lie and the rote formality of bows to the ground! We know these bows!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Те-те-те!","title":"«Те-те-те!» — a dismissive 'tut-tut'","body":"«Те-те-те!» is an interjection of mocking dismissal or sudden recognition — roughly 'tut, tut!' or 'aha, aha!'. Fyodor brushes the abbot's humble bow aside with this jeering noise before launching his tirade."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ханжество… казенщина земных поклонов","title":"«ханжество» and «казёнщина»","body":"«Ханжество» is sanctimony, religious hypocrisy; «казёнщина» (from «казённый», official/state-issued) is soulless, rote officialdom. Fyodor brands the bow 'the rote formality of bows to the ground' — empty performance, not devotion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старые фразы и старые жесты!… Знаем мы эти поклоны!","title":"Verbless exclamations + emphatic word order","body":"The hammering nominal fragments («Старые фразы и старые жесты!») dispense with verbs entirely for rhetorical punch. In «Знаем мы эти поклоны!» the inverted verb-first order with stressed «мы» throws scorn forward — 'oh, WE know these bows!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"те-те-те","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the interjection","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"те-те-те","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated interjection","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"те-те-те","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated interjection","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"Ханжество","lemma":"ханжество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hypocrisy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старые","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies фразы","gloss":"stale"},{"surface":"фразы","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Ханжество","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"Старые","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies фразы","gloss":"stale"},{"surface":"фразы","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старые","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies жесты","gloss":"stale"},{"surface":"жесты","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with фразы","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"Старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"казенщина","lemma":"казёнщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ложь","gloss":"rote formality"},{"surface":"земных","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies поклонов","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"поклонов","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies казенщина","gloss":"of bows"},{"surface":"Знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we know"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Знаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of поклоны","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"поклоны","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Знаем","gloss":"bows"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c8-s105","source":"«Поцелуй в губы и кинжал в сердце», как в «Разбойниках» Шиллера.","translation":"'A kiss on the lips and a dagger in the heart,' as in Schiller's The Robbers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кинжал в сердце","title":"«кинжал» — a dagger","body":"«Кинжал» is a dagger or stiletto, a Romantic prop of treachery and revenge. 'A kiss on the lips and a dagger in the heart' caps Fyodor's accusation that the monks' meekness masks hidden malice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поцелуй","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a kiss"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губы","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Поцелуй","gloss":"the lips"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кинжал","lemma":"кинжал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Поцелуй","gloss":"a dagger"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинжал","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Разбойниках","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Разбойниках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Разбойниках","lemma":"разбойники","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"The Robbers"},{"surface":"Шиллера","lemma":"шиллер","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Разбойниках","gloss":"Schiller's"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c8-s106","source":"Не люблю, отцы, фальши, а хочу истины! Но не в пескариках истина, и я это провозгласил!","translation":"I do not like falsehood, fathers, I want the truth! But the truth is not in gudgeons, and I proclaimed it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не люблю… фальши, а хочу истины","title":"Genitive of negation + genitive of «хотеть»","body":"Both objects are genitive: «фальши» under negated «не люблю» (genitive of negation), and «истины» because «хотеть» ('to want') regularly governs the genitive of abstract objects. The parallel genitives sharpen the antithesis falsehood / truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в пескариках истина","title":"Fronted negated locative for emphasis","body":"«Не в пескариках истина» ('the truth is not in the gudgeons') fronts the negated prepositional phrase «в пескариках» before the verbless predicate «истина». The marked order hammers the contrast — where the truth is *not*. «И я это провозгласил» uses the lofty «провозгласить» ('proclaim')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I like"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"фальши","lemma":"фальшь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the predicate истина в пескариках","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пескариках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пескариках","lemma":"пескарик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement, subject истина","gloss":"gudgeons","note":"Dismissive metaphor for petty things — \"the truth isn't in minnows.\""},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula, with пескариках","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of провозгласил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of провозгласил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"провозгласил","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"proclaimed"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c8-s107","source":"Отцы монахи, зачем поститесь? Зачем вы ждете за это себе награды на небеси? Так ведь из-за этакой награды и я пойду поститься!","translation":"Monk-fathers, why do you fast? Why do you expect a reward in heaven for it? Why, for a reward like that, I'd go and fast too!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем поститесь?… Зачем вы ждете… награды","title":"Reflexive «поститься» + genitive object of «ждать»","body":"«Поститесь» is the «-ся» verb «поститься» ('to fast'). «Ждать» ('to expect, await') governs the genitive of an abstract/indefinite object — «награды» ('a reward'). The taunting «зачем?» ('what for?') frames asceticism as mercenary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"награды на небеси","title":"Church-Slavonic locative «на небеси»","body":"«На небеси» is the Church-Slavonic prepositional of «небо» ('in heaven'), where modern Russian says «на небе/на небесах». The liturgical form, echoing the Lord's Prayer, lets Fyodor mockingly ape the language of piety."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за этакой награды и я пойду поститься","title":"«из-за» + genitive; colloquial «этакий»","body":"«Из-за» ('because of, for the sake of') governs the genitive — «этакой награды». «Этакий» is a colloquial, expressive variant of «такой» ('such a'), faintly contemptuous here. «Пойду поститься» pairs the perfective future of motion with an infinitive of purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Отцы","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поститесь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"поститесь","lemma":"поститься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you fast"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ждете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ждете","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ждете","gloss":"for yourselves"},{"surface":"награды","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждете","gloss":"a reward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небеси","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небеси","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"oblique complement of ждете","gloss":"heaven","note":"Archaic locative form of небо, \"in heaven.\""},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так ведь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так ведь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (fragment)","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking награды","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (fragment)","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этакой","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies награды","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"награды","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"поститься","lemma":"поститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пойду","gloss":"to fast"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c8-s108","source":"Нет, монах святой, ты будь-ка добродетелен в жизни, принеси пользу обществу, не заключаясь в монастыре на готовые хлеба и не ожидая награды там наверху, — так это-то потруднее будет.","translation":"No, holy monk, you be virtuous in life, do some good for society, instead of shutting yourself up in a monastery on free bread and looking for a reward up there — that would be a good deal harder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты будь-ка добродетелен в жизни","title":"Imperative «будь» + softening «-ка» + short adjective","body":"«Будь» is the singular imperative of «быть» ('be!'), and the clitic «-ка» softens it into coaxing challenge — 'now you just be…'. «Добродетелен» is a short-form adjective (predicate only), giving the bookish, sententious flavor of a moral maxim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заключаясь… и не ожидая награды","title":"Negated present gerunds «не заключаясь… ожидая»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds, both negated — «не заключаясь» ('without shutting [oneself] up', a «-ся» verb) and «не ожидая» ('without awaiting') — describe the manner attending the imperative. They share its implied subject 'you'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на готовые хлеба","title":"«на готовые хлеба» — on free board","body":"«Хлеба» (plural of «хлеб») here means 'keep, sustenance'; «на готовых/готовые хлеба» is the idiom for living at another's expense, 'on free bread'. Fyodor sneers that the monks idle on charity rather than earning their keep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добродетелен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular","role":"copula (imperative), with добродетелен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on будь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"добродетелен","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добродетелен","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"принеси","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будь","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принеси","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"обществу","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of принеси","gloss":"to society"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заключаясь","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause contrasted with принеси/добродетелен","gloss":"shutting yourself up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключаясь","gloss":"a monastery"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлеба","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"готовые","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"ready-made"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключаясь","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заключаясь","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"награды","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидая","gloss":"a reward"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наверху","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"наверху","lemma":"наверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидая","gloss":"up above"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так это-то, modifies потруднее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потруднее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"потруднее","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective of the main clause","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to потруднее","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c8-s109","source":"Я тоже ведь, отец игумен, умею складно сказать.","translation":"I too, Father Superior, can turn a fine phrase, you know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тоже ведь… умею складно сказать","title":"«ведь» + «уметь» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Ведь» ('you know, after all') invites the abbot to grant the point. «Умею… сказать» pairs «уметь» ('to know how') with the perfective infinitive «сказать»; «складно» means 'smoothly, eloquently' — Fyodor preening over his own rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тоже","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know how"},{"surface":"складно","lemma":"складно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"smoothly"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c8-s110","source":"Что у них тут наготовлено? — подошел он к столу. — Портвейн старый Фактори, медок разлива братьев Елисеевых, ай да отцы!","translation":"What have they laid in here?\" He stepped up to the table. \"Old Factory port, mead bottled by the Eliseev Brothers, oh ho, fathers!