{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c1","title":{"source":"I. В лакейской","translated":"In the Servants' Quarters"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c1","lines":90},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c8","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c1-s1","source":"Дом Федора Павловича Карамазова стоял далеко не в самом центре города, но и не совсем на окраине.","translation":"The house of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov stood far from the very center of town, yet not quite at its outskirts either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дом Федора Павловича Карамазова","title":"A chain of genitives","body":"«Дом Фёдора Павловича Карамазова» strings name, patronymic, and surname all in the genitive of possession — \"the house of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov.\" The genitive endings («-а», «-а») show the whole triad belongs to one owner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Фёдора Павловича","title":"Name + patronymic, the respectful form","body":"«Фёдор Павлович» is first name plus patronymic — the neutral, respectful way to name an adult. «Павлович» (-ович) marks him as the son of a Pavel; throughout the novel Dostoevsky's choice between full name, name-and-patronymic, and bare diminutive is itself characterization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"далеко не в самом центре","title":"Emphatic «далеко не»","body":"«Далеко не» («far from») is a fixed emphatic negation: not merely \"not in the center\" but \"by no means in the center.\" Paired with «но и не совсем на окраине» it brackets the house between two negated extremes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дом","gloss":"of Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies центре","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies центре","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking центре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies центре","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"центре","lemma":"центр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the center"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies центре","gloss":"of town"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окраине","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окраине","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окраине","lemma":"окраина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with центре","gloss":"the outskirts"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c1-s2","source":"Был он довольно ветх, но наружность имел приятную: одноэтажный, с мезонином, окрашенный серенькою краской и с красною железною крышкой.","translation":"It was rather decrepit, but its appearance was a pleasant one: a single story, with an attic loft, painted a greyish color and roofed in red iron.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он довольно ветх","title":"Short adjective «ветх» as predicate","body":"«Ветх» is the bookish short form of «ветхий» (decrepit, ancient), used predicatively after «был». Short adjectives state a temporary or absolute condition and lend the 19th-century narration its elevated ring; note too the inversion «был он» (verb before subject) for narrative weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наружность имел приятную","title":"Object split by inversion","body":"The neutral order would be «имел приятную наружность»; Dostoevsky frames it «наружность имел приятную», fronting the topic («наружность») and trailing the new, weighted word («приятную») to the end. Cases keep it unambiguous, so position serves emphasis, not grammar."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с мезонином","title":"«Мезонин» — the half-storey loft","body":"A «мезонин» is a small attic room or half-storey rising over the center of a one-storey house, a hallmark of modest Russian provincial architecture (and the title of Chekhov's «Дом с мезонином»). We render it \"attic loft.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"серенькою краской","title":"Diminutive «серенький» + old instrumental «-ою»","body":"«Серенькою краской» is instrumental of means — painted \"with greyish paint.\" The suffix «-еньк-» softens «серый» to a homely \"greyish,\" and «-ою» is the bookish 19th-century variant of the feminine instrumental ending «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ветх","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ветх","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ветх","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"ветх","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"decrepit"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наружность","lemma":"наружность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"its appearance"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ветх","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"приятную","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"a pleasant one"},{"surface":"одноэтажный","lemma":"одноэтажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"one-story"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мезонином","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мезонином","lemma":"мезонин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with одноэтажный","gloss":"an attic loft"},{"surface":"окрашенный","lemma":"окрасить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with одноэтажный","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"серенькою","lemma":"серенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies краской","gloss":"greyish"},{"surface":"краской","lemma":"краска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окрашенный","gloss":"paint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"красною","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крышкой","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"железною","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крышкой","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"крышкой","lemma":"крышка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мезонином","gloss":"roof"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c1-s3","source":"Впрочем, мог еще простоять очень долго, был поместителен и уютен.","translation":"Even so, it might still stand for a very long while; it was roomy and snug.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог еще простоять очень долго","title":"Perfective infinitive «простоять»","body":"«Простоять» is the perfective \"to stand (for a stretch and then no longer)\" — the prefix «про-» bounds the standing as a whole span of time. Under «мог» it reads as potential: the house \"could yet stand for a very long while.\" The subject «он» (the house) is dropped, carried over from the previous sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поместителен и уютен","title":"Paired short adjectives","body":"«Поместителен» (roomy, capacious) and «уютен» (snug) are both short forms, again predicating a settled quality of the house. The clustering of short adjectives is a stylistic marker of careful literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простоять","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"простоять","lemma":"простоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простоять","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поместителен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поместителен","lemma":"поместительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"roomy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уютен","lemma":"уютный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"snug"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c1-s4","source":"Много было в нем разных чуланчиков, разных пряток и неожиданных лесенок.","translation":"There were many odd little closets in it, all sorts of nooks and hiding places, and unexpected little staircases.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много было в нем разных чуланчиков","title":"«Много» + genitive plural","body":"Quantity words like «много» govern the genitive plural, so «чуланчиков», «пряток», «лесенок» all stand in the genitive: \"many of...\". The sentence opens with «много», foregrounding the abundance before naming what there is much of."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуланчиков ... лесенок","title":"A cluster of diminutives","body":"«Чуланчик» (little closet, from «чулан»), «прятки» (hiding places), and «лесенка» (little staircase, from «лестница») are all diminutives that make the rambling house feel intimate and slightly mysterious. The piling-up of «-чик/-к-» forms is a deliberate cozy texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of было","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чуланчиков","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"чуланчиков","lemma":"чуланчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of Много","gloss":"little closets"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пряток","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"пряток","lemma":"пряток","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with чуланчиков","gloss":"hiding-places"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданных","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лесенок","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"лесенок","lemma":"лесенка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with чуланчиков","gloss":"little staircases"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c1-s5","source":"Водились в нем крысы, но Федор Павлович на них не вполне сердился: «Всё же не так скучно по вечерам, когда остаешься один».","translation":"Rats lived in it, but Fyodor Pavlovich was not altogether cross with them: \"At least it isn't so dreary in the evenings, when you're left alone.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Водились в нем крысы","title":"Reflexive «водиться» — to be found","body":"«Водились» (from «водиться», -ся) here means \"there used to be / were to be found,\" said of creatures inhabiting a place. The imperfective past gives a standing, habitual fact, and the inversion «водились... крысы» (verb first) introduces the rats as new information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на них не вполне сердился","title":"Reflexive «сердиться» + «на» for the object of anger","body":"«Сердиться на кого-то» (to be angry at someone) is a -ся verb taking «на» + accusative for its target, here «на них» (at them). «Не вполне» (\"not altogether\") softly qualifies the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда остаешься один","title":"Generalizing 2nd-person «остаёшься»","body":"«Остаёшься» is 2nd-person singular present of «оставаться» (-ся), but here it is the impersonal, generalizing \"you\" — \"when one is left alone\" — a colloquial touch in Fyodor Pavlovich's quoted speech rather than address to a specific person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Водились","lemma":"водиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Водились","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"крысы","lemma":"крыса","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Водились","gloss":"rats"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сердился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сердился","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вполне","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердился","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"сердился","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Водились","gloss":"was annoyed"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle (part of всё же)","role":"modifies скучно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle (part of всё же)","role":"modifies Всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скучно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"dreary"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечерам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вечерам","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скучно","gloss":"the evenings"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остаешься","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"остаешься","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on скучно","gloss":"you're left"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of остаешься","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c1-s6","source":"А он действительно имел обыкновение отпускать слуг на ночь во флигель и в доме сам запирался один на всю ночь.","translation":"And in fact he did have the habit of sending the servants off to the lodge for the night and locking himself up alone in the house for the whole night through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел обыкновение отпускать","title":"«Иметь обыкновение» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Имел обыкновение отпускать» (\"had the habit of sending off\") pairs the set phrase «иметь обыкновение» with an imperfective infinitive, «отпускать» — imperfective because the action is repeated, customary, not a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам запирался один","title":"Reflexive «запираться» — to lock oneself in","body":"«Запирался» (from «запираться», -ся) is the middle/reflexive \"to lock oneself in.\" Reinforced by «сам» (himself) and «один» (alone), it stresses Fyodor Pavlovich's deliberate nightly self-enclosure — a detail loaded with foreboding in this novel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во флигель","title":"«Флигель» — the outbuilding lodge","body":"A «флигель» (from German Flügel, \"wing\") is a separate small building in the courtyard of an estate, used for servants, a kitchen, or guests. Here it is the «людской флигель», the servants' lodge — central to the geography of the murder to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"обыкновение","lemma":"обыкновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the habit"},{"surface":"отпускать","lemma":"отпускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies обыкновение","gloss":"of sending off"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отпускать","gloss":"the servants"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпускать","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигель","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпускать","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирался","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the subject of запирался","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"запирался","lemma":"запираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"locked himself up"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies запирался","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирался","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c1-s7","source":"Флигель этот стоял на дворе, был обширен и прочен; в нем же определил Федор Павлович быть и кухне, хотя кухня была и в доме: не любил он кухонного запаха, и кушанье приносили через двор зимой и летом.","translation":"This lodge stood in the yard, spacious and solid; in it Fyodor Pavlovich had also decreed the kitchen should be, although there was a kitchen in the house too: he did not care for the smell of cooking, and the food was carried across the yard winter and summer alike.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был обширен и прочен","title":"Short adjectives again","body":"«Обширен» (spacious) and «прочен» (solid, sturdy) are short forms predicating the lodge's qualities — the same crisp, bookish device used to describe the house above."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в нем же определил Федор Павлович быть и кухне","title":"Dative «кухне» + particle «же»","body":"An archaic construction: «определил... быть кухне» means \"decreed that the kitchen should be\" there, with «кухне» in the dative as the subject of «быть» (a 19th-century bookish pattern). The particle «же» here links emphatically back to the lodge — \"in that very lodge.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не любил он кухонного запаха","title":"Genitive of negation: «запаха»","body":"«Не любил... запаха» puts the object «запах» (smell) into the genitive under negation — a regular shift for negated, non-specific objects, especially with «не любить». Garnett-era word order «не любил он» fronts the verb for narrative rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Флигель","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обширен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обширен","lemma":"обширный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with стоял","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочен","lemma":"прочный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обширен","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of определил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes нем","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"определил","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стоял","gloss":"decreed"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of определил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of определил","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кухне","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"кухне","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"the kitchen"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with была","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"кухня","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a kitchen"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в доме","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кухонного","lemma":"кухонный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies запаха","gloss":"cooking"},{"surface":"запаха","lemma":"запах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"the smell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кушанье","lemma":"кушанье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приносили","gloss":"the food"},{"surface":"приносили","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"was carried"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносили","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"зимой","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносили","gloss":"in winter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"летом","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with зимой","gloss":"in summer"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c1-s8","source":"Вообще дом был построен на большую семью: и господ, и слуг можно было бы поместить впятеро больше.","translation":"On the whole the house had been built for a large family: it could have housed five times as many masters and servants both.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно было бы поместить","title":"Conditional «бы» + impersonal «можно»","body":"«Можно было бы поместить» is an impersonal potential-conditional: «можно» (\"it is possible\") plus past «было» plus the irrealis particle «бы» — \"one could have housed.\" There is no nominative subject; the construction is subjectless and hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дом был построен на большую семью","title":"Passive participle «построен»","body":"«Был построен» is a periphrastic passive: the short past-passive participle «построен» (from perfective «построить») joined to «был» states a completed result — \"had been built.\" «На большую семью» means \"for a large family.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и господ, и слуг","title":"«Господа» — masters, gentry","body":"«Господа» (sg. «господин») are the masters / gentry of a household, set against «слуги», the servants — the basic social division of an estate. The «и... и...» construction means \"both... and...\". «Впятеро» means \"fivefold.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies построен","gloss":"on the whole"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive построен","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of построен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"построен","lemma":"построить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семью","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семью","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"семью","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of построен","gloss":"a family"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, correlative (и...и)","role":"correlative conjunction with the second и","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поместить","gloss":"masters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, correlative (и...и)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with господ, direct object of поместить","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main verb of the clause (predicative)","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of можно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"поместить","lemma":"поместить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to fit"},{"surface":"впятеро","lemma":"впятеро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"five times"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies поместить","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c1-s9","source":"Но в момент нашего рассказа в доме жил лишь Федор Павлович с Иваном Федоровичем, а в людском флигеле всего только три человека прислуги: старик Григорий, старуха Марфа, его жена, и слуга Смердяков, еще молодой человек.","translation":"But at the moment of our story only Fyodor Pavlovich and Ivan Fyodorovich were living in the house, while in the servants' lodge there were just three of the household staff in all: old Grigory, the old woman Marfa, his wife, and the servant Smerdyakov, still a young man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с Иваном Федоровичем","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment after «с»","body":"«Жил... с Иваном Фёдоровичем» uses «с» + instrumental for accompaniment (\"with Ivan Fyodorovich\"). Note the patronymic «Фёдорович» — Ivan is Fyodor's son — also declining into the instrumental «-ем»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего только три человека прислуги","title":"«Три» + genitive singular «человека»","body":"The numeral «три» governs the genitive singular, hence «три человека» (\"three persons\"), with «прислуги» (the household staff) in the genitive of the whole. «Всего только» stacks two limiters — \"just only three in all.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Смердяков","title":"The name «Смердяков»","body":"The surname «Смердяков» is built on the verb «смердеть» (to stink) — literally \"son of the stinking one,\" derived from his mother's nickname «Смердящая». Dostoevsky's naming brands the servant from the outset with the odor of degradation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказа","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Федор via с","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"людском","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies флигеле","gloss":"servants'"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb, parallel to жил","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies человека","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on три","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"прислуги","lemma":"прислуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"of the staff"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человека","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старуха","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Смердяков","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c1-s10","source":"Приходится сказать несколько поподробнее об этих трех служебных лицах.","translation":"We must say a few more words in detail about these three persons of the household.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приходится сказать","title":"Impersonal «приходится» — one must","body":"«Приходится» (from «приходиться», -ся) is an impersonal verb of obligation — \"it falls to one / one must\" — with no nominative subject. Here the narrator says he is obliged to add a few words; «поподробнее» is a doubly-prefixed comparative, \"in a little more detail.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этих трех служебных лицах","title":"«О» + prepositional, with the numeral declined","body":"«Об этих трёх... лицах» shows the topic-marking «о(б)» governing the prepositional case throughout — demonstrative, numeral, and noun all inflect together («этих трёх лицах»). «Лицо» here means \"person\" rather than \"face.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Приходится","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Приходится","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поподробнее","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"поподробнее","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"more fully"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of лицах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies лицах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"служебных","lemma":"служебный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies лицах","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"лицах","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"persons"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c1-s11","source":"О старике Григории Васильевиче Кутузове мы, впрочем, уже говорили довольно.","translation":"Of old Grigory Vasilievich Kutuzov we have, however, already spoken at some length.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О старике Григории Васильевиче Кутузове","title":"Full name triad in the prepositional","body":"«О старике Григории Васильевиче Кутузове» declines the entire string — common noun, first name, patronymic, surname — into the prepositional after «о». «Григории» and «Васильевиче» show the soft and consonant-stem prepositional endings side by side."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы, впрочем, уже говорили довольно","title":"Imperfective «говорили» of a completed report","body":"«Говорили» is imperfective past — the narrator has \"already spoken (about him)\" as a general activity covered earlier, not a single bounded act. The particle «впрочем» (\"however, by the way\") and «довольно» (\"enough, at some length\") soften the aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старике","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"старике","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Григории","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старике","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевиче","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старике","gloss":"Vasilievich"},{"surface":"Кутузове","lemma":"кутузов","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Васильевиче","gloss":"Kutuzov"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have spoken"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"at some length"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c1-s12","source":"Это был человек твердый и неуклонный, упорно и прямолинейно идущий к своей точке, если только эта точка по каким-нибудь причинам (часто удивительно нелогическим) становилась пред ним как непреложная истина.","translation":"He was a man firm and unwavering, who pressed stubbornly and in a straight line toward whatever he aimed at, provided only that this aim, for some reason or other (often astonishingly illogical), had come to stand before him as an unalterable truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упорно и прямолинейно идущий к своей точке","title":"Present active participle «идущий»","body":"«Идущий» is the present active participle of «идти» (going), agreeing with «человек» — \"a man going (pressing) toward.