{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c10","title":{"source":"X. Обе вместе","translated":"Both Together"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c10","lines":246},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c9","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c11","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c10-s1","source":"Вышел же Алеша из дома отца в состоянии духа разбитом и подавленном еще больше, чем давеча, когда входил к отцу.","translation":"Alyosha came out of his father's house in a state of mind even more broken and crushed than earlier, when he had gone in to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вышел же Алеша","title":"Inverted verb-first opening with «же»","body":"The sentence opens with the perfective verb «вышел» (came out) before the subject «Алеша», throwing the action into focus and binding this paragraph to the previous scene. The particle «же» here is not contrastive 'but' so much as a soft connective 'now/and so', resuming the narrative thread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в состоянии духа разбитом и подавленном","title":"Instrumental? No — prepositional after «в»","body":"«в состоянии… разбитом и подавленном» is the prepositional case (location/state after «в»), with the two participial adjectives «разбитом» (shattered) and «подавленном» (crushed, depressed) agreeing in case. Note the bookish post-positioning of the adjectives after «духа»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — \"a little while ago\"","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning \"earlier today\" or \"a short while ago.\" It recurs throughout this chapter; here it points back to Alyosha's arrival at his father's house earlier the same day."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вышел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вышел","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вышел","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"разбитом","lemma":"разбитый","morphology":"adjective (participle), locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подавленном","lemma":"подавленный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), locative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбитом","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подавленном","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with давеча","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of чем","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of входил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on давеча","gloss":"he had gone in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c10-s2","source":"Ум его был тоже как бы раздроблен и разбросан, тогда как сам он вместе с тем чувствовал, что боится соединить разбросанное и снять общую идею со всех мучительных противоречий, пережитых им в этот день.","translation":"His mind too was as if splintered and scattered, while at the same time he felt that he was afraid to gather up what had scattered and draw a single idea out of all the agonizing contradictions he had lived through that day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы раздроблен и разбросан","title":"Short-form passive participles as predicate","body":"«раздроблен» (broken up) and «разбросан» (scattered) are short-form past passive participles serving as the predicate of «ум его был» — the bookish way to state a resulting condition. «как бы» ('as if') hedges the metaphor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боится соединить… и снять","title":"Reflexive «боится» governing perfective infinitives","body":"«боится» is a reflexive -ся verb (бояться, 'to fear') that exists only in the -ся form; it governs the perfective infinitives «соединить» and «снять», framing the dreaded act as a single completed whole he shrinks from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"противоречий, пережитых им в этот день","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«пережитых» is a past passive participle (from «пережить», to live through) agreeing with «противоречий» in the genitive plural; the agent «им» ('by him') stands in the instrumental — the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тогда как","title":"«тогда как» — \"whereas, while\"","body":"A bookish subordinating phrase meaning 'whereas / while at the same time', drawing a contrast between Alyosha's scattered mind and his simultaneous fear of gathering it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive раздроблен","gloss":"His mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies Ум","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of раздроблен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздроблен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"раздроблен","lemma":"раздробить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"splintered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разбросан","lemma":"разбросать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздроблен","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction тогда как","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда","gloss":"(while)"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вместе с тем","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"(with)"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase вместе с тем","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тогда как clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"соединить","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боится","gloss":"to gather up"},{"surface":"разбросанное","lemma":"разбросанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of соединить","gloss":"what had scattered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with соединить","gloss":"draw out"},{"surface":"общую","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идею","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоречий","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of противоречий","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мучительных","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies противоречий","gloss":"agonizing"},{"surface":"противоречий","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition со","gloss":"contradictions"},{"surface":"пережитых","lemma":"пережить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying противоречий","gloss":"lived through"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of пережитых","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пережитых","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c10-s3","source":"Что-то граничило почти с отчаянием, чего никогда не бывало в сердце Алеши.","translation":"Something verged almost on despair, which had never before been in Alyosha's heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то граничило… чего никогда не бывало","title":"Indefinite «что-то» and genitive of negation in «чего… не бывало»","body":"«Что-то» ('something', specific but unidentified) is picked up by the relative «чего», which stands in the genitive because the negated existential «не бывало» (had never been) demands the genitive of negation rather than a nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не бывало","title":"Iterative imperfective «бывало»","body":"«бывало» is the past of the iterative imperfective «бывать» ('to be, repeatedly/habitually'), stronger than plain «быть»: not 'was never' but 'had never on any occasion happened' in Alyosha's heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то (subject)","gloss":"Something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"subject of граничило, part of что-то","gloss":"(something)"},{"surface":"граничило","lemma":"граничить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"verged"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчаянием","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянием","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"отчаянием","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of граничило","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive subject (under negation) of бывало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on отчаянием","gloss":"had ever been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c10-s4","source":"Надо всем стоял, как гора, главный, роковой и неразрешимый вопрос: чем кончится у отца с братом Дмитрием пред этою страшною женщиной?","translation":"Over everything there loomed, like a mountain, the chief, fatal, and insoluble question: how would it end between his father and his brother Dmitri before this terrible woman?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо всем стоял… главный… вопрос","title":"Inversion: predicate before subject","body":"The sentence leads with the prepositional phrase «надо всем» ('over everything') and verb «стоял», delaying the grammatical subject «вопрос» (question) to the end for monumental weight — mirroring the simile «как гора» (like a mountain)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред этою страшною женщиной","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental, archaic endings","body":"«пред» is the bookish/archaic form of modern «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «этою страшною женщиной»; the long instrumental endings «-ою/-ою» (for «этой страшной») are the period-literary variants of the modern «-ой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем кончится у отца с братом Дмитрием","title":"Perfective future «кончится» in an embedded question","body":"«кончится» is the simple (perfective) future of «кончиться» — a -ся verb meaning 'to end' — used in the indirect question 'how it would end'. The phrase «у отца с братом» ('between father and brother') stacks genitive «у отца» with instrumental «с братом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"Over"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition Надо","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loomed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the comparison гора","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"гора","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"a mountain"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with главный","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неразрешимый","lemma":"неразрешимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with главный","gloss":"insoluble"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится, explains вопрос","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause in apposition to вопрос","gloss":"would it end"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщиной","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшною","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщиной","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"женщиной","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c10-s5","source":"Теперь уж он сам был свидетелем.","translation":"Now he had become a witness himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь уж он сам был свидетелем","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «был»","body":"After past-tense «был», the predicate noun «свидетелем» (witness) takes the instrumental, not the nominative — the standard pattern that frames a role as something assumed or entered into. «уж» is an emphatic particle ('now indeed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетелем","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидетелем","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свидетелем","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свидетелем","gloss":"had become"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a witness"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c10-s6","source":"Он сам тут присутствовал и видел их друг пред другом.","translation":"He had been present there himself and had seen the two of them face to face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видел их друг пред другом","title":"Reciprocal «друг пред другом» — 'face to face'","body":"«друг друга» is the reciprocal construction 'one another'; here the preposition «пред» is inserted between the two halves («друг пред другом», 'one before the other / face to face'), the regular way Russian builds reciprocals with a preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам тут присутствовал","title":"Intensifying «сам» — 'in person'","body":"«сам» ('himself, in person') is the intensive pronoun stressing that Alyosha was personally present, not merely informed. The imperfective «присутствовал» views the being-present as a state, paired with perfective «видел» for the act of seeing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присутствовал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присутствовал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"присутствовал","lemma":"присутствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been present"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with присутствовал","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг пред другом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другом, part of друг пред другом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase, complement of видел","gloss":"the other","note":"друг пред другом, 'face to face', is a fixed reciprocal expression."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c10-s7","source":"Впрочем, несчастным, вполне и страшно несчастным, мог оказаться лишь брат Дмитрий: его сторожила несомненная беда.","translation":"And yet only his brother Dmitri stood to be the wretched one, wholly and terribly wretched: an unmistakable disaster lay in wait for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несчастным… мог оказаться лишь брат Дмитрий","title":"Instrumental predicate with «оказаться»","body":"«оказаться» ('to turn out to be') takes its predicate in the instrumental, so «несчастным» (the wretched one) is instrumental, fronted before the verb for emphasis. «лишь» = 'only', restricting the wretchedness to Dmitri alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его сторожила несомненная беда","title":"Object-first word order: «его» before the verb","body":"The accusative object «его» (him) precedes both verb «сторожила» and subject «беда» (disaster) — 'a disaster was lying in wait for him'. Free case-marked word order lets Dostoevsky keep the topic (Dmitri) up front while the news (the lurking disaster) lands last."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сторожила","title":"«сторожить» — \"to lie in wait, stand guard over\"","body":"Literally 'to guard/keep watch over'; applied to «беда» (disaster) it personifies the calamity as something stalking Dmitri, lying in ambush. Vivid and slightly sinister."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the sentence","gloss":"And yet"},{"surface":"несчастным","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оказаться","gloss":"the wretched one"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастным, coordinated with страшно","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастным","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"несчастным","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first несчастным, predicate complement of оказаться","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"оказаться","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"turn out to be"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сторожила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сторожила","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lay in wait for"},{"surface":"несомненная","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"unmistakable"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сторожила","gloss":"disaster"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c10-s8","source":"Оказались тоже и другие люди, до которых всё это касалось и, может быть, гораздо более, чем могло казаться Алеше прежде.","translation":"There turned out to be other people too whom all of this concerned, and perhaps far more than it had seemed to Alyosha before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"люди, до которых всё это касалось","title":"Relative «который» with preposition «до»","body":"«до которых» is the relative pronoun «который» agreeing with «люди» (people) in number but taking the genitive case demanded by «до» — here in the idiom «касаться до» ('to concern'), a slightly archaic alternative to plain «касаться» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем могло казаться Алеше","title":"Dative experiencer with «казаться»","body":"«казаться» ('to seem') puts the one to whom something seems into the dative: «Алеше» (to Alyosha). This dative-experiencer framing — the person something appears to, with no nominative subject of seeming — pervades Dostoevsky's inner narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There turned out to be"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Оказались","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другие","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Оказались","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of касалось","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of касалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"касалось","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on люди","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может","gloss":"(perhaps)"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies касалось","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial comparative clause on более","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"казаться","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of казаться","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c10-s9","source":"Выходило что-то даже загадочное.","translation":"Something even enigmatic was emerging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выходило что-то даже загадочное","title":"Imperfective «выходило» — an unfolding 'it was turning out'","body":"The imperfective past «выходило» ('was emerging / turning out') views the realization as an ongoing process rather than a finished fact, matching the tentative «что-то… загадочное» ('something even enigmatic'). «даже» ('even') heightens the strangeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выходило","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was emerging"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the subject что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"subject of Выходило, part of что-то","gloss":"(something)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies загадочное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"загадочное","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Выходило","gloss":"enigmatic"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c10-s10","source":"Брат Иван сделал к нему шаг, чего так давно желал Алеша, и вот сам он отчего-то чувствует теперь, что его испугал этот шаг сближения.","translation":"His brother Ivan had taken a step toward him, the very thing Alyosha had so long wished for, and now for some reason he himself felt that this step toward closeness had frightened him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделал к нему шаг, чего так давно желал Алеша","title":"Neuter relative «чего» summing up a whole clause","body":"«чего» (genitive of «что») here refers back not to a single noun but to the whole idea 'Ivan's taking a step', and stands in the genitive because «желать» ('to wish for') governs the genitive. This clausal «что/чего» is a bookish, compact relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам он отчего-то чувствует","title":"Historic present and indefinite «отчего-то»","body":"Dostoevsky slips from past narration into the present «чувствует» ('feels') for immediacy. «отчего-то» is the indefinite adverb 'for some reason' (with the specific-but-unknown clitic -то), conveying that even Alyosha can't say why the rapprochement frightened him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a step"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on шаг","gloss":"had wished for"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to отчего","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испугал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of испугал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"испугал","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствует","gloss":"had frightened"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шаг","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испугал","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"сближения","lemma":"сближение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шаг","gloss":"toward closeness"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c10-s11","source":"А те женщины?","translation":"And those women?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А те женщины?","title":"Topic-shifting «А» and demonstrative «те»","body":"The lone interrogative fragment is launched by «А», the mild contrastive conjunction that signals a turn to a new topic ('And as for…?'). «те» is the far demonstrative 'those', distancing the women already on Alyosha's anxious mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of женщины","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c10-s12","source":"Странное дело: давеча он направлялся к Катерине Ивановне в чрезвычайном смущении, теперь же не чувствовал никакого; напротив, спешил к ней сам, словно ожидая найти у ней указания.","translation":"A strange thing: earlier that day he had set off to Katerina Ivanovna's in extraordinary confusion, but now he felt none at all; on the contrary, he was hurrying to her of his own accord, as though expecting to find in her some guidance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давеча он направлялся… теперь же не чувствовал никакого","title":"«давеча… теперь же» contrast and negative concord","body":"The «давеча… теперь же» pairing pivots past against present, with «же» marking the contrast. «не чувствовал никакого» shows negative concord: the negated verb «не чувствовал» plus the negative «никакого» (any at all), two negatives for one meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"словно ожидая найти у ней указания","title":"Present gerund «ожидая» — 'as though expecting'","body":"«ожидая» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «ожидать», expressing an action simultaneous with «спешил» ('he was hurrying… expecting'). «словно» ('as though') colours it as Alyosha's own felt impression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у ней","title":"«у ней» — older variant of «у неё»","body":"«ней» for genitive «неё» is a 19th-century / colloquial variant common in Dostoevsky. The meaning is identical ('at her place, with her'); it simply flavours the prose as period Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"A strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направлялся","gloss":"earlier that day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направлялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"направлялся","lemma":"направляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was heading"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направлялся","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смущении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смущении","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"смущении","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of направлялся","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with направлялся","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"none at all"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to спешил","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with направлялся","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спешил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implicit subject of спешил","gloss":"of his own accord"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ожидая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спешил","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of ожидая","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of найти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"указания","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"guidance"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c10-s13","source":"А, однако, передать ей поручение было видимо теперь тяжелее, чем давеча: дело о трех тысячах было решено окончательно, и брат Дмитрий, почувствовав теперь себя бесчестным и уже безо всякой надежды, конечно, не остановится более и ни пред каким падением.","translation":"And yet to deliver his message to her was now plainly harder than earlier: the matter of the three thousand had been settled once and for all, and his brother Dmitri, feeling himself now dishonored and already without any hope, would surely not stop at anything more, not before any depth of ruin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"передать ей поручение было видимо теперь тяжелее, чем давеча","title":"Infinitive subject with comparative predicate","body":"The whole infinitive phrase «передать ей поручение» ('to deliver the message to her') is the subject; the predicate is the comparative «тяжелее» ('harder'), an impersonal evaluation. «чем давеча» supplies the standard of comparison ('than earlier')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовав теперь себя бесчестным","title":"Past gerund «почувствовав» + reflexive «себя» + instrumental","body":"«почувствовав» is the perfective past gerund ('having felt'), naming a prior cause. «себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to Dmitri, and the predicate «бесчестным» ('dishonored') stands in the instrumental as the felt-state complement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не остановится более и ни пред каким падением","title":"Emphatic «ни» — 'not before any depth of ruin'","body":"«ни пред каким падением» uses «ни» to intensify the negation of «не остановится» ('will not stop'): not before any fall whatever. The verb keeps «не» while «ни» drives the totality — Russian's obligatory negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"parallel clause to тяжелее","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to тяжелее","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on тяжелее","gloss":"to deliver"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"his message"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжелее","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжелее","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжелее","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тяжелее","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of давеча","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжелее","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive решено","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of решено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to тяжелее","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решено","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановится","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"почувствовав","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановится","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовав","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почувствовав","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бесчестным","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"dishonored"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безо","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надежды, coordinated with бесчестным","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надежды","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to остановится","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остановится","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решено","gloss":"will stop"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановится","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase ни","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of падением","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"падением","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"depth of ruin"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c10-s14","source":"К тому же еще велел передать Катерине Ивановне и только что происшедшую у отца сцену.","translation":"On top of that, he had been told to report to Katerina Ivanovna the scene that had just taken place at their father's as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел передать… и… сцену","title":"«велел» + infinitive — 'told (him) to convey'","body":"«велеть» ('to order, bid') governs a bare infinitive «передать» with an unexpressed addressee. The object «сцену» (the scene) is linked by «и… также» logic ('the scene as well'). The subject of «велел» is Dmitri, understood from context."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что происшедшую у отца сцену","title":"Past active participle «происшедшую»","body":"«происшедшую» is the past active participle of «произойти» ('to occur'), agreeing with «сцену» in the accusative feminine: 'the scene that had just taken place'. It compresses a «которая»-clause into one modifier — a hallmark of literary density."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"On top"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of велел","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had ordered"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"to Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"additive particle modifying сцену","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies происшедшую","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"происшедшую","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сцену","gloss":"that had taken place"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происшедшую","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"the scene"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c10-s15","source":"Было уже семь часов и смеркалось, когда Алеша пошел к Катерине Ивановне, занимавшей один очень просторный и удобный дом на Большой улице.","translation":"It was already seven o'clock and growing dark when Alyosha set out for Katerina Ivanovna's; she occupied one very spacious and comfortable house on Bolshaya Street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было уже семь часов и смеркалось","title":"Impersonal time and weather: «смеркалось»","body":"«смеркалось» ('it was growing dark') is a subjectless impersonal verb in neuter form — like «холодно» or «темнеет» — naming a state of the world with no nominative subject. «было семь часов» likewise reports the hour impersonally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"занимавшей один очень просторный… дом","title":"Past active participle «занимавшей»","body":"«занимавшей» is an active participle of «занимать» ('to occupy') agreeing with «Катерине Ивановне» in the dative — 'who occupied a house'. The participle replaces a «которая занимала» clause, packing the description into a single modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies семь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеркалось","lemma":"смеркаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"was growing dark"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеркалось","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"занимавшей","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Катерине","gloss":"who occupied"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies дом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просторный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"просторный","lemma":"просторный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удобный","lemma":"удобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with просторный","gloss":"comfortable"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимавшей","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улице","gloss":"Bolshaya"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Street"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c10-s16","source":"Алеша знал, что она живет с двумя тетками.","translation":"Alyosha knew that she lived with two aunts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она живет с двумя тетками","title":"Numeral «двумя» + genitive after «с»","body":"«с двумя тетками» combines the preposition «с» (with) governing the instrumental with the numeral «два/две», which here appears in its own instrumental form «двумя» and pulls «тетками» into the plural — 'with two aunts'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тетками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тетками","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тетками","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"aunts"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c10-s17","source":"Одна из них приходилась, впрочем, теткой лишь сестре Агафье Ивановне; это была та бессловесная особа в доме ее отца, которая ухаживала за нею там вместе с сестрой, когда она приехала к ним туда из института.","translation":"One of them, however, was actually only the aunt of her sister Agafya Ivanovna; she was that wordless person in her father's house who had looked after Katerina there together with her sister when she had come to them from the boarding school.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходилась… теткой лишь сестре Агафье Ивановне","title":"«приходиться» + instrumental + dative for kinship","body":"«приходиться кому-то кем-то» is the idiom for stating a family relation: the relative «теткой» (aunt) goes in the instrumental, the person related «сестре» in the dative — 'she was aunt to the sister'. A neat triple-case construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"та… особа… которая ухаживала за нею","title":"Correlative «та… которая» relative clause","body":"The far demonstrative «та» sets up a correlative with the relative «которая» ('that person… who looked after'). «за нею» is «за» + instrumental in the idiom «ухаживать за» ('to care for'), with the older instrumental «нею» for «ней»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бессловесная","title":"«бессловесная» — \"wordless, mute, meek\"","body":"Built from «без-» (without) + «слово» (word), 'speechless'. Of a person it means silent and unassertive, almost dumb-creature-like — here marking the poor aunt's effaced, voiceless presence in the household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приходилась","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Одна","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"приходилась","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was actually"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to теткой","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"теткой","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходилась","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сестре","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сестре","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of теткой","gloss":"to her sister"},{"surface":"Агафье","lemma":"агафья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to сестре","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Агафье","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to особа","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особа","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бессловесная","lemma":"бессловесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"wordless"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of была","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ухаживала","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ухаживала","lemma":"ухаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on особа","gloss":"had looked after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухаживала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ухаживала","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ухаживала","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сестрой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сестрой","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"her sister"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приехала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"приехала","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ухаживала","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приехала","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехала","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking института","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"института","lemma":"институт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехала","gloss":"the boarding school","note":"институт here means a boarding school for well-born young ladies (an institut for noble maidens), not a modern university."}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c10-s18","source":"Другая же тетка была тонная и важная московская барыня, хотя и из бедных.","translation":"The other aunt, on the other hand, was a refined and imposing Moscow lady, though one of impoverished means.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и из бедных","title":"Concessive «хотя и» — 'though one of the poor'","body":"«хотя и» ('although, even though') concedes a point; «из бедных» ('of/among the poor') is «из» + genitive plural denoting membership of a class — a refined lady, but of impoverished gentry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тонная… барыня","title":"«тонная барыня» — a 'genteel, mannered lady'","body":"«тонный» (from French ton) means affectedly refined, putting on airs of good tone. «барыня» is the lady of a gentry household, mistress to servants — together a polished but slightly pretentious Moscow grande dame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тетка","gloss":"The other"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Другая","gloss":"for her part"},{"surface":"тетка","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of барыня","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to барыня","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тонная","lemma":"тонный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыня","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важная","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тонная","gloss":"imposing"},{"surface":"московская","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыня","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бедных","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедных","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"clause modifying барыня","gloss":"impoverished means"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c10-s19","source":"Слышно было, что обе они подчинялись во всем Катерине Ивановне и состояли при ней единственно для этикета.","translation":"It was understood that both of them deferred in everything to Katerina Ivanovna and attended on her solely for the sake of decorum.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышно было, что…","title":"Impersonal «слышно было» — 'it was heard/understood'","body":"«слышно было» is an impersonal predicative ('it was audible / it was understood') with no nominative subject, introducing a «что»-clause of reported information. Such subjectless predicatives (слышно, видно, известно) are everywhere in Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подчинялись… состояли при ней","title":"Reflexive «подчинялись» + dative","body":"«подчиняться» ('to submit/defer to') is a -ся verb taking a dative object «Катерине Ивановне». Paired with «состояли при ней» ('attended on her'), the imperfectives describe a standing, habitual arrangement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для этикета","title":"«для этикета» — \"for the sake of decorum\"","body":"«этикет» (etiquette, propriety) here means keeping up appearances: the aunts live with Katerina purely to lend a young unmarried woman the respectable presence of chaperones, as social convention required."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышно","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"impersonal predicate with было","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подчинялись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подчинялись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"подчинялись","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of было","gloss":"deferred"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of во","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подчинялись","gloss":"to Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"состояли","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подчинялись","gloss":"attended"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этикета","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этикета","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этикета","lemma":"этикет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояли","gloss":"decorum"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c10-s20","source":"Катерина же Ивановна подчинялась лишь своей благодетельнице, генеральше, оставшейся за болезнию в Москве и к которой она обязана была посылать по два письма с подробными известиями о себе каждую неделю.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna, for her part, deferred only to her benefactress, the general's widow, who had stayed behind on account of illness in Moscow and to whom she was obliged to send two letters a week with detailed news of herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"генеральше, оставшейся за болезнию в Москве","title":"Past active participle «оставшейся» + archaic «за болезнию»","body":"«оставшейся» is the past active participle of «остаться» ('to remain'), agreeing with «генеральше» in the dative. «за болезнию» ('on account of illness') uses «за» causally with the archaic instrumental ending «-ию» for modern «болезнью»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к которой она обязана была посылать по два письма","title":"Relative «к которой» and distributive «по два»","body":"«к которой» is «который» governed by «к» (dative). «по два письма» uses distributive «по» to mean 'two letters each (week)' — «по» + the numeral expressing rate or apportionment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подчинялась","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Катерина","gloss":"for her part"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"подчинялась","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deferred"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своей","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетельнице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"благодетельнице","lemma":"благодетельница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of подчинялась","gloss":"benefactress"},{"surface":"генеральше","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благодетельнице","gloss":"the general's widow"},{"surface":"оставшейся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying генеральше","gloss":"who had stayed behind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезнию","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"болезнию","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставшейся","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies оставшейся","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обязана","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обязана","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"relative clause on генеральше","gloss":"was obliged"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обязана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"посылать","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обязана","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письма","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"depends on письма","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of посылать","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking известиями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подробными","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies известиями","gloss":"detailed"},{"surface":"известиями","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"modifies известиями","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неделю","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылать","gloss":"week"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c10-s21","source":"Когда Алеша вошел в переднюю и попросил о себе доложить отворившей ему горничной, в зале, очевидно, уже знали о его прибытии (может быть, заметили его из окна), но только Алеша вдруг услышал какой-то шум, послышались чьи-то бегущие женские шаги, шумящие платья: может быть, выбежали две или три женщины.","translation":"When Alyosha entered the hall and asked the maid who opened the door to announce him, in the drawing room they had evidently already learned of his arrival (perhaps they had noticed him from the window), but Alyosha suddenly heard some sort of noise, the sound of running women's footsteps and rustling dresses: perhaps two or three women had hurried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попросил… доложить отворившей ему горничной","title":"Past active participle «отворившей» modifying the maid","body":"«отворившей» (past active participle of «отворить», to open) agrees with «горничной» in the dative: 'the maid who had opened to him'. Russian routinely packs such a relative into a pre-noun participle. «доложить о себе» = 'to have oneself announced'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послышались чьи-то бегущие… шаги, шумящие платья","title":"Present active participles «бегущие», «шумящие»","body":"«бегущие» (running) and «шумящие» (rustling) are present active participles agreeing with «шаги» and «платья» — capturing the noises as ongoing at that instant. «чьи-то» ('someone's') adds the indefinite -то."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горничной","title":"«горничная» — a housemaid","body":"A «горничная» is a female servant who waits on the household — answers the door, attends the ladies. Her opening the door and announcing the guest is the everyday machinery of a genteel home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on знали","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переднюю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переднюю","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the front hall","note":"передняя is a substantivized adjective used as a noun meaning entryway/front hall."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of попросил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"доложить","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to announce"},{"surface":"отворившей","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying горничной","gloss":"who had opened"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворившей","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"горничной","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложить","gloss":"the maid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"the drawing room"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to знали","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of прибытии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прибытии","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to заметили","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause parallel to знали","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of услышал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"услышал","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шум","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какой","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"шум","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услышал","gloss":"noise"},{"surface":"послышались","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышал","gloss":"there came the sound of"},{"surface":"чьи","lemma":"чей-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of шаги","gloss":"someone's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to чьи","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"бегущие","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, nominative, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies шаги","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"женские","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies шаги","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"шаги","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of послышались","gloss":"footsteps"},{"surface":"шумящие","lemma":"шуметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, nominative, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies платья","gloss":"rustling"},{"surface":"платья","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with шаги","gloss":"dresses"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выбежали","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"выбежали","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to послышались","gloss":"had run out"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on женщины","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with две","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выбежали","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c10-s22","source":"Алеше показалось странным, что он мог произвести своим прибытием такое волнение.","translation":"It struck Alyosha as strange that his arrival could have produced such a commotion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше показалось странным, что…","title":"Dative experiencer + instrumental predicate «странным»","body":"A double pattern: «Алеше» (dative) is the one to whom it seemed, and «странным» (instrumental) is the predicate of «показалось» ('seemed strange'). 'It struck Alyosha as strange that…' — a quintessentially Russian subjectless framing of perception."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог произвести своим прибытием","title":"Instrumental of means: «своим прибытием»","body":"«своим прибытием» ('by his arrival') is the instrumental of means/cause, answering 'by what'. The reflexive possessive «своим» refers back to the clause subject (Alyosha), and «произвести волнение» = 'to produce a stir'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"To Alyosha"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of показалось","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"произвести","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have produced"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прибытием","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прибытием","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of произвести","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвести","gloss":"a commotion"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c10-s23","source":"Его, однако, тотчас же ввели в залу.","translation":"He was, however, shown into the drawing room at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его… ввели в залу","title":"Subjectless third-person plural — agentless 'they'","body":"«ввели» is third-person plural with no stated subject, the standard Russian impersonal passive: 'he was shown in' / 'they showed him in', with the doers left vague. The object «его» is fronted as topic. «однако же» = 'however, nonetheless'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ввели","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ввели","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввели","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ввели","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was shown"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввели","gloss":"the drawing room"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c10-s24","source":"Это была большая комната, уставленная элегантною и обильною мебелью, совсем не по-провинциальному.","translation":"It was a large room, furnished with elegant and abundant furniture, not at all in the provincial manner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уставленная элегантною и обильною мебелью","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«уставленная» ('set / filled with') is a past passive participle agreeing with «комната»; the furniture «мебелью» that fills it stands in the instrumental of means. Note again the archaic long endings «элегантною», «обильною»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совсем не по-провинциальному","title":"«по-провинциальному» — 'in provincial style'","body":"The «по-…-ому» adverb pattern means 'in the manner of': «по-провинциальному» = 'provincially, in the provincial way'. The denial «совсем не» stresses that this furnishing is metropolitan, not the dowdy taste expected of a country town."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to комната","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комната","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of была","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"уставленная","lemma":"уставленный","morphology":"participle, passive, past, nominative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies комната","gloss":"furnished"},{"surface":"элегантною","lemma":"элегантный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мебелью","gloss":"elegant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обильною","lemma":"обильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with элегантною","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"мебелью","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of уставленная","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies провинциальному","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, part of compound adverb","role":"forms adverb with провинциальному, modifies уставленная","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"провинциальному","lemma":"провинциальный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"forms adverb with по, modifies уставленная","gloss":"provincial manner"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c10-s25","source":"Было много диванов и кушеток, диванчиков, больших и маленьких столиков; были картины на стенах, вазы и лампы на столах, было много цветов, был даже аквариум у окна.","translation":"There were many sofas and settees, small couches, large and little tables; there were pictures on the walls, vases and lamps on the tables, there were many flowers, there was even an aquarium by the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было много диванов… были картины… был даже аквариум","title":"Existential «было/были» with anaphoric repetition","body":"The catalogue runs on the existential verb «быть» in the past, agreeing as singular «было» with «много» + genitive plural, but plural «были» with countable plural nouns, and singular «был» with «аквариум». The drumbeat repetition of 'there was/were' builds the inventory of luxury."