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что у них тут наготовлено?","title":"Short passive participle «наготовлено»","body":"«Наготовлено» is a short impersonal past passive participle ('what has been laid in / prepared'). With no named agent and the prefix «на-» suggesting abundance, it scans the spread of food as if cataloguing evidence against the monks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медок… ай да отцы!","title":"«медок» and the exclamation «ай да»","body":"«Медок» is the affectionate diminutive of «мёд» (mead). «Ай да (отцы)!» is a colloquial exclamation of mock admiration — 'oh ho, what fathers!' / 'well done indeed!'. The endearing suffix and folk interjection drip with sarcasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive наготовлено","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at","note":"у них наготовлено is idiomatic \"do they have [this] laid in\"."},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наготовлено","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"наготовлено","lemma":"наготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid in"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the stage-direction clause","gloss":"stepped up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"Портвейн","lemma":"портвейн","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory list","gloss":"port"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Портвейн","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Фактори","lemma":"Фактори","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Портвейн","gloss":"Factory","note":"Brand name, functioning like an adjective: \"Factory port\"."},{"surface":"медок","lemma":"медок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Портвейн","gloss":"mead"},{"surface":"разлива","lemma":"разлив","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies медок","gloss":"bottling"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies разлива","gloss":"brothers'"},{"surface":"Елисеевых","lemma":"Елисеевы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to братьев","gloss":"Eliseev"},{"surface":"ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"forms idiom ай да with отцы","gloss":"oh","note":"\"Ай да X\" is an exclamation of (often ironic) admiration."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom ай да with отцы","gloss":"ho"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the exclamation ай да","gloss":"fathers"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c8-s111","source":"Не похоже ведь на пескариков.","translation":"Doesn't look much like gudgeons, does it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не похоже ведь на пескариков","title":"Impersonal «похоже на» + «ведь»","body":"«Похоже на (что-то)» is the impersonal 'it resembles / looks like', governing «на» + accusative «пескариков». «Ведь» again seeks the listener's nod — 'doesn't look much like gudgeons, does it'. The gudgeon refrain returns to skewer the monks' luxury."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пескариков","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"пескариков","lemma":"пескарик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of похоже","gloss":"gudgeons"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c8-s112","source":"Ишь бутылочек-то отцы наставили, хе-хе-хе! А кто это всё доставлял сюда?","translation":"Look at all the little bottles the fathers have set out, heh-heh-heh! And who brought all this here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ишь бутылочек-то отцы наставили","title":"Interjection «ишь», diminutive, partitive genitive","body":"«Ишь» is a colloquial interjection of surprised disapproval ('just look!'). «Бутылочек» is the genitive plural diminutive of «бутылка» — 'little bottles' — partitive after «наставить» ('to set out a quantity of'); «-то» topicalizes them. The chain of folk markers makes the jeer thoroughly low-register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А кто это всё доставлял сюда?","title":"Imperfective «доставлял» for the repeated supply","body":"«Доставлял» is imperfective past — 'who kept bringing / used to bring all this here?' — picturing an ongoing, repeated provisioning rather than one delivery. The aspect sets up his next point about the peasant's steady tribute."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"бутылочек","lemma":"бутылочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of наставили","gloss":"little bottles"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphasizes бутылочек","gloss":"(untranslatable emphatic particle)","note":"Enclitic -то adds emphasis; not separately translatable."},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of наставили","gloss":"the fathers"},{"surface":"наставили","lemma":"наставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have set out"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (laughter)","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (laughter)","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (laughter)","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of доставлял","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доставлял","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"доставлял","lemma":"доставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доставлял","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b2-c8-s113","source":"Это мужик русский, труженик, своими мозольными руками заработанный грош сюда несет, отрывая его от семейства и от нужд государственных!","translation":"It's the Russian peasant, the laborer, who carries here the penny earned with his own calloused hands, tearing it away from his family and from the needs of the state!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"своими мозольными руками заработанный грош","title":"Past passive participle modifying «грош»","body":"«Заработанный» is the past passive participle of «заработать» ('earned'), agreeing with «грош» and standing before it with its own instrumental phrase «своими… руками» ('with his own… hands'). This pre-posed participial cluster is dense literary syntax — 'the penny earned with his calloused hands'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отрывая его от семейства и от нужд государственных","title":"Present gerund «отрывая» + «от» + genitive","body":"«Отрывая» is an imperfective present gerund ('tearing [it] away'), attendant on «несёт». «От семейства… от нужд» takes the genitive after «от». The postposed adjective «государственных» lends the phrase a weighty, oratorical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates мужик (cleft construction)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несет","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"труженик","lemma":"труженик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мужик","gloss":"the laborer"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of руками","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мозольными","lemma":"мозольный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"calloused"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заработанный (instrument of earning, not of несет)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"заработанный","lemma":"заработанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies грош","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"грош","lemma":"грош","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of несет","gloss":"the penny"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"несет","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"отрывая","lemma":"отрывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on несет","gloss":"tearing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отрывая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрывая","gloss":"his family"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нужд","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нужд","lemma":"нужда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with семейства","gloss":"the needs"},{"surface":"государственных","lemma":"государственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies нужд","gloss":"of the state"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b2-c8-s114","source":"Ведь вы, отцы святые, народ сосете!","translation":"Why, holy fathers, you are sucking the people dry!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы… народ сосете","title":"Imperfective «сосёте» as habitual accusation","body":"«Сосёте» is imperfective present ('you suck / are sucking'), naming an ongoing, habitual practice. «Народ» ('the people') is the accusative object. The visceral metaphor — 'you suck the people dry' — caps the demagogic peroration before he is rebuked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сосете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сосете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies отцы","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сосете","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"сосете","lemma":"сосать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sucking dry"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b2-c8-s115","source":"— Это уж совсем недостойно с вашей стороны, — проговорил отец Иосиф.","translation":"\"This is quite unworthy on your part,\" said Father Iosif.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем недостойно с вашей стороны","title":"Impersonal «недостойно» + «с вашей стороны»","body":"«Недостойно» is an impersonal predicative ('it is unworthy'), and «с вашей стороны» ('on your part') is the set idiom assigning the conduct to someone. Father Iosif's measured rebuke uses no nominative subject — the judgment hovers impersonally over Fyodor's behavior."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of недостойно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недостойно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"недостойно","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недостойно","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Iosif"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b2-c8-s116","source":"Отец Паисий упорно молчал.","translation":"Father Paisy kept stubbornly silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упорно молчал","title":"Imperfective «молчал» for sustained silence","body":"«Молчал» is imperfective past — Father Paisy 'kept silent', a continued state rather than a single act. The adverb «упорно» ('stubbornly, doggedly') deepens the durative force: a pointed, unbroken refusal to answer Fyodor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b2-c8-s117","source":"Миусов бросился бежать из комнаты, а за ним и Калганов.","translation":"Miusov rushed out of the room, and Kalganov after him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился бежать… а за ним и Калганов","title":"«броситься» + infinitive; gapped clause with «а»","body":"«Бросился бежать» — the reflexive «броситься» ('to dash') plus the infinitive «бежать» — means 'rushed to flee'. In «а за ним и Калганов» the verb is gapped (understood from the first clause), and contrastive «а» tacks on the second runner: 'and Kalganov after him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to run"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb (parallel to бросился)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (parallel to Миусов)","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b2-c8-s118","source":"— Ну, отцы, и я за Петром Александровичем! Больше я к вам не приду, просить будете на коленях, не приду.","translation":"\"Well, fathers, I'm off after Pyotr Alexandrovich too! I'll not come to you again — beg me on your knees, I'll not come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Больше я к вам не приду… не приду","title":"Perfective future «не приду» + genitive-like «больше не»","body":"«Не приду» is the perfective future of «прийти» ('I will not come [even once]'), and «больше… не» means 'no more, never again'. The emphatic repetition of «не приду» frames a flat, final vow. «К вам» is dative after «к»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просить будете на коленях, не приду","title":"Conditionless concession in the compound future","body":"«Просить будете» is the imperfective compound future ('you will [keep] begging'), set as an implicit concession with no «если» or «хоть» — 'even if you beg on your knees, I won't come'. The bare juxtaposition lets the contrast speak for itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петром","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Петром","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александровичем","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петром","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next clause (with aux будете)","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of просить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"your knees"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приду (w13), for emphasis","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b2-c8-s119","source":"Тысячу рубликов я вам прислал, так вы опять глазки навострили, хе-хе-хе! Нет, еще не прибавлю.","translation":"I sent you a thousand rubles, so you've got your greedy little eyes peeled again, heh-heh-heh! No, I'll add nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тысячу рубликов","title":"«рублики» — the little rubles","body":"«Рублики» is the diminutive of «рубли» ('rubles'). The cozy suffix on a sum as large as a thousand is sneering and proprietorial — flaunting his gift while belittling it, as if tossing the monks a trifle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазки навострили","title":"«навострить глазки» — to prick up greedy little eyes","body":"«Навострить» means to sharpen/prick up (usually «уши», ears); applied to «глазки» (diminutive 'little eyes') it paints eager, grasping attention. With the diminutive, 'you've got your greedy little eyes peeled' drips contempt for the monks' supposed avarice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще не прибавлю","title":"Perfective future «не прибавлю»","body":"«Не прибавлю» is the perfective future of «прибавить» ('I will not add [any more]'). The perfective makes it a single, definitive withholding — 'I'll add nothing more' — the punchline to his mock-generous taunt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"рубликов","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Тысячу","gloss":"little rubles"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of прислал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies навострили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of навострили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies навострили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of навострили","gloss":"your eyes"},{"surface":"навострили","lemma":"навострить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"have perked up"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (laughter)","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (laughter)","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (laughter)","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавлю","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавлю","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will add"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b2-c8-s120","source":"Мщу за мою прошедшую молодость, за всё унижение мое! — застучал он кулаком по столу в припадке выделанного чувства.","translation":"I am avenging my bygone youth, all my humiliation!