\" It compresses a «который»-clause (\"who pressed toward\") into one bookish modifier, the kind of participial packing typical of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к своей точке","title":"Reflexive possessive «своей»","body":"«Своей» («свой») points the possession back to the clause's own subject — his own aim, the point he himself was driving at. Using «его» here would have meant someone else's point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только эта точка ... становилась пред ним как непреложная истина","title":"«Если только» + imperfective «становилась»","body":"«Если только» (\"provided only that\") opens a conditional clause; «становилась» is imperfective, presenting the becoming-fixed of the idea as a recurring pattern. «Пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» (before)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непреложная истина","title":"«Непреложный» — immutable","body":"«Непреложный» is an elevated, bookish adjective meaning \"unalterable, immutable, not to be revoked,\" most at home in religious and philosophical contexts. «Непреложная истина» = \"an unalterable truth,\" coloring Grigory's rigid certitude with near-doctrinal weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неуклонный","lemma":"неуклонный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with твердый","gloss":"unwavering"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идущий","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямолинейно","lemma":"прямолинейно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идущий","gloss":"in a straight line"},{"surface":"идущий","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"who pressed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точке","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of точке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"точке","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идущий","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of становилась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of точка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"точка","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of становилась","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причинам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of причинам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms indefinite каким-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"причинам","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of становилась","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивительно","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нелогическим","gloss":"astonishingly"},{"surface":"нелогическим","lemma":"нелогический","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies причинам","gloss":"illogical"},{"surface":"становилась","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"came to stand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces истина as a predicate comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"непреложная","lemma":"непреложный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истина","gloss":"unalterable"},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становилась","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c1-s13","source":"Вообще говоря, он был честен и неподкупен.","translation":"Generally speaking, he was honest and incorruptible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"честен и неподкупен","title":"Short adjectives «честен», «неподкупен»","body":"Both predicates are short adjectives: «честен» (honest) and «неподкупен» (incorruptible, lit. \"unbribable\"). The short form pronounces these as defining, absolute traits of his character."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вообще говоря","title":"«Вообще говоря» — generally speaking","body":"«Вообще говоря» is a fixed parenthetical idiom, \"generally speaking, on the whole,\" built on a frozen gerund «говоря» (speaking). It frames the verdict on Grigory as a broad summary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies был честен","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to честен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"честен","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неподкупен","lemma":"неподкупный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with честен","gloss":"incorruptible"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c1-s14","source":"Жена его, Марфа Игнатьевна, несмотря на то что пред волей мужа беспрекословно всю жизнь склонялась, ужасно приставала к нему, например, тотчас после освобождения крестьян, уйти от Федора Павловича в Москву и там начать какую-нибудь торговлишку (у них водились кое-какие деньжонки); но Григорий решил тогда же и раз навсегда, что баба врет, «потому что всякая баба бесчестна», но что уходить им от прежнего господина не следует, каков бы он там сам ни был, «потому что это ихний таперича долг».","translation":"His wife, Marfa Ignatievna, in spite of having bowed all her life without a murmur before her husband's will, badgered him dreadfully, for instance just after the emancipation of the serfs, to leave Fyodor Pavlovich and go to Moscow and start up some little business there (they had a bit of money set by); but Grigory decided then and there, once and for all, that the woman was talking nonsense, \"because every woman is dishonest,\" and that it would not do for them to leave their former master, whatever sort of man he might be, \"because that is now their duty.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то что ... беспрекословно всю жизнь склонялась","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то что»","body":"«Несмотря на то что» (\"in spite of the fact that\") is a compound subordinating conjunction opening a concessive clause. «Склонялась» (from «склоняться», -ся) is the imperfective \"bowed / submitted,\" habitual across her whole life — the -ся giving the verb its \"bend oneself before\" sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"торговлишку ... деньжонки","title":"Belittling diminutives «торговлишка», «деньжонки»","body":"Both carry the pejorative-diminutive suffix «-ишк-/-онк-»: «торговлишка» is \"some piddling little trade,\" «деньжонки» \"a bit of (paltry) money.\" The suffixes voice the smallness and unseriousness of Marfa's scheme as Grigory weighs it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баба","title":"«Баба» — peasant woman, here dismissive","body":"«Баба» is a coarse, folk word for a (married, peasant) woman, here flatly contemptuous in Grigory's maxim «всякая баба бесчестна» (\"every woman is dishonest\"). It belongs to his blunt, proverb-speaking peasant register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихний таперича","title":"Substandard «ихний» and «таперича»","body":"Grigory's quoted speech uses non-standard peasant forms: «ихний» (a colloquial, looked-down-upon possessive for standard «их», \"their\") and «таперича» (a dialectal/archaic «теперь», \"now\"). Dostoevsky spells out his lower-class voice phonetically inside the quotation marks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приставала","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Жена","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of несмотря на то что","role":"introduces the concessive phrase","gloss":"in spite of"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, resumed by что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of склонялась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонялась","gloss":"the will"},{"surface":"мужа","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies волей","gloss":"of her husband"},{"surface":"беспрекословно","lemma":"беспрекословно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонялась","gloss":"unquestioningly"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"her whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies склонялась","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"склонялась","lemma":"склоняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive что-clause","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приставала","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"приставала","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pestered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приставала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"introduces the example (тотчас...)","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking освобождения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"освобождения","lemma":"освобождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"the emancipation"},{"surface":"крестьян","lemma":"крестьянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies освобождения","gloss":"of the serfs"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приставала","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйти","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйти","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйти, complement of приставала","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of торговлишку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms indefinite какую-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"торговлишку","lemma":"торговлишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"little business"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of водились","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"водились","lemma":"водиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms indefinite кое-какие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньжонки","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"деньжонки","lemma":"деньжонки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of водились","gloss":"a bit of money"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решил, part of the idiom раз навсегда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of врет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of врет","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"врет","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of решил","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of потому что","role":"introduces the clause of бесчестна","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всякая","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бесчестна","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"бесчестна","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, explains врет","gloss":"is dishonest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clausal complement of решил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of следует","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of уходить","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господина","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходить","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"second clausal complement of решил","gloss":"was fitting"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, predicative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он in the concessive clause","gloss":"whatever sort"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, concessive (бы...ни)","role":"part of the concessive каков бы... ни был","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb, colloquial filler","role":"modifies был","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle, concessive (бы...ни)","role":"part of the concessive каков бы... ни был","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of потому что","role":"introduces the clause of долг","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of долг","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ихний","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, colloquial","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"таперича","lemma":"таперича","morphology":"adverb, dialectal (= теперь)","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, explains следует","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c1-s15","source":"— Ты понимаешь ли, что есть долг? — обратился он к Марфе Игнатьевне.","translation":"\"Do you understand what duty is?\" he said, turning to Marfa Ignatievna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты понимаешь ли, что есть долг?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Понимаешь ли» uses the enclitic «ли» to form a pointed yes/no question — more weighty and rhetorical than mere intonation. «Что есть долг» keeps the bookish «есть» (\"is\") for emphasis: \"what duty is.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of есть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula in the clause 'what duty is'","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"долг?","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаешь","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марфе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Марфе","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевне","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфе","gloss":"Ignatievna"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c1-s16","source":"— Про долг я понимаю, Григорий Васильевич, но какой нам тут долг, чтобы нам здесь оставаться, того ничего не пойму, — ответила твердо Марфа Игнатьевна.","translation":"\"As for duty, I understand that, Grigory Vasilievich, but what duty there is for us in staying here, that I can make no sense of at all,\" Marfa Ignatievna answered firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"того ничего не пойму","title":"Genitive of negation + negative concord","body":"«Ничего не пойму» combines the negative «ничего» with the negated verb «не пойму» — Russian's obligatory negative concord (\"I'll make no sense of any of it\"). «Того... ничего» fronts the topic in the genitive: of that, none of it can I grasp."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пойму","title":"Perfective future «пойму»","body":"«Пойму» is the perfective (from «понять»), and a perfective conjugated like a present yields the future — \"I won't / can't come to understand.\" It frames her incomprehension as a completed non-result rather than an ongoing process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долг","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilievich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative of possession with долг","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the embedded clause, referenced by того","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of оставаться","gloss":"for us to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of оставаться","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying долг","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пойму, resumes какой... долг","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of пойму","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойму,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойму,","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаю","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответила","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответила","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c1-s17","source":"— И не понимай, а оно так будет.","translation":"\"Then don't make sense of it, but so it shall be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не понимай","title":"Imperative «не понимай»","body":"«Не понимай» is a negated imperative of «понимать» — \"don't (bother to) understand.\" The imperfective imperative under negation tells someone not to engage in the activity at all, fitting Grigory's brusque dismissal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а оно так будет","title":"Contrastive «а» + neuter «оно»","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive \"and yet / but,\" pivoting from her not-understanding to his decree. The empty neuter «оно» (\"it\") is a dummy subject pointing forward to the whole situation: \"but so it shall be.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимай","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимай","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c1-s18","source":"Впредь молчи.","translation":"From now on, hold your tongue.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Впредь молчи.","title":"Imperative «молчи»","body":"«Молчи» is the singular imperative of imperfective «молчать» (to be silent) — \"hold your tongue, stay silent.\" «Впредь» (\"henceforth, from now on\") is a bookish adverb that gives the curt command finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчи","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be silent"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c1-s19","source":"Так и вышло: они не ушли, а Федор Павлович назначил им жалованье, небольшое, и жалованье выплачивал.","translation":"And so it turned out: they did not leave, and Fyodor Pavlovich fixed them a wage, a small one, and paid the wage out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"назначил им жалованье ... и жалованье выплачивал","title":"Perfective «назначил» vs imperfective «выплачивал»","body":"The aspect pairing tells the story: «назначил» (perfective) fixes the wage in one completed act, while «выплачивал» (imperfective) shows the paying-out repeated over time. «Им» is the dative indirect object — he fixed a wage \"for them.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они не ушли","title":"Perfective negation «не ушли»","body":"«Не ушли» (perfective «уйти») negates a single completed departure — \"they did not (end up) leaving.\" The opening «так и вышло» (\"and so it turned out\") is a fixed idiom confirming the outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle reinforcing Так","gloss":"indeed","note":"так и вышло is a fixed phrase, 'that's just how it turned out.'"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ушли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ушли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ушли","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вышло","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назначил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"назначил","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а-clause","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of назначил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"жалованье","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of назначил","gloss":"a wage"},{"surface":"небольшое","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жалованье","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жалованье","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выплачивал","gloss":"the wage"},{"surface":"выплачивал","lemma":"выплачивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with назначил","gloss":"paid out"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c1-s20","source":"Григорий знал к тому же, что он на барина имеет влияние неоспоримое.","translation":"Grigory knew, moreover, that he held an unquestionable sway over his master.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имеет влияние неоспоримое","title":"Trailing adjective for weight","body":"Neutral order would put «неоспоримое влияние» together; here «влияние» comes first and «неоспоримое» (unquestionable) is held to the end of the clause for emphasis — a typical literary inversion. «На барина» = \"over his master.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барина","title":"«Барин» — the master, the gentleman","body":"«Барин» is the master of an estate, the gentleman whom serfs and servants serve. From a servant's mouth it is the standard title for the man of the house; here «на барина» (accusative animate) means his influence over Fyodor Pavlovich."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (moreover)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (moreover)","gloss":"[besides]"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (moreover)","gloss":"[also]","note":"к тому же is a fixed idiom meaning 'moreover, besides.'"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеет","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"sway"},{"surface":"неоспоримое","lemma":"неоспоримый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"unquestionable"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c1-s21","source":"Он чувствовал это, и это было справедливо: хитрый и упрямый шут, Федор Павлович, очень твердого характера «в некоторых вещах жизни», как он сам выражался, бывал, к собственному удивлению своему, весьма даже слабоват характером в некоторых других «вещах жизни».","translation":"He felt it, and it was true: that cunning, obstinate buffoon, Fyodor Pavlovich, a man of very firm character \"in certain matters of life,\" as he himself put it, would prove, to his own surprise, decidedly weak of character in certain other \"matters of life.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шут","title":"«Шут» — the buffoon","body":"«Шут» originally meant a court jester or fool; applied to Fyodor Pavlovich it brands him a self-made \"buffoon\" who clowns, provokes, and degrades himself for effect. \"Buffoonery\" («шутовство») is one of the novel's keywords for him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весьма даже слабоват характером","title":"Instrumental of respect + diminutive «слабоват»","body":"«Слабоват характером» uses the instrumental «характером» to say in what respect he is weak — \"weak as to character.\" The suffix «-оват-» softens «слаб» to \"rather/decidedly weakish,\" an ironic understatement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он сам выражался","title":"Reflexive «выражаться» — to express oneself","body":"«Выражался» (from «выражаться», -ся) is the middle/reflexive \"to express oneself, put it,\" framing «в некоторых вещах жизни» as Fyodor Pavlovich's own phrase. «Сам» underscores it is his self-description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to справедливо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, clause coordinated with чувствовал","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"хитрый","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упрямый","lemma":"упрямый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хитрый","gloss":"obstinate"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бывал","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to шут","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"твердого","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of quality, in apposition to шут","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of вещах","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"вещах","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies твердого характера","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещах","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выражался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выражался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"выражался","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical как-clause","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the шут ... слабоват clause","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собственному","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлению","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывал","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удивлению","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слабоват","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слабоват","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слабоват","lemma":"слабоватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бывал","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слабоват","gloss":"in character"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of вещах","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies вещах","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"вещах","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слабоват","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещах","gloss":"of life"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c1-s22","source":"И он сам знал в каких, знал и боялся многого.","translation":"And he himself knew in which ones, knew it and was afraid of much.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боялся многого","title":"«Бояться» + genitive «многого»","body":"«Бояться» (a -ся verb existing only in reflexive form) governs the genitive of what is feared — «многого», \"of much.\" The clipped paratactic «знал и боялся» (\"knew it and was afraid\") mirrors his anxious inwardness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал в каких","title":"Embedded interrogative «в каких»","body":"«Знал в каких» leaves «вещах» elided — \"knew in which (matters).\" The interrogative «какой» here works as an embedded indirect question after «знал», in the prepositional plural to match the dropped noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каких","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of боялся","gloss":"much"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c1-s23","source":"В некоторых вещах жизни надо было держать ухо востро, и при этом тяжело было без верного человека, а Григорий был человек вернейший.","translation":"In certain matters of life one had to keep one's ear keen, and in those it was hard to do without a trustworthy man, and Grigory was the most trustworthy of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"держать ухо востро","title":"An idiom: keeping your ear sharp","body":"Literally \"to hold one's ear keen,\" «держать ухо востро» is a fixed idiom meaning to stay alert or be on one's guard — we render it \"keep one's ear keen.\" «Востро» is an old short-form adverb from «острый» (sharp); the phrase survives only in this expression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было держать ухо востро","title":"Impersonal «надо было»","body":"«Надо было держать» is an impersonal necessity construction — «надо» (\"one must\") plus past «было» plus infinitive, with no nominative subject. It generalizes: in certain matters \"one had to\" stay alert."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Григорий был человек вернейший","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«Вернейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «верный» (faithful) — \"the most trustworthy.\" The «-ейший» suffix is an elevated alternative to «самый верный», capping the sentence emphatically."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещах","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of вещах","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"вещах","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещах","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to keep"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of держать","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"востро","lemma":"востро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держать","gloss":"keen","note":"держать ухо востро is an idiom, 'to keep one's ear/eye sharp.