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"диванчиков… столиков","title":"Diminutives «диванчик», «столик»","body":"«диванчик» (little sofa) and «столик» (little table) carry the diminutive suffix -чик/-ик. Here they denote genuinely smaller pieces, but the clustering of cosy diminutives also colours the room as snug and over-furnished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There was"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"диванов","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"sofas"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кушеток","lemma":"кушетка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with диванов","gloss":"settees"},{"surface":"диванчиков","lemma":"диванчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with диванов","gloss":"small couches"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies столиков","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маленьких","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with больших","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"столиков","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with диванов","gloss":"little tables"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"картины","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"pictures"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies картины","gloss":"the walls"},{"surface":"вазы","lemma":"ваза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with картины","gloss":"vases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лампы","lemma":"лампа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with картины","gloss":"lamps"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столах","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies лампы","gloss":"the tables"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"subject of было","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies аквариум","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"аквариум","lemma":"аквариум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"an aquarium"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies аквариум","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c10-s26","source":"От сумерек в комнате было несколько темновато.","translation":"Because of the dusk the room was somewhat dim.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От сумерек в комнате было… темновато","title":"Impersonal «было темновато» with causal «от»","body":"Another subjectless predicative: «было темновато» ('it was somewhat dim') with no nominative subject, the dimness caused by «от сумерек» ('from the dusk', «от» + genitive). The suffix in «темновато» softens 'dark' to 'a bit dim'."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумерек","gloss":"Because of"},{"surface":"сумерек","lemma":"сумерки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the dusk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies темновато","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"темновато","lemma":"темновато","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"dim"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c10-s27","source":"Алеша разглядел на диване, на котором, очевидно, сейчас сидели, брошенную шелковую мантилью, а на столе пред диваном две недопитые чашки шоколату, бисквиты, хрустальную тарелку с синим изюмом и другую с конфетами.","translation":"Alyosha made out on the sofa, where someone had evidently just been sitting, a tossed-aside silk mantilla, and on the table before the sofa two half-finished cups of chocolate, biscuits, a crystal dish of blue raisins, and another of sweets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на котором, очевидно, сейчас сидели","title":"Relative «на котором» + agentless plural «сидели»","body":"«на котором» is «который» (the sofa) governed by «на» in the prepositional. Inside the relative clause «сидели» is again subjectless third-plural ('someone had just been sitting'), the doer left unspecified."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брошенную шелковую мантилью","title":"Past passive participle «брошенную» as attribute","body":"«брошенную» (from «бросить», to throw) is a past passive participle used attributively in the accusative feminine: 'a tossed-aside mantilla'. The participle conveys the result-state of having been flung down in haste."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мантилью… изюмом… конфетами","title":"Mantilla, raisins, sweets — the bric-à-brac of refinement","body":"«мантилья» is a light silk cape; «синий изюм» 'blue (dark) raisins' a delicacy; «конфеты» bonbons; «шоколат» the old form of «шоколад». The half-finished chocolate and crystal dishes paint a scene of fashionable, slightly self-indulgent comfort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"две недопитые чашки шоколату","title":"Numeral «две» + genitive singular «чашки» + partitive «шоколату»","body":"After «две», the noun «чашки» takes the genitive singular as numerals 2–4 require. «шоколату» shows the old partitive genitive in «-у» ('some chocolate'), and «недопитые» is a negated past passive participle 'not drunk up, half-finished'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разглядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"разглядел","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разглядел","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies сидели","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидели","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on диване","gloss":"had been sitting"},{"surface":"брошенную","lemma":"брошенный","morphology":"participle, passive, past, accusative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies мантилью","gloss":"tossed-aside"},{"surface":"шелковую","lemma":"шёлковый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мантилью","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"мантилью","lemma":"мантилья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядел","gloss":"mantilla"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разглядел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диваном","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"диваном","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столе","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on чашки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недопитые","lemma":"недопитый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies чашки","gloss":"half-finished"},{"surface":"чашки","lemma":"чашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of разглядел, coordinated with мантилью","gloss":"cups"},{"surface":"шоколату","lemma":"шоколад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чашки","gloss":"of chocolate"},{"surface":"бисквиты","lemma":"бисквит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with чашки","gloss":"biscuits"},{"surface":"хрустальную","lemma":"хрустальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тарелку","gloss":"crystal"},{"surface":"тарелку","lemma":"тарелка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чашки","gloss":"dish"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изюмом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"синим","lemma":"синий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изюмом","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"изюмом","lemma":"изюм","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тарелку","gloss":"raisins"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тарелку","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конфетами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"конфетами","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies другую","gloss":"sweets"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c10-s28","source":"Кого-то угощали.","translation":"Someone was being entertained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кого-то угощали","title":"Agentless plural again: 'someone was being entertained'","body":"A two-word impersonal: accusative «кого-то» ('someone', animate, hence genitive-shaped accusative) plus subjectless third-plural «угощали» ('they were entertaining / someone was being entertained'). Russian's favourite way to report an action whose agent doesn't matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of угощали (part of кого-то)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to Кого","gloss":"someone","note":"The particle -то attached to interrogatives forms indefinite pronouns, e.g. кого-то, 'someone'."},{"surface":"угощали","lemma":"угощать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were entertaining"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c10-s29","source":"Алеша догадался, что попал на гостей, и поморщился.","translation":"Alyosha guessed that he had walked in upon guests, and he winced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догадался, что попал на гостей, и поморщился","title":"Chain of perfectives: «догадался… попал… поморщился»","body":"Three perfective past verbs move the moment forward event by event — guessed, had walked in, winced. «попасть на гостей» is the idiom 'to land/blunder upon guests'. Each perfective marks a single completed beat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"had stumbled upon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостей","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поморщился","lemma":"поморщиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with догадался","gloss":"winced"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c10-s30","source":"Но в тот же миг поднялась портьера и быстрыми, спешными шагами вошла Катерина Ивановна, с радостною восхищенною улыбкой протягивая обе руки Алеше.","translation":"But at that very instant the portière was lifted and, with quick, hurried steps, Katerina Ivanovna came in, holding out both hands to Alyosha with a joyful, rapturous smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялась портьера и… вошла Катерина Ивановна","title":"Reflexive «поднялась» (middle) + verb-first inversion","body":"«поднялась» is a -ся verb in its middle/intransitive sense ('the portière rose / was lifted', no agent). Both clauses put the verb before the subject, sweeping the eye to the doorway and then to Katerina's entrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с радостною восхищенною улыбкой протягивая обе руки","title":"Present gerund «протягивая» of attendant manner","body":"«протягивая» (imperfective present gerund of «протягивать», to hold out) describes the manner accompanying «вошла»: she entered, holding out both hands. The instrumental phrase «с… улыбкой» ('with a smile') adds the accompanying expression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"портьера","title":"«портьера» — a heavy door-curtain","body":"A «портьера» (from French portière) is a thick curtain hung over a doorway in a well-appointed room, used instead of or with a door. Lifting it to enter is a touch of bourgeois elegance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялась","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"портьера","lemma":"портьера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднялась","gloss":"the portière"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстрыми","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"спешными","lemma":"спешный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with быстрыми","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of вошла","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялась","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вошла","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостною","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"восхищенною","lemma":"восхищённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with радостною, modifies улыбкой","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies протягивая","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"протягивая","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вошла","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of протягивая","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протягивая","gloss":"to Alyosha"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c10-s31","source":"В ту же минуту служанка внесла и поставила на стол две зажженные свечи.","translation":"At the same moment a servant brought in and set on the table two lighted candles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"внесла и поставила… две зажженные свечи","title":"Perfective pair + numeral «две зажженные свечи»","body":"Two perfectives «внесла… поставила» ('brought in and set down') give a crisp completed action. «две… свечи» takes the genitive singular «свечи» after «две», and «зажженные» is a past passive participle ('lighted') agreeing with it."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внесла","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of внесла","gloss":"a servant"},{"surface":"внесла","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставила","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with внесла","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставила","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on свечи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"зажженные","lemma":"зажжённый","morphology":"participle, passive, past, accusative, plural, perfective","role":"modifies свечи","gloss":"lighted"},{"surface":"свечи","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of внесла and поставила","gloss":"candles"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c10-s32","source":"— Слава богу, наконец-то и вы! Я одного только вас и молила у бога весь день! Садитесь.","translation":"\"Thank God, here you are at last! I have been begging God for you alone all day! Sit down.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я одного только вас и молила у бога","title":"Emphatic «одного только… и» — 'you alone'","body":"The accusative «одного только вас» ('you alone') is reinforced by the focusing particle «и» before the verb ('it is you alone that I prayed for'). «молить кого у бога» = to beg God for someone — note «вас» as the thing prayed for, «у бога» the one petitioned."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Садитесь.","title":"Polite imperative «садитесь»","body":"«садитесь» is the imperative of reflexive «садиться» ('to sit down') with the polite/plural «-те» plus the reflexive «-сь» — the courteous 'do sit down' a hostess addresses to a guest she calls «вы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory phrase (Слава богу idiom)","gloss":"Thank","note":"Слава богу is a fixed idiom, literally 'glory to God', meaning 'thank God'."},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Слава","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to наконец","gloss":"at last","note":"-то here is an emphatic suffix on наконец, not the separate word 'that'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies вас","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of молила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes молила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"молила","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have begged"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молила","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молила","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"Садитесь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Sit down"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c10-s33","source":"Красота Катерины Ивановны еще и прежде поразила Алешу, когда брат Дмитрий, недели три тому назад, привозил его к ней в первый раз представить и познакомить, по собственному чрезвычайному желанию Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna's beauty had struck Alyosha even before, when his brother Dmitri, some three weeks earlier, had brought him to her for the first time to present and introduce him, at Katerina Ivanovna's own urgent wish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Красота… поразила Алешу, когда… привозил его… представить и познакомить","title":"Imperfective «привозил» framing two purpose-infinitives","body":"The imperfective «привозил» ('was bringing / had brought, on that occasion') sets the background against which the perfective «поразила» ('struck') lands. The infinitives «представить и познакомить» express purpose ('to present and introduce')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по собственному чрезвычайному желанию Катерины Ивановны","title":"«по» + dative of cause/initiative","body":"«по… желанию» ('at the wish of') uses «по» with the dative «желанию» to express the prompting reason. The genitive «Катерины Ивановны» marks whose wish it was — an emphatically expressed initiative on her part."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"The beauty"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Красота","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразила","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привозил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привозил","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привозил","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular, part of idiom тому назад","role":"forms adverbial idiom with назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom тому назад","role":"forms adverbial idiom with тому, modifies привозил","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"привозил","lemma":"привозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поразила","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привозил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привозил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представить","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of привозил","gloss":"to present"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"познакомить","lemma":"познакомить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with представить","gloss":"introduce"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желанию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"собственному","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желанию","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"чрезвычайному","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желанию","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"желанию","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of представить","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies желанию","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c10-s34","source":"Разговор между ними в то свидание, впрочем, не завязался.","translation":"No conversation between them had got going at that meeting, however.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разговор… не завязался","title":"Reflexive «завязался» (middle) with negation","body":"«завязаться» ('to get started, strike up', of a conversation) is a -ся verb in its middle sense — the talk fails to take shape of itself. The perfective negated past states flatly that the event never came off. «впрочем» = 'however, though'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завязался","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies Разговор","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидание","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of завязался","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies завязался","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завязался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"завязался","lemma":"завязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got going"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c10-s35","source":"Полагая, что Алеша очень сконфузился, Катерина Ивановна как бы щадила его и всё время проговорила в тот раз с Дмитрием Федоровичем.","translation":"Assuming that Alyosha was very much embarrassed, Katerina Ivanovna had as it were spared him and had spent that whole visit talking with Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Полагая, что Алеша очень сконфузился","title":"Present gerund «полагая» — 'assuming that…'","body":"«полагая» is the imperfective present gerund of «полагать» ('to suppose'), giving the simultaneous mental ground for her behaviour: 'assuming Alyosha was embarrassed, she…'. The gerund shares the main subject, Katerina."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё время проговорила… с Дмитрием Федоровичем","title":"Perfective «проговорила» — 'spent the whole time talking'","body":"The prefix «про-» on perfective «проговорить» gives a delimitative sense: to spend a stretch of time in talking. With «всё время» it means she talked the entire visit through — a completed span. «как бы щадила» ('as it were spared') uses imperfective for the ongoing tact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полагая","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on щадила","gloss":"Assuming"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сконфузился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сконфузился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сконфузился","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"сконфузился","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Полагая","gloss":"was embarrassed"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of щадила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom как бы","role":"forms idiom with бы, modifies щадила","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of idiom как бы","role":"forms idiom with как, modifies щадила","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"щадила","lemma":"щадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of щадила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with щадила","gloss":"spent talking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c10-s36","source":"Алеша молчал, но многое очень хорошо разглядел.","translation":"Alyosha had said nothing, but he had observed a great deal quite well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша молчал, но многое… разглядел","title":"Imperfective state vs perfective achievement","body":"«молчал» (imperfective) holds the standing state 'he kept silent', while «разглядел» (perfective) marks the completed achievement 'made out / observed'. The pair neatly contrasts Alyosha's outward stillness with his inward taking-in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had said nothing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разглядел","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разглядел","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"разглядел","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"had observed"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c10-s37","source":"Его поразила властность, гордая развязность, самоуверенность надменной девушки.","translation":"He had been struck by the imperiousness, the proud ease, the self-assurance of this haughty girl.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его поразила властность, гордая развязность, самоуверенность","title":"Object-first inversion before a triple subject","body":"The accusative «его» (him) opens, the verb «поразила» follows, and only then comes the heaped subject «властность… развязность… самоуверенность». Russian's free order lets the experiencer lead while the three abstract nouns of the new impression accumulate as the comment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развязность… надменной","title":"«развязность», «надменный» — easy boldness and hauteur","body":"«развязность» is an over-free, unbuttoned manner (here 'proud ease'); «надменный» means haughty, arrogant. Both pin down the imperious self-possession that first strikes Alyosha in Katerina — qualities he will soon revise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"властность","lemma":"властность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"the imperiousness"},{"surface":"гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies развязность","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"развязность","lemma":"развязность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with властность","gloss":"ease"},{"surface":"самоуверенность","lemma":"самоуверенность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with властность","gloss":"self-assurance"},{"surface":"надменной","lemma":"надменный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies самоуверенность","gloss":"girl's"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c10-s38","source":"И всё это было несомненно.","translation":"And all of this was beyond doubt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И всё это было несомненно","title":"Predicative short form «несомненно»","body":"«несомненно» is the short neuter form ('beyond doubt, undoubted') used predicatively after «было», agreeing with neuter «всё это». Short-form adjectives only ever predicate, lending the statement a clipped, categorical finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of несомненно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несомненно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beyond doubt"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c10-s39","source":"Алеша чувствовал, что он не преувеличивает.","translation":"Alyosha felt that he was not exaggerating.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он не преувеличивает","title":"Imperfective present «преувеличивает» in reported thought","body":"The imperfective present «преувеличивает» ('is exaggerating') stands in the «что»-clause as Alyosha's felt judgment, kept in the present from his point of view inside the past narration. «не» negates the verb directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of преувеличивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of преувеличивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies преувеличивает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"преувеличивает","lemma":"преувеличивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"was exaggerating"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c10-s40","source":"Он нашел, что большие черные горящие глаза ее прекрасны и особенно идут к ее бледному, даже несколько бледно-желтому продолговатому лицу.","translation":"He had found that her large, black, burning eyes were beautiful and especially suited to her pale, even somewhat pale-yellow, elongated face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"большие черные горящие глаза ее прекрасны","title":"Present active participle «горящие» + short-form «прекрасны»","body":"«горящие» ('burning', present active participle of «гореть») sits among the attributes of «глаза», while the predicate «прекрасны» is a short-form adjective ('are beautiful'). Note «ее» placed after the noun-phrase, a literary order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"особенно идут к ее… лицу","title":"«идти к» + dative — 'to suit/become'","body":"«идти к чему-то» in the sense 'to suit, become' governs the dative «лицу» ('suit her face'). The verb of motion «идти» here is wholly idiomatic — a fixed expression for things being becoming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had found"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прекрасны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"черные","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"горящие","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прекрасны","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прекрасны","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"clausal complement of нашел","gloss":"were beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идут","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"идут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прекрасны","gloss":"suited"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бледному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of бледному","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бледному","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледно-желтому","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"бледно","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, part of compound бледно-желтый","role":"forms compound with желтому, modifies лицу","gloss":"pale-"},{"surface":"желтому","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular, part of compound бледно-желтый","role":"forms compound with бледно, modifies лицу","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"продолговатому","lemma":"продолговатый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"elongated"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идут","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c10-s41","source":"Но в этих глазах, равно как и в очертании прелестных губ, было нечто такое, во что, конечно, можно было брату его влюбиться ужасно, но что, может быть, нельзя было долго любить.","translation":"But in those eyes, as in the outline of her lovely lips, there was something with which his brother might, of course, have fallen terribly in love, but which, perhaps, could not be loved for long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было нечто такое, во что… можно было… влюбиться, но что… нельзя было долго любить","title":"Relative «во что / что» governed by the verbs in each clause","body":"The indefinite «нечто такое» ('something of a kind') is taken up twice: «во что» (with «в» + accusative, since «влюбиться в» 'to fall in love with' needs it) and bare accusative «что» (object of «любить'). The relative bends to the case each clause demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно было влюбиться… нельзя было долго любить","title":"Impersonal «можно / нельзя» + infinitive, aspect contrast","body":"The impersonal modals «можно было» ('it was possible') and «нельзя было» ('it was impossible') take infinitives with no subject. The aspect is pointed: perfective «влюбиться» (to fall in love, a single event) versus imperfective «любить» (to go on loving, a process)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom равно как и","role":"forms idiom with как и, modifies очертании","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, part of idiom равно как и","role":"forms idiom with равно и и","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, part of idiom равно как и","role":"forms idiom with равно как","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очертании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"очертании","lemma":"очертание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with глазах","gloss":"the outline"},{"surface":"прелестных","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies губ","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies очертании","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечто","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of нечто","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нечто, refers back to нечто","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies можно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, modal predicate","role":"main predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"it was possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of влюбиться, depends on можно","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брату","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"влюбиться","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to fall in love"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюбиться","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любить, refers back to нечто","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, part of idiom может быть","role":"parenthetical, forms idiom with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective, part of idiom может быть","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, modal predicate","role":"main predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"could not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"for long"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be loved"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c10-s42","source":"Он почти прямо высказал свою мысль Дмитрию, когда тот после визита пристал к нему, умоляя его не утаить, какое он вынес впечатление, повидав его невесту.","translation":"He had said his thought almost outright to Dmitri when, after the visit, his brother had pressed him, imploring him not to conceal what impression he had carried away from seeing his bride.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристал к нему, умоляя его не утаить… повидав его невесту","title":"Two gerunds: simultaneous «умоляя» and prior «повидав»","body":"«умоляя» (imperfective present gerund, 'imploring') runs alongside «пристал» ('pressed him'), while «повидав» (perfective past gerund of «повидать», 'having seen') marks the prior cause — the impression Alyosha carried away after seeing the bride. Two gerunds in one sentence is classic Dostoevskian texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умоляя… не утаить","title":"Negated perfective infinitive «не утаить»","body":"«не утаить» ('not to conceal') is a negated perfective infinitive after «умоляя» — a plea aimed at a single, complete non-act (don't hide it, this once). «пристать к кому-то» = 'to pester, badger someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказал","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of высказал","gloss":"to Dmitri"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пристал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пристал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking визита","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"визита","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пристал","gloss":"the visit"},{"surface":"пристал","lemma":"пристать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on высказал","gloss":"had pressed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пристал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"умоляя","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пристал","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утаить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утаить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утаить","lemma":"утаить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умоляя","gloss":"conceal"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of утаить","gloss":"had carried away"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"повидав","lemma":"повидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вынес","gloss":"having seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of повидав","gloss":"bride"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c10-s43","source":"— Ты будешь с нею счастлив, но, может быть… неспокойно счастлив.","translation":"\"You will be happy with her, but perhaps… an uneasy happiness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты будешь с нею счастлив","title":"Compound future «будешь… счастлив» with short adjective","body":"«будешь» is the future of «быть» (here as copula, not as future-auxiliary of an infinitive), linking to the short-form adjective «счастлив» ('happy'). The short form, predicate-only, is the natural choice after the future copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of счастлив","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастлив","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of счастлив","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the second счастлив","gloss":"may","note":"«может быть» together is an idiom meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"неспокойно","lemma":"неспокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастлив","gloss":"uneasily"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c10-s44","source":"— То-то брат, такие такими и остаются, они не смиряются пред судьбой. Так ты думаешь, что я не буду ее вечно любить?","translation":"\"That's just it, brother — such women stay just as they are; they do not submit before fate. So you think I won't love her forever?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такие такими и остаются","title":"Demonstrative play «такие… такими» + instrumental predicate","body":"Dmitri's vehement «такие такими и остаются» ('such [women] stay just such') uses «такой» twice — nominative subject «такие», then instrumental predicate «такими» after «остаются» ('remain'), which like «быть» takes an instrumental complement. The particle «и» emphasizes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смиряются пред судьбой","title":"Reflexive «смиряются» + archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«смиряться» ('to humble oneself, submit') is a -ся verb; «пред судьбой» is the bookish «пред» (for «перед») + instrumental, 'before fate'. The negated imperfective states a permanent trait: such women never bow to fate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то","title":"«То-то» — \"that's just it / exactly\"","body":"A colloquial exclamatory particle of confirmation or rueful agreement: 'that's just the point', 'precisely'. Here it opens Dmitri's reply with eager seizing-on of Alyosha's words."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"first part of the idiom то-то (\"that's just it\")","gloss":"that's","note":"«То-то» is a colloquial idiom for \"that's just it / just so\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of the idiom то-то, modifies брат","gloss":"just it"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остаются","gloss":"such women"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of остаются","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes остаются","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"остаются","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, takes такими as complement","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смиряются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смиряются","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смиряются","lemma":"смиряться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"submit"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"судьбой","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смиряются","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c10-s45","source":"— Нет, может быть, ты будешь ее вечно любить, но, может быть, не будешь с нею всегда счастлив…","translation":"\"No, perhaps you will love her forever, but perhaps you won't always be happy with her…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты будешь ее вечно любить, но… не будешь… счастлив","title":"Compound future of an imperfective vs of the copula","body":"Two futures with «быть»: «будешь… любить» is the compound (imperfective) future built on the infinitive «любить» ('will go on loving'); «не будешь… счастлив» is «быть» as copula plus short adjective ('won't be happy'). The repeated «может быть» ('perhaps') hedges both."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to любить","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любить","gloss":"may","note":"«может быть» together is an idiom meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to будешь","gloss":"may","note":"«может быть» together is an idiom meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастлив","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of счастлив","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастлив","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c10-s46","source":"Алеша произнес тогда свое мнение, краснея и досадуя на себя, что, поддавшись просьбам брата, высказал такие «глупые» мысли.","translation":"Alyosha had given his opinion then, blushing and vexed with himself that, having yielded to his brother's entreaties, he had voiced such \"foolish\" thoughts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнес… краснея и досадуя на себя","title":"Paired present gerunds «краснея и досадуя»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds, «краснея» (blushing) and «досадуя» (vexing himself), give the simultaneous manner of «произнес» ('uttered'). «досадовать на себя» = 'to be annoyed at oneself', with the reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поддавшись просьбам брата","title":"Past gerund «поддавшись» + dative object","body":"«поддавшись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «поддаться» ('to give in to'), expressing the prior act ('having yielded'). It governs the dative «просьбам» ('to the entreaties'), the case «поддаться» requires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"краснея","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес, coordinated with досадуя","gloss":"blushing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"досадуя","lemma":"досадовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес, coordinated with краснея","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of досадуя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поддавшись","lemma":"поддаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on высказал","gloss":"having yielded"},{"surface":"просьбам","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of поддавшись","gloss":"entreaties"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies просьбам","gloss":"his brother's"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of досадуя","gloss":"had voiced"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"глупые","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"thoughts"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c10-s47","source":"Потому что ему самому его мнение показалось ужасно как глупым тотчас же, как он его высказал.","translation":"Because his opinion had struck him himself as dreadfully foolish the moment he had voiced it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему самому его мнение показалось… глупым","title":"Dative experiencer «ему самому» + instrumental «глупым»","body":"«ему» (dative) is the one to whom it seemed, intensified by «самому» ('to himself, of all people'); «глупым» is the instrumental predicate of «показалось». 'His opinion struck even him as foolish.' The reflexive-emphatic «сам» agrees in dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно как глупым","title":"Intensifier «ужасно как» — 'dreadfully'","body":"«ужасно как» is a colloquial doubling for 'awfully, terribly so', heaping intensity onto «глупым». The bookish «потому что» opening the sentence subordinates it as the reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of показалось","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ему (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of показалось","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупым","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies глупым","gloss":"so","note":"Colloquial «ужасно как» intensifies the adjective, roughly \"terribly, just so foolish\"."},{"surface":"глупым","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показалось","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высказал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on показалось","gloss":"had voiced"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c10-s48","source":"Да и стыдно стало ему высказывать так властно мнение о женщине.","translation":"And besides, he had felt ashamed to pronounce judgment on a woman so authoritatively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыдно стало ему высказывать","title":"Dative-subject «стыдно стало ему» + imperfective infinitive","body":"A textbook dative-experiencer: «стыдно» (the impersonal predicative 'ashamed'), «стало» ('became'), and the experiencer «ему» in the dative — 'he came to feel ashamed'. The imperfective infinitive «высказывать» frames the judging as an activity. «Да и» = 'and besides'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"высказывать","lemma":"высказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to pronounce"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies властно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"властно","lemma":"властно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказывать","gloss":"authoritatively"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказывать","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"a woman"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c10-s49","source":"Тем с большим изумлением почувствовал он теперь при первом взгляде на выбежавшую к нему Катерину Ивановну, что, может быть, тогда он очень ошибся.","translation":"It was with all the greater astonishment, then, that he felt now, at his first glance at Katerina Ivanovna as she hurried out to him, that perhaps he had been very much mistaken back then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем с большим изумлением… что… он очень ошибся","title":"Correlative «тем… что» of degree","body":"«тем с большим изумлением» ('with all the greater astonishment') is the «тем + comparative» of proportion, answered by the «что»-clause stating the content of the realization. The instrumental «изумлением» expresses manner ('with astonishment')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежавшую к нему Катерину Ивановну","title":"Past active participle «выбежавшую» (prefixed motion)","body":"«выбежавшую» is the past active participle of «выбежать» ('to run out'), a prefixed motion verb, agreeing with «Катерину Ивановну» in the accusative: 'Katerina Ivanovna as she ran out to him'. The prefix «вы-» adds the direction 'out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative intensifier, modifies большим","gloss":"all the","note":"«Тем ... большим» is a correlative construction meaning \"with all the greater...\"."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изумлением","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"изумлением","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляде","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"выбежавшую","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Катерину","gloss":"hurrying out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежавшую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, modified by выбежавшую","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ошибся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ошибся","gloss":"may","note":"«может быть» together is an idiom meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошибся","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ошибся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошибся","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"ошибся","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had been mistaken"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c10-s50","source":"В этот раз лицо ее сияло неподдельною простодушною добротой, прямою и пылкою искренностью.","translation":"This time her face shone with an unfeigned, simple-hearted kindness, with a frank and ardent sincerity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо ее сияло неподдельною… добротой… искренностью","title":"Instrumental of manner with «сияло»","body":"«сиять» ('to shine, beam') takes the instrumental to say what the face shone with: «добротой… искренностью» ('with kindness… sincerity'). Again the archaic long endings «-ою» («неподдельною», «прямою»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неподдельною простодушною добротой","title":"«неподдельный», «простодушный» — unfeigned, guileless","body":"«неподдельный» is 'genuine, not counterfeit'; «простодушный» 'simple-hearted, open'. Together they mark the moral reversal: the haughtiness Alyosha first saw gives way to an artless goodness."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct modifying сияло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сияло","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сияло","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"неподдельною","lemma":"неподдельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies добротой","gloss":"unfeigned"},{"surface":"простодушною","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies добротой, coordinated with неподдельною","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"добротой","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияло","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"прямою","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies искренностью","gloss":"frank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пылкою","lemma":"пылкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies искренностью, coordinated with прямою","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"искренностью","lemma":"искренность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияло, coordinated with добротой","gloss":"sincerity"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c10-s51","source":"Изо всей прежней «гордости и надменности», столь поразивших тогда Алешу, замечалась теперь лишь одна смелая, благородная энергия и какая-то ясная, могучая вера в себя.","translation":"Of all the former \"pride and haughtiness\" that had so struck Alyosha at the time, only one thing was now noticeable: a bold, noble energy and a kind of clear, mighty faith in herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Изо всей прежней «гордости»… замечалась теперь лишь одна… энергия","title":"Reflexive-passive «замечалась» + fronted genitive","body":"«замечалась» is the imperfective reflexive passive of «замечать» ('was [being] noticed'), agreeing with «энергия». The phrase «изо всей прежней гордости» ('out of all the former pride', «из» → «изо» before a cluster) is fronted, the new subject delayed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь поразивших тогда Алешу","title":"Past active participle «поразивших» + bookish «столь»","body":"«поразивших» (past active participle of «поразить», to strike) agrees with «гордости и надменности» in the genitive plural: 'which had so struck Alyosha'. «столь» is the bookish 'so/to such a degree', more elevated than «так»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордости","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замечалась","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надменности","lemma":"надменность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордости","gloss":"haughtiness"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразивших","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поразивших","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying гордости","gloss":"that had struck"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразивших","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразивших","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"замечалась","lemma":"замечаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was noticeable"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечалась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies энергия","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"смелая","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies энергия","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"благородная","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies энергия","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"энергия","lemma":"энергия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замечалась","gloss":"energy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вера","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вера","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"ясная","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"могучая","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ясная","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with энергия","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c10-s52","source":"Алеша понял с первого взгляда на нее, с первых слов, что весь трагизм ее положения относительно столь любимого ею человека для нее вовсе не тайна, что она, может быть, уже знает всё, решительно всё.","translation":"Alyosha understood, from his first glance at her, from her first words, that the whole tragedy of her position with regard to the man she so loved was not in the least a secret to her, that she perhaps already knew everything, decidedly everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"относительно столь любимого ею человека","title":"Present passive participle «любимого» + instrumental agent","body":"«любимого» is the rare bookish present passive participle of «любить» ('beloved, the one loved'), agreeing with «человека» in the genitive; the agent «ею» ('by her') stands in the instrumental — 'the man so loved by her'. A markedly literary construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трагизм… для нее вовсе не тайна","title":"Zero-copula present + genitive of negation flavour","body":"In the present, Russian uses no 'is': «трагизм… не тайна» ('the tragedy… is not a secret'), with «для нее» ('to/for her') in the genitive after «для». «вовсе не» intensifies the negation ('not in the least')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взгляда","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тайна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of трагизм","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"трагизм","lemma":"трагизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тайна","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of положения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies трагизм","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"относительно","lemma":"относительно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"with regard to"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любимого","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"любимого","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любимого","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относительно","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тайна","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative complement of трагизм","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знает","gloss":"may","note":"«может быть» together is an idiom meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of тайна","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всё","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c10-s53","source":"И однако же, несмотря на то, было столько света в лице ее, столько веры в будущее.","translation":"And yet, in spite of that, there was so much light in her face, so much faith in the future.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было столько света… столько веры","title":"«столько» + genitive in an existential","body":"«столько» ('so much') governs the genitive «света… веры» in the existential «было столько…» ('there was so much light… faith'). The quantifier-plus-genitive pattern, with singular «было», builds the anaphoric crescendo."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то» — 'in spite of that'","body":"«несмотря на» ('despite', literally 'not looking at') governs the accusative «то» ('that'), a frozen concessive idiom. With «И однако же» ('and yet, nonetheless') it doubly underscores the contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking то","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on света","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies света","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on веры","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with света","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущее","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"будущее","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"the future"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c10-s54","source":"Алеша почувствовал себя пред нею вдруг серьезно и умышленно виноватым.","translation":"Alyosha suddenly felt himself, before her, seriously and deliberately to blame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал себя… виноватым","title":"«почувствовать себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«почувствовать себя кем-то/каким-то» ('to feel oneself [to be] …') takes the reflexive «себя» plus an instrumental predicate «виноватым» ('to blame, guilty'). The instrumental frames the guilt as a felt, occasioned state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноватым","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умышленно","lemma":"умышленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноватым","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"виноватым","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of почувствовал","gloss":"to blame"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c10-s55","source":"Он был побежден и привлечен сразу.","translation":"He was conquered and drawn to her at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был побежден и привлечен сразу","title":"Periphrastic passive: «был» + short passive participles","body":"«был побежден и привлечен» is the analytic passive — past copula «был» plus short-form past passive participles ('was conquered and drawn'). The short form is exactly the predicate-only shape this construction requires; the agent (Katerina) is left unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive побежден","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of побежден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"побежден","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conquered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"привлечен","lemma":"привлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежден","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привлечен","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c10-s56","source":"Кроме всего этого, он заметил с первых же слов ее, что она в каком-то сильном возбуждении, может быть очень в ней необычайном, — возбуждении, похожем почти даже на какой-то восторг.","translation":"Besides all this, he noticed from her very first words that she was in some kind of intense excitement, perhaps quite uncharacteristic of her — an excitement bordering almost even on a kind of rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметил… что она в каком-то сильном возбуждении","title":"Zero-copula present in a «что»-clause + indefinite «каком-то»","body":"Inside the «что»-clause the present 'is' is unexpressed: «она в… возбуждении» ('she [is] in… excitement'), a bare prepositional-phrase predicate. «каком-то» ('some kind of', with -то) leaves the excitement vaguely specified."