\" He banged his fist on the table in a fit of manufactured feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мщу за мою прошедшую молодость","title":"«мстить за» + accusative","body":"«Мщу» is the present of «мстить» ('to avenge, take revenge'), which governs «за» + accusative for what one avenges — «за молодость… за унижение». The fronted bare verb gives the cry a sudden, theatrical force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"застучал он кулаком по столу","title":"Instrumental of instrument + «по» + dative","body":"«Кулаком» ('with his fist') is the instrumental of the means, and «по столу» ('on/along the table') is «по» + dative for the surface struck. «Застучал» (perfective with «за-») marks the onset of the banging — 'he began pounding'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в припадке выделанного чувства","title":"«выделанное чувство» — manufactured feeling","body":"«Припадок» is a fit or seizure; «выделанное» (past passive participle of «выделать», to work up/fabricate) brands the emotion as counterfeit. The narrator's phrase — 'a fit of manufactured feeling' — exposes Fyodor's whole tirade as theater."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мщу","lemma":"мстить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I avenge"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молодость","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молодость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"прошедшую","lemma":"прошедший","morphology":"adjective, participle, accusative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies молодость","gloss":"bygone"},{"surface":"молодость","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мщу","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of унижение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"унижение","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молодость (both objects of за)","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of унижение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"застучал","lemma":"застучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"banged"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застучал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застучал","gloss":"his fist"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застучал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застучал","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"выделанного","lemma":"выделанный","morphology":"adjective, participle, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"manufactured"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"of feeling"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b2-c8-s121","source":"Много значил этот монастырек в моей жизни! Много горьких слез я из-за него пролил!","translation":"This little monastery meant a great deal in my life! Many a bitter tear have I shed on its account!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монастырек","title":"A dismissive diminutive","body":"«монастырёк» is «монастырь» (monastery) with the diminutive suffix -ёк. In Fyodor Pavlovich's mouth it is not affectionate but belittling — \"this little monastery\" — the same suffix that can endear can also reduce and sneer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много значил этот монастырек","title":"Fronted predicate for emphasis","body":"The neutral order would be «Этот монастырёк много значил». By hurling «Много значил» to the front, the speaker throws all the rhetorical weight onto how much it supposedly meant — theatrical emphasis, not new grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горьких слез я ... пролил","title":"Genitive after a quantity word","body":"«Много» (many/much) governs the genitive plural «горьких слёз». This is the partitive genitive that quantity words and numerals above four demand — \"many of bitter tears.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значил","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"значил","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"монастырек","lemma":"монастырёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of значил","gloss":"little monastery"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of значил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролил","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"горьких","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слез","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пролил","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пролил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, first part of compound из-за","role":"preposition marking него (with за)","gloss":"because","note":"из-за is a single compound preposition, \"because of, on account of\"."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, second part of compound из-за","role":"preposition marking него (with из)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пролил","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shed"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b2-c8-s122","source":"Вы жену мою, кликушу, восставляли против меня.","translation":"You set my wife, the shrieker, against me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кликуша","title":"The \"shrieker\"","body":"A «кликуша» is a woman subject to fits of hysterical screaming, popularly thought to be possessed and given to crying out (от «кликать», to call out) during church services. It is a culturally loaded folk-religious term, not a clinical one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восставляли против меня","title":"Imperfective past of repeated agitation","body":"«восставляли» (an archaic-flavoured form of «восстанавливать», to set/turn against) is imperfective past, reading as a repeated or sustained campaign of incitement rather than a single act. «против» governs the genitive «меня»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of восставляли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of восставляли","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жену","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"кликушу","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to жену","gloss":"the shrieker"},{"surface":"восставляли","lemma":"восставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of восставляли","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b2-c8-s123","source":"Вы меня на семи соборах проклинали, по околотку разнесли!","translation":"You cursed me at seven councils and spread the word of it all over the district!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по околотку разнесли","title":"Spread it round the neighbourhood","body":"«околоток» is an old word for a local district or neighbourhood; «разнесли» (perfective of «разносить») means to carry/spread gossip about. The pairing means \"broadcast it all over the district.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разнесли","title":"Perfective: the deed accomplished","body":"Against the imperfective «проклинали» (kept cursing) stands the perfective «разнесли» — the gossip viewed as a single completed accomplishment. The aspect pair lets one sentence hold both an ongoing campaign and its finished result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of проклинали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of проклинали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соборах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"семи","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies соборах","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"соборах","lemma":"собор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проклинали","gloss":"councils"},{"surface":"проклинали","lemma":"проклинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking околотку","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"околотку","lemma":"околоток","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разнесли","gloss":"the district"},{"surface":"разнесли","lemma":"разнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with проклинали","gloss":"spread it"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b2-c8-s124","source":"Довольно, отцы, нынче век либеральный, век пароходов и железных дорог.","translation":"Enough, holy fathers; this is a liberal age, the age of steamships and railways.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"век пароходов и железных дорог","title":"Stacked genitives of \"of\"","body":"\"The age of steamships and of railways\" is built from genitive plurals: «пароходов», «железных дорог». The genitive is Russian's all-purpose \"of,\" and here it strings the emblems of the age into apposition with «век»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"нынче","lemma":"нынче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies век (w4)","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the age"},{"surface":"либеральный","lemma":"либеральный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies век (w4)","gloss":"liberal"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to век (w4)","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"пароходов","lemma":"пароход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies век (w6)","gloss":"of steamships"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"железных","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дорог","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"дорог","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with пароходов","gloss":"railways","note":"железных дорог literally \"iron roads\" = railways."}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b2-c8-s125","source":"Ни тысячи, ни ста рублей, ни ста копеек, ничего от меня не получите!","translation":"Not a thousand, not a hundred rubles, not a hundred kopecks — you'll get nothing whatever out of me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни тысячи, ни ста рублей, ни ста копеек, ничего ... не получите","title":"Piled-up «ни» and negative concord","body":"Repeated «ни… ни…» (\"neither… nor…\") reinforces a negation that culminates in «ничего… не получите». Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even amid all these «ни»-words: many negatives, one emphatic meaning — \"you'll get nothing whatever.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни тысячи, ни ста рублей, ни ста копеек","title":"Genitive of the negated object","body":"Under negation the objects slide into the genitive: «тысячи», «ста рублей», «ста копеек». A negated, non-specific quantity \"of\" money is exactly where the genitive of negation lives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получите (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with тысячи","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies копеек","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"копеек","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with тысячи","gloss":"kopecks"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of получите","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of получите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получите","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b2-c8-s126","source":"Опять нотабене.","translation":"Again a nota bene.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нотабене","title":"Nota bene","body":"«нотабене» (from Latin nota bene, \"note well\") is a bookish borrowing the narrator drops in ironically — Fyodor Pavlovich is treating his own tirade as a text with marginal annotations, underscoring the staged, performative quality of his outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нотабене","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"нотабене","lemma":"нотабене","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, neuter","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a nota bene"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b2-c8-s127","source":"Никогда и ничего такого особенного не значил наш монастырь в его жизни, и никаких горьких слез не проливал он из-за него.","translation":"Never, in any way, had our monastery meant anything of the sort in his life, nor had he ever shed a single bitter tear on its account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда и ничего такого особенного не значил ... и никаких горьких слез не проливал","title":"Cascade of negatives","body":"The narrator deflates the speech with a chain: «никогда», «ничего», «никаких» all leaning on the negated verbs «не значил», «не проливал». Russian negative concord lets several «ни»-words sit under a single negation — emphatic, not contradictory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никаких горьких слез не проливал","title":"Genitive under negation","body":"The negated object stands in the genitive: «никаких горьких слёз». The imperfective «проливал» (was shedding) frames the whole supposed habit of weeping as something that simply never went on at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of значил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of особенного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"значил","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of значил","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of значил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слез","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"горьких","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слез","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of проливал","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проливал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"проливал","lemma":"проливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with значил","gloss":"shed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проливал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, first part of compound из-за","role":"preposition marking него (with за)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, second part of compound из-за","role":"preposition marking него (with из)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проливал","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b2-c8-s128","source":"Но он до того увлекся выделанными слезами своими, что на одно мгновение чуть было себе сам не поверил; даже заплакал было от умиления; но в тот же миг почувствовал, что пора поворачивать оглобли назад.","translation":"But he had been so carried away by his own manufactured tears that for a single instant he very nearly believed himself; he even came close to weeping out of tenderness — yet in that same moment he felt that it was time to turn the shafts back around.