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяжело","gloss":"those [matters]"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"верного","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"trustworthy"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяжело","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Григорий to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after был","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вернейший","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"most trustworthy"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c1-s24","source":"Даже так случалось, что Федор Павлович много раз в продолжение своей карьеры мог быть бит, и больно бит, и всегда выручал Григорий, хотя каждый раз прочитывал ему после того наставление.","translation":"It even happened more than once in the course of his career that Fyodor Pavlovich might have been beaten, and beaten badly, and each time Grigory came to his rescue, though afterward he would read him a lecture every time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог быть бит, и больно бит","title":"Passive participle «бит» under «мог»","body":"«Бит» is the short past-passive participle of «бить» (to beat); «мог быть бит» = \"could have been beaten.\" The repetition «и больно бит» (\"and beaten badly\") intensifies it; «больно» here is the adverb \"painfully, badly.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждый раз прочитывал ему ... наставление","title":"Imperfective «прочитывал» for repeated lectures","body":"«Прочитывал» is imperfective (note the suffix «-ыва-»), marking a habitual, repeated act — \"he would read him a lecture every time.\" «Ему» is dative (to him), and «наставление» the moral lecture delivered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случалось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мог (adverbial: many times)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking продолжение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"продолжение","lemma":"продолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"the course"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карьеры","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"карьеры","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies продолжение","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of случалось","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бит","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"бит","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бит","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"бит","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бит","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выручал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"выручал","lemma":"выручать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог within the что-clause","gloss":"rescued"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выручал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочитывал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочитывал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"прочитывал","lemma":"прочитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"would read"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прочитывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочитывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наставление","lemma":"наставление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочитывал","gloss":"a lecture"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c1-s25","source":"Но одни побои не испугали бы Федора Павловича: бывали высшие случаи, и даже очень тонкие и сложные, когда Федор Павлович и сам бы не в состоянии, пожалуй, был определить ту необычайную потребность в верном и близком человеке, которую он моментально и непостижимо вдруг иногда начинал ощущать в себе.","translation":"But mere blows would not have frightened Fyodor Pavlovich: there were higher occasions, and even very subtle and complicated ones, when Fyodor Pavlovich himself, perhaps, would not have been able to define that extraordinary craving for a trusty and intimate person which he would suddenly and unaccountably begin at times to feel within himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одни побои не испугали бы Федора Павловича","title":"Conditional «не испугали бы»","body":"«Не испугали бы» is the irrealis: past-tense perfective «испугали» plus «бы» — \"would not have frightened.\" «Одни побои» means \"mere blows, blows alone\" («одни» = \"only\"); the genitive-animate object «Фёдора Павловича» marks him as the one (not) frightened."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ту необычайную потребность ... которую он ... начинал ощущать","title":"Relative «которую» across a long clause","body":"«Которую» agrees with its antecedent «потребность» in gender and number (feminine singular) but takes the accusative its own clause demands as object of «ощущать». Dostoevsky stretches the relative clause far from its head — a hallmark of his winding syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ощущать в себе","title":"Reflexive pronoun «в себе»","body":"«В себе» (in oneself) is the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the subject Fyodor Pavlovich — the craving he felt \"within himself.\" «Себя» has no nominative and serves any person; here it localizes the inner sensation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies побои","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"побои","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of испугали","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"испугали","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of испугали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of испугали","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to испугали","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"высшие","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies случаи","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"случаи","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывали","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тонкие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тонкие","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies случаи","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сложные","lemma":"сложный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with тонкие","gloss":"complicated"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор Павлович (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of был","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"a state","note":"не в состоянии is idiomatic for 'not able to.'"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies был","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of был","gloss":"define"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of потребность","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"необычайную","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of определить","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"верном","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеке","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"близком","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with верном","gloss":"intimate"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"моментально","lemma":"моментально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непостижимо","lemma":"непостижимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with моментально","gloss":"inexplicably"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause verb, modifies потребность","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ощущать","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ощущать","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c1-s26","source":"Это были почти болезненные случаи: развратнейший и в сладострастии своем часто жестокий, как злое насекомое, Федор Павлович вдруг ощущал в себе иной раз, пьяными минутами, духовный страх и нравственное сотрясение, почти, так сказать, даже физически отзывавшееся в душе его.","translation":"These were almost morbid occasions: that most debauched man, often cruel in his sensuality, like some vicious insect, Fyodor Pavlovich would suddenly feel within himself, now and then in his drunken moments, a spiritual dread and a moral shudder that seemed almost, so to speak, to echo physically in his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"развратнейший","title":"Superlative «развратнейший»","body":"«Развратнейший» is the synthetic superlative of «развратный» (depraved, debauched) — \"most debauched.\" Opening the clause with this bare superlative, set off before the name, throws maximal stress onto Fyodor Pavlovich's corruption."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как злое насекомое","title":"Instrumental absent — «как» + nominative simile","body":"«Как злое насекомое» (\"like a vicious insect\") is a simile in the nominative after «как». Dostoevsky's insect imagery for sensuality recurs across the novel (Dmitri later quotes the \"insect\" of lust), making this a thematic thread, not a stray comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти, так сказать, даже физически отзывавшееся в душе его","title":"Past active participle «отзывавшееся»","body":"«Отзывавшееся» is the past active participle of reflexive «отзываться» (to echo, resound), agreeing with neuter «сотрясение» — \"a shudder that echoed.\" The hedging «почти, так сказать, даже» (\"almost, so to speak, even\") is pure Dostoevskian narratorial stammer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to случаи","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болезненные","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"болезненные","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies случаи","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"случаи","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun after были","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"развратнейший","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор Павлович (subject of ощущал), coordinated with жестокий","gloss":"that most debauched man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сладострастии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сладострастии","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жестокий","gloss":"sensuality"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сладострастии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жестокий","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"жестокий","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with развратнейший","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison насекомое","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies насекомое","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"насекомое","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жестокий","gloss":"insect"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущал, modified by развратнейший ... жестокий","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would feel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"now and"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"then","note":"иной раз is idiomatic for 'sometimes, now and then.'"},{"surface":"пьяными","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies минутами","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"духовный","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страх","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нравственное","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сотрясение","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"сотрясение","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал, coordinated with страх","gloss":"shudder"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отзывавшееся","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical infinitive (so to speak)","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies физически","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"физически","lemma":"физически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отзывавшееся","gloss":"physically"},{"surface":"отзывавшееся","lemma":"отзываться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying сотрясение (neuter singular agreement rules out страх)","gloss":"echoing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзывавшееся","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"possessive pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c1-s27","source":"«Душа у меня точно в горле трепещется в эти разы», — говаривал он иногда.","translation":"\"At such times my soul fairly quivers in my throat,\" he used to say sometimes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трепещется","title":"Reflexive «трепетаться» — quivers","body":"«Трепещется» is a reflexive/intensive form of «трепетать» (to quiver, tremble), here a vivid colloquial \"fairly quivers.\" The -ся deepens the sense of an involuntary inner shudder. «В эти разы» (\"at such times\") is a colloquial plural of «раз»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говаривал он иногда","title":"Iterative «говаривал»","body":"«Говаривал» is a special iterative-imperfective (suffix «-ива-» with a habitual past flavor) meaning \"he used to say (now and then),\" stronger in repetition than plain «говорил». Such «-ивал» forms are an archaic, folksy way of marking recurrent past habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трепещется","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at","note":"у меня here functions as a possessive, 'my.'"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепещется","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трепещется","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горле","lemma":"горло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепещется","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"трепещется","lemma":"трепетаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quivers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разы»,","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of разы»,","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"разы»,","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of трепещется","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"говаривал","lemma":"говаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"used to say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говаривал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говаривал","gloss":"sometimes"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c1-s28","source":"Вот в эти-то мгновения он и любил, чтобы подле, поблизости, пожалуй хоть и не в той комнате, а во флигеле, был такой человек, преданный, твердый, совсем не такой, как он, не развратный, который хотя бы всё это совершающееся беспутство и видел и знал все тайны, но всё же из преданности допускал бы это всё, не противился, главное — не укорял и ничем бы не грозил, ни в сем веке, ни в будущем; а в случае нужды так бы и защитил его, — от кого?","translation":"It was at just such moments that he liked to have nearby, close at hand — even, perhaps, not in the same room but in the lodge — such a man, devoted, steadfast, not at all like himself, not debauched, who, though he saw and knew all this depravity going on and knew all the secrets, would yet out of his devotion put up with it all, not resist, and above all would not reproach him or threaten him with anything, neither in this world nor in the next; and who, in case of need, would even defend him — from whom?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот в эти-то мгновения он и любил","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and «и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «эти-то» («в эти-то мгновения») emphasizes a known, pointed topic — \"it was at just such moments.\" The «и» before «любил» reinforces it: precisely then he liked. Both are stress-bearing particles English renders only by intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы ... был такой человек ... который ... допускал бы это всё","title":"«Чтобы» + the willed irrealis","body":"«Чтобы... был... человек» opens a purpose/desideratum clause: «чтобы» fuses «что» with the irrealis «бы», so its verb stands in the past form («был», later «допускал бы», «не противился»). It names not a fact but a wished-for state — the kind of man Fyodor Pavlovich craved."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это совершающееся беспутство","title":"Present active participle «совершающееся»","body":"«Совершающееся» is the present active participle of reflexive «совершаться» (to be going on, take place), agreeing with neuter «беспутство» (debauchery) — \"all this depravity going on.\" The -ся participle gives the dissipation a self-unfolding, ongoing life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни в сем веке, ни в будущем","title":"Archaic «сей» and the «ни... ни...» of the two worlds","body":"«В сем веке» uses the bookish/Church-Slavonic demonstrative «сей» (\"this\") — \"in this world/age.\" Paired with «ни... ни...» (neither... nor) it echoes the liturgical formula of \"this world and the world to come,\" lending the passage a sacral undertone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle opening the clause","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мгновения","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to эти","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on любил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of был","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"поблизости","lemma":"поблизости","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with подле","gloss":"close at hand"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces concessive clause on был","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates в той комнате","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, modifies был","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with комнате","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"преданный","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преданный","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развратный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"развратный","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел and знал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces concessive phrase хотя бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"(concessive particle)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of беспутство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совершающееся","lemma":"совершающийся","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies беспутство","gloss":"ongoing"},{"surface":"беспутство","lemma":"беспутство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел and знал","gloss":"depravity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of и...и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the который-clause, coordinated with знал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тайны","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"secrets"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies допускал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преданности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"преданности","lemma":"преданность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допускал","gloss":"devotion"},{"surface":"допускал","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the который-clause, contrasted with видел/знал","gloss":"would tolerate"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of допускал","gloss":"(conditional marker)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допускал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"противился","lemma":"противиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with допускал","gloss":"resist"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical introducing не укорял","gloss":"most importantly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies укорял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"укорял","lemma":"укорять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with противился","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of грозил","gloss":"with anything"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of грозил","gloss":"(conditional marker)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грозил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"грозил","lemma":"грозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with укорял","gloss":"threaten"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of ни...ни (neither...nor)","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of веке","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic form of этот, still used in set religious/formal phrases."},{"surface":"веке","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозил, coordinated with будущем","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"будущем","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with веке","gloss":"the next world"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of защитил","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"нужды","lemma":"нужда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"of need"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так бы и, modifies защитил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker in так бы и","gloss":"(conditional marker)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of так бы и, emphatic","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"защитил","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with допускал (which-clause)","gloss":"would defend"},{"surface":"его,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защитил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of от in the rhetorical question","gloss":"whom"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c1-s29","source":"От кого-то неизвестного, но страшного и опасного.","translation":"From someone unknown, but terrible and dangerous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От кого-то неизвестного","title":"Indefinite «кого-то» — someone specific but unknown","body":"The clitic «-то» on «кого-то» marks a specific but unidentified referent — \"from someone (definite yet) unknown.\" It differs from «кто-нибудь» (\"anyone at all\"): Fyodor Pavlovich senses a real, particular threat he simply cannot name."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to кого","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"неизвестного","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кого-то","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неизвестного","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опасного","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, singular","role":"coordinated with неизвестного","gloss":"dangerous"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c1-s30","source":"Дело было именно в том, чтобы был непременно другой человек, старинный и дружественный, чтобы в больную минуту позвать его, только с тем чтобы всмотреться в его лицо, пожалуй переброситься словцом, совсем даже посторонним каким-нибудь, и коли он ничего, не сердится, то как-то и легче сердцу, а коли сердится, ну, тогда грустней.","translation":"The whole point was that there should without fail be another person, old and friendly, whom in a sickly moment he could call to him, only so as to look into his face, perhaps exchange a word — about something quite irrelevant, even — and if the man took no offense and was not angry, then somehow his heart felt the lighter for it, and if he was angry, well, then it was the sadder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы был непременно другой человек ... чтобы ... позвать его","title":"Doubled «чтобы» purpose clauses","body":"Two «чтобы» clauses stack: the first with the irrealis «был» (\"that there should be... a person\"), the second with a bare infinitive «позвать» (\"so as to call him\") — «чтобы» + infinitive expressing aim when the subject is the same. The construction lays out exactly what he needed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли он ничего, не сердится, то ... легче сердцу","title":"Folk conditional «коли» + dative «сердцу»","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial/archaic «если» (\"if\"), giving the reflection a folk-speech flavor. «Легче сердцу» is a dative-experiencer impersonal — \"the heart felt the lighter,\" lit. \"(it was) easier to the heart,\" with no nominative subject. «Он ничего» colloquially means \"he's all right, takes no offense.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переброситься словцом","title":"«Перекинуться/переброситься словцом» — to exchange a word","body":"«Переброситься словцом» is an idiom, \"to exchange a (brief, casual) word,\" the -ся giving it reciprocal sense. «Словцо» is the diminutive of «слово» — a light, throwaway little word, matching «совсем посторонним каким-нибудь» (\"about something quite irrelevant\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to том","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the чтобы-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"there should be"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"старинный","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дружественный","lemma":"дружественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"friendly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позвать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"больную","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позвать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"позвать","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause introduced by чтобы","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позвать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the чтобы-clause (всмотреться)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of всмотреться","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"всмотреться","lemma":"всмотреться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"clause complement of тем","gloss":"look closely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of всмотреться","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переброситься","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"переброситься","lemma":"переброситься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with всмотреться","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"словцом","lemma":"словцо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переброситься","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посторонним","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"посторонним","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словцом","gloss":"random"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of посторонним","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to каким","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of сердится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сердится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"idiom ничего, не сердится = takes no offense","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the коли-conditional clause","gloss":"is angry"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the result clause after коли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies легче","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative experiencer of легче","gloss":"for the heart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coли-clause","gloss":"is angry"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing тогда грустней","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустней","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"грустней","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"sadder"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c1-s31","source":"Случалось (но, впрочем, чрезвычайно редко), что Федор Павлович шел даже ночью во флигель будить Григория, чтобы тот на минутку пришел к нему.","translation":"It would happen (though, however, exceedingly rarely) that Fyodor Pavlovich would go even at night to the lodge to wake Grigory, so that he might come to him for a moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Случалось ... что Федор Павлович шел даже ночью","title":"Impersonal «случалось» + imperfective «шёл»","body":"«Случалось» (it would happen) is an impersonal, subjectless verb introducing a «что»-clause. Inside it «шёл» is imperfective past of the unidirectional motion verb «идти», here iterative — \"he would go (on such occasions).