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"похожем почти даже на какой-то восторг","title":"«похожий на» + accusative","body":"«похожий на что-то» ('resembling, like') governs the accusative «какой-то… восторг» ('a kind of rapture'). The adjective «похожем» agrees with «возбуждении» in the prepositional, modifying it after the dash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возбуждении","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возбуждении","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of возбуждении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of возбуждении","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"сильном","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"intense"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"excitement"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, complement of необычайном","gloss":"may","note":"«может быть» together is an idiom meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необычайном","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of необычайном","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"необычайном,","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении (first occurrence)","gloss":"uncharacteristic"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to возбуждении (first occurrence)","gloss":"an excitement"},{"surface":"похожем","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении (second occurrence)","gloss":"bordering"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восторг","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторг","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторг","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторг","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожем","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c10-s57","source":"— Я потому так ждала вас, что от вас от одного могу теперь узнать всю правду — ни от кого больше!","translation":"\"I have been waiting for you so because it is from you alone that I can now learn the whole truth — from no one else!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от вас от одного могу… узнать всю правду — ни от кого больше","title":"Emphatic «от вас от одного» and «ни от кого»","body":"The doubled preposition «от вас от одного» ('from you, from you alone') is an emphatic repetition for stress. Its negative foil «ни от кого больше» ('from no one else') uses «ни» with «от» + genitive — negative concord with the earlier positive claim implied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я потому так ждала вас, что…","title":"Correlative «потому… что» of cause","body":"«потому… что» splits the causal conjunction around the verb: «потому так ждала… что» ('the reason I waited so… is that'). Foregrounding «потому» heightens the explanatory emphasis. «ждала» is imperfective — an ongoing, drawn-out waiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been waiting"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вас, emphasizing exclusivity","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ждала","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of узнать (elliptical, parallel to от вас)","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c10-s58","source":"— Я пришел… — пробормотал Алеша, путаясь, — я… он послал меня…","translation":"\"I have come…\" Alyosha muttered, faltering, \"I… he sent me…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал Алеша, путаясь","title":"Present gerund «путаясь» — 'getting muddled'","body":"«путаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of reflexive «путаться» ('to get confused, stumble over words'), describing the manner of «пробормотал» ('muttered'). The gerund renders Alyosha's faltering simultaneously with his speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"путаясь,","lemma":"путаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"faltering","note":"A gerund describing Alyosha's manner as he mutters, not a separate clause."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"resumes the quoted clause (verb elided)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c10-s59","source":"— А, он послал вас, ну так я и предчувствовала. Теперь всё знаю, всё! — воскликнула Катерина Ивановна с засверкавшими вдруг глазами.","translation":"\"Ah, he sent you — well, that is just what I had a presentiment of. Now I know everything, everything!\" cried Katerina Ivanovna, her eyes suddenly flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так я и предчувствовала","title":"Confirming «так… и» — 'just as I sensed'","body":"The «так… и» frame with the focusing particle «и» confirms an expectation: 'that is just what I had a presentiment of'. The imperfective «предчувствовала» views the foreboding as a lingering state, not a point-event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с засверкавшими вдруг глазами","title":"Past active participle «засверкавшими» as instrumental modifier","body":"«засверкавшими» (past active participle of «засверкать», 'to begin to flash', with inceptive «за-») agrees with «глазами» in the instrumental after «с» ('with eyes that had suddenly flashed'). The participle compresses a whole event into one descriptive phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with так, modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had a presentiment of"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"всё!","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with всё","gloss":"everything!"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"засверкавшими","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"participle, past, active, instrumental, plural, perfective","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"flashing","note":"Past active participle of засверкать (perfective), 'having suddenly flashed.'"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засверкавшими","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c10-s60","source":"— Постойте, Алексей Федорович, я вам заранее скажу, зачем я вас так ожидала.","translation":"\"Wait, Alexei Fyodorovich, let me tell you in advance why I have been waiting for you so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постойте, Алексей Федорович","title":"Polite imperative «постойте» + full name-and-patronymic","body":"«постойте» is the perfective imperative of «постоять» here meaning 'wait, hold on', with polite «-те». Her addressing Alyosha by the full «Алексей Федорович» (first name + patronymic) is the respectful, formal mode of address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам заранее скажу, зачем я вас так ожидала","title":"Perfective future «скажу» + embedded «зачем»-question","body":"«скажу» is the simple (perfective) future of «сказать» ('I will tell'), with the dative addressee «вам». It introduces an indirect question with «зачем» ('why, to what end I waited for you so'). «ожидала» imperfective again stresses the prolonged waiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постойте","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ожидала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ожидала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ожидала","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"have been waiting for"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c10-s61","source":"Видите, я, может быть, гораздо более знаю, чем даже вы сами; мне не известий от вас нужно.","translation":"You see, I perhaps know far more than even you yourselves do; it is not news from you that I need.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо более знаю, чем даже вы сами","title":"Comparative «более» + «чем»","body":"«Гораздо более» is the bookish analytic comparative — «более» ('more') intensified by «гораздо» ('far, by much') — with the standard of comparison introduced by «чем». A speaker might prefer the synthetic «гораздо больше»; the periphrastic «более» here lends Katerina's protest a shade of formality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне не известий от вас нужно","title":"Genitive of negation: «не известий»","body":"Under the negated «не… нужно» the object «известия» (news, reports) shifts from nominative/accusative to the genitive plural «известий» — the genitive of negation. The fronting of «мне» and the negated noun packs the contrast: it is not news she wants."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы сами","title":"Intensifier «сами» — 'you yourselves'","body":"«Сам/сама/сами» is the emphatic intensifier 'oneself', agreeing with its pronoun; «вы сами» = 'you yourselves'. Distinct from the reflexive «себя», it underscores the very person, sharpening Katerina's claim to know more than Alyosha does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying знаю","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided comparative clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нужно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"известий","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of нужно","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies известий","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c10-s62","source":"Мне вот что от вас нужно: мне надо знать ваше собственное, личное последнее впечатление о нем, мне нужно, чтобы вы мне рассказали в самом прямом, неприкрашенном, в грубом даже (о, во сколько хотите грубом!) виде — как вы сами смотрите на него сейчас и на его положение после вашей с ним встречи сегодня?","translation":"Here is what I need from you: I must know your own, personal, latest impression of him; I need you to tell me in the most direct, unvarnished, even coarse terms (oh, as coarse as you like!) — how you yourself look upon him now and upon his situation after your meeting with him today.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне надо знать… мне нужно, чтобы вы мне рассказали","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне надо / нужно»","body":"Twice the sentence runs impersonally: the dative «мне» plus «надо»/«нужно» frames need with no nominative subject ('I must know', 'I need that…'). This dative-first construction is the native Russian way of voicing compulsion and want, and Dostoevsky leans on it for inner urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вы мне рассказали","title":"«чтобы» + past-form verb","body":"After «нужно», the willed outcome is expressed by «чтобы» plus the past-tense form «рассказали» — the irrealis construction (чтобы = что + бы). It does not report a fact but demands one: 'I need that you tell me'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неприкрашенном","title":"«неприкрашенный» — unvarnished","body":"A past passive participle turned adjective from «прикрасить» (to embellish, prettify) with the negating «не-»: 'not embellished, unvarnished'. Stacked with «прямом» and «грубом», it builds Katerina's plea for the unsoftened truth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во сколько хотите грубом","title":"«во сколько хотите» — 'as much as you like'","body":"An idiomatic free-relative concession: literally 'into however much you wish coarse', i.e. 'as coarse as you please'. The embedded «хотите» (2nd-pl) addresses Alyosha directly, an aside breaking the syntactic flow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нужно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот что","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нужно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нужно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатление","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"личное","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with собственное","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нужно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассказали","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of нужно","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прямом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прямом","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"прямом","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказали","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"неприкрашенном","lemma":"неприкрашенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прямом","gloss":"unvarnished"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грубом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грубом","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прямом","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грубом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во сколько хотите","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, quantifier","role":"modifies грубом (w34), degree of хотите","gloss":"as...as"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying грубом","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"грубом","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грубом (w28)","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказали","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрите","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказали","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with него, second oblique complement of смотрите","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встречи","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встречи","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c10-s63","source":"Это будет, может быть, лучше, чем если б я сама, к которой он не хочет больше ходить, объяснилась с ним лично.","translation":"That will perhaps be better than if I myself, whom he no longer wishes to visit, were to have it out with him in person.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше, чем если б я сама… объяснилась","title":"Conditional «если б… объяснилась»","body":"«Если б» (= «если бы») with the past-form perfective «объяснилась» builds a counterfactual: 'than if I myself were to have it out with him'. The mobile particle «бы», clipped to «б», marks the whole clause as hypothetical and unrealized."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к которой он не хочет больше ходить","title":"Relative «к которой» + multidirectional «ходить»","body":"The relative «который» here takes the dative «к которой» ('to whom') as governed by «ходить к» (to go visiting). «Ходить» is the multidirectional motion verb — repeated, habitual visits — so «не хочет больше ходить» = 'no longer wishes to keep coming round'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"объяснилась","title":"«объясниться» — to have it out","body":"The reflexive «объясниться» (from «объяснить», to explain) means to talk something through, settle a matter, or 'have it out' with someone — often emotionally charged, a frank reckoning between two people. The «-ся» gives it its reciprocal, person-to-person sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лучше","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying будет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of объяснилась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of объяснилась","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объяснилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on я","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет (with не, 'no longer')","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"объяснилась","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"were to have it out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснилась","gloss":"in person"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c10-s64","source":"Поняли вы, чего я от вас хочу?","translation":"Have you understood what I want from you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поняли вы, чего я от вас хочу?","title":"Inverted question + genitive «чего»","body":"Verb-first «Поняли вы…?» fronts the perfective past for an insistent yes/no question. The embedded object is the genitive «чего» (not «что»), because «хотеть» governs the genitive of an indefinite thing wished for — 'what I want of you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have understood"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Поняли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of хочу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Поняли","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c10-s65","source":"Теперь с чем же он вас послал ко мне (я так и знала, что он вас пошлет!) — говорите просто, самое последнее слово говорите!..","translation":"Now, with what message did he send you to me (I just knew he would send you!) — speak plainly, give me his very last word!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так и знала, что он вас пошлет","title":"Emphatic «так и» + perfective future «пошлет»","body":"«Так и знала» — 'I just knew it (all along)' — uses «так и» to assert that the event matched her expectation exactly. «Пошлет» is the perfective present-form = simple future ('he would send'), here reported within her past certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чем же он вас послал","title":"Particle «же» insisting","body":"The modal particle «же» adds insistent pressure to the question — 'with what, then, did he send you?' — conveying her impatience. English carries this only with stress or 'on earth'; Russian writes it into the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорите просто, самое последнее слово говорите","title":"Imperative «говорите», repeated for urgency","body":"The polite/plural imperative «говорите» frames both commands; the repetition with the object fronted in the second ('the very last word — speak it!') is rhetorical insistence, the doubled imperative dramatizing her need."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошлет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошлет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пошлет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пошлет!)","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"would send"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнее","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите (w23)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорите (w18)","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c10-s66","source":"— Он приказал вам… кланяться, и что больше не придет никогда… а вам кланяться.","translation":"\"He bade me… send his regards, and say that he will never come again… yes, send his regards to you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он приказал вам… кланяться","title":"«приказать» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Приказать» (to order, bid) takes a dative addressee in general; but here «вам» is the dative object of «кланяться» (кланяться кому = to send regards TO someone = Katerina), not the one ordered — the person bidden (Alyosha) is unnamed: '[Dmitri] ordered [me] to send regards to you (вам)'. This dative-plus-infinitive frame is the standard pattern for verbs of ordering and asking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bade"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кланяться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приказал","gloss":"give his regards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет (with не, 'no more')","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of приказал","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кланяться (w13)","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кланяться (w4)","gloss":"give his regards"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c10-s67","source":"— Кланяться? Он так и сказал, так и выразился?","translation":"\"His regards? That is just how he put it, that is the very word he used?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он так и сказал, так и выразился?","title":"«так и» — 'just so, exactly thus'","body":"Repeated «так и» insists on the literal exactness of the wording: 'is that just how he said it, just how he put it?'. Katerina's whole hope rides on the precise word, so she demands confirmation that it was verbatim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выразился","title":"«выразиться» — to put it, phrase it","body":"The reflexive «выразиться» (from «выразить», to express) means 'to express oneself, to put something a certain way'. Paired with «сказал», it narrows from 'said' to 'chose those very words' — the distinction Katerina is fixated on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"echoed exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"regards?"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"put it"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c10-s68","source":"— Да.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c10-s69","source":"— Мельком, может быть, нечаянно, ошибся в слове, не то слово поставил, какое надо?","translation":"\"In passing, perhaps, by accident — slipped on the word, put down the wrong word, not the one he meant?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то слово поставил, какое надо","title":"«не то… какое надо» — 'not the word that was needed'","body":"«Не то слово» ('not that word') is picked up by the relative «какое надо» ('which was needed'), with «какое» agreeing in gender/number with «слово». The clipped «какое надо» leaves «было/поставить» elided — telegraphic, anxious speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мельком","title":"«мельком» — in passing, fleetingly","body":"An adverb meaning 'in passing, with a glance, casually' — that the word slipped out unweighed. Katerina floats it as an exonerating possibility: perhaps Dmitri did not mean «кланяться» as a deliberate blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошибся","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying ошибся","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошибся","gloss":"by accident"},{"surface":"ошибся","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slipped up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ошибся","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то (idiom 'не то слово' = wrong word)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"the wrong"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ошибся","gloss":"put down"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"refers to слово, subject of надо","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of поставил","gloss":"was needed"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c10-s70","source":"— Нет, он велел именно, чтоб я передал это слово: «кланяться». Просил раза три, чтоб я не забыл передать.","translation":"\"No, he charged me precisely to pass on this very word: 'his regards.' He asked some three times that I not forget to deliver it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел именно, чтоб я передал это слово","title":"«велеть» + «чтоб» + past form","body":"«Велеть» (to bid, order) governs «чтоб» (= чтобы) with the past-form verb «передал»: 'he charged that I pass on this word'. The «чтобы»-clause expresses the willed content of the command, not a fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Просил раза три, чтоб я не забыл передать","title":"«раза три» — approximate number, genitive singular","body":"Inverting the numeral after the noun («раза три» rather than «три раза») signals approximation — 'some three times'. With «два/три/четыре» the counted noun stands in the genitive singular, hence «раза»; «чтоб… не забыл» again gives the negated purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of велел","gloss":"pass on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"in apposition to слово","gloss":"his regards"},{"surface":"Просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the quantity phrase раза три, modifies Просил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifier modifying раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Просил","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to deliver"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c10-s71","source":"Катерина Ивановна вспыхнула.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna flushed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспыхнула","title":"«вспыхнуть» — to flush, flare up","body":"A perfective verb meaning literally 'to blaze up, catch fire', used of a sudden flush of the face or a flare of feeling. Of Katerina it captures the instantaneous rush of blood and emotion — a single completed flare, marked by the perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вспыхнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вспыхнула","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c10-s72","source":"— Помогите мне теперь, Алексей Федорович, теперь-то мне и нужна ваша помощь: я вам скажу мою мысль, а вы мне только скажите на нее, верно или нет я думаю.","translation":"\"Help me now, Alexei Fyodorovich — now is just when I need your help: I will tell you my thought, and you have only to tell me whether I am thinking rightly or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помогите мне теперь","title":"Imperative «помогите» + dative","body":"«Помочь» (to help) governs the dative of the person helped, so the polite imperative «помогите» pairs with «мне»: 'help me'. The dative object is built into the verb's government, not optional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь-то мне и нужна ваша помощь","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» + «и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «теперь» singles out the moment — 'now, precisely now' — and the following «и» reinforces it ('it is just now that I need your help'). This is the topic-emphasizing «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верно или нет я думаю","title":"Embedded yes/no with «или нет»","body":"An indirect question — 'whether I am thinking rightly or not' — rendered with the adverb «верно» and the bare «или нет». Russian could mark it with «ли», but the colloquial «верно или нет» keeps the appeal direct and pleading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помогите","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Помогите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Помогите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes теперь (clitic -то)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нужна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying нужна","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"нужна","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of помощь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужна","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with верно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажите","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c10-s73","source":"Слушайте, если б он велел мне кланяться мельком, не настаивая на передаче слова, не подчеркивая слова, то это было бы всё… Тут был бы конец!","translation":"Listen: if he had bidden me his regards in passing, without insisting on the delivery of the word, without underscoring the word, then that would have been everything… That would have been the end!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б он велел мне кланяться… то это было бы всё","title":"Full counterfactual: «если б… бы»","body":"A classic past counterfactual: protasis «если б он велел» and apodosis «это было бы всё», both carrying «бы». The doubled particle frames an unreal scenario she rejects — 'had he bidden it carelessly, that would have been the end'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не настаивая на передаче слова, не подчеркивая слова","title":"Negated imperfective gerunds «настаивая», «подчеркивая»","body":"Two present (imperfective) деепричастия in «-я», negated by «не», describe attendant manner — 'without insisting on… without underscoring…'. They share the subject «он» and compress accompanying circumstance into the main clause, a hallmark of literary syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тут был бы конец","title":"«Тут был бы конец» — 'that would have been the end'","body":"«Тут» here is not spatial 'here' but the discourse 'at that point, in that case'. With «был бы» it closes the counterfactual: in the careless scenario, all hope would be over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of велел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of велел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had bidden"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"give his regards"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кланяться","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настаивая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"настаивая","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on велел","gloss":"insisting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передаче","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"передаче","lemma":"передача","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настаивая","gloss":"delivery"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies передаче","gloss":"of the word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подчеркивая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"подчеркивая","lemma":"подчёркивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on велел, coordinated with настаивая","gloss":"underscoring"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подчеркивая","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause это было бы всё","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to всё","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to конец","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of был","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the end"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c10-s74","source":"Но если он особенно настаивал на этом слове, если особенно поручал вам не забыть передать мне этот поклон, — то, стало быть, он был в возбуждении, вне себя, может быть?","translation":"But if he insisted so particularly on this word, if he so particularly charged you not to forget to convey this bow to me — then it must mean he was in a state of agitation, beside himself, perhaps?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, стало быть, он был в возбуждении","title":"«стало быть» — 'therefore, it follows'","body":"«Стало быть» is a fossilized inferential phrase ('consequently, it must mean'), drawing the conclusion of the conditional set up by «если». It belongs to reasoning, deductive speech — Katerina building her case logically out of the single word «кланяться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поручал вам не забыть передать мне этот поклон","title":"Stacked infinitives + dative «мне»","body":"«Поручал» (entrusted, charged) is followed by the negated infinitive «не забыть» and a further infinitive «передать», with the dative «мне» as recipient: 'charged you not to forget to convey to me'. Russian readily chains infinitives under one governing verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вне себя","title":"«вне себя» — beside oneself","body":"An idiom, literally 'outside oneself', meaning overcome by emotion — beside oneself with agitation. Built on the genitive reflexive «себя» governed by «вне» (outside, + genitive), it intensifies «в возбуждении»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of настаивал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивал","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying был","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слове","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of настаивал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поручал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поручал","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"поручал","lemma":"поручать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying был, parallel to настаивал","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поручал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поручал","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыть","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклон,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поклон,","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"it means","note":"'стало быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'that is to say/consequently'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало, part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возбуждении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of idiom вне себя, coordinated with возбуждении","gloss":"himself","note":"'вне себя' is the idiom 'beside himself'."},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c10-s75","source":"Решился и решения своего испугался!","translation":"He made his decision and took fright at his own decision!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Решился и решения своего испугался","title":"Reflexive «решиться» + «испугаться» governing genitive","body":"Two «-ся» verbs drive the line: «решился» ('he resolved', middle sense of decision) and «испугался», which governs the genitive of what one fears — «решения своего» ('took fright at his own decision'). The reflexive possessive «своего» points the decision back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he resolved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of испугался","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решения","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Решился","gloss":"took fright"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c10-s76","source":"Не ушел от меня твердым шагом, а полетел с горы.","translation":"He did not walk away from me with a firm step, but went tumbling down a hill.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ушел… а полетел с горы","title":"Contrastive «а» pairing prefixed motion verbs","body":"The contrastive conjunction «а» opposes two prefixed perfective motion verbs: «ушел» ('walked away', у- = away) versus «полетел» ('went flying/tumbling', по- inceptive on «лететь'). The figure paints Dmitri not leaving steadily but plunging headlong."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полетел с горы","title":"«полететь с горы» — to go tumbling down a hill","body":"An expressive figure: literally 'flew down from the mountain', i.e. plunged headlong, lost all footing. Against «твердым шагом» ('with a firm step') it dramatizes Dmitri's loss of control after his decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walk away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шагом","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"шагом","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"полетел","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ушел","gloss":"went tumbling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полетел","gloss":"hill"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c10-s77","source":"Подчеркивание этого слова может означать одну браваду…","translation":"The underscoring of that word may signify nothing but bravado…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"браваду","title":"«бравада» — bravado","body":"A French loan («bravade») meaning a show of reckless defiance masking fear or weakness. Katerina reads Dmitri's emphatic «кланяться» as exactly this — not finality but a desperate flourish, which keeps her hope alive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подчеркивание этого слова","title":"Verbal noun «подчеркивание»","body":"«Подчеркивание» is a deverbal noun in «-ние» ('the underscoring'), formed from the imperfective «подчёркивать» and serving as the abstract subject of «может означать». Such nominalizations are a bookish way to make an action the topic of a sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подчеркивание","lemma":"подчёркивание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"underscoring"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Подчеркивание","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"означать","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"signify"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies браваду","gloss":"mere","note":"'одну' here works like 'only/nothing but', not a literal count."},{"surface":"браваду","lemma":"бравада","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of означать","gloss":"bravado"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c10-s78","source":"— Так, так! — горячо подтвердил Алеша, — мне самому так теперь кажется.","translation":"\"Just so, just so!\" Alyosha eagerly confirmed. \"It seems so to me myself now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне самому так теперь кажется","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне… кажется» + intensifier «самому»","body":"«Кажется» ('it seems') is impersonal, taking the dative experiencer «мне»; the intensifier «самому» (dative of «сам») agrees with it — 'it seems so to me myself'. Alyosha's whole assent is framed in the dative-subject mold of inner impression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горячо подтвердил","title":"«горячо» — warmly, eagerly","body":"The adverb «горячо» (from «горячий», hot) means 'warmly, ardently, eagerly' of speech or feeling. Dostoevsky tags Alyosha's «подтвердил» with it to mark how readily he wants to share Katerina's hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так!","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так!","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"eagerly"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to подтвердил","gloss":"seems"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c10-s79","source":"— А коли так, то он еще не погиб! Он только в отчаянии, но я еще могу спасти его.","translation":"\"And if so, then he is not yet lost! He is only in despair, but I can still save him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коли так, то он еще не погиб","title":"«коли» — archaic/colloquial 'if'","body":"«Коли» is a folksy, somewhat archaic equivalent of «если» ('if'), paired here with the correlative «то' ('then'). Its homely register colors Katerina's reasoning; «погиб» is the perfective past of «погибнуть» (to perish), 'he is not yet lost'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of погиб","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погиб","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погиб","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погиб","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погиб","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lost"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause в отчаянии","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отчаянии","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Он","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c10-s80","source":"Стойте: не передавал ли он вам что-нибудь о деньгах, о трех тысячах?","translation":"Wait: did he not pass on anything to you about money, about the three thousand?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стойте","title":"Imperative «Стойте» — 'Wait, stop'","body":"«Стойте» is the polite/plural imperative of «стоять», used interjectionally to halt the conversation: 'wait, hold on'. A small command that punctuates her racing train of thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не передавал ли он вам что-нибудь о деньгах","title":"Negative question with «ли» + indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"The interrogative particle «ли» follows the fronted negated verb to form a tentative yes/no question ('did he not perhaps pass on…?'). «Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('anything at all'), fitting her uncertainty about whether any message exists."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передавал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"pass on"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передавал","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передавал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of передавал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of передавал, part of что-нибудь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of передавал, part of что-нибудь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of передавал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньгах","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c10-s81","source":"— Не только говорил, но это, может быть, всего сильнее убивало его.","translation":"\"He not only spoke of it, but it was perhaps the thing that was destroying him most of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не только говорил, но это… убивало его","title":"Correlative «не только… но» + imperfective «убивало»","body":"«Не только… но» ('not only… but') links the two clauses; the imperfective past «убивало» ('was killing, destroying') views the torment as an ongoing process rather than a finished act — the durative force of the imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of убивало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies сильнее","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убивало","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"убивало","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"was destroying"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убивало","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c10-s82","source":"Он говорил, что лишен теперь чести и что теперь уже всё равно, — с жаром ответил Алеша, чувствуя всем сердцем своим, как надежда вливается в его сердце и что в самом деле, может быть, есть выход и спасение для его брата.","translation":"He said that he was now stripped of his honor and that now nothing mattered any longer,\" Alyosha answered warmly, feeling with all his heart how hope was flowing into his own heart and how there might in fact be a way out and salvation for his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что лишен теперь чести","title":"Short passive participle «лишен» + genitive","body":"«Лишён» is the short-form past passive participle of «лишить» (to deprive), predicative and agreeing with the masculine subject; «лишить» governs the genitive of what is taken away — «чести» ('of honor'). 'He is deprived of honor' — a bookish, resultative construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствуя… как надежда вливается в его сердце","title":"Imperfective gerund «чувствуя»","body":"The present деепричастие «чувствуя» ('feeling') sets Alyosha's simultaneous inner state alongside «ответил», sharing its subject. It opens a long participial tail typical of Dostoevsky's introspective narration, with «вливается» imperfective for the ongoing inflow of hope."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"теперь уже всё равно","title":"«всё равно» — 'it makes no difference'","body":"An idiomatic predicate, literally 'all (is) equal', meaning 'it's all the same, nothing matters'. Reinforced by «уже» ('already, now'), it voices Dmitri's reported despair: stripped of honor, he feels indifferent to everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лишен","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"stripped"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of лишен","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of равно,","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равно,","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равно,","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно,","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"равно,","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause, parallel to лишен","gloss":"the same","note":"'всё равно' is the idiom 'it makes no difference/didn't matter'."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the reported speech","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"чувствуя","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствуя","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вливается","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вливается","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"вливается","lemma":"вливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствуя","gloss":"was flowing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вливается","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial oblique of есть, idiom в самом деле = in fact","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вливается","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"выход","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with выход","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c10-s83","source":"— Но разве вы… про эти деньги знаете? — прибавил он и вдруг осекся.","translation":"\"But do you really… know about this money?\" he added, and suddenly broke off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве вы… про эти деньги знаете?","title":"Particle «разве» — incredulous question","body":"«Разве» introduces a question tinged with surprise or disbelief: 'do you really…?'. It expects that the answer might upset the speaker's assumptions — Alyosha is startled that Katerina already knows about the money."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осекся","title":"«осечься» — to break off, falter","body":"The perfective reflexive «осечься» means to stop short in mid-speech, to falter (originally of a gun misfiring). It marks Alyosha catching himself, realizing he has said too much — a single, abrupt check, hence the perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете?","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете?","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знаете?","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"знаете?","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаете?","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осекся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"осекся","lemma":"осечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавил","gloss":"broke off"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c10-s84","source":"— Давно знаю, и знаю наверно.","translation":"\"I have known for a long time, and I know it for certain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наверно","title":"«наверно» — for certain (19th-c. sense)","body":"In Dostoevsky's usage «наверно» means 'for certain, beyond doubt', not the modern hedging 'probably'. «Знаю наверно» = 'I know it for sure' — Katerina asserting solid, verified knowledge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have known"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c10-s85","source":"Я в Москве телеграммой спрашивала и давно знаю, что деньги не получены.","translation":"I inquired by telegram in Moscow and have long known that the money was not received.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"телеграммой спрашивала","title":"Instrumental of means: «телеграммой»","body":"«Телеграммой» is the instrumental of «телеграмма», naming the means of the action — 'inquired by telegram'. The bare instrumental for instrument/means needs no preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги не получены","title":"Short passive participle «не получены»","body":"«Получены» is the short-form past passive participle of «получить» (to receive), agreeing with plural «деньги», negated: 'the money was not received'. The быть-copula is zero in the present, so the bare short participle states the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашивала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивала","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"телеграммой","lemma":"телеграмма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивала (means)","gloss":"by telegram"},{"surface":"спрашивала","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спрашивала","gloss":"have known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive получены","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получены","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"received"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c10-s86","source":"Он деньги не послал, но я молчала.","translation":"He did not send the money, but I kept silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он деньги не послал, но я молчала","title":"Word order + aspect contrast","body":"Topicalizing «деньги» before the negated «не послал» foregrounds the money as the issue. The aspect splits the two clauses: perfective «послал» (a single completed non-act) against imperfective «молчала» (her sustained silence over time)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"молчала","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with послал","gloss":"kept silent"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c10-s87","source":"В последнюю неделю я узнала, как ему были и еще нужны деньги…","translation":"This past week I learned how he was in still further need of money…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ему были и еще нужны деньги","title":"Dative «ему» + «нужны» (predicate need)","body":"Need is again framed impersonally: the dative «ему» with «нужны» agreeing in plural with «деньги» — 'how money was needed by him'. The intercalated «и еще» ('still more, in addition') and the past «были» place the need firmly in past time."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужны","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нужны","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"even more"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of узнала","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c10-s88","source":"Я поставила во всем этом одну только цель: чтоб он знал, к кому воротиться и кто его самый верный друг.","translation":"In all this I set myself but one aim: that he should know to whom to turn and who is his truest friend.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он знал, к кому воротиться","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + embedded «к кому воротиться»","body":"«Чтоб» with past-form «знал» states her single aim; embedded inside is the indirect question «к кому воротиться» ('to whom to return'), an interrogative pronoun «кому» in the dative governed by «к», plus a bare infinitive of deliberation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротиться","title":"«воротиться» — to return (archaic/colloquial)","body":"«Воротиться» is an older, more colloquial synonym of «вернуться» (to come back). It carries a homelier, slightly folk register than the neutral «вернуться», common in 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поставила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поставила","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этом","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies цель","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставила","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of цель","gloss":"would know"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of друг, elliptical copula clause","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верный","gloss":"truest"},{"surface":"верный","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of кто-clause","gloss":"friend"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c10-s89","source":"Нет, он не хочет верить, что я ему самый верный друг, не захотел узнать меня, он смотрит на меня только как на женщину.","translation":"No, he will not believe that I am his truest friend, he has refused to know me, he looks upon me only as a woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он смотрит на меня только как на женщину","title":"«смотреть на… как на…» — 'to regard as'","body":"The idiom «смотреть на X как на Y» means 'to look upon / regard X as Y', with both nouns in the accusative after «на». Here 'he looks upon me only as a woman' — the wound of being reduced from confidante to mere object of passion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочет верить… не захотел узнать меня","title":"Aspect pair «не хочет / не захотел»","body":"The same root in two aspects: imperfective present «хочет» (his ongoing refusal to believe) and perfective past «захотел» ('did not come to want', a decisive past refusal to know her). The pairing tracks a settled disposition hardening into an act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to хочет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of друг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of друг, elliptical copula clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of друг","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верный","gloss":"truest"},{"surface":"верный","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of верить","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женщину","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"comparative marker before на женщину","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщину","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c10-s90","source":"Меня всю неделю мучила страшная забота: как бы сделать, чтоб он не постыдился предо мной этой растраты трех тысяч?","translation":"All week a terrible worry has tormented me: how to manage things so that he would not be ashamed before me of having squandered the three thousand?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня всю неделю мучила страшная забота","title":"Object-first word order: «Меня… мучила забота»","body":"The accusative object «меня» opens the sentence while the nominative subject «забота» ('worry') comes last — topic-comment order that foregrounds the sufferer and saves the cause for the stressed close. The case endings keep subject and object unambiguous despite the inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сделать, чтоб он не постыдился","title":"«как бы… чтоб» — deliberative with «бы»","body":"«Как бы сделать» ('how to manage') uses «бы» with an infinitive to muse over a means, and «чтоб он не постыдился» gives the negated purpose with a past-form verb. The reflexive «постыдиться» governs the genitive «этой растраты» ('be ashamed of this squandering')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"растраты","title":"«растрата» — squandering, embezzlement","body":"«Растрата» (from «растратить», to fritter/embezzle away) denotes the wasteful or illicit spending of money entrusted to one — close to 'misappropriation'. The word quietly frames Dmitri's use of Katerina's three thousand as something near a breach of trust."