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поворачивать оглобли назад","title":"To turn the shafts back","body":"«оглобли» are the long shafts of a horse-drawn cart; \"to turn the shafts back\" is an idiom for beating a retreat, abruptly changing course. The earthy image fits a man who has just realized his performance has gone far enough."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть было себе сам не поверил ... заплакал было","title":"The «было» of the unrealized act","body":"The particle «было» marks an action begun or nearly begun but cut short or undone: «чуть было… не поверил» (very nearly believed) and «заплакал было» (started to weep but didn't follow through). It is a quietly archaic, very 19th-century device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себе сам не поверил","title":"Reflexive «себе» plus intensifier «сам»","body":"«себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the subject (\"believed himself\"), reinforced by «сам» (\"himself,\" in person). Together they sharpen the irony: he almost took in his own act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от умиления","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«умиление» is a melting tenderness or sentimental emotion, often with a spiritual tinge in religious contexts. «от умиления» (\"out of tenderness\") names the very feeling Fyodor Pavlovich is counterfeiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увлекся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увлекся","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"увлекся","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got carried away"},{"surface":"выделанными","lemma":"выделанный","morphology":"adjective, participle, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"manufactured"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of увлекся","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of слезами","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (что...поверил)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверил","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks a near-miss action, with поверил","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of поверил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поверил (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увлекся","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks a near-miss action, with заплакал","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умиления","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увлекся","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пора","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"it was time"},{"surface":"поворачивать","lemma":"поворачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пора","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"оглобли","lemma":"оглобля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поворачивать","gloss":"the shafts"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поворачивать","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b2-c8-s129","source":"Игумен на злобную ложь его наклонил голову и опять внушительно произнес:","translation":"At his malicious lie the Father Superior bowed his head and once more pronounced impressively:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на ... ложь ... наклонил голову и ... произнес","title":"Two perfectives move the scene","body":"«наклонил» (bowed) and «произнёс» (pronounced) are both perfective past — two single, completed gestures that advance the action one beat at a time, the engine of narrative as opposed to standing description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наклонил","gloss":"the Superior"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ложь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"злобную","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наклонил","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ложь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"наклонил","lemma":"наклонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наклонил","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with наклонил","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b2-c8-s130","source":"— Сказано снова: «Претерпи смотрительне находящее на тя невольно бесчестие с радостию, и да не смутишися, ниже возненавидиши бесчестящего тя». Так и мы поступим.","translation":"\"It is written again: 'Bear with gladness the dishonor that befalls thee against thy will, and be not troubled, neither hate him that dishonors thee.' So shall we too do.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на тя ... бесчестящего тя ... да не смутишися ... ниже возненавидиши","title":"Church-Slavonic grammar","body":"«тя» is the Slavonic accusative of \"thee\" (modern «тебя»); «да не смутишися» uses «да» + verb for an exhortation (\"be not troubled\"); «ниже» means \"nor\"; «возненавидиши» is the Slavonic 2nd-person ending -ши. These archaic forms mark the elevated, scriptural register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Претерпи ... да не смутишися","title":"Imperative of endurance","body":"«Претерпи» is the perfective imperative of «претерпеть» (to endure to the end), commanding a single resolute act of forbearance. The whole quotation is built as a string of commands and prohibitions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it is written"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сказано","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Претерпи","lemma":"претерпеть","morphology":"verb, Church Slavonic, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"bear","note":"Church Slavonic imperative, \"endure\"."},{"surface":"смотрительне","lemma":"смотрительно","morphology":"adverb, Church Slavonic","role":"modifies находящее","gloss":"providentially"},{"surface":"находящее","lemma":"находящий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies бесчестие","gloss":"befalling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"тя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, Church Slavonic, accusative, second, singular","role":"oblique complement of находящее","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находящее","gloss":"unwillingly"},{"surface":"бесчестие","lemma":"бесчестие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Претерпи","gloss":"dishonor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостию","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, Church Slavonic, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Претерпи","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the optative with смутишися","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смутишися","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смутишися","lemma":"смутитися","morphology":"verb, Church Slavonic, optative, second, singular, reflexive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Претерпи","gloss":"be troubled"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"ниже","morphology":"conjunction, Church Slavonic","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor","note":"Church Slavonic \"ниже\" = \"neither, nor\", not the comparative of \"low\"."},{"surface":"возненавидиши","lemma":"возненавидети","morphology":"verb, Church Slavonic, future, second, singular","role":"coordinated with смутишися","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"бесчестящего","lemma":"бесчестящий","morphology":"adjective, participle, Church Slavonic, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидиши","gloss":"him dishonoring"},{"surface":"тя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, Church Slavonic, accusative, second, singular","role":"direct object of бесчестящего","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступим","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on Так","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поступим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"поступим","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall do"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b2-c8-s131","source":"— Те-те-те, вознепщеваху! и прочая галиматья! Непщуйте, отцы, а я пойду.","translation":"\"Tut, tut, tut — 'they have murmured!' and the rest of the gibberish! Murmur away, fathers, but I am off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вознепщеваху ... Непщуйте","title":"Mocking the Slavonic «непщевати»","body":"Fyodor Pavlovich seizes on the archaic Slavonic verb «непщевати» (to think, suppose, murmur) and twists it into nonsense — «вознепщеваху» (a fake Slavonic aorist, \"they murmured\") and the jeering imperative «Непщуйте!» (\"murmur away!\"). He is parodying churchly diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"галиматья","title":"«галиматья» — gibberish","body":"«галиматья» (from French galimatias) means nonsense, gibberish, mumbo-jumbo. Fyodor Pavlovich dismisses the abbot's holy quotation as so much «галиматья» — the calculated insult of a buffoon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и прочая","title":"Archaic «и прочая»","body":"«и прочая» (\"and the rest, et cetera\") is an old neuter-plural Slavonic form, where modern Russian would say «и прочее». Fyodor Pavlovich keeps up his mock-ecclesiastical voice even in his dismissals."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"те","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (dismissive sound)","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"те","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (dismissive sound)","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"те","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (dismissive sound)","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"вознепщеваху","lemma":"непщевати","morphology":"verb, Church Slavonic, aorist, third, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"they murmured","note":"Church Slavonic aorist, mocked here as pompous jargon."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочая","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies галиматья","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"галиматья","lemma":"галиматья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gibberish"},{"surface":"Непщуйте","lemma":"непщевати","morphology":"verb, Church Slavonic, imperative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murmur away"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Непщуйте","gloss":"am off"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b2-c8-s132","source":"А сына моего Алексея беру отселе родительскою властию моею навсегда.","translation":"And my son Alexei I take away from here forever, by my paternal authority.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отселе","title":"«отселе» — archaic \"from here\"","body":"«отселе» is a bookish/archaic equivalent of «отсюда» (from here / hence). The elevated adverb, like «родительскою властию», lets Fyodor Pavlovich strike a grand legalistic pose while snatching his son away."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"родительскою властию моею","title":"Archaic instrumental endings","body":"«властию» (modern «властью») and «родительскою… моею» (modern «-ой») carry the old bookish instrumental endings -ию/-ою. The instrumental here is the means — \"by my paternal authority\" — dressed in deliberately solemn 19th-century clothing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"беру ... навсегда","title":"Present imperfective as declaration","body":"«беру» is present-tense imperfective \"I take.\" Used for a willed, performative act (\"I hereby take him away forever\"), the present tense gives the announcement the force of an accomplished decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of беру","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Алексея","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сына","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"беру","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I take"},{"surface":"отселе","lemma":"отселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беру","gloss":"from here","note":"Archaic form of отсюда."},{"surface":"родительскою","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies властию","gloss":"paternal"},{"surface":"властию","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of беру","gloss":"authority","note":"Archaic instrumental ending -ию (modern властью)."},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of властию","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беру","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b2-c8-s133","source":"Иван Федорович, почтительнейший сын мой, позвольте вам приказать за мною следовать!","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich, my most respectful son, permit me to command you to follow me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтительнейший","title":"Bookish superlative in -ейший","body":"«почтительнейший» (\"most respectful\") is the synthetic superlative with the suffix -ейший, a markedly bookish form. Aimed at the silent, contemptuous Ivan, it drips with sarcasm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте вам приказать ... следовать","title":"A self-undermining politeness","body":"«позвольте» is the polite imperative \"permit (me),\" «вам» the dative \"to you.