\" «Чрезвычайно редко» = \"exceedingly rarely.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы тот ... пришел к нему","title":"Correlative «тот» + «чтобы пришёл»","body":"«Тот» (\"the latter, that one\") tracks Grigory as topic across the clause, and «чтобы... пришёл» is a purpose clause with the past-form irrealis (perfective «прийти») — \"so that he might come.\" «К нему» uses «к» + dative for motion toward a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it would happen"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying Случалось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies редко","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying Случалось","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Случалось","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигель","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"будить","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of шел","gloss":"to wake"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of будить","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause introduced by чтобы","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c1-s32","source":"Тот приходил, и Федор Павлович заговаривал о совершеннейших пустяках и скоро отпускал, иногда даже с насмешечкой и шуточкой, а сам, плюнув, ложился спать и спал уже сном праведника.","translation":"He would come, and Fyodor Pavlovich would begin talking of the most utter trifles and soon let him go, sometimes even with a little jeer and a little joke, while he himself, spitting, would lie down to sleep and sleep then the sleep of the righteous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот приходил, и Федор Павлович заговаривал ... и скоро отпускал","title":"Imperfective chain for a recurring scene","body":"«Приходил», «заговаривал», «отпускал» are all imperfective past — the whole little scene is presented as something that habitually unfolded, not a one-off. «Заговаривал» (inceptive prefix «за-») means \"would begin talking.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плюнув, ложился спать","title":"Perfective gerund «плюнув»","body":"«Плюнув» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «плюнуть» — \"having spat\" — naming a prior, completed act attendant on «ложился спать» (lay down to sleep). It shares the subject (Fyodor Pavlovich) and compresses two actions into one flowing clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с насмешечкой и шуточкой","title":"Diminutives «насмешечка», «шуточка»","body":"«Насмешечка» (a little jeer) and «шуточка» (a little joke) carry the diminutive «-очк-/-ечк-», here ironically belittling — the small, needling mockery with which he dismisses Grigory. «Спал сном праведника» = the set phrase \"slept the sleep of the righteous.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговаривал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"заговаривал","lemma":"заговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходил","gloss":"would start talking"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустяках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"совершеннейших","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, plural","role":"modifies пустяках","gloss":"the most utter"},{"surface":"пустяках","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заговаривал","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпускал","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"отпускал","lemma":"отпускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговаривал","gloss":"would dismiss"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмешечкой","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies насмешечкой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешечкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"насмешечкой","lemma":"насмешечка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпускал","gloss":"a little jeer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шуточкой","lemma":"шуточка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешечкой","gloss":"a little joke"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ложился","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"плюнув","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ложился","gloss":"having spat"},{"surface":"ложился","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходил","gloss":"would lie down"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ложился","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ложился","gloss":"would sleep"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"the sleep"},{"surface":"праведника","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"of the righteous"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c1-s33","source":"Нечто в этом роде случилось с Федором Павловичем и по приезде Алеши.","translation":"Something of this sort happened to Fyodor Pavlovich upon Alyosha's arrival as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по приезде Алеши","title":"«По» + prepositional = \"upon\"","body":"«По приезде» uses «по» with the prepositional in its temporal sense \"upon, after\" — \"upon Alyosha's arrival.\" «Приезде» takes the older locative-style «-е»; «Алёши» is genitive of the doer. «Алёша» is the affectionate diminutive of Alexei."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по приезде Алеши","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезде","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"приезде","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезде","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c1-s34","source":"Алеша «пронзил его сердце» тем, что «жил, всё видел и ничего не осудил».","translation":"Alyosha \"pierced his heart\" by the fact that he \"lived among them, saw everything, and condemned nothing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронзил его сердце тем, что ... жил ... и ничего не осудил","title":"Instrumental «тем, что» — \"by the fact that\"","body":"«Тем, что...» is the instrumental of «то» (means/cause) plus a «что»-clause — \"by the fact that, by means of...\". So Alyosha \"pierced his heart\" by his way of living. «Ничего не осудил» is negative concord: \"condemned nothing.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пронзил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пронзил","lemma":"пронзить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пронзил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронзил, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"by the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жил","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of осудил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осудил","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"condemned"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c1-s35","source":"Мало того, принес с собою небывалую вещь: совершенное отсутствие презрения к нему, старику, напротив — всегдашнюю ласковость и совершенно натуральную прямодушную привязанность к нему, столь мало ее заслужившему.","translation":"What is more, he brought with him an unprecedented thing: a complete absence of contempt for him, the old man — on the contrary, an unfailing tenderness and a wholly natural, plain-hearted attachment to him, who so little deserved it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь мало ее заслужившему","title":"Past active participle «заслужившему» in the dative","body":"«Заслужившему» is the past active participle of perfective «заслужить» (to deserve), here in the dative to agree with «ему» (the old man) — \"to him, who had so little deserved it.\" «Столь» is the bookish «так / so.» A dense participial modifier folded onto a pronoun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"небывалую вещь","title":"«Небывалый» — unheard-of","body":"«Небывалый» (from «не» + «бывать», \"never having been\") means \"unprecedented, unheard-of.\" «Принёс... небывалую вещь» = \"he brought an unprecedented thing,\" preparing the surprise of Alyosha's wholly unfamiliar tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom мало того, parenthetical","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of принес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"небывалую","lemma":"небывалый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"unprecedented"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"совершенное","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отсутствие","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"отсутствие","lemma":"отсутствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to вещь","gloss":"absence"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отсутствие","gloss":"of contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies презрения","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нему","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical introducing ласковость","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"всегдашнюю","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ласковость","gloss":"unfailing"},{"surface":"ласковость","lemma":"ласковость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отсутствие","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натуральную","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"натуральную","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привязанность","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"прямодушную","lemma":"прямодушный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привязанность","gloss":"plain-hearted"},{"surface":"привязанность","lemma":"привязанность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ласковость","gloss":"attachment"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies привязанность","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужившему","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заслужившему","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заслужившему","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, dative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying нему (w23)","gloss":"who deserved"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c1-s36","source":"Всё это было для старого потаскуна и бессемейника совершенным сюрпризом, совсем для него, любившего доселе одну лишь «скверну», неожиданным.","translation":"All this came as a perfect surprise to the old reprobate and family-less man, something quite unexpected for one who until then had loved nothing but \"filth.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потаскуна и бессемейника","title":"«Потаскун» and «бессемейник»","body":"«Потаскун» is a coarse word for a lecher/reprobate (from «таскаться», to gad about), and «бессемейник» a \"family-less man\" («без» + «семья»). The two nouns together pin Fyodor Pavlovich as both debauched and rootless — exactly what makes Alyosha's affection so jarring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любившего доселе одну лишь «скверну»","title":"Past active participle «любившего»","body":"«Любившего» (past active participle of «любить»), in the genitive to agree with «него», compresses \"who had loved\" into a modifier — \"for one who until then had loved nothing but 'filth.'\" «Доселе» is an archaic \"until now\"; «скверна» is a Church-Slavonic-flavored word for moral filth/defilement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сюрпризом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потаскуна","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потаскуна","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"потаскуна","lemma":"потаскун","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition для, modifies было","gloss":"reprobate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессемейника","lemma":"бессемейник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with потаскуна","gloss":"family-less man"},{"surface":"совершенным","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сюрпризом","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"сюрпризом","lemma":"сюрприз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданным","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition для, modifies неожиданным","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любившего","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying него","gloss":"who had loved"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любившего","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скверну","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скверну","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"скверну","lemma":"скверна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любившего","gloss":"filth"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сюрпризом","gloss":"unexpected"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c1-s37","source":"По уходе Алеши он признался себе, что понял кое-что, чего доселе не хотел понимать.","translation":"After Alyosha had gone, he confessed to himself that he had understood something he had not until then been willing to understand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По уходе Алеши","title":"«По» + prepositional «уходе»","body":"Like «по приезде» earlier, «по уходе» is the temporal «по» + prepositional — \"after Alyosha had gone, upon his departure.\" The construction frames the timing of his self-confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"признался себе, что понял кое-что, чего ... не хотел понимать","title":"Genitive of negation: «чего не хотел понимать»","body":"«Чего... не хотел понимать» puts the relative object into the genitive under negation — \"something which he had not wished to understand.\" «Признался себе» uses reflexive «себе» (to himself); «кое-что» is the indefinite \"a certain something.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уходе","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"уходе","lemma":"уход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признался","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уходе","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of признался","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of признался","gloss":"had understood"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кое-что","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to understand"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c1-s38","source":"Я уже упоминал в начале моего рассказа, как Григорий ненавидел Аделаиду Ивановну, первую супругу Федора Павловича и мать первого сына его, Дмитрия Федоровича, и как, наоборот, защищал вторую его супругу кликушу, Софью Ивановну, против самого своего господина и против всех, кому бы пришло на ум молвить о ней худое или легкомысленное слово.","translation":"I have already mentioned at the beginning of my story how Grigory hated Adelaida Ivanovna, Fyodor Pavlovich's first wife and the mother of his first son, Dmitri Fyodorovich, and how, on the contrary, he defended his second wife, the shrieker, Sofya Ivanovna, against his own master and against everyone to whom it might occur to utter an unkind or frivolous word about her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кому бы пришло на ум молвить о ней худое ... слово","title":"Generalizing relative + irrealis «бы»","body":"«Кому бы пришло на ум» (\"to anyone to whom it might occur\") combines the relative «кто» (dative «кому») with «бы» for a generalized, hypothetical agent. «Пришло на ум» is the idiom \"to come to mind,\" with the experiencer in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молвить ... худое или легкомысленное слово","title":"Archaic «молвить» and «худое»","body":"«Молвить» is a bookish/archaic verb \"to utter, speak,\" and «худое» an old word for \"bad, ill\" (a word) rather than its modern sense \"thin.\" Together they raise the register of Grigory's fierce protectiveness toward Sofya Ivanovna."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упоминал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"упоминал","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mentioned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминал","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ненавидел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on упоминал","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"Аделаиду","lemma":"аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиду","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругу","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аделаиду","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супругу","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with супругу","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сына","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сына","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of защищал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"наоборот","lemma":"наоборот","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies защищал","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"защищал","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидел","gloss":"defended"},{"surface":"вторую","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругу","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of супругу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of защищал","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"кликушу","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супругу","gloss":"the shrieker","note":"a кликуша was a woman believed to be seized by fits of hysterical shrieking, often thought possessed."},{"surface":"Софью","lemma":"софья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супругу","gloss":"Sofya"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Софью","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господина","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господина","gloss":"his own very"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господина","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of защищал","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of защищал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of пришло","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks пришло as hypothetical","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"пришло","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всех","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ум","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришло","gloss":"mind","note":"прийти на ум is an idiom: \"to come to mind, occur to (someone)\"."},{"surface":"молвить","lemma":"молвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришло","gloss":"to utter"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молвить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"худое","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"an unkind"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"легкомысленное","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with худое","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of молвить","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c1-s39","source":"В нем симпатия к этой несчастной обратилась во что-то священное, так что и двадцать лет спустя он бы не перенес, от кого бы то ни шло, даже худого намека о ней и тотчас бы возразил обидчику.","translation":"In him sympathy for this unfortunate woman turned into something sacred, so that even twenty years later he could not bear, from anyone whatsoever, so much as an unkind hint about her, and would at once round on the offender.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бы не перенес ... даже худого намека","title":"Conditional «не перенёс бы» + genitive of negation","body":"«Не перенёс бы» is the irrealis (past perfective «перенёс» + «бы»): \"he could not have borne.\" Under the negation the object slips into the genitive — «худого намёка» (\"so much as an unkind hint\"), a textbook genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от кого бы то ни шло","title":"Concessive idiom «кто бы то ни...»","body":"«От кого бы то ни шло» is a fixed concessive formula — \"from whomsoever it might come,\" i.e. \"from anyone whatsoever.\" Built on «кто» + «бы... ни», it is the same pattern as «что бы ни», «как бы ни»: a relative pronoun plus «бы ни» yielding \"no matter who/what.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратилась во что-то священное","title":"Reflexive «обратиться» — to turn into","body":"«Обратилась» (from «обратиться», -ся) here means \"turned into, was transformed into,\" governing «во что-то» (\"into something\") with «в» + accusative. The -ся gives the middle/change-of-state sense: his sympathy itself underwent the change."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"симпатия","lemma":"симпатия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обратилась","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастной","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of несчастной","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несчастной","lemma":"несчастная","morphology":"adjective (substantive), dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies симпатия","gloss":"unfortunate woman"},{"surface":"обратилась","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"священное","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of перенес","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перенес","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"marks лет as time-after","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перенес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks перенес as hypothetical","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перенес","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"перенес","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратилась","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of шло","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кого","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кого","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шло","gloss":"-soever"},{"surface":"шло","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of перенес","gloss":"it might be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies худого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"худого","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies намека","gloss":"an unkind"},{"surface":"намека","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перенес","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies намека","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возразил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks возразил as hypothetical","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"возразил","lemma":"возразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перенес","gloss":"round on"},{"surface":"обидчику","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возразил","gloss":"the offender"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c1-s40","source":"По наружности своей Григорий был человек холодный и важный, не болтливый, выпускающий слова веские, нелегкомысленные.","translation":"In his outward appearance Grigory was a man cold and self-important, not given to chatter, dispensing weighty words, not frivolous ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпускающий слова веские, нелегкомысленные","title":"Present active participle «выпускающий»","body":"«Выпускающий» (present active participle of «выпускать», to let out) describes Grigory as one \"dispensing\" his words. The trailing adjectives «веские, нелегкомысленные» (weighty, not frivolous) follow their noun «слова» for emphasis, a literary inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек холодный и важный, не болтливый","title":"Long-form adjectives as character labels","body":"Here the adjectives are long forms in the nominative («холодный», «важный», «болтливый») modifying «человек» — stable, defining traits of who Grigory is, as opposed to the short forms used earlier for the house's passing qualities."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наружности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наружности","lemma":"наружность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of был","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наружности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Григорий to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"холодный","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with холодный","gloss":"self-important"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies болтливый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"болтливый","lemma":"болтливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"given to chatter"},{"surface":"выпускающий","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"dispensing"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выпускающий","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"веские","lemma":"веский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"нелегкомысленные","lemma":"нелегкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with веские","gloss":"not frivolous"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c1-s41","source":"Точно так же невозможно было бы разъяснить в нем с первого взгляда: любил он свою безответную, покорную жену или нет, а между тем он ее действительно любил, и та, конечно, это понимала.","translation":"In the same way it would have been impossible to make out at first glance whether or not he loved his meek, submissive wife, and yet he did love her in fact, and she, of course, understood it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невозможно было бы разъяснить ... любил он ... жену или нет","title":"Impersonal conditional + embedded yes/no question","body":"«Невозможно было бы разъяснить» is an impersonal irrealis (\"it would have been impossible to make out\"), and the embedded clause «любил он... жену или нет» is an indirect yes/no question — \"whether or not he loved his wife,\" expressed by «...или нет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою безответную, покорную жену","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«Свою... жену» (\"his own wife\") refers the possession back to the clause's subject, Grigory. «Безответный» (lit. \"answerless\") here means \"meek, uncomplaining,\" paired with «покорный» (submissive) to paint Marfa's outward humility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"in the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"it would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks невозможно as hypothetical","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to make out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разъяснить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разъяснить","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of разъяснить","gloss":"did he love"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жену","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"безответную","lemma":"безответный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жену","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"покорную","lemma":"покорный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жену","gloss":"submissive"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"did love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понимала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies понимала","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"понимала","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c1-s42","source":"Эта Марфа Игнатьевна была женщина не только не глупая, но, может быть, и умнее своего супруга, по меньшей мере рассудительнее его в делах житейских, а между тем она ему подчинялась безропотно и безответно, с самого начала супружества, и бесспорно уважала его за духовный верх.","translation":"This Marfa Ignatievna was a woman not only not stupid but perhaps even cleverer than her husband, at least more level-headed than he in worldly affairs, and yet she submitted to him without complaint and without protest from the very start of their marriage, and unquestionably respected him for his spiritual superiority.