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неделю","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучила","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мучила","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional marker in phrase как бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of забота, explaining it","gloss":"to manage"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of постыдился","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постыдился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постыдился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"постыдился","lemma":"постыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сделать","gloss":"be ashamed"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of растраты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"растраты","lemma":"растрата","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of постыдился","gloss":"squandering"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies растраты","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c10-s91","source":"То есть пусть стыдится и всех и себя самого, но пусть меня не стыдится.","translation":"That is, let him be ashamed before everyone and before himself, but let him not be ashamed before me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть стыдится… но пусть меня не стыдится","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть» plus a 3rd-person present forms the jussive — 'let him be ashamed'. Repeated and then negated («пусть меня не стыдится»), it draws Katerina's anguished line: let him feel shame before all but her. «Стыдиться» governs the genitive of what shames."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"'то есть' is the fixed idiom 'that is (to say)'."},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдится","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"стыдится","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be ashamed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative conjunction и...и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of стыдится","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдится","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"genitive complement of стыдится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдится","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыдится","gloss":"be ashamed"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c10-s92","source":"Ведь богу он говорит же всё, не стыдясь.","translation":"After all, to God he tells everything without shame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь богу он говорит же всё, не стыдясь","title":"Particles «ведь» and «же» + gerund «не стыдясь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared truth ('after all, you know') and «же» insists, stacking emphasis. The negated imperfective gerund «не стыдясь» ('without shame') adds attendant manner. «Богу» is dative, governed by «говорить» ('he tells God everything')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"стыдясь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорит","gloss":"being ashamed"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c10-s93","source":"Зачем же не знает до сих пор, сколько я могу для него вынести?","translation":"Why does he still not know how much I can bear for his sake?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько я могу для него вынести","title":"Embedded «сколько… вынести»","body":"«Сколько» ('how much') opens an indirect question object of «не знает»; «вынести» is the perfective infinitive 'to bear, endure (to the end)'. «Для него» ('for his sake') uses «для» + genitive. The whole asks why Dmitri cannot gauge her capacity for sacrifice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does...know"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of idiom до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of idiom до сих пор, modifies знает","gloss":"now","note":"'до сих пор' is the idiom 'still/up to now'."},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the сколько-clause, clausal complement of знает","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынести","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"bear"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c10-s94","source":"Зачем, зачем не знает меня, как он смеет не знать меня после всего, что было?","translation":"Why, why does he not know me — how dare he not know me, after all that has passed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он смеет не знать меня","title":"«сметь» + negated infinitive","body":"«Смеет» (from «сметь», to dare) governs the infinitive «не знать»: 'how dare he not know me'. The negation falls on the infinitive, not «сметь» — she is not asking how he dares to know, but how he dares persist in not knowing her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после всего, что было","title":"«после всего, что было» + correlative","body":"«После» governs the genitive «всего» ('after all'), modified by the relative «что было» ('that has been/passed'). The neuter «что» picks up the indefinite «всё» — a compact, weighted phrase for the whole shared history between them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to знает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does know"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation with смеет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знает","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знать","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying всего","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c10-s95","source":"Я хочу его спасти навеки.","translation":"I want to save him forever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навеки","title":"«навеки» — forever, for all ages","body":"An elevated adverb 'forever, eternally', built on «век» (age, century) — loftier than the plain «навсегда». Its near-liturgical ring suits Katerina's swelling vow to save Dmitri for all time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасти","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c10-s96","source":"Пусть он забудет меня как свою невесту!","translation":"Let him forget me as his bride!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть он забудет меня как свою невесту","title":"Jussive «пусть… забудет» + «как» + accusative","body":"«Пусть» plus perfective «забудет» ('let him forget') forms the third-person command, and «как свою невесту» ('as his bride') keeps the accusative after «как». The reflexive possessive «свою» ties 'bride' back to the subject — let him forget that she is his betrothed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забудет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"забудет","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of забудет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесту","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забудет","gloss":"bride"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c10-s97","source":"И вот он боится предо мной за честь свою!","translation":"And yet here he is, afraid before me for his honor!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он боится предо мной за честь свою","title":"«бояться» + «за» (accusative) + archaic «предо»","body":"«Бояться за» + accusative means to fear for something — «за честь свою» ('for his honor'). «Предо мной» uses the archaic/euphonic variant of «передо» ('before me'), and «свою» again reflexively binds the honor to its possessor."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of боится","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c10-s98","source":"Ведь вам же, Алексей Федорович, он не побоялся открыться?","translation":"Why, to you, Alexei Fyodorovich, he was not afraid to open himself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вам же, Алексей Федорович, он не побоялся открыться","title":"Double particle «ведь… же» + reflexive «открыться»","body":"«Ведь» and «же» together press the appeal hard ('why, to you he wasn't afraid…'). «Открыться» is the reflexive 'to open oneself, confide'; «не побоялся» (perfective 'was not afraid') governs the infinitive. The dative «вам» fronted with «же» throws the contrast onto Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побоялся","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of побоялся","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Alexei","note":"Vocative address, not grammatically linked to the main clause."},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побоялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побоялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побоялся","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"открыться","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побоялся","gloss":"open up"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c10-s99","source":"Отчего я до сих пор не заслужила того же?","translation":"Why have I not until now deserved as much?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего я до сих пор не заслужила того же?","title":"«отчего» + genitive object «того же»","body":"«Отчего» ('why, for what reason') opens the rhetorical question; «заслужить» here governs the genitive «того же» ('that same thing') under negation — 'why have I not deserved as much?'. «До сих пор» = 'up to now, still'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужила","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заслужила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until","note":"Idiom «до сих пор» = 'until now.'"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заслужила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заслужила","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deserved"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заслужила","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"same"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c10-s100","source":"Последние слова она произнесла в слезах; слезы брызнули из ее глаз.","translation":"She spoke the last words in tears; the tears gushed from her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезы брызнули из ее глаз","title":"Perfective «брызнули» — sudden onset","body":"«Брызнули» is the perfective past of «брызнуть» (to spurt, gush), capturing the instantaneous outbreak of tears as a single completed burst. «Из её глаз» uses «из» + genitive ('from her eyes'). Aspect makes the tears suddenly spring, not merely flow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of произнесла","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произнесла","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of брызнули","gloss":"the tears"},{"surface":"брызнули","lemma":"брызнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнесла","gloss":"gushed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаз","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of брызнули","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c10-s101","source":"— Я должен вам сообщить, — произнес тоже дрожащим голосом Алеша, — о том, что сейчас было у него с отцом.","translation":"\"I must inform you,\" Alyosha said, in a voice that trembled too, \"of what just took place between him and his father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнес тоже дрожащим голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner + present participle «дрожащим»","body":"«Дрожащим голосом» ('in a trembling voice') is the instrumental of manner. «Дрожащий» is a present active participle from «дрожать» (to tremble), declined and agreeing with «голосом» — a compressed 'voice that was trembling'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о том, что сейчас было у него с отцом","title":"Correlative «о том, что…»","body":"«Сообщить о том, что…» uses the prepositional «о том» as a placeholder ('about that') resolved by the «что»-clause. «У него с отцом» ('between him and his father') uses «у» + genitive for the parties to the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщить,","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сообщить,","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to должен","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"him","note":"«у него с отцом» is idiomatic for 'between him and his father.'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with него","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c10-s102","source":"— И он рассказал всю сцену, рассказал, что был послан за деньгами, что тот ворвался, избил отца и после того особенно и настоятельно еще раз подтвердил ему, Алеше, идти «кланяться»… — Он пошел к этой женщине… — тихо прибавил Алеша.","translation":"And he told the whole scene — told how he had been sent for the money, how the other had burst in, beaten their father, and afterward, especially and insistently, had once more charged him, Alyosha, to go and \"send his regards\"… \"He has gone to that woman…\" Alyosha added softly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был послан за деньгами","title":"Past passive «был послан» + «за» + instrumental","body":"«Был послан» is the periphrastic passive: «быть» plus the short past passive participle of «послать» ('was sent'). «За деньгами» ('for the money') uses «за» + instrumental to mean 'to fetch' — the directional-purpose sense of «за»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот ворвался, избил отца","title":"Demonstrative «тот» tracking referents","body":"«Тот» ('the other one, that one') distinguishes Dmitri from the father within a crowded clause — a topic-tracking device that lets Russian keep multiple male referents straight without pronouns. The perfectives «ворвался», «избил», «подтвердил» chain the events forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подтвердил ему, Алеше, идти «кланяться»","title":"Apposition «ему, Алеше» + dative","body":"The dative pronoun «ему» is glossed in apposition by the dative «Алеше» ('to him, to Alyosha') — the narrator clarifying the referent. «Подтвердил… идти кланяться» joins the perfective with an infinitive of the charged command."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцену","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказал","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послан","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of послан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"послан","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of послан","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ворвался","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ворвался","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"ворвался","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to послан","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвался","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтвердил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with особенно","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтвердил","gloss":"more","note":"«ещё раз» is idiomatic for 'once more.'"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвался","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подтвердил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of подтвердил","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"кланяться»","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of идти","gloss":"pay his respects","note":"Ironic idiom: literally 'to bow,' used here for grovelling to Grushenka."},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has gone"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщине","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пошел","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c10-s103","source":"— А вы думаете, что я эту женщину не перенесу? Он думает, что я не перенесу?","translation":"\"And do you think that I cannot endure this woman? Does he think I cannot endure her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я эту женщину не перенесу?","title":"Object-fronting + perfective future «не перенесу»","body":"The accusative object «эту женщину» is fronted before the negated perfective future «не перенесу» ('will not endure'), throwing weight onto 'this woman'. «Перенести» here means to bear, put up with; the perfective future denies a completed act of enduring."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенесу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перенесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщину","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перенесу","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перенесу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"перенесу","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенесу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перенесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перенесу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"перенесу","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думает","gloss":"endure"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c10-s104","source":"Но он на ней не женится, — нервно рассмеялась она вдруг, — разве Карамазов может гореть такою страстью вечно?","translation":"But he will not marry her,\" she suddenly broke into a nervous laugh, \"can a Karamazov burn with such a passion forever?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве Карамазов может гореть такою страстью вечно?","title":"«разве» + instrumental «такою страстью»","body":"«Разве» frames an incredulous rhetorical question. «Гореть» ('to burn') takes the instrumental of what one burns with — «такою страстью» ('with such a passion'); «такою» is the older instrumental ending (-ою for modern -ой), period-elevated."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нервно рассмеялась","title":"«рассмеяться» — to burst out laughing","body":"The perfective reflexive «рассмеяться» (рас- inceptive + «смеяться») means to break into laughter. With «нервно» ('nervously') it signals the brittle, half-hysterical mood beneath Katerina's bravura claims about Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женится,","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"marrying"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женится,","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"женится,","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to женится,","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг,","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to женится,","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"гореть","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страстью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страстью","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гореть","gloss":"a passion"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гореть","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c10-s105","source":"Это страсть, а не любовь.","translation":"It is passion, not love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это страсть, а не любовь","title":"Zero copula + contrastive «а не»","body":"No verb 'to be' is needed in the present: «Это страсть» ('This is passion') with a bare nominative predicate. «А не любовь» uses the contrastive «а» with «не» to draw the antithesis — 'passion, and not love' — the sharp distinction Katerina insists on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of страсть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"страсть","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with страсть","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c10-s106","source":"Он не женится, потому что она и не выйдет за него… — опять странно усмехнулась вдруг Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"He will not marry her, because she herself will not marry him either…\" Katerina Ivanovna again gave a strange sudden smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что она и не выйдет за него","title":"«потому что» + perfective future «не выйдет за»","body":"«Потому что» ('because') opens the causal clause; «выйти замуж за» (lit. 'to go out [in marriage] for') is the idiom for a woman marrying, governing «за» + accusative «него». The perfective future «не выйдет» denies it as a completed future act, with «и» emphasizing 'either'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулась","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk, give a wry smile","body":"«Усмехнуться» (perfective reflexive) is a faint, often ironic or bitter smile — not a full «улыбнуться». «Странно усмехнулась» ('gave a strange smile') flags the unsettling current beneath Katerina's words about Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"женится","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on женится","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"marrying"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулась","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"усмехнулась","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to женится","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулась","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c10-s107","source":"— Он, может быть, женится, — грустно проговорил Алеша, потупив глаза.","translation":"\"He may, perhaps, marry her,\" Alyosha said sadly, casting down his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"грустно проговорил Алеша, потупив глаза","title":"Perfective gerund «потупив»","body":"«Потупив» is a past (perfective) деепричастие from «потупить» (to cast down, lower one's eyes), expressing a prior/accompanying completed act: 'casting down his eyes, he said'. It shares Alyosha's subject and adds the bodily gesture of his sad reluctance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потупив глаза","title":"«потупить глаза» — to lower the eyes","body":"«Потупить» (взор / глаза) is a bookish set phrase for dropping the gaze in modesty, shame, or sorrow. Of Alyosha it marks the gentle pain of having to contradict Katerina's hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женится,","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to женится,","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"женится,","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to женится,","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"потупив","lemma":"потупить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"casting down"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of потупив","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c10-s108","source":"— Он не женится, говорю вам! Эта девушка — это ангел, знаете вы это? Знаете вы это! — воскликнула вдруг с необыкновенным жаром Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"\"He will not marry her, I tell you! This girl — she is an angel, do you know that? Do you know that!\" Katerina Ivanovna suddenly cried with extraordinary fervor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не женится, говорю вам!","title":"«говорю вам» — emphatic parenthetical","body":"«Говорю вам» ('I tell you') is an insistent parenthetical reinforcing the assertion. «Жениться» is the verb for a man marrying (intransitive, governing «на» + prepositional), distinct from a woman's «выйти замуж»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ангел, знаете вы это?","title":"Predicate «это ангел» + inverted «знаете вы это»","body":"Bare-nominative predication «это ангел' ('she is an angel') with zero copula, followed by the verb-fronted question «знаете вы это?» for emphatic appeal. The repetition with falling intonation conveys Katerina's feverish insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с необыкновенным жаром","title":"«жар» — fervor, heat of feeling","body":"«Жар» literally is 'heat, fever'; figuratively it is ardor, passionate fervor. «С необыкновенным жаром» ('with extraordinary fervor') marks the almost feverish intensity of Katerina's praise of her rival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"женится","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with женится","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девушка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copula linking девушка  to ангел","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это!","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Знаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаете","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенным","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жаром","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"fervor"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c10-s109","source":"— Это самое фантастическое из фантастических созданий!","translation":"\"She is the most fantastical of fantastical creatures!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое фантастическое из фантастических созданий","title":"Superlative «самое… из…»","body":"«Самое фантастическое» is the periphrastic superlative with «самый» (here neuter, agreeing with «создание»), and «из фантастических созданий» ('of fantastical creatures') gives the partitive genitive plural set. The figura etymologica — repeating the root — heightens the rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with фантастическое","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантастическое","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"фантастическое","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fantastical"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking созданий","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"фантастических","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies созданий","gloss":"fantastical"},{"surface":"созданий","lemma":"создание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"complement of из","gloss":"creatures"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c10-s110","source":"Я знаю, как она обольстительна, но я знаю, как она и добра, тверда, благородна.","translation":"I know how alluring she is, but I also know how good she is, how steadfast, how noble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как она и добра, тверда, благородна","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives «добра, тверда, благородна»","body":"A run of short-form adjectives in the predicate — «добра», «тверда», «благородна» — all feminine, agreeing with «она». The short form, more bookish and stating an essential quality, is favored here over the long form for this elevated catalogue of virtues."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольстительна","title":"«обольстительный» — alluring, seductive","body":"From «обольстить» (to seduce, beguile), «обольстительный» means captivatingly alluring, with an edge of dangerous enchantment. In short form «обольстительна», it concedes Grushenka's seductive power even as Katerina insists on her nobility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обольстительна","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обольстительна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обольстительна","lemma":"обольстительный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"alluring"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of добра","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of добра","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies добра","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"добра","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"тверда","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добра","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"благородна","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тверда","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c10-s111","source":"Чего вы смотрите так на меня, Алексей Федорович?","translation":"Why do you look at me so, Alexei Fyodorovich?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего вы смотрите так на меня","title":"«Чего» as 'why' (colloquial)","body":"Here «чего» (genitive of «что») functions colloquially as 'why, what for' rather than 'what' — 'why do you look at me so?'. This idiomatic, slightly reproachful «чего» belongs to lively spoken register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смотрите","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c10-s112","source":"Может быть, удивляетесь моим словам, может быть, не верите мне?","translation":"Perhaps you are amazed at my words, perhaps you do not believe me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может быть, удивляетесь моим словам","title":"«удивляться» + dative «моим словам»","body":"The reflexive «удивляться» (to be amazed at) governs the dative of what astonishes — «моим словам» ('at my words'). The repeated «может быть» ('perhaps') hedges as Katerina anxiously reads Alyosha's expression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to удивляетесь","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"удивляетесь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're amazed"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of словам","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of удивляетесь","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to верите","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to удивляетесь","gloss":"you believe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верите","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c10-s113","source":"Аграфена Александровна, ангел мой! — крикнула она вдруг кому-то, смотря в другую комнату, — подите к нам, это милый человек, это Алеша, он про наши дела всё знает, покажитесь ему!","translation":"Agrafena Alexandrovna, my angel!\" she suddenly called out to someone, looking into the next room. \"Come in to us — this is a dear man, this is Alyosha, he knows all about our affairs, show yourself to him!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подите к нам… покажитесь ему","title":"Imperatives «подите», «покажитесь»","body":"«Подите» is the polite imperative of «пойти/подойти» ('come here'), slightly archaic in flavor; «покажитесь» is the reflexive imperative of «показаться» ('show yourself'), governing the dative «ему». A string of warm commands welcoming Grushenka in."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ангел мой","title":"«ангел мой» — 'my angel'","body":"A tender endearment, 'my angel', with the possessive following the noun for affectionate emphasis. Lavished on Grushenka, it is strikingly effusive — the warmth so excessive that it reads as strained, given who Grushenka is to Katerina."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"мой!","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ангел","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of крикнула","gloss":"to someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кому","gloss":"-to"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнула","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату,","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату,","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"комнату,","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"подите","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to крикнула","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of подите","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Алеша","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крикнула","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"покажитесь","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнула","gloss":"show yourself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of покажитесь","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c10-s114","source":"— А я только и ждала за занавеской, что вы позовете, — произнес нежный, несколько слащавый даже, женский голос.","translation":"\"I was only waiting behind the curtain for you to call me,\" said a tender, even somewhat saccharine, woman's voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я только и ждала за занавеской, что вы позовете","title":"«только и… что» — 'did nothing but'","body":"The frame «только и ждала… что вы позовете» means 'I was only waiting for you to call' — «только и» + verb + «что» conveys exclusive, sole occupation. «За занавеской» ('behind the curtain') uses «за» + instrumental for location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слащавый","title":"«слащавый» — cloyingly sweet","body":"«Слащавый» (from «сладкий», sweet) means saccharine, mawkishly or affectedly sweet — a faintly negative word. The narrator's tag «несколько слащавый» on Grushenka's voice plants the first note of something cloying beneath her charm."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавеской","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавеской","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждала","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позовете,","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позовете,","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позовете,","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ждала","gloss":"would call"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ждала","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"нежный","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on слащавый","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"слащавый","lemma":"слащавый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нежный","gloss":"saccharine"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слащавый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c10-s115","source":"Поднялась портьера, и… сама Грушенька, смеясь и радуясь, подошла к столу.","translation":"The portière was lifted, and… Grushenka herself, laughing and beaming, came up to the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама Грушенька, смеясь и радуясь, подошла","title":"Paired imperfective gerunds «смеясь и радуясь»","body":"Two present деепричастия from reflexive verbs — «смеясь» (laughing) and «радуясь» (rejoicing, beaming) — frame Grushenka's manner as she approaches, simultaneous with «подошла». The intensifier «сама» ('herself') heightens the moment of her entrance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"портьера","title":"«портьера» — door-curtain (French loan)","body":"«Портьера» (from French portière) is a heavy curtain hung over a doorway, a fixture of well-appointed 19th-century interiors. That Grushenka emerges from behind one — having eavesdropped — is staged like a theatrical reveal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was lifted"},{"surface":"портьера","lemma":"портьера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Поднялась","gloss":"the portière"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of Грушенька","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подошла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошла","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links смеясь and радуясь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радуясь","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеясь","gloss":"beaming"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c10-s116","source":"В Алеше как будто что передернулось.","translation":"Something in Alyosha seemed to flinch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В Алеше как будто что передернулось","title":"Impersonal «что передернулось» + «как будто»","body":"«Что» here is the bare indefinite 'something' (= «что-то'), subject of the reflexive «передернулось» ('twitched, flinched'), all softened by «как будто» ('as if'). The location «в Алеше» ('in Alyosha') frames an involuntary inner spasm with no agent — a quintessentially Dostoevskian register of the soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передернулось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom как будто, modifies передернулось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of передернулось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"передернулось","lemma":"передёрнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flinched"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c10-s117","source":"Он приковался к ней взглядом, глаз отвести не мог.","translation":"He fastened his gaze upon her, unable to take his eyes away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он приковался к ней взглядом, глаз отвести не мог","title":"«приковаться» + instrumental «взглядом»; genitive of negation «глаз»","body":"«Приковаться» ('to be riveted', lit. chained) takes «к ней» (dative via «к») and the instrumental of means «взглядом' ('with his gaze'). In the second clause, the negated «не мог отвести» pulls the object «глаз» into the genitive of negation — 'could not tear his eyes away'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приковался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приковался","lemma":"приковаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"his gaze"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отвести","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"отвести","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to приковался, main verb of second clause","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c10-s118","source":"Вот она, эта ужасная женщина — «зверь», как полчаса назад вырвалось про нее у брата Ивана.","translation":"Here she was, this terrible woman — the \"beast,\" as his brother Ivan had let slip about her half an hour earlier.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как полчаса назад вырвалось про нее у брата Ивана","title":"Impersonal reflexive «вырвалось» + «у» of source","body":"«Вырвалось» (reflexive, 'it burst out, escaped [him]') frames the word «зверь» as slipping out involuntarily; the speaker is marked obliquely with «у брата Ивана» ('from brother Ivan', «у» + genitive). The construction makes the slur something that escaped Ivan rather than a deliberate act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зверь","title":"«зверь» — beast","body":"«Зверь» is a wild beast or brute; applied to a person it imputes savage, predatory, untamed sensuality. Ivan's blurted «зверь» about Grushenka frames her as something feral — which the narrator immediately, ironically contrasts with the ordinary, sweet woman now before Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зверь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасная","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in apposition to она","gloss":"'beast'"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вырвалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полчаса","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause, modifies зверь","gloss":"had slipped out"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c10-s119","source":"И однако же, пред ним стояло, казалось бы, самое обыкновенное и простое существо на взгляд, — добрая, милая женщина, положим красивая, но так похожая на всех других красивых, но «обыкновенных» женщин!","translation":"And yet there stood before him, to all appearances, the most ordinary and simple of beings — a kind, sweet woman, beautiful, granted, but so like all the other beautiful, \"ordinary\" women!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред ним стояло… самое обыкновенное и простое существо","title":"Archaic «пред» + inverted word order","body":"«Пред» is the bookish, shortened form of «перед» ('before'). Verb-first «стояло… существо» (neuter agreement with «существо», 'being') with the subject delayed throws the rhetorical weight onto the surprising ordinariness — topic-comment inversion for effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так похожая на всех других красивых… женщин","title":"Present participle phrase «похожая на…»","body":"«Похожая на» ('resembling, like') governs «на» + accusative «всех других… женщин» (animate accusative = genitive plural «женщин»). The adjective agrees with «существо»'s implied feminine referent, packing a relative-clause sense into a modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying стояло","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase казалось","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обыкновенное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"обыкновенное","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простое","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with обыкновенное","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляд,","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"взгляд,","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom на взгляд, modifies существо","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to существо","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положим","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces красивая","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"красивая","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похожая","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"похожая","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин, complement of похожая","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of женщин","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies женщин","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"красивых","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies женщин","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обыкновенных","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with красивых, modifies женщин","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition на, complement of похожая","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c10-s120","source":"Правда, хороша она была очень, очень даже, — русская красота, так многими до страсти любимая.","translation":"True, she was very lovely, very lovely indeed — a Russian beauty, the sort so passionately loved by many.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хороша она была очень","title":"Short adjective «хороша» fronted","body":"The feminine short-form adjective «хороша» ('lovely, good-looking') is fronted before «она была» for emphasis — the bookish short predicate stating her beauty as a settled fact. Doubling «очень, очень даже» piles on the narrator's concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"русская красота, так многими до страсти любимая","title":"Passive participle «любимая» + instrumental agent «многими»","body":"«Любимая» is the present passive participle of «любить» ('beloved'), agreeing with «красота»; its agent stands in the instrumental — «многими» ('by many') — and «до страсти» ('to the point of passion') intensifies. A dense, bookish appositional phrase closing the chapter's portrait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying хороша","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing она","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хороша","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хороша","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороша","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже,","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"даже,","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хороша","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многими","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"многими","lemma":"многие","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, plural","role":"agent complement of любимая","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страсти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любимая","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"любимая","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c10-s121","source":"Это была довольно высокого роста женщина, несколько пониже, однако, Катерины Ивановны (та была уже совсем высокого роста), полная, с мягкими, как бы неслышными даже движениями тела, как бы тоже изнеженными до какой-то особенной слащавой выделки, как и голос ее.","translation":"She was a woman of fairly tall stature, though somewhat shorter than Katerina Ivanovna (who was very tall indeed), full-figured, with soft movements of the body that seemed almost soundless, movements that, like her voice, seemed pampered into some peculiar, cloyingly sweet finish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько пониже, однако, Катерины Ивановны","title":"Comparative + genitive of comparison","body":"«Пониже» is the predicative comparative «ниже» (lower / shorter) softened by the prefix «по-» ('a bit shorter'). The thing compared, «Катерины Ивановны», stands in the genitive — the bare genitive of comparison, an alternative to «чем» — so it reads 'somewhat shorter than Katerina Ivanovna'. The inserted «однако» ('however') marks the concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с мягкими, как бы неслышными даже движениями тела","title":"Instrumental of accompanying description after «с»","body":"The preposition «с» here governs the instrumental «с… движениями» to attach a descriptive feature to the woman ('with… movements'). The whole adjective string «мягкими, как бы неслышными» agrees with «движениями» in the instrumental plural, a chain Dostoevsky lengthens to build the cat-soft impression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слащавой выделки","title":"«слащавый» — cloyingly sweet","body":"«Слащавый» means sugary to the point of being mawkish or affected — sweetness that has gone false. «Выделка» is the 'finish' or 'workmanship' of a manufactured thing; applied to a human body it is faintly contemptuous, as though she were a confected object. The pairing forecasts the narrator's wariness of Grushenka's whole manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женщина","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокого","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun after была","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on пониже","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"пониже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"shorter"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying пониже","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison, complement of пониже","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to роста","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокого","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была, describing та","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"полная","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"full-figured"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мягкими","lemma":"мягкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies движениями","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies неслышными","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"неслышными","lemma":"неслышный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with мягкими, modifies движениями","gloss":"soundless"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неслышными","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"движениями","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"movements"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движениями","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies изнеженными","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изнеженными","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"изнеженными","lemma":"изнеженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies движениями","gloss":"pampered"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выделки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of какой-то, determiner of выделки","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-то, determiner of выделки","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"особенной","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выделки","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"слащавой","lemma":"слащавый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выделки","gloss":"cloying"},{"surface":"выделки","lemma":"выделка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изнеженными","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies изнеженными","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to движениями via как","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c10-s122","source":"Она подошла не как Катерина Ивановна — мощною бодрою походкой; напротив, неслышно.","translation":"She came forward not as Katerina Ivanovna had — with a vigorous, brisk stride; on the contrary, she made no sound at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошла","title":"Perfective prefixed motion verb «подойти»","body":"«Подошла» is the perfective past of «подойти» (to come up, approach), the prefix «под-» giving 'approach toward'. Once the directional prefix is added, the old идти/ходить opposition collapses into an ordinary aspect pair (подходить/подойти); the perfective here marks a single completed entrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мощною бодрою походкой","title":"Instrumental of manner; archaic -ою ending","body":"«Мощною бодрою походкой» is an instrumental of manner ('with a vigorous, brisk stride'), the case Russian uses to say how an action is performed. Note the bookish 19th-century feminine instrumental in «-ою» (мощною for modern мощной) — a literary-archaic flourish very common in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came forward"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как (negates the comparison)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Катерина Ивановна","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb in comparison clause","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"мощною","lemma":"мощный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies походкой","gloss":"vigorous"},{"surface":"бодрою","lemma":"бодрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мощною, modifies походкой","gloss":"brisk"},{"surface":"походкой","lemma":"походка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"stride"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces неслышно","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"неслышно","lemma":"неслышно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to подошла (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"silently"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c10-s123","source":"Ноги́ ее на полу совсем не было слышно.","translation":"Her feet could not be heard on the floor in the slightest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ноги́ ее на полу совсем не было слышно","title":"Impersonal «слышно» + genitive of negation","body":"This is a subjectless impersonal construction built on the predicative «слышно» ('audible') with neuter «было». Under negation the thing not heard, «ноги», drops out of the nominative into the genitive — the genitive of negation — yielding literally 'of her foot there was not at all audibility on the floor'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ноги́","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of слышно","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Ноги́","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышно","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слышно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, describes Ноги́","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c10-s124","source":"Мягко опустилась она в кресло, мягко прошумев своим пышным черным шелковым платьем и изнеженно кутая свою белую как кипень полную шею и широкие плечи в дорогую черную шерстяную шаль.","translation":"Softly she lowered herself into the armchair, her sumptuous black silk dress softly rustling, and with a pampered air she wrapped her full neck, white as foam, and her broad shoulders in a costly black woolen shawl.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мягко опустилась она в кресло","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + fronted adverb","body":"«Опустилась» is the reflexive/middle «опуститься» (to lower oneself, sink down), where «-ся» turns the transitive 'lower' into an intransitive change of state. The sentence opens with the adverb «мягко» fronted for rhythmic emphasis, pushing subject «она» after the verb — topic-comment word order in action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошумев… кутая","title":"Two gerunds: perfective «-в» and imperfective «-я»","body":"The sentence hangs two adverbial participles («деепричастия») off «опустилась»: «прошумев» is the perfective past gerund in «-в» (having rustled), «кутая» the imperfective present gerund in «-я» (wrapping, simultaneously). Both share the main subject «она» and pile attendant circumstance onto a single action — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"белую как кипень","title":"«кипень» — white as foam","body":"«Кипень» is the seething white froth of boiling water; the set simile «белый как кипень» means dazzlingly, foamy-white. It is a folk-poetic, slightly archaic comparison — more vivid than the everyday «белоснежный» (snow-white) — fitting the lush, sensuous register of the description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустилась","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"опустилась","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of опустилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустилась","gloss":"the armchair"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошумев","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"прошумев","lemma":"прошуметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on опустилась","gloss":"rustling"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платьем","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пышным","lemma":"пышный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платьем","gloss":"sumptuous"},{"surface":"черным","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платьем","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"шелковым","lemma":"шёлковый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платьем","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"платьем","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrument of прошумев","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изнеженно","lemma":"изнеженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутая","gloss":"languidly"},{"surface":"кутая","lemma":"кутать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on опустилась, coordinated with прошумев","gloss":"wrapping"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шею","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"белую","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шею","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies белую","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кипень","lemma":"кипень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of белую","gloss":"foam"},{"surface":"полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шею","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кутая","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"широкие","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies плечи","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with шею","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шаль","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дорогую","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шаль","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"черную","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шаль","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"шерстяную","lemma":"шерстяной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шаль","gloss":"woolen"},{"surface":"шаль","lemma":"шаль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кутая, object of preposition в","gloss":"shawl"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c10-s125","source":"Ей было двадцать два года, и лицо ее выражало точь-в-точь этот возраст.","translation":"She was twenty-two years old, and her face declared that age exactly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ей было двадцать два года","title":"Dative of age; case after the numeral","body":"Russian states age impersonally: the person goes in the dative («ей», 'to her') with neuter «было», so literally 'to her it was twenty-two years'. The numeral governs the noun's case — compound numbers ending in «два» take the genitive singular, hence «два года» not «лет»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly, to a T","body":"An expressive colloquial intensifier meaning 'precisely, exactly so', formed by reduplicating the old «точь» (point). Here it insists that her face 'declared that age exactly' — twenty-two and looking it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of было","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on два","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выражало","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"выражало","lemma":"выражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь, modifies выражало","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь, modifies выражало","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь, modifies выражало","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of возраст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возраст","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выражало","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-c10-s126","source":"Она была очень бела лицом, с высоким бледно-розовым оттенком румянца.","translation":"Her complexion was very white, touched high on the cheeks with a pale rose blush.