\" The comic absurdity is grammatical and social at once: he politely asks permission to issue a command — «приказать… следовать», to order someone to follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the name","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почтительнейший","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"most respectful"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit me"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of приказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приказать","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to order"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of следовать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"следовать","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приказать","gloss":"to follow"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b2-c8-s134","source":"Фон Зон, чего тебе тут оставаться! Приходи сейчас ко мне в город.","translation":"Von Sohn, what have you to stay here for! Come along to me in town this instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего тебе тут оставаться","title":"Dative subject of an infinitive","body":"\"What is there for you to stay here for?\" is built impersonally: dative «тебе» as the one concerned, plus the bare infinitive «оставаться», with no nominative subject — a hallmark Russian experiencer construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приходи сейчас ко мне","title":"Imperative of invitation","body":"«Приходи» is the imperative of the prefixed motion verb «приходить» (to come/arrive), addressed familiarly to «ты». «ко мне» (\"to my place\") uses «к» + dative — the case the preposition demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"proper noun particle, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Зон (name prefix)","gloss":"Von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the name","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оставаться (rhetorical \"what for\")","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of оставаться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"Приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Приходи","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приходи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приходи","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b2-c8-s135","source":"У меня весело. Всего верстушка какая-нибудь, вместо постного-то масла подам поросенка с кашей; пообедаем; коньячку поставлю, потом ликерцу; мамуровка есть… Эй, фон Зон, не упускай своего счастия!","translation":"It's merry at my place. It's only a verst or so away; instead of lenten oil I'll serve you a suckling pig with kasha; we'll dine; I'll set out the brandy, then the cordial; there's arctic-bramble (knyazhenika) liqueur too… Hey, von Sohn, don't let your luck slip by!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верстушка какая-нибудь","title":"\"Just a verst or so\"","body":"A «верста» is about 1.07 km; «верстушка» is the diminutive (\"a mere little verst\"), and «какая-нибудь» (\"some… or other\") downplays the distance further — \"only a verst or so away.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коньячку ... ликерцу ... мамуровка","title":"Diminutive drinks and arctic-bramble liqueur","body":"«коньячку» and «ликерцу» are caressing diminutive-partitive forms of «коньяк» (brandy) and «ликёр» (cordial) — \"a nice drop of brandy… of cordial.\" «мамуровка» is a homemade liqueur of «мамура» = the arctic bramble (knyazhenika, Rubus arcticus), a different berry from cloudberry («морошка»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не упускай своего счастия","title":"Reflexive possessive «своего»","body":"«своего» (reflexive possessive) means the luck belongs to the subject being addressed — \"your own luck.\" «счастия» is the archaic genitive of «счастье». The negated imperative «не упускай» urges him not to let it slip."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of весело","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's merry"},{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верстушка","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"верстушка","lemma":"верстушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elided predicate)","gloss":"a little verst"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of верстушка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of верстушка","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking масла","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"постного","lemma":"постный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies масла","gloss":"lenten"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постного (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"масла","lemma":"масло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подам","gloss":"oil"},{"surface":"подам","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll serve"},{"surface":"поросенка","lemma":"поросёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подам","gloss":"suckling pig"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кашей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кашей","lemma":"каша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поросенка","gloss":"kasha"},{"surface":"пообедаем","lemma":"пообедать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll dine"},{"surface":"коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставлю","gloss":"some brandy"},{"surface":"поставлю","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll set out"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставлю (elided repeated verb)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ликерцу","lemma":"ликерец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with коньячку","gloss":"liqueur"},{"surface":"мамуровка","lemma":"мамуровка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"arctic-bramble liqueur"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"Эй","lemma":"эй","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"proper noun particle, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Зон (name prefix)","gloss":"Von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the name","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упускай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"упускай","lemma":"упускать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let slip"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастия","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упускай","gloss":"luck"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b2-c8-s136","source":"Он вышел, крича и жестикулируя.","translation":"He went out, shouting and gesticulating.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крича и жестикулируя","title":"Two simultaneous gerunds","body":"«крича» and «жестикулируя» are imperfective present gerunds («деепричастия») expressing actions going on at the same time as «вышел» — \"he went out, shouting and gesticulating.\" Both share the subject of the main verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"крича","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жестикулируя","lemma":"жестикулировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крича","gloss":"gesticulating"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b2-c8-s137","source":"Вот в это-то мгновение Ракитин и увидел его выходящего и указал Алеше.","translation":"It was precisely at this moment that Rakitin caught sight of him coming out and pointed him out to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в это-то мгновение","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» fastened to «это» (\"this very moment\") emphasizes a known, pointed referent — \"it was precisely at this moment.\" This is the topic-stressing «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидел его выходящего","title":"Participle as object complement","body":"«выходящего» is the present active participle of «выходить» (going out), here in the accusative agreeing with «его» — \"saw him coming out.\" The participle compresses a whole \"as he was going out\" clause into one agreeing word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes увидел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выходящего","lemma":"выходящий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies его","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указал","gloss":"to Alyosha"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b2-c8-s138","source":"— Алексей! — крикнул ему издали отец, завидев его, — сегодня же переезжай ко мне совсем, и подушку и тюфяк тащи, и чтобы твоего духу здесь не пахло.","translation":"\"Alexei!\" the father shouted to him from a distance, spotting him. \"Move in with me for good this very day, and bring your pillow and your mattress, and let there be no whiff of you left here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сегодня же ... совсем","title":"Insistent «же»","body":"The particle «же» on «сегодня» (\"this very day\") adds urgent insistence — the untranslatable emphatic that English carries only by stress. «совсем» (\"completely, for good\") drives the command home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переезжай ... тащи","title":"Imperatives of moving in","body":"«переезжай» (move house) and «тащи» (drag/lug) are familiar imperatives to «ты». «тащи» is colloquial and physical — \"haul over your pillow and mattress\" — matching Fyodor Pavlovich's coarse register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы твоего духу здесь не пахло","title":"«чтобы» + past for a willed negative","body":"«чтобы… не пахло» uses «чтобы» with a past-form verb to express a willed outcome — \"and let there be no whiff of you left here.\" «твоего духу» is genitive of the negated subject. The idiom «чтоб духу не было» means \"clear out, be gone.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei!"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"from a distance"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"завидев","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"spotting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидев","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переезжай","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"переезжай","lemma":"переезжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"move in"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of переезжай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переезжай","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тащи","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тюфяк","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тащи","gloss":"mattress"},{"surface":"тащи","lemma":"тащить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переезжай","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пахло","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of духу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пахло (genitive of negation)","gloss":"whiff"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пахло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пахло","lemma":"пахнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of чтобы","gloss":"smell"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b2-c8-s139","source":"Алеша остановился как вкопанный, молча и внимательно наблюдая сцену.","translation":"Alyosha stopped as if rooted to the spot, silently and attentively watching the scene.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как вкопанный","title":"\"As if rooted to the spot\"","body":"«как вкопанный» (literally \"as if dug in\") is a set simile for stopping stock-still, frozen in place — the standard idiom for sudden, rooted immobility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молча и внимательно наблюдая","title":"Gerund of attendant manner","body":"«наблюдая» is the imperfective gerund of «наблюдать» (to watch), expressing what Alyosha was doing while he «остановился». «молча» (silently) is itself a frozen gerund of «молчать». Both share the main subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вкопанный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"вкопанный","lemma":"вкопанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"rooted to the spot"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдая","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдая","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"наблюдая","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдая","gloss":"the scene"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b2-c8-s140","source":"Федор Павлович между тем влез в коляску, а за ним, даже и не оборотившись к Алеше проститься, молча и угрюмо стал было влезать Иван Федорович.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich meanwhile had climbed into the carriage, and after him, without so much as turning to Alyosha to say goodbye, Ivan Fyodorovich began silently and gloomily to climb in as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коляска","title":"«коляска» — the carriage","body":"A «коляска» is a light open horse-drawn carriage. It anchors the whole departure scene, with its «подножка» (footboard), «ступенька» (step), «кузов» (body), and «облучок» (driver's box)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и не оборотившись ... проститься","title":"Negated past gerund","body":"«не оборотившись» is the perfective past gerund of «оборотиться» (to turn round), here negated — \"without even turning round.\" «проститься» (the -ся reflexive, to take leave) completes the sense \"to say goodbye.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал было влезать","title":"«стал было» — began, then checked","body":"«стал… влезать» (began to climb in) with the interrupting particle «было» signals an action begun but, as the next sentence shows, about to be disrupted. «влезать» is imperfective — the climbing-in seen as a process underway."