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не глупая, но ... умнее ... рассудительнее","title":"Comparatives «умнее», «рассудительнее»","body":"«Умнее» (cleverer) and «рассудительнее» (more level-headed) are predicative comparatives in «-ее». The framing «не только не глупая, но...» (\"not only not stupid, but...\") is a characteristic double-negative buildup that elevates her over her husband."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему подчинялась безропотно","title":"Reflexive «подчиняться» + dative «ему»","body":"«Подчиняться» (-ся, to submit/obey) governs the dative of whom one obeys — «ему», \"to him.\" The -ся marks the middle sense of placing oneself under another's will. «Безропотно» (\"without a murmur\") echoes «безответно»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за духовный верх","title":"«Духовный верх» — spiritual superiority","body":"«Верх» literally is \"top, upper hand\"; «духовный верх» means his \"spiritual superiority / the upper hand in spiritual matters.\" «За» + accusative here gives the grounds: she respected him for it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Марфа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Марфа to женщина","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun after была","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative phrase не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глупая","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical phrase modifying умнее","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"умнее","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with глупая","gloss":"cleverer"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of супруга","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умнее","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меньшей","lemma":"меньший","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по меньшей мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по меньшей мере","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"рассудительнее","lemma":"рассудительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with глупая","gloss":"more level-headed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассудительнее","gloss":"than he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассудительнее","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"житейских","lemma":"житейский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies делах","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подчинялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подчинялась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"подчинялась","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"безропотно","lemma":"безропотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подчинялась","gloss":"without complaint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безответно","lemma":"безответно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with безропотно","gloss":"without protest"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подчинялась","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"супружества","lemma":"супружество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"of their marriage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважала","gloss":"unquestionably"},{"surface":"уважала","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подчинялась","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верх","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"духовный","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верх","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уважала","gloss":"superiority"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c1-s43","source":"Замечательно, что оба они всю жизнь свою чрезвычайно мало говорили друг с другом, разве о самых необходимых и текущих вещах.","translation":"It is remarkable that the two of them, all their lives, spoke exceedingly little with one another, save about the most necessary, everyday matters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замечательно, что ... мало говорили","title":"Impersonal «замечательно, что»","body":"«Замечательно, что...» is an impersonal evaluative — \"it is remarkable that\" — a neuter predicate with no nominative subject, opening a «что»-clause. «Говорили» is imperfective, marking the habitual scarcity of their talk over a lifetime."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"друг с другом","title":"Reciprocal «друг с другом»","body":"«Друг с другом» is the reciprocal expression \"with one another.\" Only the second «друг» declines (here instrumental after «с»); the first stays frozen. «Разве о...» means \"save / except about.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечательно","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it is remarkable"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"their lives"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Замечательно","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun (reciprocal)","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг с другом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг с другом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase друг с другом","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вещах","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies необходимых","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"необходимых","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies вещах","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"текущих","lemma":"текущий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with необходимых","gloss":"everyday"},{"surface":"вещах","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"matters"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c1-s44","source":"Важный и величественный Григорий обдумывал все свои дела и заботы всегда один, так что Марфа Игнатьевна раз навсегда давно уже поняла, что в советах ее он совсем не нуждается.","translation":"The grave and stately Grigory thought over all his affairs and cares always alone, so that Marfa Ignatievna had long since grasped, once and for all, that he had no need at all of her advice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обдумывал ... всегда один","title":"Imperfective habit «обдумывал»","body":"«Обдумывал» (imperfective of «обдумать») presents Grigory's brooding as a lifelong habit — \"always thought (everything) over alone.\" «Один» here is the adverbial \"alone, by himself.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в советах ее он совсем не нуждается","title":"«Нуждаться в» + prepositional, genitive of negation context","body":"«Нуждаться в чём-то» (to need) governs «в» + prepositional, here «в советах её» (\"in her advice\"). Negated by «совсем не», it states he had \"no need at all\" of her counsel. «Раз навсегда» = \"once and for all.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"величественный","lemma":"величественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Важный","gloss":"stately"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обдумывал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"обдумывал","lemma":"обдумывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought over"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of обдумывал","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заботы","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with дела","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обдумывал","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of поняла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom раз навсегда, modifies поняла","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom раз навсегда","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обдумывал","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нуждается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking советах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"советах","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нуждается","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of советах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нуждается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждается","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нуждается","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поняла","gloss":"has need"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c1-s45","source":"Она чувствовала, что муж ценит ее молчание и признает за это в ней ум.","translation":"She felt that her husband valued her silence and credited her with intelligence on account of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"признает за это в ней ум","title":"«Признавать за кем ум» — to credit with","body":"«Признаёт... в ней ум» means \"acknowledges intelligence in her / credits her with intelligence,\" with «в ней» (in her) and «за это» (\"on account of this,\" «за» + accusative for cause). The present-tense verbs «чувствовала... ценит» blend her perception with his standing attitude."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"чувствовала","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ценит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"муж","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ценит","gloss":"her husband"},{"surface":"ценит","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствовала","gloss":"valued"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молчание","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ценит","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"признает","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ценит","gloss":"credited"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признает","gloss":"intelligence","note":"признавать в ком ум is an idiom: \"to credit someone with intelligence.\""}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c1-s46","source":"Бить он ее никогда не бивал, разве всего только один раз, да и то слегка.","translation":"He had never beaten her, except just one single time, and that but lightly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бить он ее никогда не бивал","title":"Tautological infinitive + iterative «бивал»","body":"Russian folk-emphatic syntax fronts the infinitive «бить» before the finite «бивал» — \"as for beating, he never (used to) beat her,\" stressing the verb. «Бивал» is the iterative-habitual «-ива-» form of «бить», and «никогда... не» is negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"fronted complement of бивал","gloss":"beat","note":"the infinitive is fronted for emphasis, as in \"beat her, he never did.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бивал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бивал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бивал","lemma":"бивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had beaten"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бивал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слегка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бивал","gloss":"only lightly"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c1-s47","source":"В первый год брака Аделаиды Ивановны с Федором Павловичем, раз в деревне, деревенские девки и бабы, тогда еще крепостные, собраны были на барский двор попеть и поплясать.","translation":"In the first year of Adelaida Ivanovna's marriage to Fyodor Pavlovich, once in the country, the village girls and women, then still serfs, were gathered into the master's yard to sing and dance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"девки и бабы ... собраны были ... попеть и поплясать","title":"Passive «собраны были» + «по-» perfectives","body":"«Собраны были» is a periphrastic passive (short participle «собраны» + «были») — \"were gathered.\" The infinitives «попеть» and «поплясать» take the prefix «по-», which gives a perfective \"to do a bit of singing / dancing\" — a delimited spell of the activity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девки и бабы","title":"«Девки» and «бабы» — unmarried girls and married women","body":"In village usage «девки» are the unmarried young women and «бабы» the married ones; both are folk, plain-spoken terms. The pairing names the whole female cohort of the village brought in to entertain the gentry."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собраны","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"брака","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"of the marriage"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брака","gloss":"of Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брака","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собраны","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"деревне","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the country"},{"surface":"деревенские","lemma":"деревенский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies девки","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive собраны","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with девки","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крепостные","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крепостные","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"крепостные","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бабы","gloss":"serfs"},{"surface":"собраны","lemma":"собрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were gathered"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to собраны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"барский","lemma":"барский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двор","gloss":"the master's"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собраны","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"попеть","lemma":"попеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of собраны","gloss":"to sing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поплясать","lemma":"поплясать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попеть","gloss":"dance"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c1-s48","source":"Начали «Во лузях», и вдруг Марфа Игнатьевна, тогда еще женщина молодая, выскочила вперед пред хором и прошлась «русскую» особенным манером, не по-деревенскому, как бабы, а как танцевала она, когда была дворовою девушкой у богатых Миусовых на домашнем помещичьем их театре, где обучал актеров танцевать выписанный из Москвы танцмейстер.","translation":"They struck up \"In the Meadows,\" and suddenly Marfa Ignatievna, then still a young woman, sprang out in front of the chorus and danced \"the Russian\" in a particular manner, not in the village way, as the women did, but as she had danced when she was a house-serf girl with the wealthy Miusovs, on their private estate theater, where a dancing-master brought over from Moscow taught the actors to dance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочила вперед ... и прошлась","title":"Perfective verbs move the action","body":"«Выскочила» (sprang out) and «прошлась» (danced/took a turn, reflexive «пройтись») are perfectives that advance the narrative as single, vivid events against the imperfective background — the sudden burst of Marfa's dance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck up"},{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лузях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лузях","lemma":"луг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Начали","gloss":"the meadows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выскочила","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодая","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"выскочила","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Начали","gloss":"sprang out"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочила","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хором","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"хором","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of пред","gloss":"the chorus"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прошлась","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочила","gloss":"danced"},{"surface":"русскую","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прошлась (the Russian dance)","gloss":"the Russian [dance]"},{"surface":"особенным","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies манером","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"манером","lemma":"манер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of прошлась","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates по-деревенскому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-деревенски","morphology":"adverb (fragment)","role":"first part of the adverb по-деревенскому, modifies прошлась","gloss":"in the way of"},{"surface":"деревенскому","lemma":"деревенский","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"second part of the adverbial по-деревенскому","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical comparison with бабы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of elliptical clause compared to прошлась","gloss":"the women"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of танцевала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"танцевала","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"comparison clause parallel to прошлась","gloss":"she had danced"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of танцевала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to девушкой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дворовою","lemma":"дворовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушкой","gloss":"house-serf"},{"surface":"девушкой","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Миусовых","gloss":"at the home of"},{"surface":"богатых","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Миусовых","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"Миусовых","lemma":"Миусовы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of у","gloss":"the Miusovs"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"домашнем","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies театре","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"помещичьем","lemma":"помещичий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies театре","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of театре","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"театре","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"theater"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on театре","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"обучал","lemma":"обучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on театре","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"актеров","lemma":"актёр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обучал","gloss":"the actors"},{"surface":"танцевать","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обучал","gloss":"to dance"},{"surface":"выписанный","lemma":"выписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying танцмейстер","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выписанный","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"танцмейстер","lemma":"танцмейстер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обучал","gloss":"the dance-master"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c1-s49","source":"Григорий видел, как прошлась его жена, и дома у себя в избе, через час, поучил ее, потаскав маленько за волосы.","translation":"Grigory saw how his wife had danced, and at home in their cottage, an hour later, he taught her a lesson by dragging her a little by the hair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поучил ее, потаскав маленько за волосы","title":"Perfective gerund «потаскав»","body":"«Потаскав» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «потаскать» — \"having dragged (a little).\" It attends the main verb «поучил» (taught a lesson), telling how he did it. «Маленько» is a folksy diminutive adverb \"a little,\" softening — chillingly — the violence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в избе","title":"«Изба» — the peasant cottage","body":"An «изба» is the traditional Russian peasant log house. That Grigory and Marfa live «у себя в избе» rather than the manor marks their station as servants/former serfs even within the Karamazov household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошлась","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"прошлась","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"had danced"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошлась","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поучил","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of у","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"the cottage"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поучил","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"поучил","lemma":"поучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"taught her a lesson"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поучил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"потаскав","lemma":"потаскать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поучил","gloss":"dragging"},{"surface":"маленько","lemma":"маленько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потаскав","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волосы","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of за","gloss":"the hair"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c1-s50","source":"Но тем и кончились раз навсегда побои и не повторялись более ни разу во всю жизнь, да и Марфа Игнатьевна закаялась с тех пор танцевать.","translation":"But with that the beatings ended once and for all and were never repeated even once in their whole life, and Marfa Ignatievna swore off dancing from that time on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не повторялись более ни разу","title":"Reflexive «повторяться» + negative concord","body":"«Повторялись» (from «повторяться», -ся) is the middle/intransitive \"to recur, be repeated.\" Negated, it joins «ни разу» (\"not once\") in negative concord — \"were never repeated even once.\" «Тем и кончились» = \"with that they ended.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закаялась ... танцевать","title":"«Закаяться» — to swear off","body":"«Закаяться (что-то делать)» is a colloquial \"to swear off, foreswear (doing something),\" the -ся giving the reflexive vow-upon-oneself sense. \"Marfa swore off dancing from that time on\" — a single beating cured her of it for life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончились","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes кончились","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"кончились","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончились (idiom раз навсегда)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"for all"},{"surface":"побои","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of кончились","gloss":"the beatings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторялись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повторялись","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кончились","gloss":"were repeated"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторялись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторялись","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of во","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закаялась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"закаялась","lemma":"закаяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончились","gloss":"swore off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of с","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"танцевать","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of закаялась","gloss":"dancing"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c1-s51","source":"Детей им бог не дал, был один ребеночек, да и тот умер.","translation":"God gave them no children; there was one little child, but it too died.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Детей им бог не дал","title":"Genitive of negation + dative «им»","body":"«Детей... не дал» puts the object «дети» into the genitive plural under negation — \"gave no children.\" «Им» is the dative of the persons affected (to them). The folk-pious phrasing «бог не дал» frames childlessness as God's withholding."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребеночек ... да и тот умер","title":"Diminutive «ребёночек» + «да и тот»","body":"«Ребёночек» is the tender diminutive of «ребёнок» (little child), its warmth deepening the pathos. «Да и тот умер» — \"and even that one died,\" with «да и» (\"and even/yet\") and the demonstrative «тот» pointing back to the single child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies ребеночек","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ребеночек","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"little child"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"it too"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c1-s52","source":"Григорий же видимо любил детей, даже не скрывал этого, то есть не стыдился выказывать.","translation":"Grigory, however, plainly loved children, and did not even conceal it — that is, he was not ashamed to show it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стыдился выказывать","title":"Reflexive «стыдиться» + genitive/infinitive","body":"«Стыдиться» (-ся, to be ashamed) here takes an infinitive complement, «выказывать» (to show, display) — \"was not ashamed to show it.\" The -ся marks the inward, self-directed emotion. «Видимо» means \"evidently, plainly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to скрывал","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"выказывать","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стыдился","gloss":"to show"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c1-s53","source":"Дмитрия Федоровича он к себе принял на руки, когда сбежала Аделаида Ивановна, трехлетним мальчиком и провозился с ним почти год, сам гребешком вычесывал, сам даже обмывал его в корыте.","translation":"He took Dmitri Fyodorovich into his own hands when Adelaida Ivanovna ran off, the boy being three years old, and fussed over him for nearly a year, combed his hair himself with a little comb, even washed him himself in the wooden tub.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда сбежала Аделаида Ивановна, трехлетним мальчиком","title":"Instrumental «трёхлетним мальчиком» — \"as a boy of three\"","body":"«Трёхлетним мальчиком» is the instrumental used to state age/condition at the time — \"when he was a three-year-old boy.