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень бела лицом","title":"Short-form adjective predicate + instrumental of respect","body":"«Бела» is the predicative short form of «белый» (feminine singular), used here as the predicate 'was white' — the bookish short form lending an absolute, descriptive flavour. «Лицом» is an instrumental of respect: white *in respect of* the face, i.e. 'white-faced'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бела","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бела","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бела","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бела","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оттенком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"высоким","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оттенком","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"бледно","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies оттенком","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"розовым","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оттенком","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"оттенком","lemma":"оттенок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"hue"},{"surface":"румянца","lemma":"румянец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оттенком","gloss":"blush"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-c10-s127","source":"Очертание лица ее было как бы слишком широко, а нижняя челюсть выходила даже капельку вперед.","translation":"The contour of her face was, as it were, a little too broad, and her lower jaw jutted forward even by a hair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходила даже капельку вперед","title":"Imperfective for a standing state","body":"«Выходила» (imperfective past of «выходить») describes not an event but a permanent condition of the jaw — it 'jutted forward'. Russian uses the imperfective for such timeless, descriptive states, where English would use a simple past. The diminutive adverb «капельку» ('by a tiny drop, a hair') softens the observation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очертание лица ее было как бы слишком широко… а нижняя челюсть","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"The two clauses hinge on «а», the mild contrastive conjunction that shifts the topic ('the contour… *while* the lower jaw…') without strong opposition. This untranslatable 'and/but' is the natural connective for moving the eye from one facial feature to the next."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очертание","lemma":"очертание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of широко","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Очертание","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to широко","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies широко","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies широко","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the first clause","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нижняя","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies челюсть","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"челюсть","lemma":"челюсть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выходила","gloss":"jaw"},{"surface":"выходила","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"jutted"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капельку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of degree on выходила","gloss":"a hair"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходила","gloss":"forward"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-c10-s128","source":"Верхняя губа была тонка, а нижняя, несколько выдавшаяся, была вдвое полнее и как бы припухла.","translation":"Her upper lip was thin, while the lower one, projecting somewhat, was twice as full and looked as though it were swollen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тонка… полнее… припухла","title":"Short adjectives and a comparative as predicates","body":"The lips are described entirely with predicative short forms: «тонка» (thin), «полнее» (the comparative 'fuller'), and «припухла» (the short past-passive-flavoured form of «припухнуть», swollen). Short forms are the bookish, 19th-century way to predicate a state, giving the portrait its clinical poise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько выдавшаяся","title":"Past active participle «выдавшаяся»","body":"«Выдавшаяся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «выдаться» (to protrude), in «-вш-» plus adjective endings and agreeing with «губа» (feminine). It compresses a «которая выдалась» relative clause into a single modifier — 'the lower lip, having projected somewhat' — typical of dense literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верхняя","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губа","gloss":"upper"},{"surface":"губа","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тонка","gloss":"lip"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тонка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тонка","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of first clause","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"нижняя","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была (ellipsis of губа)","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on выдавшаяся","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"выдавшаяся","lemma":"выдаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies нижняя","gloss":"projecting"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полнее","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вдвое","lemma":"вдвое","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полнее","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"полнее","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of second clause","gloss":"fuller"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies припухла","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"припухла","lemma":"припухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with полнее","gloss":"swelled"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-c10-s129","source":"Но чудеснейшие, обильнейшие темно-русые волосы, темные соболиные брови и прелестные серо-голубые глаза с длинными ресницами заставили бы непременно самого равнодушного и рассеянного человека, даже где-нибудь в толпе, на гулянье, в давке, вдруг остановиться пред этим лицом и надолго запомнить его.","translation":"But her hair, of the most marvelous and abundant kind, dark chestnut, her dark sable brows, and her enchanting gray-blue eyes with their long lashes would, without fail, have made even the most indifferent and absent-minded of men — somewhere in a crowd, say, out walking, in a crush — stop short before that face and remember it for a long time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заставили бы… остановиться… и запомнить","title":"Conditional «бы» + perfective infinitives","body":"«Заставили бы» is the conditional/subjunctive — perfective past «заставили» plus the particle «бы» — projecting a hypothetical 'would have made'. It governs two perfective infinitives of result, «остановиться» (to stop short) and «запомнить» (to commit to memory), each viewing the action as a single completed whole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чудеснейшие, обильнейшие","title":"Bookish superlative in «-ейший»","body":"«Чудеснейшие» (most marvelous) and «обильнейшие» (most abundant) are synthetic superlatives in «-ейший», declined and agreeing with «волосы». This suffixal superlative is markedly literary, where ordinary speech prefers «самый чудесный» — its weight matches the rhapsodic tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соболиные брови","title":"«соболиные» — sable","body":"From «соболь», the sable. «Соболиные брови» ('sable brows') is a stock epithet of Russian beauty — dark, glossy, luxuriant — drawn from the same folk-poetic register as «белый как кипень» above. It marks Grushenka as a beauty of the native type."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чудеснейшие","lemma":"чудесный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"modifies волосы, coordinated with обильнейшие","gloss":"most marvelous"},{"surface":"обильнейшие","lemma":"обильный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with чудеснейшие, modifies волосы","gloss":"most abundant"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies волосы","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"русые","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies волосы","gloss":"chestnut"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of заставили (coordinated with брови, глаза)","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies брови","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"соболиные","lemma":"соболиный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies брови","gloss":"sable"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with волосы","gloss":"brows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прелестные","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"enchanting"},{"surface":"серо","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"голубые","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with волосы","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ресницами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ресницами","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ресницами","lemma":"ресница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"lashes"},{"surface":"заставили","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of заставили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заставили","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies равнодушного","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"равнодушного","lemma":"равнодушный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"indifferent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассеянного","lemma":"рассеянный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with равнодушного","gloss":"absent-minded"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заставили","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies остановиться","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies остановиться","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial location, modifies остановиться","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гулянье","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гулянье","lemma":"гулянье","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with толпе","gloss":"an outing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking давке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"давке","lemma":"давка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with толпе","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановиться","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановиться","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of заставили","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановиться","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надолго","lemma":"надолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнить","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"запомнить","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"second infinitive complement of заставили, coordinated with остановиться","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запомнить","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b3-c10-s130","source":"Алешу поразило всего более в этом лице его детское, простодушное выражение.","translation":"What struck Alyosha most of all in that face was its childlike, guileless expression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу поразило всего более… его детское… выражение","title":"Object-first word order; «поразило» agrees with the real subject","body":"The accusative object «Алешу» ('Alyosha') is fronted as topic, while the grammatical subject is «выражение» (neuter), with which the verb «поразило» agrees — literally 'Alyosha it struck most of all… the childlike expression'. The free, case-marked word order lets the person affected lead and the new information (the expression) land last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всего более, modifies поразило","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom всего более, modifies поразило","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразило","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"детское","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"childlike"},{"surface":"простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with детское","gloss":"guileless"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"expression"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b3-c10-s131","source":"Она глядела как дитя, радовалась чему-то как дитя, она именно подошла к столу, «радуясь» и как бы сейчас чего-то ожидая с самым детским нетерпеливым и доверчивым любопытством.","translation":"She looked out like a child, she rejoiced at something like a child; indeed she had come up to the table “rejoicing,” and as though waiting at that very moment for something, with the most childlike, impatient, trusting curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"радуясь… ожидая","title":"Present gerunds of simultaneous action","body":"«Радуясь» (rejoicing) and «ожидая» (awaiting) are imperfective present gerunds in «-я», naming actions going on at the same time as the main verb «подошла» — she came up *while* rejoicing and awaiting. The first is even set in quotation marks, as if the narrator borrows Katerina's own gushing word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"радовалась чему-то","title":"Indefinite «-то»: a specific but unnamed something","body":"«Чему-то» is the dative of «что-то», the indefinite formed with the clitic «-то» marking a specific but unidentified referent — she rejoiced at *some* particular thing, though neither she nor we can name it. Contrast «чему-нибудь», which would mean 'at anything at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глядела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison дитя with глядела","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the как-comparison with глядела","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"радовалась","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядела","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"complement of радовалась (part of indefinite чему-то)","gloss":"something","note":"чему-то is one indefinite pronoun split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix on чему","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison дитя with радовалась","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the как-comparison with радовалась","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подошла","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядела","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"радуясь","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошла","gloss":"rejoicing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle phrase как бы, modifies ожидая","gloss":"as though","note":"как бы is a fixed modal particle meaning 'as though'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидая","gloss":"at that moment"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ожидая (part of indefinite чего-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix on чего","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with радуясь","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies детским (superlative marker)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"детским","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"childlike"},{"surface":"нетерпеливым","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доверчивым","lemma":"доверчивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нетерпеливым","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидая","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b3-c10-s132","source":"Взгляд ее веселил душу — Алеша это почувствовал.","translation":"Her gaze gladdened the soul — Alyosha felt it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взгляд ее веселил душу","title":"Imperfective «веселил» as a continuing effect","body":"«Веселил» (imperfective past of «веселить», to gladden) frames the gaze's effect as an ongoing, repeated working on the soul rather than a single event — 'her gaze [kept] gladdening the soul'. The em-dash then springs to Alyosha's instantaneous perception."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веселил","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive/possessive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of Взгляд","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"веселил","lemma":"веселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gladdened"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of веселил","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with веселил","gloss":"felt"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b3-c10-s133","source":"Было и еще что-то в ней, о чем он не мог или не сумел бы дать отчет, но что, может быть, и ему сказалось бессознательно, именно опять-таки эта мягкость, нежность движений тела, эта кошачья неслышность этих движений.","translation":"There was something else in her too, something he could not, or could not have managed to, account for, but which perhaps spoke to him as well, unconsciously — namely, again, that very softness, that tenderness of the body's movements, that catlike soundlessness of those movements.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог или не сумел бы дать отчет","title":"Indicative and conditional side by side","body":"Two negated modals are paired: plain indicative «не мог» (could not) and conditional «не сумел бы» (could not have managed to), the «бы» shifting the second into the hypothetical. The fine distinction — what he actually couldn't do versus what he wouldn't have been able to do — is exactly the kind of psychological hedging Dostoevsky loves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказалось бессознательно","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a middle voice","body":"«Сказалось» is the reflexive «сказаться» (to make itself felt, tell on), where «-ся» gives a middle, agentless sense — something in her 'spoke to him' or 'told on him' of its own accord. The subjectless feel suits a stirring he registers but cannot author."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще, meaning 'also/too'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Было (part of indefinite что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix on что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Было","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дать (дать отчет о чем)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on что-то","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with сумел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"отчет","lemma":"отчёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"an account"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сказалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему, meaning 'also/as well'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"сказалось","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the second relative clause on что-то (parallel to мог), subject что","gloss":"made itself known"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказалось","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the apposition мягкость","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки, modifies мягкость","gloss":"again","note":"опять-таки is an emphatic idiom meaning 'yet again'."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мягкость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мягкость","lemma":"мягкость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to что-то, restating the subject of сказалось","gloss":"softness"},{"surface":"нежность","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мягкость","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"движений","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies нежность","gloss":"of the movements"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движений","gloss":"of the body"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неслышность","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кошачья","lemma":"кошачий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неслышность","gloss":"catlike"},{"surface":"неслышность","lemma":"неслышность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мягкость","gloss":"soundlessness"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of движений","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"движений","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies неслышность","gloss":"movements"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b3-c10-s134","source":"И однако ж, это было мощное и обильное тело.","translation":"And yet it was a powerful and ample body.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И однако ж, это было мощное и обильное тело","title":"Concessive «однако ж»; zero copula in the past replaced by «было»","body":"«Однако ж» ('and yet'), with the clipped emphatic particle «ж» (a reduced «же»), pivots against the preceding catlike softness. In the present Russian would drop the copula, but the past requires «было», here agreeing as neuter with «тело» ('it was a powerful body')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes однако","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мощное","lemma":"мощный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обильное","lemma":"обильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мощное","gloss":"ample"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun complement of было","gloss":"a body"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b3-c10-s135","source":"Под шалью сказывались широкие полные плечи, высокая, еще совсем юношеская грудь.","translation":"Beneath the shawl one could sense broad, full shoulders and a high bosom still quite girlish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Под шалью сказывались широкие полные плечи","title":"Reflexive «сказывались» + inverted word order","body":"«Сказывались» is again the middle reflexive «сказываться» (to make themselves felt, show through), plural to agree with «плечи» and «грудь». The prepositional phrase «под шалью» ('beneath the shawl') is fronted as the scene-setting topic, the subject following — 'beneath the shawl there showed through…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шалью","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"шалью","lemma":"шаль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказывались","gloss":"the shawl"},{"surface":"сказывались","lemma":"сказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be sensed"},{"surface":"широкие","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies плечи","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"полные","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies плечи","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of сказывались","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"высокая","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грудь","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юношеская","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"юношеская","lemma":"юношеский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грудь","gloss":"girlish"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with плечи","gloss":"a bosom"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b3-c10-s136","source":"Это тело, может быть, обещало формы Венеры Милосской, хотя непременно и теперь уже в несколько утрированной пропорции, — это предчувствовалось.","translation":"This body, perhaps, promised the forms of the Venus de Milo, though without fail already in somewhat exaggerated proportion even now — one sensed it in advance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это предчувствовалось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as an impersonal passive","body":"«Предчувствовалось» is the imperfective reflexive of «предчувствовать» (to sense in advance), here impersonal and agentless — 'it was sensed beforehand', without saying by whom. This «-ся» passive is the natural Russian way to register a perception that belongs to no named perceiver."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обещало","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"обещало","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"формы","lemma":"форма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обещало","gloss":"the forms"},{"surface":"Венеры","lemma":"венера","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies формы","gloss":"of Venus"},{"surface":"Милосской","lemma":"милосский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Венеры","gloss":"de Milo"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause about пропорции","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause about пропорции","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь, meaning 'even'","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with непременно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause about пропорции","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пропорции,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утрированной","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"утрированной","lemma":"утрированный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пропорции,","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"пропорции,","lemma":"пропорция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, in the concessive clause on обещало","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of предчувствовалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"предчувствовалось","lemma":"предчувствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обещало","gloss":"was sensed in advance"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b3-c10-s137","source":"Знатоки русской женской красоты могли бы безошибочно предсказать, глядя на Грушеньку, что эта свежая, еще юношеская красота к тридцати годам потеряет гармонию, расплывется, самое лицо обрюзгнет, около глаз и на лбу чрезвычайно быстро появятся морщиночки, цвет лица огрубеет, побагровеет может быть, — одним словом, красота на мгновение, красота летучая, которая так часто встречается именно у русской женщины.","translation":"Connoisseurs of Russian female beauty could have foretold without error, looking at Grushenka, that this fresh, still girlish beauty would by the age of thirty lose its harmony, would spread, the face itself would grow bloated, fine little wrinkles would appear about the eyes and on the brow with extreme rapidity, the complexion would coarsen, perhaps turn ruddy — in a word, beauty for a moment, a fleeting beauty such as one so often meets precisely in the Russian woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могли бы безошибочно предсказать… что эта красота… потеряет… расплывется… обрюзгнет… появятся","title":"Conditional frame governing a chain of perfective futures","body":"«Могли бы предсказать» is conditional ('could have foretold'); inside the «что»-clause a string of perfective verbs — «потеряет», «расплывется», «обрюзгнет», «появятся», «огрубеет», «побагровеет» — are all simple (perfective) futures, each conjugated like a present but naming a single completed future event. The cascade enacts the prophesied decay step by step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая так часто встречается","title":"Relative «которая» + reflexive «встречается»","body":"«Которая» introduces a relative clause and agrees with «красота» in gender and number, while taking nominative as the subject of its own clause. Its verb «встречается» is the reflexive «встречаться» in a middle/passive sense — 'is met with, is encountered' — a beauty of a kind one so often comes across."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"морщиночки","title":"«морщиночки» — fine little wrinkles","body":"A double diminutive of «морщина» (wrinkle): «морщин-к-» then «-очк-», so 'tiny little wrinkles'. The tender suffix is almost pitying here, softening the harsh forecast of coarsening flesh — a characteristic Russian way of making the cruel observation gentle in sound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знатоки","lemma":"знаток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"connoisseurs"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красоты","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"женской","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красоты","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"красоты","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Знатоки","gloss":"of beauty"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"безошибочно","lemma":"безошибочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предсказать","gloss":"without error"},{"surface":"предсказать","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"foretell"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предсказать","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потеряет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of красота","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"свежая","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юношеская","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"юношеская","lemma":"юношеский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"girlish"},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of потеряет","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies годам","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"годам","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"temporal complement of потеряет","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"потеряет","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предсказать","gloss":"will lose"},{"surface":"гармонию","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потеряет","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"расплывется","lemma":"расплыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потеряет","gloss":"will spread"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо, meaning 'itself'","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обрюзгнет","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"обрюзгнет","lemma":"обрюзгнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потеряет","gloss":"will grow bloated"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of появятся","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глаз","gloss":"the brow"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быстро","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появятся","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"появятся","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with потеряет","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"морщиночки","lemma":"морщиночка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of появятся","gloss":"little wrinkles"},{"surface":"цвет","lemma":"цвет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of огрубеет","gloss":"the color"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies цвет","gloss":"of the face"},{"surface":"огрубеет","lemma":"огрубеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потеряет","gloss":"will coarsen"},{"surface":"побагровеет","lemma":"побагроветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потеряет","gloss":"will turn ruddy"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying побагровеет, part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть,","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом, part of the idiom одним словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, idiom одним словом","gloss":"in a word","note":"одним словом is a fixed idiom meaning 'in a word'."},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"begins the summary list in apposition to красота (w17)","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the preceding красота, modified by летучая","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"летучая","lemma":"летучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"fleeting"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встречается","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречается","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"встречается","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on красота","gloss":"is met"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the phrase у русской женщины","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщины","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречается","gloss":"the woman"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b3-c10-s138","source":"Алеша, разумеется, не думал об этом, но, хоть и очарованный, он, с неприятным каким-то ощущением и как бы жалея, спрашивал себя: зачем это она так тянет слова и не может говорить натурально?","translation":"Alyosha, of course, was not thinking of any of this; but, charmed as he was, he asked himself with some unpleasant sensation, and as though with regret: why does she draw out her words so and cannot speak naturally?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и очарованный… жалея, спрашивал себя","title":"Concessive «хоть»; participle and gerund stacked","body":"The clause layers a concessive «хоть и» ('though') over the past passive participle «очарованный» (charmed) and the present gerund «жалея» (as though regretting), all bearing on «спрашивал себя» ('asked himself'). The reflexive pronoun «себя» — object, not the clitic «-ся» — turns the questioning inward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем это она так тянет слова","title":"Imperfective «тянет» for a habitual mannerism","body":"«Тянет» (imperfective present of «тянуть», to drag/draw out) names a repeated, characteristic habit of her speech, not a single act — she habitually 'draws out her words'. The little particle «это» after «зачем» is an emphatic colloquial filler, lending the question a puzzled, conversational ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of думал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with очарованный, part of the idiom хоть и","gloss":"though","note":"хоть и is a concessive idiom, 'even though'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хоть и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очарованный","lemma":"очарованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing он in the concessive clause","gloss":"charmed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ощущением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неприятным","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущением","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ощущением, part of indefinite каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix on каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ощущением","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивал","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies жалея","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"жалея","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спрашивал","gloss":"regretting"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спрашивал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle, expletive","role":"emphatic expletive with тянет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тянет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тянет","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"embedded question, object clause of спрашивал","gloss":"draws out"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of тянет","gloss":"her words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тянет","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"натурально","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"naturally"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b3-c10-s139","source":"Она делала это, очевидно находя в этом растягивании и в усиленно слащавом оттенении слогов и звуков красоту.","translation":"She did this, evidently, finding a kind of beauty in this drawl, in this overdone, sugary lengthening of the syllables and sounds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очевидно находя в этом… красоту","title":"Present gerund «находя» of attendant reason","body":"«Находя» is the imperfective present gerund of «находить» (to find), here giving the reason that accompanies the main verb «делала» — she did it, *finding* a kind of beauty in the drawl. The gerund shares the subject «она» and packs a whole causal clause into one word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слащавом оттенении слогов","title":"«оттенение» — shading, nuancing","body":"«Оттенение» (from «оттенять», to shade, set off) is the deliberate coloring or 'nuancing' of the syllables — a bookish noun in «-ение». Paired again with «слащавый» (cloyingly sweet), it pins down the affected, over-sugared way she shades each sound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of делала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"делала","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находя","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"находя","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on делала","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking растягивании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of растягивании","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"растягивании","lemma":"растягивание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находя","gloss":"lengthening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оттенении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"усиленно","lemma":"усиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слащавом","gloss":"intensely"},{"surface":"слащавом","lemma":"слащавый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оттенении","gloss":"sugary"},{"surface":"оттенении","lemma":"оттенение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with растягивании","gloss":"shading"},{"surface":"слогов","lemma":"слог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies оттенении","gloss":"of the syllables"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звуков","lemma":"звук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with слогов","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"красоту","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of находя","gloss":"a beauty"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b3-c10-s140","source":"Это была, конечно, лишь дурная привычка дурного тона, свидетельствовавшая о низком воспитании, о пошло усвоенном с детства понимании приличного.","translation":"It was, of course, merely a bad habit of bad tone, testifying to a low upbringing, to a vulgar notion of the genteel absorbed from childhood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидетельствовавшая о низком воспитании","title":"Past active participle + «о» governing the prepositional","body":"«Свидетельствовавшая» is the past active participle of «свидетельствовать» (to testify), feminine to agree with «привычка» — 'a bad habit… testifying'. The verb takes «о» + prepositional case («о низком воспитании», о понимании), the construction for 'testifying *to* / about' something."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурного тона","title":"«дурной тон» — bad form, vulgarity","body":"«Дурной тон» ('bad tone') is the calque of French *mauvais ton* — ill-bred manners, the opposite of «хороший тон». The whole sentence is the narrator's class verdict: her drawl betrays «низкое воспитание» (low upbringing) and a «пошло усвоенное» (vulgarly absorbed) idea of «приличное» (the genteel, the done thing)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to привычка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурная","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"дурная","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привычка","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"привычка","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun complement of была","gloss":"a habit"},{"surface":"дурного","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тона","gloss":"of bad"},{"surface":"тона","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies привычка","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"свидетельствовавшая","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying привычка","gloss":"testifying"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспитании","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"низком","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспитании","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"воспитании","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствовавшая","gloss":"an upbringing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понимании (coordinated with the first о-phrase)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пошло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усвоенном","gloss":"vulgarly"},{"surface":"усвоенном","lemma":"усвоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying понимании","gloss":"absorbed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усвоенном","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"понимании","lemma":"понимание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of о (w13)","gloss":"a notion"},{"surface":"приличного","lemma":"приличный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понимании","gloss":"of the genteel"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b3-c10-s141","source":"И однако же, этот выговор и интонация слов представлялись Алеше почти невозможным каким-то противоречием этому детски простодушному и радостному выражению лица, этому тихому, счастливому, как у младенца, сиянию глаз!","translation":"And yet this enunciation and intonation of the words struck Alyosha as an almost impossible sort of contradiction to that childishly guileless and joyful expression of the face, to that quiet, happy, infant-like radiance of the eyes!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представлялись Алеше почти невозможным… противоречием","title":"Dative experiencer + instrumental predicate after «представляться»","body":"«Представлялись Алеше» puts the perceiver in the dative ('seemed *to* Alyosha'), the reflexive «-ся» giving 'appeared'. The predicate noun «противоречием» (contradiction) takes the instrumental, as the complement of «представляться» — they 'struck Alyosha *as* a contradiction'. This dative-of-experience plus instrumental-predicate pattern is pure Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как у младенца, сиянию","title":"«младенец» — infant, babe","body":"«Младенец» is the elevated, slightly biblical word for a baby (cf. the Christ-child, «младенец Иисус»), warmer and more solemn than the plain «ребёнок». Comparing the 'radiance of her eyes' to an infant's keeps Grushenka's contradictory innocence in a near-sacred light — even as the narrator has just dissected her vulgarity."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes однако","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of выговор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"выговор","lemma":"выговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представлялись","gloss":"enunciation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"интонация","lemma":"интонация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with выговор","gloss":"intonation"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies интонация","gloss":"of the words"},{"surface":"представлялись","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of представлялись","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"невозможным","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies противоречием","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of противоречием, part of indefinite каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite suffix on каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"противоречием","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of представлялись","gloss":"a contradiction"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of выражению","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"детски","lemma":"детски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушному","gloss":"childishly"},{"surface":"простодушному","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражению","gloss":"guileless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостному","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with простодушному","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"выражению","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect complement of противоречием","gloss":"the expression"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражению","gloss":"of the face"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сиянию","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"тихому","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сиянию","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"счастливому","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тихому, modifies сиянию","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the comparative phrase как у младенца, modifying сиянию","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking младенца","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как у, modifying сиянию","gloss":"infant"},{"surface":"сиянию","lemma":"сияние","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with выражению","gloss":"radiance"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сиянию","gloss":"of the eyes"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b3-c10-s142","source":"Катерина Ивановна мигом усадила ее в кресло против Алеши и с восторгом поцеловала ее несколько раз в ее смеющиеся губки.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna at once settled her into the armchair facing Alyosha and rapturously kissed her several times on her smiling little lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усадила… поцеловала","title":"Perfective pair driving the action forward","body":"Both verbs are perfective past — «усадила» (seated her, from «усадить») and «поцеловала» (kissed, from «поцеловать») — each a single completed act that moves the narrative one step on, against the long imperfective description that preceded. «Мигом» ('in a flash') underscores the swift, finished gestures."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"губки","title":"«губки» — little lips (diminutive)","body":"«Губки» is the affectionate diminutive of «губы» (lips). Katerina kisses Grushenka 'on her smiling little lips' — the caressing suffix conveying her infatuated tenderness, which the next sentence names outright as being 'in love' with the other woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усадила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"мигом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усадила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"усадила","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усадила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усадила","gloss":"the armchair"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кресло","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторгом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторгом","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловала","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усадила","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поцеловала","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губки","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, possessive, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of губки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"смеющиеся","lemma":"смеющийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies губки","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"губки","lemma":"губка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"little lips"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b3-c10-s143","source":"Она точно была влюблена в нее.","translation":"She was positively in love with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она точно была влюблена в нее","title":"Short-form participle «влюблена» as predicate; particle «точно»","body":"«Влюблена» is the predicative short form of the past passive participle «влюблённый» (in love, smitten), feminine, joined to «была» — 'she was [positively] in love'. The particle «точно» here is asseverative, 'as if / positively', lending the narrator's wry certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влюблена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюблена","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to влюблена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"влюблена","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюблена","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b3-c10-s144","source":"— Мы в первый раз видимся, Алексей Федорович, — проговорила она в упоении, — я захотела узнать ее, увидать ее, я хотела идти к ней, но она по первому желанию моему пришла сама.","translation":"“We are meeting for the first time, Alexei Fyodorovich,” she said in rapture. “I wanted to know her, to see her; I meant to go to her, but at my very first wish she came herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я захотела узнать ее, увидать ее, я хотела идти к ней","title":"Inceptive perfective «захотела» vs imperfective «хотела»","body":"Katerina shifts aspect mid-breath: «захотела» (perfective, with «за-» giving the inceptive 'I came to want, I conceived the wish') for the sudden onset of desire, then «хотела» (imperfective, the steady ongoing 'I wanted / meant'). The pair shows aspect as a tool of nuance, not mere tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видимся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"видимся","lemma":"видеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are meeting"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович,","lemma":"федорович,","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей (patronymic)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упоении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"упоении,","lemma":"упоение","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"захотела","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотела","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"увидать","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнать","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захотела","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желанию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желанию","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"желанию","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желанию","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the contrasted clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies она, subject of пришла","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b3-c10-s145","source":"Я так и знала, что мы с ней всё решим, всё! Так сердце предчувствовало… Меня упрашивали оставить этот шаг, но я предчувствовала исход и не ошиблась.","translation":"I just knew that she and I would settle everything between us, everything! So my heart foretold… They begged me to give up this step, but I foresaw the outcome and was not mistaken.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы с ней всё решим","title":"«мы с ней» — the inclusive 'she and I'","body":"«Мы с ней» literally 'we with her' is the idiomatic Russian way to say 'she and I' — a first-person plural pronoun joined by «с» + instrumental to the companion. The verb «решим» is accordingly plural perfective future ('we will settle'). English must unpack it as 'she and I'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня упрашивали оставить этот шаг","title":"Subjectless third-person-plural 'they'","body":"«Упрашивали» is an agentless 3rd-plural ('they begged', i.e. people did) with no stated subject — the standard Russian way to say 'I was begged' without naming who. «Упрашивать» (imperfective, with «у-») means to beg persistently, conveying repeated entreaty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"just","note":"'так и знала' is an idiom meaning 'just knew it'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of решим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решим","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of решим","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"решим","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"would settle"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"everything!"