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влез","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем (idiom между тем = meanwhile)","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влез (part of idiom между тем)","gloss":"meantime"},{"surface":"влез","lemma":"влезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляску","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"коляску","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влез","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влезать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оборотившись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оборотившись (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оборотившись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оборотившись","lemma":"оборотиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборотившись","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of оборотившись","gloss":"to say goodbye"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влезать","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"угрюмо","lemma":"угрюмо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with молча","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влез","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the interrupted action, with стал","gloss":"(was about to)"},{"surface":"влезать","lemma":"влезать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"climb in"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b2-c8-s141","source":"Но тут произошла еще одна паясническая и невероятная почти сцена, восполнившая эпизод.","translation":"But here yet another buffoonish and almost incredible scene arose, rounding out the episode.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"паясническая","title":"«паяснический» — clownish","body":"From «паяц» (a clown, harlequin, from Italian pagliaccio), «паяснический» means clownish, buffoonish. The narrator's word for the scene captures the grotesque farce that Maximov is about to enact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восполнившая эпизод","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«восполнившая» is the past active participle of «восполнить» (to fill out, complete), agreeing with feminine «сцена» — \"a scene that rounded out the episode.\" It packs a whole который-clause into one trailing word, in the bookish narrative style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошла","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies сцена","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"паясническая","lemma":"паяснический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцена","gloss":"buffoonish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невероятная","lemma":"невероятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with паясническая","gloss":"incredible"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невероятная","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"восполнившая","lemma":"восполнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сцена","gloss":"rounding out"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of восполнившая","gloss":"the episode"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b2-c8-s142","source":"Вдруг у подножки коляски появился помещик Максимов.","translation":"Suddenly, at the footboard of the carriage, the landowner Maximov appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у подножки коляски появился помещик Максимов","title":"Verb-then-subject for an entrance","body":"The new character is held back to the end of the clause: «появился помещик Максимов». Putting the place and verb first and the subject last lets the carriage's footboard be the given ground and Maximov the news — Russian's topic-comment flow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подножки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"подножки","lemma":"подножка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"footboard"},{"surface":"коляски","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подножки","gloss":"of the carriage"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b2-c8-s143","source":"Он прибежал запыхавшись, чтобы не опоздать.","translation":"He had come running, out of breath, so as not to be too late.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибежал запыхавшись","title":"Gerund of accompanying state","body":"«запыхавшись» is the past gerund of the -ся verb «запыхаться» (to get out of breath), describing the state in which he «прибежал» (came running, perfective) — \"came running, out of breath.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не опоздать","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"With the same subject, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive to express purpose: «чтобы не опоздать» — \"so as not to be late.\" «опоздать» is perfective, the feared single outcome of arriving too late."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибежал","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came running"},{"surface":"запыхавшись","lemma":"запыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибежал","gloss":"out of breath"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of опоздать","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опоздать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"опоздать","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying прибежал","gloss":"to be late"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b2-c8-s144","source":"Ракитин и Алеша видели, как он бежал.","translation":"Rakitin and Alyosha had seen him running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видели, как он бежал","title":"Perception clause with «как»","body":"«видели, как он бежал» — \"saw how/that he was running.\" Russian renders \"saw him running\" with a «как»-clause and an imperfective verb «бежал» (was running, the unidirectional run viewed as process)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ракитин","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видели","gloss":"was running"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b2-c8-s145","source":"Он так спешил, что в нетерпении занес уже ногу на ступеньку, на которой еще стояла левая нога Ивана Федоровича, и, схватившись за кузов, стал было подпрыгивать в коляску.","translation":"He was in such haste that in his impatience he had already set one foot on the step, on which Ivan Fyodorovich's left foot still rested, and, grabbing hold of the carriage body, was about to spring up into it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так спешил, что ... занес ... ногу","title":"«так… что» result clause","body":"«так спешил, что…» (\"hastened so that…\") sets up a consequence clause. Inside it the perfectives «занёс» (set/raised) and later «стал… подпрыгивать» drive the comic action forward step by step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которой еще стояла левая нога","title":"Relative «который» in the prepositional","body":"«на которой» is the relative pronoun «который», feminine to agree with «ступенька» (step), but in the prepositional after «на» because of its own role — \"the step on which Ivan's foot still rested.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватившись за кузов, стал ... подпрыгивать","title":"Gerund plus interrupted action","body":"«схватившись» is the past gerund of the -ся verb «схватиться» (to grab hold), prior to the main verb. «стал… подпрыгивать» (began to spring up) is again the «стал… было» pattern of an action launched but about to be cut off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of занес","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of занес","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"занес","lemma":"занести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of спешил","gloss":"had already set"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занес","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of занес","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступеньку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ступеньку","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of занес","gloss":"the step"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ступеньку","gloss":"rested"},{"surface":"левая","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нога","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"нога","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нога","gloss":"of Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схватившись","lemma":"схватиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with занес","gloss":"grabbing hold"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кузов","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"кузов","lemma":"кузов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватившись","gloss":"the carriage body"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with занес","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the interrupted action, with стал","gloss":"(about to)"},{"surface":"подпрыгивать","lemma":"подпрыгивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"spring up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляску","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"коляску","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подпрыгивать","gloss":"the carriage"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b2-c8-s146","source":"— И я, и я с вами! — выкрикивал он, подпрыгивая, смеясь мелким веселым смешком, с блаженством в лице и на всё готовый, — возьмите и меня!","translation":"\"Me too, me too, I'm coming with you!\" he kept crying as he hopped about, laughing a thin, merry little laugh, blissful in the face and ready for anything. \"Take me along as well!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подпрыгивая ... смеясь ... смешком","title":"Chained gerunds of manner","body":"«подпрыгивая» (hopping) and «смеясь» (laughing) are imperfective gerunds piling up the manner of his crying out. «смеясь… смешком» couples the verb with its own cognate noun «смешок» (a little laugh) in the instrumental — \"laughing a little laugh.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с блаженством в лице","title":"«блаженство» — bliss","body":"«блаженство» means bliss or beatitude, a word with a faintly religious aura (the «блаженный» is the holy fool/blessed one). Applied to the absurd Maximov \"blissful in the face,\" it gives his foolish rapture an ironic halo."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьмите и меня","title":"Polite/plural imperative","body":"«возьмите» is the imperative of «взять» (to take) with the -те ending of plurality or politeness — Maximov addresses the carriage's occupants with deferential \"take me too!\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"elliptical subject (I'm coming too)","gloss":"me too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with the first я","gloss":"me too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies я","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выкрикивал","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept crying out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выкрикивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подпрыгивая","lemma":"подпрыгивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выкрикивал","gloss":"hopping"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подпрыгивая","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"мелким","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of смеясь","gloss":"little laugh"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блаженством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"блаженством","lemma":"блаженство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies он (descriptive adjunct)","gloss":"bliss"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies блаженством","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies готовый","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"готовый","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (descriptive adjunct)","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"возьмите","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возьмите","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b2-c8-s147","source":"— Ну не говорил ли я, — восторженно крикнул Федор Павлович, — что это фон Зон! Что это настоящий воскресший из мертвых фон Зон!","translation":"\"Now didn't I say so,\" Fyodor Pavlovich cried in delight, \"that this was von Sohn! That this is the real von Sohn, risen from the dead!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну не говорил ли я","title":"Rhetorical question with «ли»","body":"The particle «ли» after the fronted, negated verb «не говорил» makes a rhetorical yes/no question — \"Now didn't I say so?\" It is a more emphatic, literary turn than mere intonation and pervades Dostoevsky's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"embedded verb of не...ли говорил я","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил (question particle)","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил (content of the claim)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate фон Зон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"proper noun particle, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the predicate nominal, modifies Зон","gloss":"Von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate фон Зон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фон","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"воскресший","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies фон","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мертвых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мертвых","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies воскресший","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"proper noun particle, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the predicate nominal, modifies Зон","gloss":"Von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b2-c8-s148","source":"Да как ты вырвался оттуда? Что ты там нафонзонил такого и как ты-то мог от обеда уйти? Ведь надо же медный лоб иметь!","translation":"But how did you tear yourself away from there? What sort of von-Sohning did you get up to back there, and how on earth could you walk out on a dinner? You'd have to have a brass forehead to do it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нафонзонил","title":"A verb coined from \"von Sohn\"","body":"«нафонзонил» is Fyodor Pavlovich's invented perfective verb, coined out of the name \"von Sohn\" with the prefix на- (\"do a lot of X\") — roughly \"what von-Sohning did you get up to?