\" «Сбежала» (perfective «сбежать», to run off) marks Adelaida Ivanovna's flight as a single completed event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провозился ... гребешком ... в корыте","title":"«Провозиться», «гребешок», «корыто»","body":"«Провозился (с ним)» means \"fussed/busied himself over him\" (perfective «провозиться», -ся, with the «про-» of spending a stretch of time). «Гребешок» is a diminutive comb and «корыто» a wooden trough/tub — homely, tender domestic detail of Grigory tending baby Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сбежала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сбежала","lemma":"сбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принял","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"Аделаида","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сбежала","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаида","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"трехлетним","lemma":"трёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчиком","gloss":"three-year-old"},{"surface":"мальчиком","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing Дмитрия (at time of принял)","gloss":"as a boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"провозился","lemma":"провозиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"fussed over"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозился","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он, subject of вычесывал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"гребешком","lemma":"гребешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вычесывал","gloss":"with a comb"},{"surface":"вычесывал","lemma":"вычёсывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"combed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он, subject of обмывал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обмывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обмывал","lemma":"обмывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"washed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обмывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корыте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"корыте","lemma":"корыто","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмывал","gloss":"the tub"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c1-s54","source":"Потом хлопотал он и с Иваном Федоровичем, и с Алешей, за что и получил пощечину; но об этом обо всем я уже повествовал.","translation":"Later he busied himself with Ivan Fyodorovich too, and with Alyosha, for which he got a slap in the face; but of all this I have already given an account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что и получил пощечину","title":"Relative «за что» + emphatic «и»","body":"«За что» (\"for which\") is a relative built on «что» governed by «за» + accusative (the grounds), referring back to his trouble over the boys. The «и» before «получил» is emphatic — \"for which he actually got a slap.\" A «пощёчина» is specifically a slap in the face."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повествовал","title":"«Повествовать» — to narrate (elevated)","body":"«Повествовать» is a bookish, slightly solemn verb for \"to narrate, give an account,\" loftier than plain «рассказывать». Its use marks the self-conscious narratorial voice — \"of all this I have already given an account.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хлопотал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"хлопотал","lemma":"хлопотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"busied himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хлопотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes с Иваном","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлопотал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иваном","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хлопотал","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"пощечину","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"a slap"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повествовал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повествовал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повествовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повествовал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"повествовал","lemma":"повествовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хлопотал","gloss":"have told"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c1-s55","source":"Собственный же ребеночек порадовал его лишь одною надеждой, когда Марфа Игнатьевна еще была беременна.","translation":"His own little child gladdened him with hope alone, while Marfa Ignatievna was still pregnant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"порадовал его лишь одною надеждой","title":"Instrumental of means «надеждой»","body":"«Порадовал... надеждой» uses the instrumental — gladdened him \"by/with hope alone.\" «Одною» is again the archaic instrumental «-ою» for «одной» (only/a single). «Собственный ребёночек» = \"his very own little child.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда ... была беременна","title":"Short adjective «беременна»","body":"«Беременна» is the short form of «беременная» (pregnant), used predicatively after «была» — \"while Marfa was still pregnant.\" Short adjectives are the norm for such temporary physical states."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собственный","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночек","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Собственный","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ребеночек","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of порадовал","gloss":"little child"},{"surface":"порадовал","lemma":"порадовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gladdened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of порадовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одною","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одною","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надеждой","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"надеждой","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of порадовал","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of беременна","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of беременна","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беременна","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to беременна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"беременна","lemma":"беременный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with была (describes Марфа)","gloss":"pregnant"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c1-s56","source":"Когда же родился, то поразил его сердце скорбью и ужасом.","translation":"But when it was born, it struck his heart with grief and horror.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же родился, то поразил его сердце","title":"Perfectives «родился ... поразил» with «когда... то»","body":"«Родился» (was born, reflexive «родиться») and «поразил» (struck) are perfectives advancing the narrative event by event. The correlative «когда... то» (\"when..., then\") and the particle «же» pivot sharply from the hope of the previous sentence to the blow of birth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"родился","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поразил","gloss":"it was born"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing main clause поразил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"скорбью","lemma":"скорбь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"with grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасом","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скорбью","gloss":"horror"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c1-s57","source":"Дело в том, что родился этот мальчик шестипалым.","translation":"The thing was that this boy was born with six fingers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"родился этот мальчик шестипалым","title":"Instrumental «шестипалым» — born \"six-fingered\"","body":"«Родился... шестипалым» again uses the predicate instrumental to state the condition at birth — \"was born six-fingered.\" «Шестипалый» («шесть» + «палец», finger) is the compound \"six-fingered.\" «Дело в том, что» is the set frame \"the thing is that.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the idiom Дело в том (the thing is)","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Дело","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"родился","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"was born"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родился","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"шестипалым","lemma":"шестипалый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of родился","gloss":"six-fingered"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c1-s58","source":"Увидя это, Григорий был до того убит, что не только молчал вплоть до самого дня крещения, но и нарочно уходил молчать в сад.","translation":"On seeing this, Grigory was so crushed that he not only kept silent right up until the very day of the christening, but would even go off on purpose to be silent in the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидя это, Григорий был ... убит","title":"Gerund «увидя» + passive participle «убит»","body":"«Увидя» is a (slightly archaic) perfective gerund of «увидеть», \"on seeing / having seen,\" sharing Grigory's subject. «Был... убит» uses the short passive participle «убит» (lit. \"killed\") figuratively — \"was so crushed,\" a striking metaphor of devastation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только молчал ... но и ... уходил молчать","title":"«Не только... но и...» with imperfectives","body":"The correlative «не только... но и...» (\"not only... but also...\") joins two imperfectives, «молчал» and «уходил», stressing the prolonged, repeated silence right up to the christening. «Нарочно» (\"on purpose\") makes the withdrawal deliberate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидя","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убит","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Увидя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive убит","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of убит","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убит","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of молчал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убит","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces до","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase вплоть до","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"крещения","lemma":"крещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"of the christening"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходил","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"уходил","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"would go off"},{"surface":"молчать","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уходил","gloss":"to be silent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчать","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c1-s59","source":"Была весна, он все три дня копал гряды в огороде в саду.","translation":"It was spring; all three days he spent digging beds in the kitchen-garden out in the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все три дня копал гряды","title":"Imperfective «копал» for a sustained activity","body":"«Копал» is imperfective past — the durative \"was digging / spent... digging\" across all three days, the standing activity behind his grief. «Все три дня» governs the accusative duration; «гряды» are the raised garden beds he dug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"весна","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Была","gloss":"spring"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of копал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of копал (duration)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"копал","lemma":"копать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Была","gloss":"was digging"},{"surface":"гряды","lemma":"гряда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of копал","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огороде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"огороде","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"the kitchen-garden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to огороде","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c1-s60","source":"На третий день приходилось крестить младенца; Григорий к этому времени уже нечто сообразил.","translation":"On the third day the infant had to be christened; by that time Grigory had worked something out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходилось крестить младенца","title":"Impersonal «приходилось» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Приходилось крестить» is the impersonal verb of necessity (\"it fell / had to be that\") with no nominative subject — \"the infant had to be christened.\" «Крестить» is imperfective here, naming the act in prospect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже нечто сообразил","title":"Perfective «сообразил» — had worked out","body":"«Сообразил» (perfective of «соображать», to figure out) marks a completed mental result by the third day — \"had worked something out.\" «Нечто» is the bookish indefinite \"something.\" The perfective seals Grigory's arrival at a resolution."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"приходилось","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"крестить","lemma":"крестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on приходилось","gloss":"to christen"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of крестить","gloss":"the infant"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообразил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообразил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сообразил","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had worked out"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c1-s61","source":"Войдя в избу, где собрался причт и пришли гости и, наконец, сам Федор Павлович, явившийся лично в качестве восприемника, он вдруг заявил, что ребенка «не надо бы крестить вовсе», — заявил не громко, в словах не распространялся, еле выцеживал по словечку, а только тупо и пристально смотрел при этом на священника.","translation":"Coming into the cottage, where the clergy had assembled and the guests had arrived and, finally, Fyodor Pavlovich himself, appearing in person in the role of godfather, he suddenly announced that the child \"ought not to be christened at all\" — announced it not loudly, did not enlarge upon it in words, barely squeezing it out word by word, and only stared dully and fixedly all the while at the priest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Войдя в избу","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя»","body":"«Войдя» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «войти», 'having entered / on entering'. It pins the whole long sentence to a single prior action shared with the main subject «он», a hallmark of Dostoevsky's layered narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явившийся лично в качестве восприемника","title":"Past active participle «явившийся»","body":"«Явившийся» is the past active participle of «явиться» ('who had appeared'), compressing a который-clause into one modifier of «Федор Павлович». Such participial chains are the connective tissue of 19th-century literary prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо бы крестить вовсе","title":"Softening «бы» on «не надо»","body":"«Надо бы» couples the impersonal necessity word «надо» with the irrealis particle «бы», softening a flat 'must not' into a hedged 'one really oughtn't'. The «бы» casts the whole judgement as conditional and tentative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"еле выцеживал по словечку","title":"«Выцеживать по словечку»","body":"«Выцеживать» literally means to strain or filter liquid drop by drop; figuratively, to force words out grudgingly. The diminutive «словечко» ('a little word') makes the image vivid: Grigory squeezes out his speech one reluctant droplet at a time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"избу","title":"«Изба» — the peasant cottage","body":"An «изба» is a traditional Russian peasant log house. That the servants Grigory and Marfa live in one, rather than the manor house, quietly marks their station in Fyodor Pavlovich's household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заявил","gloss":"coming in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Войдя","gloss":"the cottage"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собрался","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"собрался","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on избу","gloss":"had assembled"},{"surface":"причт","lemma":"причт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собрался","gloss":"the clergy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with собрался","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb introducing the third coordinated arrival","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"left-dislocated subject, resumed by он as subject of заявил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"явившийся","lemma":"явившийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Федор","gloss":"having appeared"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явившийся","gloss":"in person"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking качестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"качестве","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в, modifies явившийся","gloss":"the role (of)"},{"surface":"восприемника","lemma":"восприемник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of качестве","gloss":"godfather"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of заявил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of крестить","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modal particle with надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"крестить","lemma":"крестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to christen"},{"surface":"вовсе»,","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заявил (w22)","gloss":"announced it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies громко","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил (w30)","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of распространялся","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies распространялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"распространялся","lemma":"распространяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заявил (w22)","gloss":"enlarged upon it"},{"surface":"еле","lemma":"еле","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выцеживал","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"выцеживал","lemma":"выцеживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заявил (w22)","gloss":"squeezed out"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словечку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"словечку","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выцеживал","gloss":"word","note":"по словечку is distributive: 'word by word.'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тупо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тупо","lemma":"тупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"dully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заявил (w22)","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"this","note":"при этом is idiomatic: 'all the while.'"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking священника","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"священника","lemma":"священник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the priest"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c1-s62","source":"— Почему так? — с веселым удивлением осведомился священник.","translation":"\"Why so?\" the priest inquired with cheerful surprise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с веселым удивлением осведомился","title":"Instrumental of manner «с… удивлением»","body":"«С веселым удивлением» uses «с» plus the instrumental to express the manner of the asking ('with cheerful surprise'). The instrumental after «с» is Russian's standard way of attaching an accompanying emotion or attitude to a verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомился","title":"«Осведомиться» — to inquire","body":"«Осведомиться» is a bookish, faintly formal verb for 'to inquire', more elevated than «спросить». Its measured politeness here gently contrasts with the bizarre claim it answers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb of the quoted question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так?","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the quoted question with Почему","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осведомился","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"священник","lemma":"священник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the priest"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c1-s63","source":"— Потому это… дракон… — пробормотал Григорий.","translation":"\"Because it's… a dragon…\" muttered Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробормотал","title":"«Пробормотать» — to mutter out","body":"The prefix «про-» on «бормотать» (to mumble) gives a single, completed mutter — he gets the words out, once. Dostoevsky favours this perfective for the brief, grudging utterances of taciturn characters like Grigory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause это дракон","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: дракон)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дракон","lemma":"дракон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это (elided 'is')","gloss":"a dragon"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c1-s64","source":"— Как дракон, какой дракон?","translation":"\"How a dragon, what dragon?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как дракон, какой дракон?","title":"«Как» vs «какой»","body":"The priest's double question pairs the adverb «как» ('how, in what way [a dragon]?') with the agreeing interrogative adjective «какой» ('what kind of dragon?'). «Какой» declines like an adjective to match its noun, unlike the invariable «как»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дракон (incredulous 'what do you mean, a dragon')","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"дракон","lemma":"дракон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Как","gloss":"a dragon"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дракон (w4)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дракон","lemma":"дракон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the second question, modified by какой","gloss":"dragon"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c1-s65","source":"Григорий промолчал некоторое время.","translation":"Grigory was silent for a while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"промолчал некоторое время","title":"Perfective «промолчал»","body":"«Промолчал» (from «промолчать») is perfective: with «про-» plus a time-span object, it frames the silence as a bounded, completed stretch, 'kept silent for a while', not silence as an ongoing state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"некоторое время","title":"Accusative of duration «некоторое время»","body":"The bare accusative «некоторое время» ('for a while') expresses duration with no preposition. Russian marks 'for how long' simply by putting the time-phrase in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промолчал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"промолчал","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of промолчал","gloss":"a while"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c1-s66","source":"— Смешение природы произошло… — пробормотал он, хоть и весьма неясно, но очень твердо, и видимо не желая больше распространяться.","translation":"\"A confusion of nature came about…\" he muttered, very vaguely, to be sure, but very firmly, and plainly with no wish to enlarge upon it further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Смешение природы произошло","title":"«Смешение природы» — a confusion of nature","body":"«Смешение» (a mixing, confusion) plus «природы» (genitive, 'of nature') is Grigory's solemn, semi-theological phrase for the deformity: the orders of nature have been improperly blended. The bookish abstraction sits oddly grand in his halting peasant mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не желая больше распространяться","title":"Negated present gerund «не желая»","body":"«Не желая» is the imperfective present gerund of «желать», 'not wishing', describing his attitude simultaneously with the main verb «пробормотал». The reflexive «распространяться» here means 'to expand / enlarge upon' a topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смешение","lemma":"смешение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"a confusion"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Смешение","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произошло","gloss":"he muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of неясно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неясно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"неясно","lemma":"неясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробормотал","gloss":"vaguely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with неясно","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распространяться","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"распространяться","lemma":"распространяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to enlarge upon it"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c1-s67","source":"Посмеялись и, разумеется, бедненького ребеночка окрестили.","translation":"They laughed and, of course, christened the poor little child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посмеялись и… окрестили","title":"Subjectless 'they' plurals","body":"Both verbs are 3rd-person plural with no stated subject, the standard Russian impersonal 'they' (the assembled company). The endings alone carry the agent, so no pronoun is needed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бедненького ребеночка","title":"Double diminutive of pity","body":"Both «бедненького» (from «бедный») and «ребеночка» (from «ребёнок») carry the affectionate-pitying suffix «-еньк-/-очк-». Stacked, they steep the doomed infant in tenderness, the narrator weeping a little over 'the poor wee child'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмеялись","lemma":"посмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying окрестили","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бедненького","lemma":"бедненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночка","gloss":"poor little"},{"surface":"ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окрестили","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"окрестили","lemma":"окрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Посмеялись","gloss":"christened"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c1-s68","source":"Григорий молился у купели усердно, но мнения своего о новорожденном не изменил.","translation":"Grigory prayed zealously at the font, but did not change his opinion of the newborn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мнения своего… не изменил","title":"Genitive of negation + «свой»","body":"Under negation the object «мнение» shifts to the genitive «мнения», a classic genitive of negation. The reflexive possessive «своего» binds the opinion to the clause's own subject, Grigory: 'his own opinion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молился","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"молился","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купели","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"купели","lemma":"купель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молился","gloss":"the