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовало","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"предчувствовало","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of упрашивали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"упрашивали","lemma":"упрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they begged"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of упрашивали","gloss":"to give up"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шаг","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"contrasted with упрашивали","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"исход","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовала","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошиблась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ошиблась","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствовала","gloss":"was mistaken"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b3-c10-s146","source":"Грушенька всё разъяснила мне, все свои намерения; она, как ангел добрый, слетела сюда и принесла покой и радость…","translation":"Grushenka has explained everything to me, all her intentions; like a good angel she has flown down here and brought peace and joy…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ангел добрый, слетела сюда","title":"Perfective «слетела»; post-posed adjective «добрый»","body":"«Слетела» is perfective past of «слететь» (to fly down), the prefix «с-» giving downward motion — 'flew down here' as a single completed swoop. The adjective in «ангел добрый» follows its noun («good angel'), an inverted, slightly elevated order that lends a fairy-tale, hagiographic ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разъяснила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснила","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"разъяснила","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснила","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of намерения","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of намерения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"намерения","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to всё (direct object)","gloss":"intentions"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слетела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ангел","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the как-comparison","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"слетела","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"flew down"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетела","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принесла","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слетела","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"покой","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принесла","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with покой","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b3-c10-s147","source":"— Не погнушались мной, милая, достойная барышня, — нараспев протянула Грушенька всё с тою же милою, радостной улыбкой.","translation":"“You did not disdain me, sweet, worthy young lady,” Grushenka drawled in a singsong, still with that same sweet, joyful smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не погнушались мной","title":"Negated «погнушаться» + instrumental object","body":"«Погнушаться» (to disdain, scorn) governs the instrumental — «мной» ('by me / of me') — a verb whose object stands in the instrumental rather than the accusative. The perfective with «по-» here reads as 'you did not [come to] disdain me'. The dropped subject «вы» is recoverable from the polite plural verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нараспев протянула","title":"«нараспев» — in a singsong drawl","body":"«Нараспев» ('in a chant, singsong') and «протянула» (drew out, from «протянуть») together render Grushenka's signature manner of speech, the affected lengthening the narrator anatomized earlier. The tag recurs almost as a refrain whenever she speaks, marking the studied sweetness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погнушались","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погнушались","lemma":"погнушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did disdain"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of погнушались","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"достойная","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"барышня,","lemma":"барышня,","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to the omitted вы","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"нараспев","lemma":"нараспев","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянула","gloss":"in a singsong"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянула","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улыбкой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тою","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"милою","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"радостной","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с (oblique complement of протянула)","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b3-c10-s148","source":"— И не смейте говорить мне такие слова, обаятельница, волшебница! Вами-то гнушаться?","translation":"“And don't you dare say such things to me, you enchantress, you sorceress! Disdain you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смейте говорить","title":"Negative imperative «не смейте» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Не смейте» is the polite-plural negative imperative of «сметь» (to dare) — 'don't you dare' — and like most negative commands it takes an imperfective infinitive, «говорить». Russian strongly prefers the imperfective under a prohibition, where a perfective would imply warning against a single accidental act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вами-то гнушаться?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»; instrumental object fronted","body":"The clitic «-то» on «Вами» emphasizes the known topic — 'disdain *you*, of all people?' — distinct from the indefinite «-то». The object «Вами» is instrumental (governed by «гнушаться») and fronted before a bare infinitive used as an indignant rhetorical question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обаятельница, волшебница","title":"«обаятельница, волшебница» — enchantress, sorceress","body":"Two feminine «-ница» agent-nouns of flattery: «обаятельница» (a charmer, from «обаяние», charm) and «волшебница» (a sorceress, from «волшебство», magic). Katerina heaps on the magical vocabulary, casting Grushenka as a bewitching creature — irony the reader feels, since Grushenka is indeed working a spell of a colder kind."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смейте","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смейте","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"обаятельница","lemma":"обаятельница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to мне","gloss":"enchantress"},{"surface":"волшебница","lemma":"волшебница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with обаятельница","gloss":"sorceress"},{"surface":"Вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of гнушаться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Вами","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"гнушаться","lemma":"гнушаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disdain"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b3-c10-s149","source":"Вот я нижнюю губку вашу еще раз поцелую.","translation":"Here, I'll kiss your lower lip once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот я нижнюю губку вашу еще раз поцелую","title":"Perfective future «поцелую» for an imminent single act","body":"«Поцелую» is the simple (perfective) future of «поцеловать» — conjugated like a present but meaning 'I will kiss [once]'. With «вот» ('here, now') it announces an action about to be done on the spot. «Губку» is again the diminutive 'little lip'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поцелую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нижнюю","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губку","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"губку","lemma":"губка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцелую","gloss":"lip"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцелую","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"поцелую","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kiss"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b3-c10-s150","source":"Она у вас точно припухла, так вот чтоб она еще больше припухла, и еще, еще…","translation":"It looks a little swollen on you — well then, let it swell more still, and again, and again…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так вот чтоб она еще больше припухла","title":"«чтоб» + past-form irrealis as a wish","body":"«Чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») plus the past-tense form «припухла» builds an optative — a willed wish 'let it swell still more'. The «чтобы»-construction always takes the past/irrealis form (the hidden «бы»), here voicing Katerina's playful command to the lip itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of припухла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of припухла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припухла","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"припухла","lemma":"припухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is swollen"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of припухла","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of припухла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припухла","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"припухла","lemma":"припухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"swell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with припухла","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with еще","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b3-c10-s151","source":"Посмотрите, как она смеется, Алексей Федорович, сердце веселится, глядя на этого ангела… — Алеша краснел и дрожал незаметною малою дрожью.","translation":"“Look how she smiles, Alexei Fyodorovich; the heart rejoices, looking at this angel…” — Alyosha flushed and trembled with a faint, imperceptible tremor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце веселится, глядя на этого ангела","title":"Reflexive «веселится» + present gerund «глядя»","body":"«Веселится» is the reflexive «веселиться» (to rejoice, make merry), the «-ся» giving an intransitive, self-directed sense — 'the heart rejoices'. «Глядя» is the present gerund of «глядеть» (looking), simultaneous: the heart rejoices *while* looking at the angel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"незаметною малою дрожью","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»; «дрожь»","body":"«Дрожь» (a tremor, shiver) appears in the instrumental of manner, 'trembled *with* a faint small tremor'. Note the period-bookish feminine instrumental in «-ою» (незаметною, малою for modern -ой) — the same literary-archaic ending seen earlier in «мощною бодрою походкой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеется","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Посмотрите","gloss":"smiles"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of веселится","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"веселится","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"rejoices"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on веселится","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангела","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ангела","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ангела","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of краснел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"краснел","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дрожал","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with краснел","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"незаметною","lemma":"незаметный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрожью","gloss":"imperceptible"},{"surface":"малою","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрожью","gloss":"faint"},{"surface":"дрожью","lemma":"дрожь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожал","gloss":"tremor"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b3-c10-s152","source":"— Нежите вы меня, милая барышня, а я, может, и вовсе не стою ласки вашей.","translation":"“You pamper me, sweet young lady, and I, perhaps, am not worth your caresses at all.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я, может, и вовсе не стою ласки вашей","title":"Genitive of negation after «не стою»","body":"«Стоить» ('to be worth') governs the genitive, and under negation the object stays genitive: «не стою ласки» — 'I am not worth [your] caress'. The inserted «может» (= «может быть», 'perhaps') and intensifier «вовсе не» ('not at all') give the self-deprecation its mock-humble lilt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нежите вы меня","title":"«нежить» — to pamper, coddle","body":"«Нежить» (from «нежный», tender) means to pamper, to make a fuss of with caresses. Grushenka's 'you pamper me, sweet young lady' keeps up the honeyed deference even as she gently deflects the caresses — the soft sparring of the whole scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нежите","lemma":"нежить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you pamper"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Нежите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Нежите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to вы","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies стою","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Нежите","gloss":"am worth"},{"surface":"ласки","lemma":"ласка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стою (genitive)","gloss":"caresses"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ласки","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b3-c10-s153","source":"— Не стоит! Она-то этого не стоит! — воскликнула опять с тем же жаром Катерина Ивановна, — знайте, Алексей Федорович, что мы фантастическая головка, что мы своевольное, но гордое-прегордое сердечко!","translation":"“Not worth them! She not worth them!” Katerina Ivanovna exclaimed again with the same fervor. “You must know, Alexei Fyodorovich, that we are a fanciful little head, that we are a willful but proud — oh so proud — little heart!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы фантастическая головка… своевольное, но гордое-прегордое сердечко","title":"The affectionate “we” (мы) for “she”","body":"Katerina gushes about Grushenka using «мы» (“we”) with first-person plural agreement — «мы фантастическая головка», «мы… сердечко» — yet she means Grushenka alone. This affectionate-condescending “we,” used about a person one is fond of or talking up, has no English equivalent, so we keep it literal: 'we are a fanciful little head'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гордое-прегордое сердечко","title":"Intensive reduplication «-пре-»; diminutives","body":"«Гордое-прегордое» reduplicates the adjective with the intensive prefix «пре-» ('proud — oh so proud'), a colloquial superlative-by-repetition. Paired with the diminutives «головка» (little head) and «сердечко» (little heart), it pours on cooing affection — the cloying register that makes the scene curdle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Она","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стоит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит!","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жаром","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"fervor"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна,","lemma":"ивановна,","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина (patronymic)","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of головка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of головка","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"фантастическая","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies головка","gloss":"fanciful"},{"surface":"головка","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знайте","gloss":"little head"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сердечко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сердечко","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"своевольное","lemma":"своевольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердечко","gloss":"willful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"гордое","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with своевольное, modifies сердечко","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"прегордое","lemma":"прегордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies гордое","gloss":"ever so proud"},{"surface":"сердечко","lemma":"сердечко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of знайте, coordinated with головка","gloss":"little heart"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b3-c10-s154","source":"Мы благородны, Алексей Федорович, мы великодушны, знаете ли вы это?","translation":"We are noble, Alexei Fyodorovich, we are magnanimous — do you know that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаете ли вы это?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Ли» turns the statement into a literary yes/no question, attaching to the fronted focus «знаете» — 'do you know this?'. More formal than mere rising intonation, «знаете ли» is also half-frozen as a conversational appeal ('you know'), suiting Katerina's heightened, rhetorical pitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of благородны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"благородны","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of великодушны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"великодушны","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with благородны","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b3-c10-s155","source":"Мы были лишь несчастны.","translation":"We were only unhappy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы были лишь несчастны","title":"Short-form adjective «несчастны» + the “we” for “she”","body":"«Несчастны» is the predicative short form of «несчастный» (unhappy), plural to agree with the affectionate «мы». The short form gives the bookish, summary flavour of a verdict, 'we were only unhappy'. Note again the «мы» standing in for Grushenka alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of несчастны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несчастны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несчастны","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"несчастны","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b3-c10-s156","source":"Мы слишком скоро готовы были принести всякую жертву недостойному, может быть, или легкомысленному человеку.","translation":"We were too quick, too ready to sacrifice anything for a man who was perhaps unworthy, or frivolous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовы были принести всякую жертву недостойному… человеку","title":"Dative of the beneficiary after «принести жертву»","body":"«Принести жертву» (to bring/make a sacrifice) sends the one sacrificed-*for* into the dative: «недостойному… человеку» ('for an unworthy man'). «Готовы были» is the short adjective «готовы» (ready) + «были», and «принести» is the perfective infinitive of a single completed sacrifice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of готовы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовы","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готовы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"принести","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовы","gloss":"to sacrifice"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертву","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принести","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"недостойному","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку, coordinated with легкомысленному","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies человеку","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"легкомысленному","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принести","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b3-c10-s157","source":"Был один, один тоже офицер, мы его полюбили, мы ему всё принесли, давно это было, пять лет назад, а он нас забыл, он женился.","translation":"There was one man, an officer too; we loved him, we gave him everything — it was long ago, five years back — and he forgot us, he married.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был один, один тоже офицер","title":"Existential «был» fronted; reduplicated «один»","body":"The clause opens with the verb «был» ('there was'), the existential-presentative order that introduces a new character — 'there was one man'. The repetition «один, один» dramatizes the singling-out, a spoken stammer of emphasis as Katerina builds her tale."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы его полюбили, мы ему всё принесли… а он нас забыл","title":"Perfective chain of completed events; contrastive «а»","body":"A run of perfectives narrates the affair as discrete completed acts: «полюбили» (came to love — inceptive «по-»), «принесли» (gave/brought), «забыл» (forgot), «женился» (married). The pivot «а он нас забыл» uses contrastive «а» to swing from their devotion to his betrayal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to один","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to один (w2)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun describing один","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of полюбили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"полюбили","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принесли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принесли","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принесли","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"принесли","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with полюбили","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to было (time expression)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесли (linked by а)","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"married"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b3-c10-s158","source":"Теперь он овдовел, писал, он едет сюда, — и знайте, что мы одного его, одного его только любим до сих пор и любили всю жизнь!","translation":"Now he is widowed; he has written, he is coming here — and you must know that it is he alone, he alone whom we have loved to this very day and have loved all our life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы одного его, одного его только любим","title":"Animate accusative = genitive; emphatic repetition","body":"«Его» and «одного» are accusative objects of «любим», and for an animate masculine the accusative borrows the genitive form — hence «одного его» ('him alone'). The doubled «одного его, одного его только» hammers the exclusivity: he and he only."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знайте, что мы… любим до сих пор и любили всю жизнь","title":"Imperative «знайте» + present/past imperfective span","body":"«Знайте» is the polite imperative of «знать». The dependent verbs are imperfective — present «любим» (we love, up to now) and past «любили» (we have loved, all our life) — together spanning a love continuous from past into present, exactly what the imperfective is for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овдовел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of овдовел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"овдовел","lemma":"овдоветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is widowed"},{"surface":"писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with овдовел","gloss":"has written"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of едет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with овдовел","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"сюда,","lemma":"сюда,","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies едет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies его (emphatic 'alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любим (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies его (emphatic 'alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любим","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знайте","gloss":"have loved"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"day","note":"'до сих пор' is a fixed idiom meaning 'to this day, still'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любим","gloss":"have loved"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b3-c10-s159","source":"Он приедет, и Грушенька опять будет счастлива, а все пять лет эти она была несчастна.","translation":"He will come, and Grushenka will be happy again; but all these five years she has been unhappy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет счастлива, а все пять лет… она была несчастна","title":"Compound future short adjective vs imperfective past; numeral case","body":"«Будет счастлива» pairs the future of «быть» with the short adjective «счастлива» (happy) — the analytic way to predicate a future state. Against it the imperfective «была несчастна» frames the whole stretch of misery. «Пять лет» shows the genitive plural «лет» demanded by 'five and above'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приедет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приедет","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of счастлива","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастлива","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастлива","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"счастлива","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with приедет","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несчастна","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of несчастна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несчастна","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"несчастна","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"contrasted with счастлива","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b3-c10-s160","source":"Но кто же попрекнет ее, кто может похвалиться ее благосклонностью!","translation":"Yet who would reproach her, who can boast of her favor!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но кто же попрекнет ее, кто может похвалиться","title":"Emphatic «же»; rhetorical perfective future","body":"The particle «же» after «кто» sharpens the rhetorical question — 'who, then / who on earth would reproach her?'. «Попрекнёт» is perfective future used rhetorically (no one will / could), and «похвалиться» is the reflexive «-ся» verb 'to boast of', governing the instrumental «благосклонностью»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of попрекнет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"попрекнет","lemma":"попрекнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would reproach"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попрекнет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of может","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, parallel to попрекнет","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"похвалиться","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"boast"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благосклонностью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"благосклонностью","lemma":"благосклонность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похвалиться","gloss":"favor"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b3-c10-s161","source":"Один этот старик безногий, купец, — но он был скорей нашим отцом, другом нашим, оберегателем.","translation":"Only that one old man, the legless one, the merchant — but he was rather a father to us, a friend to us, a protector.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он был скорей нашим отцом, другом нашим, оберегателем","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «был»","body":"All three predicate nouns — «отцом», «другом», «оберегателем» — stand in the instrumental as complements of past «был» ('he was rather a father, a friend, a protector to us'). The instrumental frames these as roles he assumed, the standard choice with «быть» in the past, where the present would take a bare nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral used adverbially, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик (\"only that one\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"безногий","lemma":"безногий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"legless"},{"surface":"купец,","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to отцом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies был (\"rather\")","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцом","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отцом","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of другом","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"оберегателем","lemma":"оберегатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отцом","gloss":"a protector"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b3-c10-s162","source":"Он застал нас тогда в отчаянии, в муках, оставленную тем, кого мы так любили… да ведь она утопиться тогда хотела, ведь старик этот спас ее, спас ее!","translation":"He found us then in despair, in torment, abandoned by the one we had loved so… why, she meant to drown herself then, and that old man saved her, he saved her!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставленную тем, кого мы так любили","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent + correlative «тем, кого»","body":"«Оставленную» is the past passive participle of «оставить» (abandoned), accusative feminine singular; it does not formally agree with «нас» (which is accusative plural and genderless) but by sense (constructio ad sensum) with the single feminine person referred to, sharing only the accusative case with «нас». The agent stands in the instrumental: «тем» ('by the one'). «Тем, кого» is the correlative pair — demonstrative «тот» plus relative «кто» (here accusative-genitive «кого», animate) — 'by the one whom we so loved'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь она утопиться тогда хотела, ведь старик этот спас ее","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» twice appeals to shared, self-evident knowledge — 'why, after all, she meant to drown herself… and that old man, you see, saved her'. This little particle, untranslatable by a single English word, presses the listener to agree, and is one of the textures that make Dostoevsky's spoken Russian so urgent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"утопиться тогда хотела","title":"Reflexive «утопиться» — to drown oneself","body":"«Утопиться» is the reflexive of «утопить» (to drown someone); the «-ся» turns it into the true reflexive 'to drown oneself' — suicide. The perfective infinitive under «хотела» views the intended act as a single completed whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of застал","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking муках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"муках","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with отчаянии","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"оставленную","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies нас (pluralis modestiae, referring to a woman)","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of оставленную (\"by the one\")","gloss":"by the one"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тем","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation (\"why\")","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"утопиться","lemma":"утопиться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to drown herself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of спас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спас","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спас","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спас","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спас","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with спас","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of second спас","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b3-c10-s163","source":"— Очень уж вы защищаете меня, милая барышня, очень уж вы во всем поспешаете, — протянула опять Грушенька.","translation":"“You defend me too much, sweet young lady, you are too hasty in everything,” Grushenka drawled again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очень уж вы защищаете меня… очень уж вы во всем поспешаете","title":"Imperfective for ongoing reproach; intensifying «уж»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present — «защищаете» (you [keep] defending) and «поспешаете» (you are hasty) — describing a continuing manner Grushenka chides. The particle «уж» (a clipped «уже») intensifies, 'really too much', adding a note of weary, reproachful insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защищаете","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies защищаете","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of защищаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"защищаете","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of защищаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поспешаете,","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поспешаете,","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспешаете,","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поспешаете,","lemma":"поспешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with защищаете","gloss":"are too hasty"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative sentence","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянула","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b3-c10-s164","source":"— Защищаю? Да нам ли защищать, да еще смеем ли мы тут защищать?","translation":"“Defend you? Is it for us to defend, and do we even dare defend here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да нам ли защищать, да еще смеем ли мы тут защищать?","title":"Interrogative «ли» + dative subject of obligation","body":"«Нам ли защищать» pairs the question particle «ли» with a dative-subject infinitive construction — literally 'is it for us to defend?', the dative «нам» marking the ones to whom the action would fall. The second «смеем ли мы» again uses «ли», stacking incredulous rhetorical questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Защищаю","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"elliptical echo question, head of the phrase","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies защищать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of защищать","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies защищать","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смеем","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies смеем","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защищать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеем","gloss":"defend"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b3-c10-s165","source":"Грушенька, ангел, дайте мне вашу ручку, посмотрите на эту пухленькую, маленькую, прелестную ручку, Алексей Федорович; видите ли вы ее, она мне счастье принесла и воскресила меня, и я вот целовать ее сейчас буду, и сверху и в ладошку, вот, вот и вот!","translation":"Grushenka, angel, give me your little hand; look at this plump, little, enchanting hand, Alexei Fyodorovich — do you see it? It brought me happiness and raised me from the dead, and here, I am going to kiss it this very moment, both on top and on the palm — there, and there, and there!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте мне вашу ручку… целовать ее сейчас буду","title":"Imperative «дайте» + compound future «буду целовать»","body":"«Дайте» is the polite imperative of «дать» (give). «Целовать… буду» is the imperfective compound future — future of «быть» plus imperfective infinitive — framing the kissing as a drawn-out, repeated action she is about to launch into, fitting the lingering 'there, and there, and there'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручку… пухленькую… в ладошку","title":"Diminutive shower: «ручка», «ладошка»","body":"Katerina drowns the sentence in diminutives — «ручка» (little hand, repeated), «пухленькая» (plump little), «ладошка» (little palm). The cascade of «-к-» and «-еньк-» suffixes performs her swooning tenderness, the same overflow of endearment the narrator finds 'a little too much'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскресила меня","title":"Perfective «воскресить» — to raise from the dead","body":"«Воскресила» is the perfective past of «воскресить» (to resurrect, bring back to life), a verb of strong religious colour — the root of «воскресение» (Resurrection) and «воскресенье» (Sunday). Katerina says the little hand literally 'raised me from the dead', a hyperbole steeped in Easter imagery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Грушенька (vocative)","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дайте","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дайте","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дайте","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пухленькую","lemma":"пухленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"plump"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пухленькую","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"прелестную","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пухленькую","gloss":"enchanting"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies видите","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принесла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принесла","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принесла","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"принесла","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with воскресила","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воскресила","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесла","gloss":"revived"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of воскресила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of целовать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сверху and в ладошку","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сверху and в ладошку","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладошку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ладошку","lemma":"ладошка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сверху","gloss":"palm"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamatory particle, part of the series","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamatory particle, part of the series","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the series of вот","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamatory particle, part of the series","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b3-c10-s166","source":"— И она три раза как бы в упоении поцеловала действительно прелестную, слишком, может быть, пухлую ручку Грушеньки.","translation":"And three times, as though in rapture, she kissed Grushenka's truly enchanting, and perhaps too plump, little hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"три раза… поцеловала… ручку","title":"Numeral «три раза» + perfective; accusative object","body":"«Три раза» ('three times') uses the genitive singular «раза» after «три» (the 2–4 rule), and «поцеловала» is perfective for the completed, countable acts of kissing. The diminutive «ручку» stays the object in the accusative. Together with «как бы в упоении» the narrator quietly distances himself from the rapture."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поцеловала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of frequency modifying поцеловала","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"part of the fixed phrase как бы","role":"part of как бы, modifies поцеловала","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упоении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"упоении","lemma":"упоение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловала","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелестную","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"прелестную","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"enchanting"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пухлую","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of может быть parenthetical, modifies пухлую","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"пухлую","lemma":"пухлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"plump"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку (possessive)","gloss":"Grushenka's"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b3-c10-s167","source":"Та же, протянув эту ручку, с нервным, звонким прелестным смешком следила за «милою барышней», и ей видимо было приятно, что ее ручку так целуют.","translation":"The other, holding out that little hand, watched the “sweet young lady” with a nervous, ringing, charming little laugh, and she was evidently pleased that her hand was being kissed so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та же, протянув эту ручку… следила за «милою барышней»","title":"Demonstrative «та» as subject; perfective gerund «протянув»","body":"«Та» ('the other one') is the demonstrative «тот» pressed into service as a pronoun to track Grushenka — Russian's way of switching reference without a name. «Протянув» is the perfective past gerund of «протянуть» (having held out), a prior completed act framing «следила» (watched, imperfective). The verb «следить за» governs the instrumental «барышней»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей видимо было приятно, что ее ручку так целуют","title":"Dative subject of feeling + agentless 'they kiss'","body":"«Ей было приятно» is the dative-experiencer impersonal — 'it was pleasant *to her*', the affected person in the dative with neuter «было» and the predicative «приятно». The «что»-clause uses 3rd-plural «целуют» with no subject, the standard agentless 'her hand was being kissed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of следила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Та","gloss":"for her part"},{"surface":"протянув","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on следила","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянув","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нервным","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"звонким","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нервным","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"прелестным","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следила","gloss":"little laugh"},{"surface":"следила","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"милою","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"modifies барышней","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышней","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следила","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of приятно","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with следила","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of целуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целуют","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целуют","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"целуют","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of приятно","gloss":"is kissed"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b3-c10-s168","source":"«Может быть, слишком уж много восторга», — мелькнуло в голове Алеши.","translation":"“Perhaps a little too much rapture,” flashed through Alyosha's head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнуло в голове Алеши","title":"Perfective «мелькнуло» for an instantaneous flash","body":"«Мелькнуло» (perfective past of «мелькнуть», to flash/flit by) names a single momentary event — a thought that 'flashed through' Alyosha's head. The semelfactive «-ну-» suffix marks one quick, instantaneous occurrence, perfectly capturing the dart of an unbidden thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of может быть parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, modifies восторга","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"восторга»,","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове (possessive)","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b3-c10-s169","source":"Он покраснел.","translation":"He blushed.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blushed"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b3-c10-s170","source":"Сердце его было всё время как-то особенно неспокойно.","translation":"His heart was somehow peculiarly uneasy the whole time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сердце его было всё время как-то особенно неспокойно","title":"Predicative «неспокойно»; indefinite «как-то»","body":"«Неспокойно» is an invariable neuter predicative ('uneasy'), agreeing with «сердце», joined to «было» for the past state. «Как-то» is the indefinite adverb formed with the clitic «-то» — 'somehow, in some way he couldn't pin down' — registering an unease whose cause stays vague."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неспокойно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of duration modifying неспокойно","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"part of как-то, modifies неспокойно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"part of как-то, modifies неспокойно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неспокойно","gloss":"peculiarly"},{"surface":"неспокойно","lemma":"неспокойный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Сердце","gloss":"uneasy"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b3-c10-s171","source":"— Не устыдите ведь вы меня, милая барышня, что ручку мою при Алексее Федоровиче так целовали.","translation":"“You won't shame me, will you, sweet young lady, for having kissed my hand like that in front of Alexei Fyodorovich.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не устыдите ведь вы меня, милая барышня","title":"Perfective future «устыдите» + appealing «ведь»","body":"«Устыдите» is the perfective future of «устыдить» (to put to shame), negated — 'you won't shame me'. The particle «ведь» turns it into a coaxing appeal for agreement ('you won't, will you?'), a soft trap typical of Grushenka's honeyed manoeuvring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устыдите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"устыдите","lemma":"устыдить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective (future meaning)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will shame"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устыдите","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of устыдите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of устыдите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of целовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовали","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алексее","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"Алексее","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of целовали","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровиче","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексее","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовали","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"целовали","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of устыдите","gloss":"kissed"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b3-c10-s172","source":"— Да разве я вас тем устыдить хотела? — промолвила несколько удивленно Катерина Ивановна, — ах, милая, как вы меня дурно понимаете!","translation":"“But did I mean to shame you by it?” Katerina Ivanovna said with some surprise. “Ah, my dear, how badly you understand me!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве я вас тем устыдить хотела?","title":"Particle «разве» of incredulous question; instrumental «тем»","body":"«Разве» fronts an astonished rhetorical question expecting 'no' — 'do you really suppose I meant to shame you by that?'. «Тем» is the instrumental of «то», 'by that [act]' — the instrumental of means. «Да» opens the retort with spoken urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы меня дурно понимаете","title":"Imperfective «понимаете» for an ongoing state","body":"«Понимаете» is imperfective present — 'how badly you [keep] understand[ing] me' — describing not an act but a persisting condition of misunderstanding. The adverb «дурно» (badly, ill) is the bookish counterpart of «плохо», fitting Katerina's heightened diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of устыдить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of устыдить","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"устыдить","lemma":"устыдить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"хотела?","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"промолвила","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивленно","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"удивленно","lemma":"удивлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промолвила","gloss":"with surprise"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of промолвила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна,","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаете (exclamatory)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понимаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дурно","lemma":"дурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b3-c10-s173","source":"— Да вы-то меня, может, тоже не так совсем понимаете, милая барышня, я, может, гораздо дурнее того, чем у вас на виду.","translation":"“And you, perhaps, don't quite understand me either, sweet young lady; perhaps I am far worse than I seem to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы-то меня… тоже не так совсем понимаете","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» turning the tables","body":"Grushenka echoes Katerina's complaint back, fronting «вы-то» with the emphatic clitic «-то» — 'and *you*, for your part, don't quite understand me either'. This «-то» highlights a known contrastive topic (you, as opposed to me), the conversational counter-move that quietly seizes the upper hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я… гораздо дурнее того, чем у вас на виду","title":"Comparative «дурнее» intensified by «гораздо»","body":"«Дурнее» is the predicative comparative of «дурной» (worse, more wicked), strengthened by «гораздо» ('far, much') — 'far worse than I appear'. The set phrase «у вас на виду» means 'in your sight, as you see me', so she claims to be much worse than the version Katerina perceives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"for your part"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понимаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies понимаете","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дурнее","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies дурнее","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дурнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"дурнее","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дурнее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of preposition у, modifies виду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the чем-clause (\"на виду\" = apparently)","gloss":"view"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b3-c10-s174","source":"Я сердцем дурная, я своевольная.","translation":"I am wicked at heart, I am willful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сердцем дурная, я своевольная","title":"Long-form adjective predicate + instrumental of respect","body":"Here Grushenka predicates with the long forms «дурная» and «своевольная» (wicked, willful) rather than short forms — the colloquial, present-tense choice that states a settled trait of character. «Сердцем» is an instrumental of respect, 'wicked *in heart*', the case for the domain in which something holds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дурная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дурная","gloss":"at heart"},{"surface":"дурная","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of своевольная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"своевольная","lemma":"своевольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дурная","gloss":"willful"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b3-c10-s175","source":"Я Дмитрия Федоровича, бедного, из-за насмешки одной тогда заполонила.","translation":"I ensnared poor Dmitri Fyodorovich back then out of a single jest.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за насмешки одной тогда заполонила","title":"Causal «из-за» + genitive; perfective «заполонила»","body":"«Из-за» governs the genitive «насмешки» to give a cause, here a discreditable one — 'out of a single jest, a mockery'. «Заполонила» is the perfective past of «заполонить» (to capture, ensnare wholly), a single completed act of seduction; she admits she ensnared Dmitri on a whim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заполонила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заполонила","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of из-за)","role":"preposition marking насмешки","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of из-за)","role":"part of из-за","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"насмешки","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заполонила","gloss":"jest"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies насмешки","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заполонила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"заполонила","lemma":"заполонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ensnared"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b3-c10-s176","source":"— Но ведь теперь вы же его и спасете. Вы дали слово.","translation":"“But now it is you who will save him. You gave your word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь теперь вы же его и спасете","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… же… и»; perfective future","body":"Three little particles crowd this line: «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge, «же» emphasizes the contrast ('it is *you* who'), and «и» before the verb means 'precisely, the very one who'. «Спасёте» is the perfective future of «спасти» (to save) — a single decisive rescue Katerina projects onto Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спасете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спасете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies спасете","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"спасете","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective (future meaning)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b3-c10-s177","source":"Вы вразумите его, вы откроете ему, что любите другого, давно, и который теперь вам руку свою предлагает…","translation":"You will bring him to reason, you will reveal to him that you love another, and have for a long time, a man who is now offering you his hand…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы вразумите его, вы откроете ему, что любите другого","title":"Perfective futures + dative indirect object","body":"«Вразумите» (will bring to reason) and «откроете» (will reveal) are perfective futures of completed acts. «Откроете ему» puts the person told-to in the dative — 'reveal *to him*' — while «что любите другого» is a «что»-clause of reported fact with an animate accusative object «другого» ('another [man]')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который теперь вам руку свою предлагает","title":"Relative «который» + reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«Который» introduces a relative clause for the 'other' man, taking nominative as its own subject. «Руку свою» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — his *own* hand — referring back to the subject of its clause (the suitor), and «предлагать руку» is the idiom 'to offer one's hand' in marriage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вразумите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вразумите","lemma":"вразумить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective (future meaning)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bring to reason"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вразумите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of откроете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"откроете","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective (future meaning)","role":"coordinated with вразумите","gloss":"will reveal"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of откроете","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of откроете","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предлагает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предлагает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предлагает","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагает","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"предлагает","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"offers"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b3-c10-s178","source":"— Ах нет, я вам не давала такого слова. Вы это сами мне всё говорили, а я не давала.","translation":"“Ah no, I gave you no such word. You said all that to me yourself, while I gave nothing.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам не давала такого слова… а я не давала","title":"Imperfective negated «не давала» + genitive of negation","body":"Grushenka chooses the imperfective «давала» (was giving / did give) under negation, denying the very process — 'I gave no such word'. Under negation the object slips into the genitive: «такого слова» (genitive of negation). The contrastive «а» sets her denial against Katerina's claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of давала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of давала","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of давала","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорили","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of давала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b3-c10-s179","source":"— Я вас не так, стало быть, поняла, — тихо и как бы капельку побледнев, проговорила Катерина Ивановна. — Вы обещали…","translation":"“Then I misunderstood you,” Katerina Ivanovna said softly, and as though turning a shade pale. “You promised…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть, поняла","title":"«стало быть» — a fixed inference marker","body":"«Стало быть» (literally 'it has become to be') is a frozen parenthetical meaning 'so then, therefore, it follows that' — a slightly old-fashioned, deliberative connective. Katerina uses it to draw the chastened conclusion 'then I misunderstood you', «поняла» being the perfective past of «понять»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы капельку побледнев","title":"Perfective past gerund «побледнев»","body":"«Побледнев» is the perfective past gerund of «побледнеть» (to turn pale), in «-в», naming a prior completed change that accompanies her speaking — 'having gone a shade pale, she said'. The hedges «как бы» ('as it were') and the diminutive «капельку» ('by a drop') soften the visible blanch into something barely perceived."