\" The spontaneous word-coinage is the height of his clowning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ты-то мог","title":"Contrastive «-то» on the pronoun","body":"The clitic «-то» on «ты» («ты-то») sets him apart for emphasis — \"how could you of all people…\" This is the topicalizing «-то», marking a known referent singled out, not the indefinite suffix."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь надо же медный лоб иметь","title":"Stacked particles «ведь» and «же»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared obviousness (\"after all, you'd have to…\") and «же» insists; together they saturate the line with conversational pressure. «надо… иметь» is the impersonal «надо» + infinitive of necessity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медный лоб","title":"\"A brass forehead\"","body":"«медный лоб» (literally \"a copper/brass forehead\") is an idiom for brazen shamelessness or thick-skinned stupidity — to do something so cheeky you'd need a forehead of brass."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies вырвался","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вырвался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вырвался","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore yourself away"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвался","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нафонзонил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нафонзонил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нафонзонил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нафонзонил","lemma":"нафонзонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up to","note":"Dostoevsky's coinage from фон Зон — von-Sohn-style mischief."},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйти","gloss":"the dinner"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"walk out"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лоб","gloss":"brazen"},{"surface":"лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b2-c8-s149","source":"У меня лоб, а я, брат, твоему удивляюсь! Прыгай, прыгай скорей! Пусти его, Ваня, весело будет.","translation":"I have one myself, but yours, brother, astonishes me! Jump, jump, quick! Let him in, Vanya, it'll be fun.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твоему удивляюсь","title":"«удивляться» governs the dative","body":"«удивляюсь» (the -ся verb \"to marvel/be amazed at\") takes its object in the dative: «твоему» (sc. «лбу»), \"I marvel at yours.\" Many Russian verbs of emotion and attitude govern the dative rather than the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прыгай ... скорей ... Пусти его","title":"Rapid-fire imperatives","body":"«Прыгай» (jump), «Пусти» (let in/release) are familiar imperatives; the doubling «Прыгай, прыгай» and «скорей» (\"quicker\") convey breathless urging. «весело будет» is the impersonal future \"it'll be fun.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ваня ... брат","title":"Familiar address: «Ваня», «брат»","body":"«Ваня» is the affectionate diminutive of Иван, and «брат» (\"brother\") is here a chummy filler of address, not literal kinship. Both mark Fyodor Pavlovich's mock-jovial, presumptuous intimacy with his cold son."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лоб (possessive у меня)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a forehead too"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивляюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удивляюсь","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am astonished"},{"surface":"Прыгай","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, repeated for emphasis with the next прыгай","gloss":"jump"},{"surface":"прыгай","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jump"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прыгай","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"Пусти","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Пусти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ваня","lemma":"Ваня","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Vanya"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fun"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to весело","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b2-c8-s150","source":"Он тут как-нибудь в ногах полежит. Полежишь, фон Зон? Али на облучок его с кучером примостить?.. Прыгай на облучок, фон Зон!..","translation":"He can lie down here somehow, at our feet. Will you lie down, von Sohn? Or shall we perch him up on the box with the coachman?.. Jump up onto the box, von Sohn!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Али","title":"«али» — folksy \"or\"","body":"«али» is a colloquial, rustic variant of «или» (or). Sprinkled into his patter, it gives Fyodor Pavlovich's speech a deliberately low, folk-tinged colour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облучок ... кучер","title":"Box and coachman","body":"The «облучок» is the raised driver's seat (the \"box\") at the front of the carriage, where the «кучер» (coachman) sits. Fyodor Pavlovich proposes perching Maximov up there like baggage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Полежишь, фон Зон?","title":"Perfective future as a question","body":"«Полежишь?» is the perfective «полежать» (to lie down for a while) conjugated like a present but meaning future — \"will you lie down?\" The perfective frames it as a single bounded act of lying there a bit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полежит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полежит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of как-нибудь)","role":"modifies полежит","gloss":"somehow","note":"«как-нибудь» ('somehow') is split across two tokens; both are glossed the same."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of как-нибудь)","role":"modifies полежит","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of полежит","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"полежит","lemma":"полежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can lie down"},{"surface":"Полежишь","lemma":"полежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you lie down"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"proper noun, indeclinable particle","role":"subject of Полежишь","gloss":"von","note":"'фон Зон' (von Sohn) mockingly names Maximov after a real 1869 murder victim found dismembered in a trunk — a grim Karamazov joke."},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to фон","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"Али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Regional/archaic form of «или» ('or')."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking облучок","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"облучок","lemma":"облучок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примостить","gloss":"the box"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of примостить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кучером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кучером","lemma":"кучер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примостить","gloss":"the coachman"},{"surface":"примостить","lemma":"примостить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall we perch"},{"surface":"Прыгай","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jump"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking облучок","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"облучок","lemma":"облучок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прыгай","gloss":"the box"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"proper noun, indeclinable particle","role":"vocative address to Прыгай","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зон","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b2-c8-s151","source":"Но Иван Федорович, усевшийся уже на место, молча и изо всей силы вдруг отпихнул в грудь Максимова, и тот отлетел на сажень.","translation":"But Ivan Fyodorovich, already settled in his seat, silently and with all his might suddenly shoved Maximov in the chest, and the man went flying back a full sazhen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усевшийся уже на место","title":"Past active participle of settling in","body":"«усевшийся» is the past active participle of the -ся verb «усесться» (to take one's seat), agreeing with Ivan — \"having already settled into his seat.\" It sets the completed state against the sudden «отпихнул» that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всей силы ... отпихнул","title":"Sudden perfective shove","body":"«отпихнул» (perfective of «отпихивать», to shove off) is one violent, completed motion — \"shoved him away.\" «изо всей силы» (\"with all his might\") is an idiom with the genitive after «из»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпихнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"усевшийся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Иван","gloss":"having settled"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усевшийся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усевшийся","gloss":"his seat"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпихнул","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпихнул","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпихнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отпихнул","lemma":"отпихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shoved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпихнул","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"Максимова","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпихнул","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отлетел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отлетел","lemma":"отлететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпихнул","gloss":"flew back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сажень","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"сажень","lemma":"сажень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлетел","gloss":"sazhen","note":"A sazhen is an old Russian unit of length, about 2.13 meters."}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b2-c8-s152","source":"Если не упал, то только случайно.","translation":"That he did not fall was due to chance alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если не упал, то только случайно","title":"«если… то» as concession","body":"Here «если… то» is not a true condition but a tight statement of fact: \"if he didn't fall, it was only by chance.\" «упал» is perfective past, the single (averted) event of falling. The clipped construction mimics dry narratorial understatement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying случайно","gloss":"he fell"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of случайно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случайно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"by chance"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b2-c8-s153","source":"— Пошел! — злобно крикнул кучеру Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Drive on!\" Ivan Fyodorovich shouted angrily to the coachman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пошел!","title":"«Пошёл!» — \"Drive on!\"","body":"Literally the past tense of «пойти» (he went), «Пошёл!» functions as a sharp command to a coachman or horse to start moving — \"Get going! Drive on!\" A past-tense form pressed into service as a brusque order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул кучеру Иван Федорович","title":"Dative addressee, inverted order","body":"«кучеру» is the dative — the one shouted to. With the subject «Иван Фёдорович» placed after the verb and object, the sentence keeps the report's action first and names the speaker last, normal for a dialogue tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"drive on"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"кучеру","lemma":"кучер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to the coachman"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b2-c8-s154","source":"— Ну чего же ты? Чего же ты? Зачем ты его так? — вскинулся Федор Павлович, но коляска уже поехала.","translation":"\"Well, what's the matter with you? What's got into you? Why did you treat him like that?\" Fyodor Pavlovich flared up, but the carriage was already moving off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну чего же ты? Чего же ты?","title":"Elliptical question with «же»","body":"«Чего же ты?» has no verb — \"Well, what's with you?\" «чего» is the colloquial genitive of «что», and «же» adds aggrieved insistence. The verbless, particle-laden outburst is pure spoken Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коляска уже поехала","title":"Perfective of setting off","body":"«поехала» is perfective (the prefixed «по-» on «ехать» marking the start of motion) — \"the carriage had already set off.\" It closes the exchange with a single completed event against Fyodor Pavlovich's sputtering questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Чего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of так","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"вскинулся","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулся","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коляска","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поехала","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поехала","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинулся","gloss":"was moving off"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b2-c8-s155","source":"Иван Федорович не ответил.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich did not answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ответил","title":"Perfective negated","body":"«не ответил» — \"did not answer\" — negates the perfective «ответить», denying that the single act of answering ever happened. The terse refrain (it recurs through the scene) measures Ivan's stony silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b2-c8-s156","source":"— Ишь ведь ты! — помолчав две минуты, проговорил опять Федор Павлович, косясь на сынка. — Сам ведь ты весь этот монастырь затеял, сам подстрекал, сам одобрял, чего ж теперь сердишься?","translation":"\"There, you see what you are!