font"},{"surface":"усердно","lemma":"усердно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молился","gloss":"zealously"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мнения","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изменил (genitive under negation)","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking новорожденном","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"новорожденном","lemma":"новорождённый","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнения","gloss":"the newborn"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молился","gloss":"changed"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c1-s69","source":"Впрочем, ничему не помешал, только все две недели, как жил болезненный мальчик, почти не глядел на него, даже замечать не хотел и большею частью уходил из избы.","translation":"He did not, however, hinder anything; only, the whole two weeks the sickly boy lived, he scarcely looked at him, did not even want to take notice of him, and for the most part went off out of the cottage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впрочем","title":"«Впрочем» — 'however, then again'","body":"«Впрочем» is a discourse marker that qualifies or partly retracts what came before, 'however / be that as it may'. Dostoevsky's narrator uses it constantly to swerve, concede, and second-guess mid-thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничему не помешал","title":"Negative concord with «ничему»","body":"«Ничему… не помешал» pairs the negative pronoun «ничему» (dative, governed by «помешать') with the obligatory «не» on the verb, double negation that is grammatically required in Russian: 'hindered nothing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти не глядел… замечать не хотел… уходил","title":"Imperfective past of habit","body":"The three imperfective past verbs «глядел», «хотел», «уходил» paint a repeated, habitual background over the whole fortnight, not single events. Aspect here renders Grigory's settled avoidance of the child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying помешал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ничему","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of помешал","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помешал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помешал","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hindered"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of две","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase (duration), modifies глядел (main predicate); the как-clause (w9-10) modifies недели, not the other way round","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative particle referring to недели, modifies жил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on недели","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"болезненный","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не глядел","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помешал","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"замечать","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to notice"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помешал","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"большею","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies частью","gloss":"for the most"},{"surface":"частью","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial idiom, modifies уходил","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"уходил","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помешал","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходил","gloss":"the cottage"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c1-s70","source":"Но когда мальчик через две недели помер от молочницы, то сам его уложил в гробик, с глубокою тоской смотрел на него и, когда засыпали неглубокую маленькую его могилку, стал на колени и поклонился могилке в землю.","translation":"But when the boy, after two weeks, died of thrush, he himself laid him in the little coffin, gazed upon him with deep anguish, and, when they had filled in the small shallow grave, knelt down and bowed to the grave, to the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помер от молочницы","title":"Genitive of cause after «от»","body":"«От молочницы» uses «от» plus the genitive to name the cause of death, 'from thrush'. «От» governing the genitive is the regular way Russian marks the source or cause of a state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помер","title":"«Помереть» — the plain word for dying","body":"«Помер» (from «помереть») is the colloquial, folk register of «умереть», 'to die'. It belongs to the servants' speech world and is gentler and earthier than the neutral «умер»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уложил в гробик","title":"Diminutives «гробик», «могилку»","body":"«Гробик» (little coffin) and «могилку» (little grave) take affectionate diminutive suffixes that, applied to objects of death, ache with tenderness for the tiny body. Russian routinely diminutivizes around children and grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помер","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помер","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помер","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on the main clause (уложил...)","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молочницы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"молочницы","lemma":"молочница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помер","gloss":"thrush"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative particle introducing уложил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of уложил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уложил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уложил","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел, стал","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробик","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гробик","lemma":"гробик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложил","gloss":"the little coffin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоской","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глубокою","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоской","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"тоской","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уложил","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засыпали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"засыпали","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause (modifies стал)","gloss":"filled in"},{"surface":"неглубокую","lemma":"неглубокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилку","gloss":"shallow"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могилку","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of могилку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"могилку","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of засыпали","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уложил, смотрел","gloss":"knelt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"his knees","note":"стать на колени is idiomatic: 'to kneel down.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"могилке","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to the grave"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"the ground","note":"поклониться в землю: a full prostration."}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c1-s71","source":"С тех пор многие годы он ни разу о своем ребенке не упомянул, да и Марфа Игнатьевна ни разу при нем про ребенка своего не вспоминала, а когда с кем случалось говорить о своем «деточке», то говорила шепотом, хотя бы тут и не было Григория Васильевича.","translation":"From that time on, for many years he never once mentioned his child, nor did Marfa Ignatievna ever once speak of her child before him, and when she happened to talk with anyone about her \"little one,\" she spoke in a whisper, even though Grigory Vasilievich might not have been there at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни разу… не упомянул","title":"«Ни разу… не» — 'not once'","body":"«Ни разу» ('not a single time') intensifies the negation and, by the rule of negative concord, still requires «не» on the verb. The pattern hammers home the totality of his years-long silence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деточке","title":"«Деточка» — 'little one'","body":"«Деточка», a tender diminutive of «дитя/дети», is Marfa's hushed, loving word for the lost child. Set in guillemets, it preserves her own intimate phrasing inside the narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы тут и не было Григория Васильевича","title":"Concessive «хотя бы… и»","body":"«Хотя бы… и» builds a concessive 'even if / even though', here governing the negated existential «не было Григория Васильевича», whose absent subject stands in the genitive. The «бы» tints it hypothetical: even supposing he weren't there."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase С","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase С","gloss":"time","note":"с тех пор: 'from that time on.'"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial time expression (duration), modifies упомянул","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упомянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ребенке","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомянул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминала","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенка","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминала","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенка","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспоминала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вспоминала","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with упомянул","gloss":"spoke of"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случалось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of случалось","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорила","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of случалось","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деточке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of деточке","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"деточке","lemma":"деточка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"little one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вспоминала","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of говорила (manner)","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорила","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевича","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vasilievich"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c1-s72","source":"По замечанию Марфы Игнатьевны, он, с самой той могилки, стал по преимуществу заниматься «божественным», читал Четии-Минеи, больше молча и один, каждый раз надевая большие свои серебряные круглые очки.","translation":"By Marfa Ignatievna's account, from the time of that very grave he took chiefly to occupying himself with \"the things of God,\" reading the Lives of the Saints, mostly in silence and alone, putting on each time his big, round, silver spectacles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал… заниматься «божественным»","title":"«Заниматься» + instrumental","body":"«Заниматься» ('to occupy oneself with') governs the instrumental, here the substantivized adjective «божественным» ('the divine / things of God'). The reflexive «-ся» verb plus instrumental object is the fixed pattern for being engaged in an activity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждый раз надевая… очки","title":"Iterative gerund «надевая»","body":"«Надевая» is an imperfective present gerund expressing a habitual accompanying action, 'putting on each time', synchronized with his repeated reading. The imperfective stem suits the recurring, customary gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замечанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"замечанию","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying стал","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"Марфы","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies замечанию","gloss":"Marfa's"},{"surface":"Игнатьевны","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфы","gloss":"Ignatievna's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies той","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of могилки","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могилки","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преимуществу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"преимуществу","lemma":"преимущество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"chiefly","note":"по преимуществу is idiomatic: 'chiefly, mainly.'"},{"surface":"заниматься","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to occupy himself"},{"surface":"божественным","lemma":"божественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заниматься","gloss":"the things of God"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"Четии","lemma":"четьи","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of читал (part of compound title)","gloss":"the Lives (of the Saints)"},{"surface":"Минеи","lemma":"минея","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Четии, direct object of читал","gloss":"the Menaion"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молча","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with читал","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надевая","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"надевая","lemma":"надевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on читал","gloss":"putting on"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies очки","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of очки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"серебряные","lemma":"серебряный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies очки","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"круглые","lemma":"круглый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies очки","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"очки","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of надевая","gloss":"spectacles"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c1-s73","source":"Редко читывал вслух, разве великим постом.","translation":"He rarely read aloud, except during the Great Lent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Редко читывал вслух","title":"Iterative «читывал»","body":"«Читывал» is an archaic iterative imperfective of «читать», formed with «-ыва-», denoting an action done repeatedly over time in the past, 'used to read [now and then]'. This frequentative form is bookish and old-fashioned, exactly the texture Dostoevsky wants."}],"words":[{"surface":"Редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читывал","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"читывал","lemma":"читывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to read"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читывал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exception clause, modifies читывал","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"великим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постом","gloss":"Great"},{"surface":"постом","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement introduced by разве, modifies читывал","gloss":"Lent"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c1-s74","source":"Любил книгу Иова, добыл откуда-то список слов и проповедей «богоносного отца нашего Исаака Сирина», читал его упорно и многолетно, почти ровно ничего не понимал в нем, но за это-то, может быть, наиболее ценил и любил эту книгу.","translation":"He loved the Book of Job, got hold from somewhere of a collection of the sayings and homilies of \"our God-bearing father Isaac the Syrian,\" and read it doggedly over many years, understanding almost precisely nothing in it, but for that very reason, perhaps, prized and loved that book most of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не понимал в нем","title":"Genitive negative «ничего»","body":"«Ничего» is the genitive of «ничто», demanded both as the object of a negated verb and by negative concord with «не понимал». Russian fuses the two: 'understood nothing in it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за это-то… наиболее ценил","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «за это-то» underscores the very reason just given, 'for that very reason'. This emphatic «-то», distinct from the indefinite one, spotlights a known item as the crux, here the paradox that he loved the book because he could not understand it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"многолетно","title":"«Многолетно» — over many years","body":"«Многолетно» ('over many years') is a rare, bookish adverb built on «много» + «лето» (year, in the old sense). It lends an antiquated, almost liturgical weight to the description of Grigory's stubborn lifelong reading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject он implied)","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Любил","gloss":"the Book"},{"surface":"Иова","lemma":"иов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies книгу","gloss":"of Job"},{"surface":"добыл","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Любил","gloss":"got hold of"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добыл","gloss":"from somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добыл, part of откуда-то","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"список","lemma":"список","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of добыл","gloss":"a collection"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies список","gloss":"of sayings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проповедей","lemma":"проповедь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with слов","gloss":"homilies"},{"surface":"богоносного","lemma":"богоносный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"God-bearing"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies проповедей","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Исаака","lemma":"исаак","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"Isaac"},{"surface":"Сирина","lemma":"сирин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Исаака","gloss":"the Syrian"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добыл","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"doggedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многолетно","lemma":"многолетно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with упорно","gloss":"for many years"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ровно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добыл","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ценил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying ценил","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ценил","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"ценил","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добыл","gloss":"prized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добыл","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of книгу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c1-s75","source":"В самое последнее время стал прислушиваться и вникать в хлыстовщину, на что по соседству оказался случай, видимо был потрясен, но переходить в новую веру не заблагорассудил.","translation":"Of late he had begun to lend an ear to, and to look into, the Flagellant sect, an occasion for which had arisen in the neighborhood; he was plainly shaken, but did not see fit to go over to the new faith.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не заблагорассудил","title":"«Заблагорассудить» — to see fit","body":"«Заблагорассудить» ('to deem it good, to see fit') is a ponderous, archaic-bureaucratic verb, built from «благо» (good) + «рассудить» (to judge). Its mock-solemn weight, applied to a half-illiterate servant's decision, carries a faint narratorial irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал прислушиваться и вникать","title":"Inceptive «стал» + infinitives","body":"«Стал» (perfective of «становиться') plus imperfective infinitives signals the beginning of an activity, 'began to listen and look into'. This «стать + imperfective infinitive» is Russian's most common way to mark the onset of a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies последнее, part of idiom самое последнее время","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of time on стал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прислушиваться","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to listen closely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вникать","lemma":"вникать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прислушиваться","gloss":"to look into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлыстовщину","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"хлыстовщину","lemma":"хлыстовщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вникать","gloss":"the Flagellant sect","note":"Хлыстовщина refers to the Khlysty, a real underground Russian religious sect practicing ecstatic rites."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что, introduces relative clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring back to хлыстовщину","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседству","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседству","lemma":"соседство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказался","gloss":"the neighborhood"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by что","gloss":"had arisen"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"an occasion"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясен","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of потрясен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потрясен","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of clause coordinated with стал (subject он, elided)","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"переходить","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заблагорассудил","gloss":"to convert"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходить","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заблагорассудил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"заблагорассудил","lemma":"заблагорассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of clause coordinated with потрясен (subject он, elided)","gloss":"saw fit"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c1-s76","source":"Начетливость «от божественного», разумеется, придала его физиономии еще пущую важность.","translation":"His well-read familiarity with \"the things of God\" had, of course, lent his countenance an even greater gravity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Начетливость","title":"«Начётливость» — bookish erudition","body":"«Начётливость» means a self-taught, devout familiarity with sacred texts gained by much reading aloud («начётчик» was a lay reader of scripture). It connotes piety more than real understanding, exactly Grigory's case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пущую важность","title":"Archaic comparative «пущую»","body":"«Пущую» is the accusative of «пущий», an archaic comparative meaning 'greater, all the more', surviving today mainly in «пуще» and set phrases. Here it intensifies «важность» (gravity, importance): an 'even greater' solemnity of countenance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начетливость","lemma":"начетливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придала","gloss":"well-read familiarity"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking божественного","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"божественного","lemma":"божественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of от, modifies Начетливость","gloss":"the things of God"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying придала","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"придала","lemma":"придать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had lent"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of физиономии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"физиономии","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of придала","gloss":"countenance"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пущую","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пущую","lemma":"пущий","morphology":"adjective, comparative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies важность","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"важность","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of придала","gloss":"gravity"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c1-s77","source":"Может быть, он склонен был к мистицизму.","translation":"Perhaps he was inclined to mysticism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"склонен был к мистицизму","title":"Short adjective «склонен» + «к»","body":"«Склонен» is the short (predicative) form of «склонный», 'inclined', used here with «к» plus the dative «мистицизму». Short adjectives serve only as predicates and carry a bookish flavour suited to the narrator's appraising tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может, part of phrase может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of склонен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"склонен","lemma":"склонный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with был","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to склонен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мистицизму","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мистицизму","lemma":"мистицизм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонен","gloss":"mysticism"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c1-s78","source":"А тут как нарочно случай появления на свет его шестипалого младенца и смерть его совпали как раз с другим весьма странным, неожиданным и оригинальным случаем, оставившим на душе его, как однажды он сам впоследствии выразился, «печать».","translation":"And here, as if on purpose, the occasion of his six-fingered infant's coming into the world and its death coincided exactly with another very strange, unexpected, and singular occasion, which left upon his soul, as he himself once expressed it afterward, a \"seal.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставившим на душе его… «печать»","title":"Past active participle «оставившим»","body":"«Оставившим» is the past active participle of «оставить» ('which had left'), in the instrumental to agree with «случаем». It folds a whole relative clause about the strange occasion into one heavy modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шестипалого младенца","title":"«Шестипалый» and «младенец»","body":"«Шестипалый» ('six-fingered') is the deformity that horrified Grigory. «Младенец» is the elevated, slightly biblical word for an infant (cf. the Christ-child, «Богомладенец»), lending the doomed baby a note of scriptural pathos."