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поняла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поняла (negation)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (parenthetical)","gloss":"then","note":"стало быть is a fixed parenthetical meaning \"it seems, apparently\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (parenthetical)","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"поняла,","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тихо and побледнев","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of побледнев","gloss":"a shade"},{"surface":"побледнев","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"gerund (adverbial participle), past, perfective","role":"coordinated with тихо, modifies проговорила","gloss":"turning pale"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна.","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обещали","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"обещали","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"promised"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b3-c10-s180","source":"— Ах нет, ангел-барышня, ничего я вам не обещала, — тихо и ровно всё с тем же веселым и невинным выражением перебила Грушенька.","translation":"“Ah no, angel-young-lady, I promised you nothing,” Grushenka cut in softly and evenly, still with the same gay and innocent expression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего я вам не обещала","title":"Negative concord: «ничего… не»","body":"«Ничего… не обещала» is textbook negative concord — the «ни»-word «ничего» (nothing) co-occurs obligatorily with the verb's «не», two negatives making one emphatic denial. «Ничего» is also the genitive form standing as the object of a negated verb, doubling as genitive of negation: 'I promised you nothing at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ангел-барышня","title":"«ангел-барышня» — angel-young-lady","body":"Grushenka fuses her two pet-names for Katerina into one hyphenated address, «ангел-барышня» ('angel-young-lady'), at the very moment she calmly withdraws the promise Katerina counted on. The unbroken sweetness of the vocative against the content of the refusal is the scene's quiet knife — honeyed words, cold denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing нет","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of vocative compound address ангел-барышня","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of vocative compound address ангел-барышня","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of обещала,","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обещала,","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of обещала,","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обещала,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обещала,","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебила","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебила","gloss":"evenly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с тем же выражением","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of выражением","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"gay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невинным","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with веселым","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебила","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"перебила","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перебила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b3-c10-s181","source":"— Вот и видно сейчас, достойная барышня, какая я пред вами скверная и самовластная.","translation":"“So you see now, worthy young lady, what a vile and high-handed creature I am before you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"достойная барышня","title":"«барышня» — the young lady of the gentry","body":"«Барышня» is the polite term for an unmarried young woman of the gentry or merchant class — a status word. Grushenka's repeated, honeyed «достойная барышня» / «милая барышня» drips with mock-deference toward the well-bred Katerina Ivanovna, sharpening the social gulf she is about to exploit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скверная и самовластная","title":"«скверная» and «самовластная»","body":"«Скверная» means vile, foul, nasty; «самовластная» is literally 'self-ruling' — wilful, despotic, doing exactly as she pleases. Grushenka mockingly casts herself as the lowly, ungovernable creature in contrast to the noble barishnya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред вами","title":"Bookish «пред» for «перед»","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, literary variant of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «вами». The shortened form lends Grushenka's speech a faintly archaic, theatrical solemnity that runs through the whole scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's clear"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"достойная","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamative determiner modifying скверная и самовластная","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скверная (predicate adjective)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скверная","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самовластная","lemma":"самовластный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with скверная","gloss":"high-handed"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b3-c10-s182","source":"Мне что захочется, так я так и поступлю.","translation":"Whatever I take a fancy to, that's just what I'll do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне что захочется","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне захочется»","body":"«Захотеться» is an impersonal reflexive: the wanter stands in the dative («мне»), with no nominative subject, and the verb is fixed in the neuter/3rd-singular. The construction frames desire as something that simply comes over her — perfectly suited to Grushenka's capricious self-portrait."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так я так и поступлю","title":"Correlative «что… так… так и» + perfective future","body":"The folk-flavoured correlative pattern ('whatever… that's just what…') pairs «что захочется» with the resumptive «так и». «Поступлю» is a perfective present-form, so it reads as future: 'that's just how I'll act.' The doubled «так… так и» gives the line its insistent, sing-song defiance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of захочется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of захочется","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"захочется","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"take a fancy to"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb, resumes что...захочется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поступлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступлю","gloss":"just that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поступлю","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll do"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b3-c10-s183","source":"Давеча я, может, вам и пообещала что, а вот сейчас опять думаю: вдруг он опять мне понравится, Митя-то, — раз уж мне ведь он очень понравился, целый час почти даже нравился.","translation":"A while ago I may have promised you something, but now I'm thinking again: what if he takes my fancy once more, Mitya, that is — for he did take my fancy once, very much; nearly a whole hour he pleased me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, slightly homely adverb meaning 'a short time ago, earlier today.' It tolls four times across this passage as Grushenka's refrain, marking her abrupt swerve from her earlier promise — the texture of unlettered, sing-song speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг он опять мне понравится","title":"«вдруг» + perfective future for a sudden possibility","body":"Here «вдруг» does not mean 'suddenly' but 'what if, suppose' — introducing a hypothetical. «Понравится» is the perfective future of an impersonal-leaning verb: the liked thing is grammatical subject, the experiencer «мне» stands in the dative ('what if he should take my fancy again')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя-то","title":"Topic-emphatic clitic «-то» and diminutive «Митя»","body":"«Митя» is the affectionate short form of Дмитрий; the tacked-on «-то» is the emphatic topic clitic — 'Mitya, I mean,' singling him out as the known subject. The pairing is warm and gossipy, exactly Grushenka's register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раз уж мне ведь он очень понравился","title":"Particles «уж» and «ведь»","body":"«Раз уж» means 'seeing as, since after all,' and «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('he did, you know'). These modal particles, untranslatable except by stress, carry the coaxing, confiding tone of her excuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пообещала","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пообещала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical modifying пообещала","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пообещала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пообещала (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пообещала","lemma":"пообещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пообещала","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'm thinking"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравится","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравится","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of понравится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"понравится","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"takes a fancy"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он (identifies the subject)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то,","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя (emphatic -то)","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of понравился","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of понравился","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause giving the reason for вдруг...понравится","gloss":"took my fancy"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"duration accusative modifying нравился","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нравился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нравился","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понравился","gloss":"pleased me"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b3-c10-s184","source":"Вот я, может быть, пойду да и скажу ему сейчас, чтоб он у меня с сего же дня остался… Вот я какая непостоянная…","translation":"Maybe I'll go this very moment and tell him to come and stay with me from this very day… That's how inconstant I am…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойду да и скажу","title":"«да и» + paired perfective futures","body":"«Да и» links the two perfective futures «пойду… скажу» with a sense of impulsive resolve — 'I'll just up and go and tell him.' The colloquial «да и» adds the flavour of a sudden, headstrong decision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он у меня с сего же дня остался","title":"«чтоб» + past form for an indirect command","body":"«Чтоб(ы)» introduces a willed outcome and obligatorily takes the past-tense form «остался» (the irrealis after чтобы), not a future. So 'tell him that he should stay' — the past form is grammatical, not temporal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с сего же дня","title":"Archaic «сего» — 'this very day'","body":"«Сего» is the genitive of the bookish archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), reinforced by emphatic «же»: 'from this very day.' The elevated «сей» in Grushenka's mouth is part of her mock-ceremonious play-acting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот я какая непостоянная","title":"«вот я какая» — exclamatory self-display","body":"The exclamatory frame «вот я какая…» ('that's the kind of [woman] I am') uses interrogative «какая» as an intensifier with a short-flavoured predicate adjective «непостоянная» (inconstant, fickle). It is a self-presenting flourish, half boast, half taunt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical modifying пойду (idiom может быть)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остался","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая непостоянная","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of непостоянная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamative determiner modifying непостоянная","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"непостоянная","lemma":"непостоянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"inconstant"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b3-c10-s185","source":"— Давеча вы говорили… совсем не то… — едва проговорила Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"“A while ago you said… something altogether different…” Katerina Ivanovna barely managed to say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"едва проговорила Катерина Ивановна","title":"«едва» + perfective «проговорила»","body":"«Едва» ('barely, scarcely') with the perfective past «проговорила» captures a single, strained act of utterance — she just managed to get the words out. The prefix про- here lends the sense of speaking something through with effort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не то","title":"Negated «не то» — 'something quite different'","body":"«Не то» negates the demonstrative «то» ('that'), so 'not that [at all], something entirely different,' intensified by «совсем». Katerina Ivanovna is pointing back to Grushenka's earlier, kinder words now contradicted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то (intensifies the negation)","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elided complement of говорили)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed to say"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b3-c10-s186","source":"— Ах, давеча! А ведь я сердцем нежная, глупая. Ведь подумать только, что он из-за меня перенес!","translation":"“Ah, a while ago! Why, I'm tender at heart, foolish. Only think what he has suffered on my account!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сердцем нежная","title":"Instrumental of respect «сердцем»","body":"«Сердцем» is an instrumental of respect — 'tender in (with respect to) the heart.' Russian uses the bare instrumental to specify the domain in which a quality holds (умом, душой, сердцем). The zero copula leaves «я… нежная» without 'am.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь подумать только","title":"«ведь» + infinitive exclamation «подумать только»","body":"«Подумать только!» is a fixed exclamatory infinitive — 'just think!, only imagine!' Fronted by the appeal-particle «ведь», it invites the listener to share her wonder at what Mitya has endured."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он из-за меня перенес","title":"«из-за» + genitive of cause","body":"«Из-за меня» means 'because of me, on my account': the compound preposition «из-за» governs the genitive and here marks the cause/fault. «Перенёс» (perfective) sums up everything Mitya has 'borne through' as a completed whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase (echo)","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нежная","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нежная (predicate adjective)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нежная (instrumental of respect)","gloss":"at heart"},{"surface":"нежная","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"глупая","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нежная","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенес","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перенес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marking меня","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of из-за","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"перенес","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумать","gloss":"has suffered"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b3-c10-s187","source":"А вдруг домой приду да и пожалею его — тогда что?","translation":"And what if I go home and start to pity him — what then?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вдруг домой приду да и пожалею его","title":"«а вдруг» — 'and what if'","body":"«А вдруг» opens a worried hypothetical ('and what if…'), driving two paired perfective futures «приду… пожалею» ('I come home and start to pity him'). The «да и» again signals an impulsive, almost involuntary turn of feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда что?","title":"Elliptical «тогда что?»","body":"A clipped, idiomatic question — 'then what?' — with the verb and everything else left to inference. Such terse, fragmentary lines mimic the rhythm of agitated colloquial speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пожалею","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пожалею","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b3-c10-s188","source":"— Я не ожидала…","translation":"“I did not expect…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не ожидала","title":"Imperfective «ожидала» under negation, broken off","body":"«Ожидать» (to expect) is imperfective and naturally takes a genitive complement; here the sentence is broken off mid-thought, the dash marking Katerina Ivanovna's faltering. The feminine past «ожидала» agrees in gender with the woman speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ожидала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидала","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b3-c10-s189","source":"— Эх, барышня, какая вы предо мной добрая, благородная выходите.","translation":"“Eh, young lady, how kind, how noble you turn out to be beside me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предо мной","title":"Archaic «предо мной»","body":"«Предо мной» is the bookish «пред» plus a buffer -о before the instrumental «мной» — 'before me, beside me.' The elevated form again colours Grushenka's mock-humble flattery with theatrical loftiness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"добрая, благородная выходите","title":"«выходить» — 'turn out to be'","body":"Here «выходите» does not mean 'go out' but 'turn out, prove to be': 'how kind and noble you turn out [to be].' The adjectives «добрая, благородная» stand as predicates with no copula. The verb's surprise-flavour underscores Grushenka's feigned admiration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Eh"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamative determiner modifying добрая, благородная","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выходите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of выходите","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"благородная","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрая","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"выходите","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turn out"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b3-c10-s190","source":"Вот вы теперь, пожалуй, меня, этакую дуру, и разлюбите за мой характер.","translation":"Now, perhaps, you'll even stop loving me, a fool like me, for my character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня, этакую дуру, и разлюбите","title":"Verbal prefix «раз-» of undoing in «разлюбить»","body":"«Разлюбить» is built from «любить» with the prefix «раз-», which here reverses the action — 'to fall out of love, cease to love.' The perfective «разлюбите» (future) names that change as a single completed turn. «Этакую дуру» ('a fool such as me') is an accusative appositive to «меня»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за мой характер","title":"«за» + accusative of cause","body":"«За» with the accusative here gives the ground or reason — 'for (because of) my character.' This causal «за» (as in любить за что-то, наказать за что-то) is distinct from its spatial 'behind' sense with the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разлюбите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разлюбите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разлюбите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical modifying разлюбите","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of разлюбите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"этакую","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дуру","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"дуру","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разлюбите (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"разлюбите","lemma":"разлюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stop loving"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разлюбите","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b3-c10-s191","source":"Дайте мне вашу милую ручку, ангел-барышня, — нежно попросила она и как бы с благоговением взяла ручку Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"Give me your sweet little hand, angel-young-lady,” she asked tenderly, and as though with reverence she took Katerina Ivanovna's hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дайте мне вашу милую ручку","title":"Polite imperative «дайте» with dative + accusative","body":"«Дайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «дать» (give), the -те marking deference. The giving frame distributes its arguments classically: recipient in the dative («мне»), gift in the accusative («ручку»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручку","title":"Diminutive «ручка» — the caressing 'little hand'","body":"«Ручка» is the diminutive of «рука» (hand). Across this scene «ручка» is repeated obsessively, an instrument of Grushenka's cloying tenderness — the affectionate suffix turning into a weapon of mockery as the hand-kiss is withheld."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и как бы с благоговением взяла","title":"«как бы» — 'as though, as if'","body":"«Как бы» ('as though, as if') flags the gesture as a performance — she takes the hand 'as if with reverence.' Dostoevsky's narrator uses «как бы» constantly to mark the gap between seeming and being, central to this treacherous scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с благоговением","title":"«благоговение» — pious reverence","body":"«Благоговение» is a solemn, churchly word for reverent awe, the feeling proper before the sacred. Applied to a hand-kiss, it is darkly ironic: the religiose register heightens the cruelty of the mock-worship Grushenka is staging."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ангел-барышня","title":"«ангел-барышня» — coined endearment","body":"An ad-hoc compound, 'angel-young-lady,' fusing «ангел» (angel) with «барышня». Grushenka improvises these saccharine compounds («ангел-барышня», «раскрасавица») as caressing address — the sweeter the name, the sharper the coming betrayal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Give"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Дайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"милую","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Дайте","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of vocative compound address ангел-барышня","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"барышня,","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of vocative compound address ангел-барышня","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"нежно","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросила","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"попросила","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of попросила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благоговением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благоговением","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with попросила","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку (possessive)","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b3-c10-s192","source":"— Вот я, милая барышня, вашу ручку возьму и так же, как вы мне, поцелую.","translation":"“Here, sweet young lady, I'll take your little hand and kiss it just as you kissed mine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашу ручку возьму и так же, как вы мне, поцелую","title":"Paired perfective futures «возьму… поцелую»","body":"Two perfective present-forms read as future ('I'll take… and kiss'), promising a single completed deed. The comparative clause «так же, как вы мне» ('just as you [kissed] mine') gapps the verb, a natural ellipsis in speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцелую","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elided clause (как вы мне [поцеловали])","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb поцеловали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided verb поцеловали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поцелую","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьму","gloss":"kiss"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b3-c10-s193","source":"Вы мне три раза поцеловали, а мне бы вам надо триста раз за это поцеловать, чтобы сквитаться.","translation":"You kissed me three times, and I ought to kiss you three hundred times for it to be even.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы мне три раза поцеловали","title":"«три раза» — accusative of count","body":"«Три раза» ('three times') is an accusative adverbial of frequency. Note the dialectal/popular «вы мне поцеловали» with a dative «мне» where standard Russian might phrase it differently — a touch of Grushenka's unschooled speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне бы вам надо триста раз… поцеловать","title":"Conditional «бы» softening obligation","body":"«Мне бы… надо… поцеловать» layers a dative-experiencer obligation («мне надо») with the irrealis particle «бы», softening it to 'I really ought to.' The infinitive «поцеловать» completes the impersonal frame, with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сквитаться","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + reflexive «сквитаться»","body":"«Чтобы» here introduces purpose with an infinitive ('in order to get even'). «Сквитаться» is a reflexive perfective — 'to settle a score, become quits' — its -ся giving the reciprocal sense of two parties squaring accounts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поцеловали","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поцеловали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловали","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"поцеловали","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer subject of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modal particle with надо","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поцеловать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поцеловать","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition за","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of надо","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сквитаться","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"сквитаться","lemma":"сквитаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial purpose clause on поцеловать","gloss":"be even"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b3-c10-s194","source":"Да так уж и быть, а затем пусть как бог пошлет; может, я вам полная раба буду и во всем пожелаю вам рабски угодить.","translation":"Well, so be it, and then let it be as God sends; perhaps I'll be your complete slave and wish to please you in everything, slavishly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да так уж и быть","title":"Idiom «так уж и быть» — 'so be it'","body":"«Так уж и быть» is a set concessive phrase, 'all right then, so be it,' the infinitive «быть» with insistent «уж и» giving a tone of grudging consent. It marks Grushenka pretending to relent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам полная раба буду","title":"Compound future «буду» + predicate «раба»","body":"«Буду… раба» uses the imperfective compound future of быть with a predicate noun. Note the nominative «раба» ('slave,' fem.) rather than the more usual predicate instrumental — a colloquial preference that keeps the role vivid and present. Cf. the instrumental «рабою» one would expect in higher style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рабски угодить","title":"Adverb «рабски» — 'slavishly'","body":"«Рабски» is the adverb from «раб» (slave) — 'in a slavish manner.' Paired with «угодить» ('to please, gratify'), it casts abject servility, the same scare-quoted «рабски» the narrator will pick up later as Katerina Ivanovna recoils."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так уж и быть, modifies быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links так and быть in the idiom","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"head of the idiom так уж и быть","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошлет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошлет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошлет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"пошлет","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause пусть как бог пошлет","gloss":"sends"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical modifying буду","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies раба (dative of possession, \"your\")","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"полная","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раба","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"раба","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду","gloss":"slave"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, copula with раба","gloss":"I'll be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of угодить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"пожелаю","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with буду","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of угодить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рабски","lemma":"рабски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угодить","gloss":"slavishly"},{"surface":"угодить","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелаю","gloss":"to please"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b3-c10-s195","source":"Как бог положит, пусть так оно и будет безо всяких между собой сговоров и обещаний.","translation":"As God disposes, so let it be, with no pacts or promises between us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как бог положит, пусть так оно и будет","title":"Hortative «пусть… будет»","body":"«Пусть» plus a 3rd-person future («будет») forms a third-person command/wish — 'let it be so.' «Положит» here is an old idiom 'as God ordains/disposes,' parallel to «как бог пошлёт» above. The resumptive «так оно и будет» echoes the folk-correlative rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безо всяких между собой сговоров и обещаний","title":"«без» + genitive, and reflexive «между собой»","body":"«Безо» (the -о variant of без before clusters) governs the genitive plural «сговоров и обещаний» ('without any pacts or promises'). «Между собой» uses the reflexive «собой» — 'between ourselves,' pointing back to the two of them as the implied subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of положит","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"положит","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying будет","gloss":"disposes"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сговоров и обещаний","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сговоров","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"complement of между, modifying сговоров","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сговоров","lemma":"сговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"pacts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"обещаний","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with сговоров","gloss":"promises"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b3-c10-s196","source":"Ручка-то, ручка-то у вас милая, ручка-то! Барышня вы милая, раскрасавица вы моя невозможная!","translation":"What a hand, what a hand you have, sweet hand! You are a sweet young lady, my impossible beauty!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ручка-то, ручка-то у вас милая, ручка-то!","title":"Emphatic «-то» and exclamatory repetition","body":"The threefold «ручка-то» pins the topic with the emphatic clitic «-то» ('that hand of yours, the hand!'), the obsessive repetition mounting toward the trap. «У вас милая» is the possessive 'have' frame (у + genitive) with a zero-copula predicate adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскрасавица вы моя невозможная","title":"«раскрасавица» — intensified beauty","body":"«Раскрасавица» is «красавица» ('a beauty') heightened by the augmentative prefix «рас-/раз-»: 'a ravishing beauty, a beauty beyond beauties.' With «невозможная» ('impossible') it forms hyperbolic, folk-poetic flattery — the high-water mark of false tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ручка","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ручка (emphatic -то)","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"ручка","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ручка (repetition)","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ручка (emphatic -то)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate modifying the elided ручка","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ручка","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ручка (repetition)","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ручка (emphatic -то)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"Барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Барышня (predicate)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"раскрасавица","lemma":"раскрасавица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы (second clause)","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of раскрасавица","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невозможная","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"невозможная","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раскрасавица","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b3-c10-s197","source":"Она тихо понесла эту ручку к губам своим, правда, с странною целью: «сквитаться» поцелуями.","translation":"She slowly carried that hand to her own lips, though, it is true, with a strange aim: to “make it even” with kisses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она тихо понесла эту ручку к губам своим","title":"Reflexive possessive «своим» + dative-governing «к»","body":"«К губам своим» — «к» governs the dative ('toward her lips'), and the reflexive possessive «своим» fixes the lips as her own (the clause's subject's). Inverting noun before possessive («губам своим») is a literary, slightly archaic word-order touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со странною целью","title":"Old-style instrumental «-ою» in «странною целью»","body":"«Странною целью» ('with a strange aim') is instrumental after «с»; the feminine adjective ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») is the longer, bookish 19th-century variant Dostoevsky favours. The whole phrase frames the means/manner of the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понесла","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понесла","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"понесла","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понесла","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"губам","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of понесла","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of губам","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"странною","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понесла","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"сквитаться","lemma":"сквитаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of целью (explains the aim)","gloss":"make it even"},{"surface":"поцелуями","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сквитаться","gloss":"with kisses"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b3-c10-s198","source":"Катерина Ивановна не отняла руки: она с робкою надеждой выслушала последнее, хотя тоже очень странно выраженное обещание Грушеньки «рабски» угодить ей; она напряженно смотрела ей в глаза: она видела в этих глазах всё то же простодушное, доверчивое выражение, всё ту же ясную веселость…","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna did not withdraw her hand: with timid hope she listened to Grushenka's last promise, oddly worded though it was, to please her “slavishly”; she gazed tensely into her eyes — in those eyes she saw still the same guileless, trusting expression, still the same bright gaiety…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отняла руки","title":"Genitive of negation «руки»","body":"Under the negated verb «не отняла» the object slips from accusative to genitive «руки» — the genitive of negation, idiomatic with verbs of withdrawal and refusal. Without the negation it would be «отняла руку»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с робкою надеждой выслушала","title":"Instrumental of manner «с робкою надеждой»","body":"«С робкою надеждой» ('with timid hope') is с + instrumental describing the manner of the listening; again the archaic feminine «-ою». «Выслушала» (perfective) frames hearing the promise out to its end as a completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя тоже очень странно выраженное обещание","title":"Past passive participle «выраженное»","body":"«Выраженное» is a long-form past passive participle from «выразить» ('express'), agreeing with neuter «обещание»: 'the promise, [though] oddly worded.' Such participial modifiers compress a whole relative clause and are a staple of Dostoevsky's dense narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она видела… всё то же простодушное, доверчивое выражение","title":"Imperfective «видела» of sustained looking","body":"The imperfective past «видела» (and «смотрела») holds the gaze as an ongoing process against the perfective acts around it. «Всё то же» ('still the same') uses «то же» ('the same') to stress the unchanging, guileless look — the very mask that disarms Katerina Ivanovna."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отняла","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отняла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отняла","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отняла (genitive of negation)","gloss":"her hand"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выслушала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking робкою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"робкою","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надеждой","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"надеждой","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушала","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"выслушала","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отняла","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on обещание","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выраженное","gloss":"oddly"},{"surface":"выраженное","lemma":"выраженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"worded"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушала","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"рабски","lemma":"рабски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угодить","gloss":"slavishly"},{"surface":"угодить","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещание","gloss":"to please"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of угодить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смотрела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"напряженно","lemma":"напряжённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрела","gloss":"tensely"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выслушала","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотрела","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of видела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смотрела","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видела","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies то же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то же","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"guileless"},{"surface":"доверчивое","lemma":"доверчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with простодушное","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видела","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies ту же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of веселость","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ту же","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ясную","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веселость","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"веселость","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with выражение (object of видела)","gloss":"gaiety"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b3-c10-s199","source":"«Она, может быть, слишком наивна!» — промелькнуло надеждой в сердце Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"“Perhaps she is too naïve!” flashed with hope through Katerina Ivanovna's heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"промелькнуло надеждой в сердце","title":"Instrumental «надеждой» of manner + neuter «промелькнуло»","body":"«Промелькнуло» ('flashed by') is impersonal-neuter, its subject the quoted thought; «надеждой» is an instrumental of manner — the thought flashed 'as/with hope.' The perfective про- + мелькнуть captures a single instantaneous flicker through her heart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слишком наивна","title":"Short adjective «наивна»","body":"«Наивна» is the short (predicative) form of «наивный» — 'naïve.' The short form, more bookish than the long, states it as a momentary verdict: 'perhaps she is too naïve.' A Gallicism in lexis, fitting Katerina Ivanovna's polished milieu."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of наивна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наивна","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"надеждой","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"with hope"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b3-c10-s200","source":"Грушенька меж тем как бы в восхищении от «милой ручки» медленно поднимала ее к губам своим.","translation":"Grushenka, meanwhile, as though in delight at the “sweet little hand,” slowly raised it toward her own lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меж тем как бы в восхищении","title":"Bookish «меж тем» + «как бы»","body":"«Меж тем» is the shortened, literary form of «между тем» ('meanwhile'). With «как бы» ('as though in delight') the narrator once more flags Grushenka's rapture as feigned — the steady «как бы» drumbeat that keeps the reader ahead of the victim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"медленно поднимала ее к губам своим","title":"Imperfective «поднимала» — slow, unfinished raising","body":"The imperfective past «поднимала» stretches the gesture out as a deliberate, in-progress motion ('was slowly raising'), priming the reader for the sudden perfective interruption «задержала» in the next sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднимала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"меж","lemma":"меж","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase меж тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase меж тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восхищении","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднимала","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"милой","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручки","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies восхищении","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднимала","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"поднимала","lemma":"поднимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднимала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губам","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"губам","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поднимала","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies губам","gloss":"her own"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b3-c10-s201","source":"Но у самых губ она вдруг ручку задержала на два, на три мгновения, как бы раздумывая о чем-то.","translation":"But just at her very lips she suddenly held the hand back for two or three moments, as though pondering something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг ручку задержала на два, на три мгновения","title":"Perfective «задержала» cutting the imperfective flow","body":"Against the imperfective 'was raising,' the perfective «задержала» ('held back, arrested') with «вдруг» marks the abrupt, decisive break — the pivot of the whole scene. «На два, на три мгновения» is «на» + accusative of duration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы раздумывая о чем-то","title":"Imperfective gerund «раздумывая»","body":"«Раздумывая» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие — 'while pondering' — sharing the subject of «задержала» and naming the attendant circumstance. «О чём-то» ('about something') uses the indefinite «-то» for a real but unnamed object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губ","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies губ","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of задержала","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of задержала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задержала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задержала","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"задержала","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking два","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"oblique complement of задержала","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies мгновения","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of задержала","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"раздумывая","lemma":"раздумывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on задержала","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of раздумывая","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b3-c10-s202","source":"— А знаете что, ангел-барышня, — вдруг протянула она самым уже нежным и слащавейшим голоском, — знаете что, возьму я да вашу ручку и не поцелую. — И она засмеялась маленьким развеселым смешком.","translation":"“You know what, angel-young-lady,” she suddenly drawled in the very tenderest, most sugary little voice, “you know what, I think I'll just up and not kiss your little hand after all.” And she burst into a small, merry little laugh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаете что","title":"Idiom «знаете что» — 'you know what'","body":"«А знаете что» ('you know what') is a conversational opener seizing attention before the blow. The polite «знаете» (2nd-plural present) keeps up the deferential address even as Grushenka prepares to humiliate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слащавейшим голоском","title":"Superlative «слащавейший» + diminutive «голосок»","body":"«Слащавейшим» is the bookish -ейший superlative of «слащавый» ('cloying, saccharine'), here biting and ironic; «голоском» is the diminutive of «голос» (voice). The combination — 'in the most sugary little voice' — drips with the narrator's contempt for the performance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьму я да вашу ручку и не поцелую","title":"«возьму да и не поцелую» — 'I'll just up and not kiss'","body":"The «возьму да (и)» construction with a second perfective verb expresses a sudden, wilful act ('I'll just go and…'), here negated: 'I think I'll just NOT kiss your hand.' The interposed «не» before «поцелую» lands the refusal as the punchline."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маленьким развеселым смешком","title":"«смешок» — a little laugh","body":"«Смешок» is a diminutive of «смех» (laughter), a short, light little laugh; «развесёлый» ('merry, gay-as-can-be') has the intensifying раз-. The petite, gleeful laugh seals the triumph of her ambush."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, part of ангел-барышня","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"барышня,","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ангел (vocative address)","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нежным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нежным","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нежным","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"tenderest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слащавейшим","lemma":"слащавый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нежным","gloss":"sugary"},{"surface":"голоском,","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянула","gloss":"little voice"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете, part of возьму да idiom","gloss":"I'll just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьму (idiom возьму да)","gloss":"up and"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцелую","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поцелую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поцелую.","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьму","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"развеселым","lemma":"развесёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялась","gloss":"little laugh"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b3-c10-s203","source":"— Как хотите… Что с вами? — вздрогнула вдруг Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"“As you wish… What is the matter with you?” Katerina Ivanovna started suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как хотите","title":"Idiom «как хотите» — 'as you wish'","body":"«Как хотите» ('as you like, suit yourself') is a fixed polite formula, «хотите» the 2nd-plural present of «хотеть». Clipped here, it shows Katerina Ivanovna struggling to keep composure as alarm breaks through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что с вами?","title":"Idiom «что с вами?» — 'what's the matter with you?'","body":"«Что с вами?» literally 'what [is] with you?' — «с» + instrumental «вами» — is the standard way to ask what is wrong. The copula is dropped, as always in the zero-copula present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнула вдруг","title":"Semelfactive perfective «вздрогнула»","body":"«Вздрогнуть» is a perfective verb of a single momentary jolt — 'gave a start, shuddered once.' The -ну- type marks one instantaneous occurrence, perfectly fitting the sudden flinch «вдруг» announces."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами?","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вздрогнула","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b3-c10-s204","source":"— А так и оставайтесь с тем на память, что вы-то у меня ручку целовали, а я у вас нет. — Что-то сверкнуло вдруг в ее глазах.","translation":"“Just this — so you'll be left with the memory that you kissed my hand, while I did not kiss yours.” Something suddenly flashed in her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставайтесь с тем на память","title":"Imperative «оставайтесь» + «с тем, что…»","body":"«Оставайтесь» is the polite imperative of the reflexive «оставаться» ('remain'). «С тем» ('with that') is the instrumental of «то», pointing forward to the «что»-clause: 'stay with [the fact] that…' — a correlative that frames the cruel keepsake."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы-то у меня ручку целовали, а я у вас нет","title":"Contrastive «а» + emphatic «вы-то»","body":"The mild contrastive «а» pivots between the two clauses ('you kissed mine, but I…'), while «вы-то» fronts and stresses the contrasted subject with the clitic «-то». The gapped «а я у вас нет» ('and I — not from you') leaves the verb out, biting in its brevity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то сверкнуло вдруг в ее глазах","title":"Indefinite subject «что-то» + perfective «сверкнуло»","body":"«Что-то» ('something,' specific but unnamed) is the neuter subject of «сверкнуло» ('flashed once'), a perfective semelfactive. The narrator withholds what flashed, letting menace gleam without naming it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставайтесь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"оставайтесь","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставайтесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking память","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставайтесь","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying память","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of целовали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вы-то","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of целовали","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовали","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"целовали","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying память","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"нет.","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, subject of сверкнуло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сверкнуло","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверкнуло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкнуло","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b3-c10-s205","source":"Она ужасно пристально глядела на Катерину Ивановну.","translation":"She stared with dreadful intensity at Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно пристально глядела","title":"Imperfective «глядела» of an intent, held gaze","body":"The imperfective past «глядела» ('was gazing, kept staring') with the intensifying adverbs «ужасно пристально» ('with dreadful fixity') stretches the stare into an unbearable, ongoing moment — the predatory pause before the open insult."