\" said Fyodor Pavlovich again after a silence of two minutes, eyeing his little son sidelong. \"You're the one who got this whole monastery business up, you egged it on, you approved of it — so why are you angry now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ишь ведь ты!","title":"Exclamatory particles «ишь» and «ведь»","body":"«Ишь» is an exclamation of surprised disapproval (\"just look at you!\"), and «ведь» appeals to the obvious. Together with «ты» they make a verbless jab — the spoken texture English can only render loosely as \"There, you see what you are!\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчав две минуты ... косясь на сынка","title":"Past gerund vs present gerund","body":"«помолчав» is the perfective past gerund (\"having stayed silent a while,\" prior action), while «косясь» is the imperfective present gerund (\"eyeing sidelong,\" simultaneous). The pair shows the two tenses of the «деепричастие» side by side."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сынка","title":"«сынок» — ironic little son","body":"«сынка» is the accusative of «сынок», the diminutive of «сын» (son). Coming from a father needling his cold grown son, the affectionate suffix carries a sarcastic, mock-tender edge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам ведь ты весь этот монастырь затеял, сам подстрекал, сам одобрял","title":"Anaphoric «сам» and the accusing imperfectives","body":"The hammered repetition of «сам» (\"you yourself\") pins the blame on Ivan. «подстрекал» and «одобрял» are imperfective past, painting the egging-on and approving as a sustained course of conduct, while «затеял» is the perfective \"got the whole thing up.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker / exclamation","gloss":"look at you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of Ишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"having paused"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on минуты","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолчав","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"косясь","lemma":"коситься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"glancing sidelong"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сынка","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сынка","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of косясь","gloss":"his boy"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies затеял","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies затеял","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of затеял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of затеял","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"затеял","lemma":"затеять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подстрекал","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"подстрекал","lemma":"подстрекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with затеял","gloss":"egged it on"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies одобрял","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"одобрял","lemma":"одобрять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with затеял","gloss":"approved of it"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сердишься","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердишься","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you angry"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b2-c8-s157","source":"— Полно вам вздор толочь, отдохните хоть теперь немного, — сурово отрезал Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Enough of your idle chatter; rest a little at least now,\" Ivan Fyodorovich cut him off harshly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Полно вам вздор толочь","title":"Impersonal «полно» + dative","body":"«Полно» (\"enough!\") here governs a dative «вам» and an infinitive — an impersonal construction meaning \"enough of your…\" The whole frame has no nominative subject; «вам» names the one told to stop."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздор толочь","title":"\"To pound nonsense\"","body":"«вздор» is nonsense, rubbish; «толочь» means to pound/crush (as in a mortar). \"To pound nonsense\" — like the fuller «толочь воду в ступе» (pound water in a mortar) — means to engage in futile, empty chatter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдохните хоть теперь","title":"Imperative softened by «хоть»","body":"«отдохните» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «отдохнуть» (to rest up). The particle «хоть» (\"at least, if only\") concedes ground — \"rest a little, at least now\" — coloring the curt command with weary appeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"modifies толочь","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Полно","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of толочь","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"толочь","lemma":"толочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Полно","gloss":"to talk","note":"«толочь вздор» is an idiom meaning 'to blather/talk nonsense' (literally 'to pound nonsense')."},{"surface":"отдохните","lemma":"отдохнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдохните","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдохните","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"сурово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"harshly"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b2-c8-s158","source":"Федор Павлович опять помолчал с две минуты.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich again fell silent for a couple of minutes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал с две минуты","title":"Approximative «с» + accusative","body":"«с две минуты» uses «с» with the accusative to mean \"about, roughly\" — \"for a couple of minutes or so.\" This approximative «с» is distinct from the instrumental \"with\"; here it softens the duration to an estimate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on минуты","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолчал","gloss":"minutes"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b2-c8-s159","source":"— Коньячку бы теперь хорошо, — сентенциозно заметил он.","translation":"\"A little brandy would be good right now,\" he remarked sententiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коньячку бы теперь хорошо","title":"Wistful «бы» without a verb","body":"The particle «бы» builds an irrealis wish with no finite verb — \"a little brandy would be good now.\" «Коньячку» is the partitive-diminutive genitive (\"a drop of brandy\"); the impersonal «хорошо» supplies the verbless predicate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сентенциозно","title":"«сентенциозно» — sententiously","body":"«сентенциозно» (from «сентенция», a maxim) means in the manner of one delivering a weighty pronouncement. The narrator's word skewers Fyodor Pavlovich for declaring his craving for brandy as if it were profound wisdom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive)","role":"oblique complement of хорошо","gloss":"some brandy"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional mood marker","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"would be nice"},{"surface":"сентенциозно","lemma":"сентенциозный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"sententiously"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b2-c8-s160","source":"Но Иван Федорович не ответил.","translation":"But Ivan Fyodorovich did not answer.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b2-c8-s161","source":"— Доедем, и ты выпьешь.","translation":"\"You shall have a drink once we get there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Доедем, и ты выпьешь","title":"Two perfective futures","body":"Both «доедем» (\"we'll get there,\" perfective «доехать» with до- = reach a destination) and «выпьешь» (\"you'll have a drink,\" perfective «выпить») are perfectives conjugated for future meaning — two completed events, arrival then drink, with no auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доедем","lemma":"доехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll get there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпьешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выпьешь","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Доедем","gloss":"you'll drink"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b2-c8-s162","source":"Иван Федорович всё молчал.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich went on saying nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё молчал","title":"«всё» + imperfective of duration","body":"The adverb «всё» here means \"still, all the while,\" and with the imperfective «молчал» (kept silent) it stresses an unbroken, continuing state — \"went on saying nothing.\" The imperfective is built for exactly this sustained silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b2-c8-s163","source":"Федор Павлович подождал еще минуты с две.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich waited another couple of minutes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подождал еще минуты с две","title":"Approximation by inversion","body":"«минуты с две» again means \"about two minutes,\" with «с» + accusative for approximation. Inverting noun before numeral («минуты с две» rather than «с две минуты») is itself a colloquial way to signal \"roughly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подождал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"подождал","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подождал","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking две (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on минуты","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b2-c8-s164","source":"— А Алешку-то я все-таки из монастыря возьму, несмотря на то, что вам это очень неприятно будет, почтительнейший Карл фон Мор.","translation":"\"All the same, I'm going to take little Alyoshka out of the monastery, in spite of its being very disagreeable to you, my most respectful Karl von Moor.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешку-то я все-таки ... возьму","title":"Topicalizing «-то» on a fronted object","body":"«Алёшку-то» throws the object to the front with the emphatic clitic «-то» marking it as the known topic — \"as for little Alyoshka, I'll take him all the same.\" «возьму» is the perfective future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешку","title":"«Алёшка» — a coarse diminutive","body":"«Алёшка», unlike the warm «Алёша», carries the -ка suffix that can sound familiar-to-rude. Used by the father here it is offhand and possessive, treating Alyosha as a chattel he can simply carry off."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, enclitic)","role":"modifies Алешку","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"adverb (part of compound preposition несмотря на)","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (part of compound preposition несмотря на)","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of несмотря","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неприятно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of неприятно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неприятно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприятно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"неприятно","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"complement of будет","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неприятно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"почтительнейший","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Карл","gloss":"most respectful"},{"surface":"Карл","lemma":"Карл","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"Karl","note":"Karl von Moor is the rebellious son in Schiller's The Robbers, but the mock-noble address here targets Fyodor Pavlovich himself (he is 'вам', the addressee of the whole sentence), not 'Fyodor Pavlovich's scorned son' — Ivan is sarcastically likening his father to the outlaw hero."},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"in apposition to Карл","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Мор","lemma":"Мор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Карл","gloss":"Moor"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b2-c8-s165","source":"Иван Федорович презрительно вскинул плечами и, отворотясь, стал смотреть на дорогу.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich gave a contemptuous shrug of his shoulders and, turning away, sat staring at the road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинул плечами","title":"Instrumental of the body part","body":"«вскинул плечами» — \"gave a toss of the shoulders\" — uses the instrumental «плечами» to name the part of the body moved, the regular pattern with gestures (пожать плечами, кивнуть головой)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворотясь, стал смотреть","title":"Past gerund «отворотясь»","body":"«отворотясь» is a past gerund of the -ся verb «отворотиться» (to turn away), of slightly archaic flavour — the prior action before «стал смотреть» (\"began to look,\" i.e. sat staring). It shares Ivan's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отворотясь","lemma":"отворотиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"having turned away"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинул","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"the road"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b2-c8-s166","source":"Затем уж до самого дома не говорили.","translation":"After that they did not speak again the whole way home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самого дома не говорили","title":"Subjectless imperfective close","body":"«не говорили» is imperfective past with the subject left to the verb's plural ending — \"they did not speak.\" The imperfective denies the whole activity of talking for the duration «до самого дома» (\"all the way home\"), sealing the scene in silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"all the way to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"}]}]}