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совпали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of phrase как нарочно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совпали, part of phrase как нарочно","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совпали","gloss":"the occasion"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"of the coming"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет, idiom появиться на свет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появления","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of младенца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шестипалого","lemma":"шестипалый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies младенца","gloss":"six-fingered"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появления","gloss":"infant's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with случай","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of смерть","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"совпали","lemma":"совпасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"coincided"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как раз, modifies совпали","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаем","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаем","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with странным","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оригинальным","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with странным","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"случаем","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совпали","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"оставившим","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying случаем","gloss":"which left"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставившим","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он, emphatic","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying печать","gloss":"expressed it"},{"surface":"печать","lemma":"печать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставившим (quoted)","gloss":"a \"seal\""}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c1-s79","source":"Так случилось, что в тот самый день, как похоронили шестипалого крошку, Марфа Игнатьевна, проснувшись ночью, услышала словно плач новорожденного ребенка.","translation":"It so happened that on the very day they had buried the six-fingered mite, Marfa Ignatievna, waking in the night, heard what sounded like the cry of a newborn child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проснувшись ночью","title":"Perfective gerund «проснувшись»","body":"«Проснувшись» is the perfective past gerund of «проснуться» ('having woken'), marking the completed prior act that sets up Marfa's hearing the cry. The reflexive «-ся» makes 'wake up' intransitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"услышала словно плач","title":"«Словно» — 'as if, like'","body":"«Словно» is a comparative particle, 'as though / like', hedging what Marfa heard: not definitely a baby's cry but something resembling one. It softens the perception into eerie uncertainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of услышала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of time on услышала","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похоронили, temporal","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"похоронили","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying день","gloss":"they had buried"},{"surface":"шестипалого","lemma":"шестипалый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крошку","gloss":"six-fingered"},{"surface":"крошку","lemma":"крошка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of похоронили","gloss":"the little one"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of услышала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа, patronymic","gloss":"Ignatievna"},{"surface":"проснувшись","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on услышала","gloss":"waking"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснувшись","gloss":"in the night"},{"surface":"услышала","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking плач","gloss":"what sounded like"},{"surface":"плач","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышала","gloss":"the cry"},{"surface":"новорожденного","lemma":"новорождённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"newborn"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плач","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c1-s80","source":"Она испугалась и разбудила мужа.","translation":"She took fright and woke her husband.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"испугалась и разбудила","title":"Perfective chain «испугалась… разбудила»","body":"Two perfectives in sequence move the action forward as discrete events: she took fright, then woke him. The reflexive «испугалась» ('became frightened') shows «-ся» marking a change of inner state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of испугалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"испугалась","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разбудила","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугалась","gloss":"woke"},{"surface":"мужа","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбудила","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c1-s81","source":"Тот прислушался и заметил, что скорее это кто-нибудь стонет, «женщина будто бы».","translation":"He listened and remarked that it sounded rather like someone groaning, \"a woman, it seemed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот прислушался","title":"«Тот» tracking the subject","body":"«Тот» ('that one') here points back to the husband to switch the focus cleanly from Marfa, a typical Russian use of the demonstrative to track who is now acting without naming him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-нибудь стонет","title":"Indefinite «кто-нибудь»","body":"«Кто-нибудь» ('someone or other') marks a wholly non-specific, unidentified person, the «-нибудь» series, fitting Grigory's groping guess in the dark. Contrast «кто-то», which would imply a definite if unknown someone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"женщина будто бы","title":"«Будто бы» — hedged report","body":"«Будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') flags Grigory's cautious, tentative identification, 'a woman, it seems'. The phrase distances the speaker from full commitment to the claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислушался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прислушался","lemma":"прислушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прислушался","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стонет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стонет","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject, anticipates кто-нибудь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of стонет, part of кто-нибудь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of кто-нибудь","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"стонет","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"is groaning"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to кто-нибудь, quoted remark","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женщина, part of phrase будто бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase будто бы","gloss":"seemed"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c1-s82","source":"Он встал, оделся; была довольно теплая майская ночь.","translation":"He got up and dressed; it was a fairly warm May night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал, оделся","title":"Reflexive «оделся»","body":"«Оделся» is the reflexive «-ся» form, 'dressed himself', where «-ся» turns «одеть» (to dress someone) inward upon the subject. The asyndetic pair «встал, оделся» gives brisk, stepwise action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была довольно теплая майская ночь","title":"Verb-first scene-setting","body":"Placing «была» before its subject «майская ночь» is a common Russian way to introduce a new circumstance, foregrounding existence/state before the noun, 'it was a fairly warm May night'. Free word order makes this rhetorical reordering possible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"оделся","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ночь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теплая","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"теплая","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"майская","lemma":"майский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"May"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c1-s83","source":"Выйдя на крыльцо, он ясно вслушался, что стоны идут из сада.","translation":"Going out onto the porch, he listened clearly and made out that the groans were coming from the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выйдя на крыльцо","title":"Perfective gerund «выйдя»","body":"«Выйдя», the perfective past gerund of «выйти» ('having gone out'), again chains a completed prior motion to the main clause. Note «на крыльцо» in the accusative, marking motion onto the porch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вслушался, что стоны идут","title":"«Идут» of sound coming","body":"«Идти» extends beyond walking to mean 'to come / emanate', here of groans «идут из сада» ('coming from the garden'). It is one of motion verbs' many figurative uses; «из» plus genitive marks the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вслушался","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльцо","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крыльцо","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выйдя","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вслушался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вслушался","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"вслушался","lemma":"вслушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стоны","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of идут","gloss":"the groans"},{"surface":"идут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вслушался","gloss":"were coming"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идут","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c1-s84","source":"Но сад был на ночь запираем со двора на замок, попасть же в него, кроме этого входа, нельзя было, потому что кругом всего сада шел крепкий и высокий забор.","translation":"But the garden was locked for the night with a padlock on the yard side, and there was no getting into it apart from this entrance, since a strong, high fence ran all the way around the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сад был… запираем","title":"Present passive participle «запираем»","body":"«Запираем» is the rare present passive participle (short form) of «запирать», 'was [habitually] locked'. Joined to «был», it states a recurring passive state, an archaic, distinctly bookish construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"попасть же в него… нельзя было","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было»","body":"«Нельзя было» is an impersonal predicate of impossibility with no nominative subject, 'it was not possible [to get in]'. The particle «же» adds a mild 'moreover / and besides', linking back to the locked gate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кругом всего сада шел… забор","title":"«Шёл» of a fence running round","body":"Once more a motion verb is figurative: «шёл забор» means the fence 'ran' around the garden. «Кругом» plus the genitive «всего сада» frames the encircling, reinforcing that the garden is sealed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запираем","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of запираем","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"запираем","lemma":"запирать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate (passive) of the sentence","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of со","gloss":"the yard side"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замок","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"замок","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запираем, idiom на замок","gloss":"a padlock"},{"surface":"попасть","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нельзя","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попасть","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входа","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of входа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"входа","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the second clause, governs попасть","gloss":"there was no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of phrase потому что, introduces the clause of шел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies шел, governs сада (kругом + genitive = 'around')","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сада","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кругом","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"крепкий","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забор","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крепкий","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"fence"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c1-s85","source":"Воротясь домой, Григорий засветил фонарь, взял садовый ключ и, не обращая внимания на истерический ужас своей супруги, всё еще уверявшей, что она слышит детский плач и что это плачет, наверно, ее мальчик и зовет ее, молча пошел в сад.","translation":"Returning to the house, Grigory lit a lantern, took the garden key, and, paying no heed to the hysterical terror of his wife, who still kept insisting that she could hear a child crying and that it was surely her own boy crying and calling for her, went in silence into the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воротясь домой","title":"Archaic gerund «воротясь»","body":"«Воротясь» is the perfective past gerund of «воротиться» ('having returned'), a folk-archaic synonym of «вернуться». The «-ясь» ending and the verb itself give a homely, old-fashioned colouring suited to Grigory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обращая внимания на… ужас своей супруги","title":"Negated gerund «не обращая внимания»","body":"«Не обращая внимания на» is a present imperfective gerund idiom, 'paying no attention to', running concurrently with the main verb. «Свою супругу» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» to bind 'wife' to the subject Grigory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверявшей, что она слышит… и что это плачет… ее мальчик","title":"Participle «уверявшей» heading a long clause","body":"«Уверявшей» (past active participle of «уверять», 'who kept insisting') governs a sprawling что-clause of Marfa's frantic claims. Stacking a participle over embedded «что»-clauses lets Dostoevsky pour her hysteria into one breathless span."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротясь","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on засветил","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротясь","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засветил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"засветил","lemma":"засветить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"фонарь","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of засветил","gloss":"a lantern"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засветил","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"садовый","lemma":"садовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ключ","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"key"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращая","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"обращая","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"paying (heed)"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращая","gloss":"heed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"истерический","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ужас","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращая","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ужас","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё еще, modifies уверявшей","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase всё еще, modifies уверявшей","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"уверявшей","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying супруги","gloss":"who kept insisting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слышит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверявшей","gloss":"could hear"},{"surface":"детский","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плач","gloss":"a child's"},{"surface":"плач","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышит","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of плачет, coordinated with что слышит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышит","gloss":"was crying"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачет","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засветил","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c1-s86","source":"Тут он ясно уразумел, что стоны идут из их баньки, стоявшей в саду, недалеко от калитки, и что стонет взаправду женщина.","translation":"There he made out clearly that the groans were coming from their little bathhouse, which stood in the garden not far from the gate, and that it was indeed a woman who was groaning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уразумел","title":"«Уразуметь» — to apprehend","body":"«Уразуметь» is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavoured verb for 'to grasp, comprehend', built on «разум» (reason). It dignifies Grigory's dawning realization with a touch of scriptural gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоявшей в саду","title":"Participle «стоявшей»","body":"«Стоявшей» is the past active participle of «стоять» ('which stood'), agreeing in feminine genitive with «баньки» to modify it, a compact relative: 'their little bathhouse, which stood in the garden'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баньки… от калитки","title":"Diminutives «банька», «калитка»","body":"«Банька» (a little bathhouse) and «калитка» (a small garden gate/wicket) are everyday diminutives that domesticate the setting, sketching the humble, intimate scale of the servants' garden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уразумел","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уразумел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уразумел","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"уразумел","lemma":"уразуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стоны","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of идут","gloss":"the groans"},{"surface":"идут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уразумел","gloss":"were coming"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of баньки","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"баньки","lemma":"банька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идут","gloss":"little bathhouse","note":"Банька is a diminutive of баня, a small steam bathhouse outbuilding common on Russian estates."},{"surface":"стоявшей","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying баньки","gloss":"which stood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшей","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявшей","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"калитки","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недалеко","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стонет, coordinated with что идут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стонет","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уразумел, coordinated with идут","gloss":"was groaning"},{"surface":"взаправду","lemma":"взаправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стонет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стонет","gloss":"a woman"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c1-s87","source":"Отворив баню, он увидел зрелище, пред которым остолбенел: городская юродивая, скитавшаяся по улицам и известная всему городу, по прозвищу Лизавета Смердящая, забравшись в их баню, только что родила младенца.","translation":"Opening the bathhouse, he saw a sight before which he stood rooted to the spot: the town's holy fool, who wandered the streets and was known to the whole town by the nickname of Lizaveta the Stinking, having got into their bathhouse, had only just given birth to an infant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отворив баню","title":"Perfective gerund «отворив»","body":"«Отворив», the perfective past gerund of «отворить» ('having opened'), launches the climactic discovery. «Отворить» is the slightly elevated, older verb for opening a door, beside the plainer «открыть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зрелище, пред которым остолбенел","title":"Relative «который» + archaic «пред»","body":"«Пред которым» is a relative clause where «который» takes the instrumental governed by the preposition «пред» (the bookish, shortened form of «перед»). The construction agrees with «зрелище» in number but carries its own case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остолбенел","title":"«Остолбенеть» — turned to a post","body":"«Остолбенеть», literally 'to turn into a post/pillar' (from «столб»), is the vivid Russian verb for being struck motionless with shock. It conveys Grigory frozen, rooted to the spot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забравшись в их баню","title":"Reflexive gerund «забравшись»","body":"«Забравшись» is the perfective gerund of «забраться» ('having got/clambered in'), the «-ся» giving the sense of working one's way into a place. It compresses how Lizaveta came to be inside the bathhouse into a single attendant clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отворив","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидел","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"баню","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Отворив","gloss":"the bathhouse"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"зрелище","lemma":"зрелище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"a sight"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остолбенел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"остолбенел","lemma":"остолбенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on зрелище","gloss":"stood rooted to the spot"},{"surface":"городская","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies юродивая","gloss":"the town's"},{"surface":"юродивая","lemma":"юродивая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of родила","gloss":"holy fool","note":"Юродивая is a 'holy fool,' an itinerant ascetic figure venerated in traditional Russian Orthodox culture."},{"surface":"скитавшаяся","lemma":"скитаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying юродивая","gloss":"who wandered"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"улицам","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скитавшаяся","gloss":"the streets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"известная","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with скитавшаяся","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известная","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прозвищу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"прозвищу","lemma":"прозвище","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of известная","gloss":"the nickname"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to прозвищу","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"Смердящая","lemma":"смердящая","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Лизавета, epithet","gloss":"the Stinking","note":"Смердящая ('the Stinking') is a mocking epithet attached to Lizaveta's name, agreeing with her as feminine."},{"surface":"забравшись","lemma":"забраться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on родила","gloss":"having climbed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of баню","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"баню","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забравшись","gloss":"bathhouse"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase только что, modifies родила","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"родила","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause (subject юродивая)","gloss":"had given birth"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of родила","gloss":"an infant"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c1-s88","source":"Младенец лежал подле нее, а она помирала подле него.","translation":"The infant lay beside her, and she was dying beside it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежал подле нее, а она помирала подле него","title":"Balanced «а» and «подле»","body":"The mild contrastive «а» pivots between the two clauses, setting the living infant against the dying mother in grim symmetry. «Подле» ('beside') is an archaic preposition governing the genitive «нее»/«него», quieter and older than «рядом с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Младенец","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the infant"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помирала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"помирала","lemma":"помирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"was dying"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c1-s89","source":"Говорить ничего не говорила, уже по тому одному, что не умела говорить.","translation":"She said nothing at all, for the simple reason that she did not know how to speak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорить ничего не говорила","title":"Tautological infinitive + negative concord","body":"Fronting the infinitive «говорить» before the finite «не говорила» is an emphatic, folk-flavoured topicalization, 'as for speaking, she said nothing'. With «ничего» it forms the required double negative: 'said nothing at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по тому одному, что не умела говорить","title":"«По тому… что» — 'for the reason that'","body":"«По тому одному, что» means 'for the single reason that', with «по» plus dative «тому» heading a causal clause closed by «что». «Уметь» here is 'to know how to', so she literally could not speak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"topicalized infinitive, complement of говорила","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорила","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одному, part of idiom по тому одному, что","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одному","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of одному","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по, part of idiom по тому одному, что = 'for the simple reason that'","gloss":"one reason"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умела","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause complementing тому одному (reason clause)","gloss":"did not know how"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умела","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c1-s90","source":"Но всё это надо бы разъяснить особо.","translation":"But all this needs to be explained separately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это надо бы разъяснить особо","title":"Impersonal «надо бы» + infinitive","body":"«Надо бы… разъяснить» is an impersonal modal construction with no nominative subject: necessity plus the perfective infinitive «разъяснить». The «бы» softens the obligation to a hedged 'ought really to be explained', and the narrator uses it to pivot into the next chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"softens obligation of надо","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"особо","lemma":"особо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснить","gloss":"separately"}]}]}