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глядела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пристально","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядела","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядела","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b3-c10-s206","source":"— Наглая! — проговорила вдруг Катерина Ивановна, как бы вдруг что-то поняв, вся вспыхнула и вскочила с места.","translation":"“Insolent creature!” Katerina Ivanovna said suddenly, as though something had abruptly dawned on her; she flushed all over and sprang up from her seat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Наглая!","title":"«наглая» — insolent, brazen","body":"«Наглая» ('insolent, shameless, brazen') is hurled here as a substantivized adjective — 'insolent [one]!' It opens the volley of escalating abuse (наглая → мерзавка → продажная тварь) that marks Katerina Ivanovna's collapse from poise into fury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг что-то поняв","title":"Perfective past gerund «поняв»","body":"«Поняв» is a perfective past деепричастие from «понять» ('having understood'), naming a completed prior act: 'as though she had suddenly grasped something.' It shares the subject of «проговорила». The «как бы» keeps even her dawning realization tentative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся вспыхнула и вскочила с места","title":"Chained perfectives «вспыхнула… вскочила»","body":"Two perfective pasts move the action forward in quick succession — 'flushed all over and sprang up.' «Вся» ('all over,' agreeing fem.) intensifies the blush; «с места» is 'from her seat' (с + genitive of place)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наглая!","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"insolent creature"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of поняв","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспыхнула","gloss":"having realized"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вспыхнула (describes subject)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"вспыхнула","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорила","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспыхнула","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"seat"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b3-c10-s207","source":"Не спеша поднялась и Грушенька.","translation":"Grushenka rose too, without haste.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не спеша поднялась и Грушенька","title":"Negated gerund «не спеша» + fronting for contrast","body":"«Не спеша» ('without hurrying, unhurriedly') is a frozen negated gerund used adverbially. Fronting it before «поднялась и Грушенька» throws the unhurried calm into relief — Grushenka's icy composure against Katerina Ivanovna's frenzy. The «и» here means 'too' (Grushenka also rose)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поднялась","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Грушенька","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднялась","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b3-c10-s208","source":"— Так я и Мите сейчас перескажу, как вы мне целовали ручку, а я-то у вас совсем нет. А уж как он будет смеяться!","translation":"“So I'll just tell Mitya, the very same way, how you kissed my hand while I didn't kiss yours at all. And oh, how he'll laugh!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так я и Мите сейчас перескажу","title":"Prefix «пере-» of relaying in «пересказать»","body":"«Пересказать» ('to retell, relay, repeat to someone') carries the пере- of passing a thing across. The dative «Мите» is the recipient. «Так… и» frames it as a gleeful threat: 'that's just how I'll tell Mitya all about it.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А уж как он будет смеяться!","title":"«уж как» exclamative + imperfective future","body":"«А уж как… будет смеяться!» is an emphatic exclamation ('and oh, how he'll laugh!'), «уж как» heightening the degree. «Будет смеяться» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive), naming the laughter as ongoing, drawn-out delight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескажу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перескажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перескажу","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of перескажу","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескажу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"перескажу","lemma":"пересказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of целовали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of целовали","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"целовали","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of перескажу","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовали","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase я-то","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies смеяться","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеяться","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смеяться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b3-c10-s209","source":"— Мерзавка, вон!","translation":"“Vile wretch — out!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мерзавка","title":"«мерзавка» — a vile wretch (feminine)","body":"«Мерзавка» is the feminine of «мерзавец», from «мерзкий» ('loathsome'): a contemptible, vile woman. The bare noun + «вон!» ('out!') is a furious, two-word ejection, the curtest of dismissals."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вон","title":"«вон!» — 'out! get out!'","body":"«Вон» as a command means 'out! away!' — a sharp directive to leave, distinct from «вон» meaning 'over there.' Flung alone it is the rawest expulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мерзавка","lemma":"мерзавка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vile wretch"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Мерзавка","gloss":"out"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b3-c10-s210","source":"— Ах как стыдно, барышня, ах как стыдно, это вам даже и непристойно совсем, такие слова, милая барышня.","translation":"“Ah, how shameful, young lady, ah, how shameful; that's even downright indecent of you, such words, sweet young lady.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ах как стыдно, барышня","title":"Dative-experiencer «(вам) стыдно»","body":"«Стыдно» is a predicative adverb in the impersonal shame-construction: the one ashamed stands in the dative (here implied 'to you'), with no nominative subject. The mock-reproachful «ах как стыдно» turns Katerina Ivanovna's own respectability against her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вам даже и непристойно совсем","title":"Dative «вам» of judgment + «непристойно»","body":"«Вам непристойно» ('it is unseemly/indecent of you') again uses a dative of the person to whom the impersonal predicate applies. «Даже и… совсем» piles on intensifiers, Grushenka feigning prim scandal at the very crudeness she has provoked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of непристойно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of непристойно","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непристойно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"непристойно","lemma":"непристойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with стыдно (predicate)","gloss":"indecent"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непристойно","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b3-c10-s211","source":"— Вон, продажная тварь! — завопила Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"“Out, you creature for sale!” Katerina Ivanovna screamed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"продажная тварь","title":"«продажная тварь» — 'creature for sale'","body":"«Продажная» (from «продать», to sell) means 'venal, for sale,' and as applied to a woman, 'a whore'; «тварь» ('creature') is a savage term of abuse. Together — 'a creature for sale' — it is the unforgivable accusation that ignites the rest of the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завопила Катерина Ивановна","title":"Perfective «завопила» — onset of screaming","body":"«Завопить» is the perfective of «вопить» (to wail, screech) with the inceptive prefix «за-» marking the start of the action: 'burst into a scream.' This за- of beginning recurs as the room erupts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"продажная","lemma":"продажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тварь","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"тварь!","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Вон","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"завопила","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завопила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b3-c10-s212","source":"Всякая черточка дрожала в ее совсем исказившемся лице.","translation":"Every little feature was trembling in her wholly contorted face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Всякая черточка","title":"Diminutive «чёрточка» — 'little feature/line'","body":"«Чёрточка» is the diminutive of «черта» ('feature, line'), here 'every little line/feature.' «Всякая» ('every single') universalizes it. The tiny suffix renders the minute trembling of her whole disfigured face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ее совсем исказившемся лице","title":"Past active participle «исказившемся» (reflexive)","body":"«Исказившемся» is a past active participle from the reflexive «исказиться» ('to become distorted'), declined in the prepositional to agree with «лице»: 'in her wholly distorted face.' The -ся keeps it intransitive (the face contorted itself), and the participle packs a whole который-clause into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всякая","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточка","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"черточка","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дрожала","gloss":"little feature"},{"surface":"дрожала","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исказившемся","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"исказившемся","lemma":"исказившийся","morphology":"participle, past, active, reflexive, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"contorted"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожала","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b3-c10-s213","source":"— Ну уж и продажная. Сами вы девицей к кавалерам за деньгами в сумерки хаживали, свою красоту продавать приносили, ведь я же знаю.","translation":"“For sale, am I. And you yourself, as a girl, went to gentlemen for money at dusk, brought your beauty to sell — why, I know all about it.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну уж и продажная","title":"Sarcastic echo «ну уж и продажная»","body":"Grushenka throws the insult back with «ну уж и…», a sarcastic concessive frame ('for sale, am I…'), the particles «уж и» heavy with mocking doubt. The dropped copula leaves «продажная» bare, picked up from Katerina Ivanovna's own slur."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хаживали","title":"Iterative «хаживали» — 'used to go (repeatedly)'","body":"«Хаживать» is the iterative/frequentative of «ходить», a folk-archaic form denoting habitual, repeated past action: 'you used to go, would go [more than once].' This expressive iterative — rare in the modern standard — gives the accusation a peasant, scornful weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою красоту продавать приносили","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою» + purpose infinitive","body":"«Свою красоту» ('your own beauty,' свой pointing to the clause subject 'you') is the object of the goal-infinitive «продавать» ('to sell'), which depends on «приносили» ('you brought [it] to sell'). The infinitive of purpose after a verb of motion is idiomatic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я же знаю","title":"Double particle «ведь… же»","body":"Both appeal-particles cluster: «ведь» ('after all') and «же» (insistence) — 'for I do know, you see.' Stacking them gives the line its triumphant, knowing finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продажная","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продажная","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"продажная","lemma":"продажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хаживали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"девицей","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicative complement of хаживали","gloss":"as a girl"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кавалерам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кавалерам","lemma":"кавалер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хаживали","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хаживали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумерки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сумерки","lemma":"сумерки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хаживали","gloss":"dusk"},{"surface":"хаживали","lemma":"хаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to go"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of красоту","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"красоту","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of продавать","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"продавать","lemma":"продавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приносили","gloss":"to sell"},{"surface":"приносили","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хаживали","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b3-c10-s214","source":"Катерина Ивановна вскрикнула и бросилась было на нее, но ее удержал всею силой Алеша:","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna cried out and would have flung herself at her, but Alyosha held her back with all his strength:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросилась было на нее","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«Было» after a perfective past marks an action begun or about-to-be that was checked or undone: 'she made to fling herself / would have flung herself.' Here her lunge is arrested by Alyosha — the particle тells us the deed never completed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее удержал всею силой Алеша","title":"Instrumental of means «всею силой» + inverted order","body":"«Всею силой» ('with all his strength') is the instrumental of means, with the archaic «-ею» ending («всею» for «всей»). The object «её» is fronted before the subject «Алёша» — free word order putting the restrained Katerina first, then revealing who restrains her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнула","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an interrupted action)","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удержал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"удержал","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнула","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удержал","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удержал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b3-c10-s215","source":"— Ни шагу, ни слова! Не говорите, не отвечайте ничего, она уйдет, сейчас уйдет!","translation":"“Not a step, not a word! Don't speak, don't answer anything — she'll go, she'll go this minute!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни шагу, ни слова!","title":"Genitive after «ни» — 'not a step, not a word'","body":"«Ни шагу, ни слова» pairs the intensifier «ни» with the genitive («шагу», «слова») in an elliptical prohibition — 'not a single step, not a word [more].' «Шагу» shows the old partitive/genitive -у. The verbless command is breathless and absolute."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не говорите, не отвечайте ничего","title":"Negated imperatives (imperfective) + concord «ничего»","body":"The prohibitions take imperfective imperatives «говорите… отвечайте» — the normal aspect for 'don't [do at all].' «Ничего» ('anything') keeps the obligatory negative concord with «не отвечайте»: a double negative making one prohibition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она уйдет, сейчас уйдет!","title":"Prefixed motion «уйдёт» (perfective future)","body":"«Уйти» (у- 'away' + idti) is the perfective 'to leave, go away'; «уйдёт» is its simple future. The doubling «уйдёт, сейчас уйдёт» ('she'll go, she'll go this minute') is Alyosha urgently reassuring Katerina that the ordeal is about to end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"шагу","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (genitive of negation)","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with шагу","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"отвечайте","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорите","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of отвечайте","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уйдет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорите","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйдет","gloss":"this minute"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйдет (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"will go"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b3-c10-s216","source":"В это мгновение в комнату вбежали на крик обе родственницы Катерины Ивановны, вбежала и горничная.","translation":"At that instant both of Katerina Ivanovna's kinswomen ran into the room at the cry, and the maid ran in too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вбежали на крик обе родственницы","title":"Prefixed motion «вбежали» + «на крик»","body":"«Вбежать» (в- 'in' + бежать) is 'to run in,' perfective. «На крик» ('at the cry') uses «на» + accusative in its reactive sense ('in response to'). The anaphoric repetition «вбежали… вбежала и горничная» piles the rushing bodies into the room."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обе родственницы","title":"Feminine collective numeral «обе»","body":"«Обе» is the feminine form of 'both' (masc./mixed «оба»), agreeing with the two female «родственницы» ('kinswomen, female relatives'). The numeral governs the noun and signals that both women, and only women, are meant."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежали","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежали","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"вбежали","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran in"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крик","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежали","gloss":"the cry"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, feminine","role":"depends on родственницы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"родственницы","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вбежали","gloss":"kinswomen","note":"обе governs genitive singular on the noun it counts, though the phrase as a whole is plural in meaning."},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessor of родственницы","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"вбежала","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вбежали","gloss":"ran in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горничная","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"горничная","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вбежала","gloss":"the maid"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b3-c10-s217","source":"Все бросились к ней.","translation":"They all rushed to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все бросились к ней","title":"Reflexive perfective «бросились» + «к» + dative","body":"«Броситься» ('to rush, fling oneself') is reflexive perfective; «все» ('everyone') its subject. «К ней» — «к» governs the dative «ней» (with the prepositional н-) — 'toward her.' A terse, fast perfective advancing the bustle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бросились","gloss":"they all"},{"surface":"бросились","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросились","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b3-c10-s218","source":"— И уйду, — проговорила Грушенька, подхватив с дивана мантилью. — Алеша, милый, проводи-ка меня!","translation":"“I'm going, then,” Grushenka said, snatching up her mantilla from the sofa. “Alyosha, dear, do see me out!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И уйду","title":"«и уйду» — concessive 'I'm going, then'","body":"The clause-initial «и» here is concessive/responsive — 'all right, I'm off then' — answering the shouted «вон!». «Уйду» is again the perfective future of «уйти». Grushenka leaves on her own terms, unhurried and triumphant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подхватив с дивана мантилью","title":"Perfective gerund «подхватив»","body":"«Подхватив» is a perfective past деепричастие from «подхватить» ('snatch up'), naming a prior completed act done by the same subject: 'having snatched up [her mantilla].' It compresses the by-action of grabbing her wrap as she speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проводи-ка меня","title":"Imperative + softening particle «-ка», diminutive «Алёша»","body":"«Проводи» is the familiar (ты) imperative of «проводить» ('to see [someone] out, escort'); the clitic «-ка» softens it to a coaxing 'do see me out.' Grushenka switches to intimate ты and the affectionate name «Алёша», suddenly tender toward him alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to уйду,","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйду,","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to уйду,","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"подхватив","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"snatching up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватив","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"мантилью.","lemma":"мантилья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подхватив","gloss":"her mantilla"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеша","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"проводи","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"see out"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"softening particle attached to проводи","gloss":"please","note":"The enclitic particle -ка softens an imperative, like English 'go on and...'"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of проводи","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b3-c10-s219","source":"— Уйдите, уйдите поскорей! — сложил пред нею, умоляя, руки Алеша.","translation":"“Go away, go away, quickly!” Alyosha folded his hands before her, imploring.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уйдите, уйдите поскорей!","title":"Polite imperative «уйдите» + comparative «поскорей»","body":"Alyosha keeps the formal вы («уйдите», polite imperative of «уйти»), repeated for urgency. «Поскорей» is the colloquial comparative «скорее» ('quicker, sooner') with the appeal-prefix по-: 'as quickly as possible.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сложил пред нею, умоляя, руки Алеша","title":"Imperfective gerund «умоляя» + inverted order","body":"«Умоляя» ('imploring') is a present деепричастие giving the manner of «сложил… руки» ('folded his hands'). The heavily inverted order — verb, then the inserted gerund, then object and subject last — is literary, building the gesture before naming Alyosha. «Пред нею» again the archaic «пред» + «-ею»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уйдите","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"уйдите","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Уйдите","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"поскорей!","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйдите","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"сложил","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"умоляя","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сложил","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сложил","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сложил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b3-c10-s220","source":"— Милый Алешенька, проводи! Я тебе дорогой хорошенькое-хорошенькое одно словцо скажу!","translation":"“Dear little Alyosha, see me out! I'll tell you one lovely, lovely little word on the way!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Милый Алешенька","title":"Double diminutive «Алёшенька»","body":"«Алёшенька» adds the tender -еньк- suffix to the already-diminutive Алёша — an extra rung of endearment ('dear little Alyosha'). Grushenka coats Alyosha alone in this warmth, distinguishing him from her cruelty to all the rest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хорошенькое-хорошенькое одно словцо","title":"Reduplicated «хорошенькое» + diminutive «словцо»","body":"The doubled diminutive adjective «хорошенькое-хорошенькое» ('ever so nice') intensifies by repetition, and «словцо» is the diminutive of «слово» ('a little word'). The caressing, childlike pile-up of suffixes is pure Grushenka coaxing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алешенька","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алешенька","lemma":"алешенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshenka"},{"surface":"проводи","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see me out"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"on the way","note":"Instrumental of дорога ('road') used adverbially to mean 'on the way' — not the adjective 'dear' here."},{"surface":"хорошенькое","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словцо","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"хорошенькое","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словцо","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словцо","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словцо","lemma":"словцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b3-c10-s221","source":"Я это для тебя, Алешенька, сцену проделала. Проводи, голубчик, после понравится.","translation":"I put on this scene for you, Alyoshenka. See me out, my dove; afterward you'll be glad of it.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я это для тебя… сцену проделала","title":"«для» + genitive of benefit + perfective «проделала»","body":"«Для тебя» ('for you, for your sake') is «для» + genitive. «Проделать сцену» ('to put on / pull off a scene') is perfective, framing the whole performance as a single completed act she staged deliberately — the chilling confession that it was theatre."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проводи, голубчик, после понравится","title":"Impersonal «понравится» — 'you'll come to like it'","body":"«После понравится» is an impersonal-leaning future: 'afterwards [it] will please [you],' the implied experiencer in the dative. «Голубчик» ('little dove,' a tender vocative-style address) again wraps Alyosha in affection. «Проводи» is the familiar imperative of «проводить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проделала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сцену","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алешенька","lemma":"алешенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshenka"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проделала","gloss":"a scene"},{"surface":"проделала","lemma":"проделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"Проводи","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see me out"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравится","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"понравится","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will please"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b3-c10-s222","source":"Алеша отвернулся, ломая руки.","translation":"Alyosha turned away, wringing his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвернулся","title":"Reflexive perfective «отвернулся»","body":"«Отвернуться» ('to turn away') is a reflexive (-ся) perfective of change of orientation: Alyosha turns himself aside, a single completed movement of recoil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ломая руки","title":"Imperfective gerund «ломая руки»","body":"«Ломая руки» ('wringing his hands,' lit. 'breaking [his] hands') is a present деепричастие of attendant manner, simultaneous with «отвернулся». The idiom names a gesture of helpless anguish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвернулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отвернулся","lemma":"отвернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"ломая","lemma":"ломать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвернулся","gloss":"wringing"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ломая","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b3-c10-s223","source":"Грушенька, звонко смеясь, выбежала из дома.","translation":"Grushenka, laughing ringingly, ran out of the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"звонко смеясь, выбежала из дома","title":"Imperfective gerund «смеясь» + prefixed motion «выбежала»","body":"«Смеясь» (from the -ся verb «смеяться») is a present gerund of manner — 'laughing' as she goes. «Выбежать» (вы- 'out' + бежать) is the perfective 'to run out'; «из дома» is из + genitive of source. Her ringing laugh trails her triumphant exit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выбежала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"звонко","lemma":"звонко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеясь","gloss":"ringingly"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выбежала","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежала","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b3-c10-s224","source":"С Катериной Ивановной сделался припадок.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna was seized with a fit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С Катериной Ивановной сделался припадок","title":"Impersonal «сделался» with «с» + instrumental","body":"«С кем-то сделался припадок» ('a fit came over someone') is a fixed impersonal frame: «с» + instrumental names the person it happens to, while the event («припадок») is the grammatical subject. Russian regularly casts seizures and ailments as things that befall a person rather than things they do."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припадок","title":"«припадок» — a fit, an attack","body":"«Припадок» is a seizure or nervous fit (also the word for an epileptic attack — charged in this novel, given Smerdyakov). Here it is Katerina Ivanovna's hysterical collapse after the humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катериной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделался","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сделался","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came over her"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделался","gloss":"a fit"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b3-c10-s225","source":"Она рыдала, спазмы душили ее.","translation":"She sobbed, spasms choked her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она рыдала, спазмы душили ее","title":"Imperfective «рыдала… душили» of ongoing distress","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, painting the continuing, unbounded state — 'she was sobbing, spasms were choking her.' The imperfective is the natural aspect for describing a condition that simply goes on, with no single endpoint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рыдала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"рыдала","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sobbed"},{"surface":"спазмы","lemma":"спазм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of душили","gloss":"spasms"},{"surface":"душили","lemma":"душить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдала","gloss":"choked"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of душили","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b3-c10-s226","source":"Все около нее суетились.","translation":"Everyone fussed about her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все около нее суетились","title":"Imperfective reflexive «суетились» + «около» + genitive","body":"«Суетиться» ('to bustle, fuss about') is an imperfective -ся verb of busy, aimless motion. «Около неё» ('around her') is «около» + genitive. The imperfective holds the whole flurry as an ongoing scene around the stricken woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of суетились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суетились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"суетились","lemma":"суетиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fussed"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b3-c10-s227","source":"— Я вас предупреждала, — говорила ей старшая тетка, — я вас удерживала от этого шага… вы слишком пылки… разве можно было решиться на такой шаг!","translation":"“I warned you,” the elder aunt said to her. “I tried to hold you back from this step… you are too impetuous… how could you ever resolve on such a step!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас предупреждала","title":"Imperfective «предупреждала» of repeated warning","body":"The imperfective past «предупреждала» ('I was warning / kept warning you') stresses the repeated, prior cautioning, as against a single perfective 'I warned.' The aunt is reproaching her with a whole history of unheeded counsel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас удерживала от этого шага","title":"«удерживать от» + genitive","body":"«Удерживать от чего-либо» ('to hold someone back from something') governs the genitive «от этого шага» ('from this step'). The imperfective «удерживала» again marks the sustained effort to restrain her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве можно было решиться на такой шаг!","title":"Rhetorical «разве» + impersonal «можно было»","body":"«Разве» fronts an indignant rhetorical question ('how could one possibly…!'). «Можно было решиться» is the impersonal modal «можно» ('it is possible/permitted') in the past with «было», plus the reflexive perfective «решиться на» ('resolve upon') + accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предупреждала,","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of предупреждала,","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"предупреждала,","lemma":"предупреждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warned"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to предупреждала,","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"старшая","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тетка,","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"тетка,","lemma":"тетка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удерживала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of удерживала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"удерживала","lemma":"удерживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to предупреждала,","gloss":"tried to hold back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шага","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шага","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"шага","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удерживала","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пылки","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пылки","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пылки","lemma":"пылкий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"impetuous"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"bring yourself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шаг","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шаг","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решиться","gloss":"a step"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b3-c10-s228","source":"Вы этих тварей не знаете, а про эту говорят, что она хуже всех… Нет, вы слишком своевольны!","translation":"You don't know these creatures, and of this one they say she is the worst of them all… No, you are too willful!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вы этих тварей не знаете","title":"«тварь» as a class slur","body":"Here «тварей» (gen.-acc. pl. of «тварь», 'creature') is used contemptuously of women like Grushenka — 'such creatures.' The aunt's genteel disdain reuses the very word Katerina Ivanovna hurled, making it the scene's keyword of scorn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про эту говорят, что она хуже всех","title":"Suppletive comparative «хуже всех»","body":"«Хуже» is the irregular (suppletive) comparative of «плохой» ('bad'); «хуже всех» ('worse than all') is the genitive-of-comparison superlative — 'the worst of them all.' «Про эту» ('about this one') uses «про» + accusative for the topic of report."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слишком своевольны","title":"Short adjective «своевольны» — 'too willful'","body":"«Своевольны» is the short predicative plural of «своевольный» ('self-willed, headstrong'), built from «своя воля» ('one's own will'). The short form delivers the verdict crisply — 'you are too willful' — echoing Grushenka's earlier «самовластная»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тварей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"тварей","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эту","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаете","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хуже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хуже","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to своевольны","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of своевольны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies своевольны","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"своевольны","lemma":"своевольный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"willful"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b3-c10-s229","source":"— Это тигр! — завопила Катерина Ивановна. — Зачем вы удержали меня, Алексей Федорович, я бы избила ее, избила!","translation":"“She is a tiger!” Katerina Ivanovna screamed. “Why did you hold me back, Alexei Fyodorovich? I'd have beaten her, beaten her!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это тигр!","title":"Zero-copula equation «это тигр»","body":"«Это тигр!» ('she is a tiger!') is the bare nominal sentence with no copula — «это» + nominative predicate, the present-tense norm in Russian. The metaphor brands Grushenka a beast of prey."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы избила ее, избила!","title":"Conditional «бы» + perfective «избила»","body":"«Я бы избила» is the irrealis: past-form «избила» + particle «бы» = 'I would have beaten [her].' «Избить» (perfective, из- intensive) is 'to beat thoroughly, thrash.' The repetition «избила, избила!» is her thwarted fury spilling over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with тигр!","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тигр!","lemma":"тигр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a tiger"},{"surface":"завопила","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to тигр!","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завопила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна.","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удержали","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of удержали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"удержали","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удержали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of избила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of избила","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"избила","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to удержали","gloss":"would have beaten"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of избила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"избила","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with избила","gloss":"beaten"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b3-c10-s230","source":"Она не в силах была сдерживать себя пред Алешей, может быть, и не хотела сдерживаться.","translation":"She was unable to restrain herself before Alyosha — perhaps she did not even wish to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она не в силах была сдерживать себя","title":"Idiom «не в силах» + reflexive object «себя»","body":"«Не в силах» ('powerless, unable') is a fixed predicative phrase taking an infinitive. «Сдерживать себя» uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» ('to restrain oneself') — distinct from the verbal -ся — as a true object pointing back to the subject. The imperfective «сдерживать» frames the failed, ongoing effort at self-control."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, и не хотела сдерживаться","title":"Reflexive «сдерживаться» vs «сдерживать себя»","body":"Now the same idea recurs with the -ся verb «сдерживаться» ('to restrain oneself, hold back') rather than «сдерживать себя» — Russian offers both, the -ся form being lighter and more idiomatic for the intransitive 'hold oneself in.' «И не хотела» ('did not even wish') deepens the confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"able","note":"не в силах is an idiom meaning 'unable,' literally 'not in strength.'"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to силах","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сдерживать","lemma":"сдерживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of силах","gloss":"restrain"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдерживать","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies хотела, part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed phrase meaning 'perhaps.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"сдерживаться","lemma":"сдерживаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"restrain herself"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b3-c10-s231","source":"— Ее нужно плетью, на эшафоте, чрез палача, при народе!..","translation":"“She ought to be flogged, on a scaffold, by the hangman, before the people!..”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее нужно плетью, на эшафоте, чрез палача","title":"Impersonal «нужно» with implied infinitive + instrumental «плетью»","body":"«Её нужно [бить/наказать] плетью» — the impersonal modal «нужно» governs an elided infinitive, with «плетью» ('with a whip') the instrumental of means. The verb is left unsaid, the bare instruments of punishment hammering out in cold rage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрез палача","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«Чрез» is the elevated, contracted variant of «через» ('through, by means of'), governing the accusative «палача» — 'by [the hand of] the executioner.' The lofty form lends her tirade a grim, almost biblical solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of the elliptical verb governed by нужно (implied: 'flog her')","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"плетью","lemma":"плеть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental modifier of the elliptical verb","gloss":"with a whip"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эшафоте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эшафоте","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плетью","gloss":"a scaffold"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking палача","gloss":"by","note":"Archaic/literary form of через ('through, by')."},{"surface":"палача","lemma":"палач","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чрез","gloss":"the hangman"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плетью","gloss":"the people"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b3-c10-s232","source":"Алеша попятился к дверям.","translation":"Alyosha edged back toward the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попятился к дверям","title":"Reflexive perfective «попятился» + «к» + dative plural","body":"«Попятиться» ('to back away, edge backward') is a reflexive perfective. «К дверям» — «к» + dative plural «дверям» (the plural «двери» commonly denotes a single doorway). Alyosha's recoiling step away marks his wish to flee the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попятился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"попятился","lemma":"попятиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"edged back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверям","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"дверям","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попятился","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b3-c10-s233","source":"— Но боже! — вскрикнула вдруг Катерина Ивановна, всплеснув руками, — он-то! Он мог быть так бесчестен, так бесчеловечен!","translation":"“But my God!” Katerina Ivanovna suddenly cried out, throwing up her hands. “He! That he could be so dishonorable, so inhuman!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но боже!","title":"Church-Slavonic vocative «Боже»","body":"«Боже» is the surviving vocative of «Бог» (God), preserved from Church Slavonic for direct address and exclamation — 'O God! my God!' Modern Russian has no living vocative case, so «Боже», «Господи», «отче» are cherished relics, heard exactly at such moments of outcry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всплеснув руками","title":"Perfective gerund «всплеснув руками»","body":"«Всплеснув руками» ('throwing up / clasping her hands') is a perfective past деепричастие naming the prior gesture; «руками» is the instrumental of the body part. The idiom expresses a sudden burst of dismay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он-то! Он мог быть так бесчестен","title":"Emphatic «он-то» + short adjective «бесчестен»","body":"«Он-то!» fronts Dmitri with the topic-clitic «-то» in incredulous emphasis ('he, of all people!'). «Бесчестен» and «бесчеловечен» are short predicative adjectives ('dishonorable,' 'inhuman') after «мог быть», the short form lending an absolute, sweeping verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"боже!","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, vocative address","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to боже!","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"всплеснув","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнула","gloss":"throwing up"},{"surface":"руками,","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of всплеснув","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation, emphasized by particle то","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed","note":"The enclitic particle -то attached to он adds emphasis, roughly 'he, of all people!'"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бесчестен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесчестен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бесчестен","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесчеловечен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бесчеловечен","lemma":"бесчеловечный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бесчестен","gloss":"inhuman"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b3-c10-s234","source":"Ведь он рассказал этой твари о том, что было там, в тогдашний роковой, вечно проклятый, проклятый день!","translation":"Why, he told that creature about what happened there, on that fateful, forever accursed, accursed day!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он рассказал этой твари о том, что было там","title":"«ведь» + «о том, что…» correlative","body":"«Ведь» ('why, after all') opens the accusing recognition. «О том, что было там» uses the correlative «о том» (о + prepositional «том») anticipating the «что»-clause — 'about [the thing] that happened there.' «Этой твари» ('to that creature') is the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в тогдашний роковой, вечно проклятый, проклятый день","title":"Adjective stacking + repetition «проклятый, проклятый»","body":"A chain of agreeing modifiers ('that fateful, forever accursed, accursed day') heaps on the noun «день», all in accusative after «в» (motion-into-time). «Тогдашний» ('of that time, then-') is a relational adjective from «тогда». The doubled «проклятый» is emotive repetition, the curse spat twice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of твари","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твари","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to там","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тогдашний","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проклятый","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with роковой, modifies день","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with роковой, modifies день","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, head of the phrase","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b3-c10-s235","source":"«Приходили красу продавать, милая барышня!» Она знает!","translation":"‘You came to sell your beauty, sweet young lady!’ She knows it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приходили красу продавать","title":"Imperfective «приходили» + goal infinitive «продавать»","body":"Quoting Grushenka's taunt, Katerina Ivanovna echoes the imperfective «приходили» ('you came [repeatedly]') of habitual past, with the goal-infinitive «продавать» ('to sell'). «Краса» is the bookish/folk-poetic doublet of «красота» ('beauty')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"красу","title":"«краса» — poetic 'beauty'","body":"«Краса» (here accusative «красу») is the elevated, folk-poetic variant of «красота». Its old-fashioned ring sharpens the cruelty of the phrase 'you came to sell your beauty,' as if lifted from a ballad and turned into a jeer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она знает!","title":"Imperfective present «знает» — 'she knows!'","body":"«Знает» is the imperfective present (3rd singular) of «знать» — a verb that exists only imperfective. The bare, stressed «Она знает!» ('she knows it!') is the horror crystallized: the secret is out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you came"},{"surface":"красу","lemma":"краса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of продавать","gloss":"your beauty"},{"surface":"продавать","lemma":"продавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Приходили","gloss":"to sell"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барышня","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b3-c10-s236","source":"Ваш брат подлец, Алексей Федорович!","translation":"Your brother is a scoundrel, Alexei Fyodorovich!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ваш брат подлец","title":"Zero-copula equation «ваш брат подлец»","body":"'Your brother [is] a scoundrel' — a present-tense nominal sentence with no copula, «подлец» a nominative predicate. The blunt, verbless structure delivers the verdict like a slap."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — a scoundrel, a base man","body":"«Подлец» (from «подлый», 'base, vile, low') is one of Russian's strongest words for a morally contemptible man — a cad, a scoundrel. Aimed at Dmitri, it is Katerina Ivanovna's bitterest indictment of his betrayal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b3-c10-s237","source":"Алеше хотелось что-то сказать, но он не находил ни одного слова.","translation":"Alyosha wanted to say something, but he could not find a single word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше хотелось что-то сказать","title":"Dative-experiencer «Алёше хотелось»","body":"«Хотелось» is the impersonal reflexive of «хотеть»: the wanter «Алёше» stands in the dative, the verb fixed neuter, with no nominative subject — 'Alyosha felt like saying something.' This dative-of-impulse frame, so frequent in Dostoevsky, renders feeling as something that wells up unbidden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но он не находил ни одного слова","title":"Genitive of negation «ни одного слова»","body":"Under negation «не находил» the object goes genitive, intensified by «ни одного» ('not a single') — 'could not find a single word.' «Слова» is genitive singular here governed by «одного». The imperfective «находил» depicts the prolonged, fruitless searching for words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать, part of что-то","gloss":"something","note":"что-то ('something') is split across two tokens (что + то) by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with что to form что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies находил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"находил","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотелось","gloss":"could find"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слова","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of находил","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b3-c10-s238","source":"Сердце его сжималось от боли.","translation":"His heart was wrung with pain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сердце его сжималось от боли","title":"Reflexive «сжималось» + «от» + genitive of cause","body":"«Сжиматься» ('to contract, be wrung,' -ся middle/intransitive) in the imperfective past depicts the heart's continuing ache. «От боли» ('from pain') is «от» + genitive of cause. Word order «сердце его» (noun before possessive) is a literary inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сжималось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сжималось","lemma":"сжиматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was wrung"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сжималось","gloss":"pain"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b3-c10-s239","source":"— Уходите, Алексей Федорович! Мне стыдно, мне ужасно!","translation":"“Go away, Alexei Fyodorovich! I am ashamed, it is dreadful for me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уходите, Алексей Федорович!","title":"Polite imperative «уходите» (imperfective)","body":"«Уходите» is the polite imperative of the imperfective «уходить» ('go away, leave') — the imperfective imperative urging the immediate carrying-out of the departure. She again uses the formal full name-and-patronymic for Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне стыдно, мне ужасно!","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне стыдно… ужасно»","body":"Two impersonal feeling-constructions: «мне стыдно» ('I am ashamed') and «мне ужасно» ('it is dreadful for me / I feel awful'), each with the experiencer «мне» in the dative and a predicative adverb, no nominative subject. The pattern lays her shame bare in the most idiomatic Russian way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уходите","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стыдно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am ashamed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ужасно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b3-c10-s240","source":"Завтра… умоляю вас на коленях, придите завтра.","translation":"Tomorrow… I beg you on my knees, come tomorrow.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умоляю вас на коленях, придите завтра","title":"«на коленях» + polite imperative «придите»","body":"«На коленях» ('on [my] knees') is на + prepositional, a figure of abject entreaty. «Придите» is the polite imperative of the prefixed motion verb «прийти» (при- + идти, 'to come, arrive') — 'come tomorrow.' The plea closes the chapter on a note of broken supplication."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"умоляю","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of умоляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of умоляю","gloss":"my knees"},{"surface":"придите","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with умоляю","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придите","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b3-c10-s241","source":"Не осудите, простите, я не знаю, что с собой еще сделаю!","translation":"Do not judge me, forgive me — I myself do not know what I may yet do with myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не осудите, простите","title":"A stacked pair of pleas","body":"Both verbs are perfective imperatives in the polite/plural form (-те): «осудите» from «осудить» (condemn), «простите» from «простить» (forgive). The perfective frames each as a single, decisive act — condemn me not even once, forgive me outright — heightening the breathlessness of Katerina Ivanovna's appeal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не осудите","title":"Negated command with «не»","body":"The negator «не» stands directly before the verb it denies, turning the imperative into a prohibition — \"do not condemn (me).\" Note that Russian needs no object pronoun here; the \"me\" is supplied by context, which English must spell out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что с собой еще сделаю","title":"Perfective future and the reflexive «себя»","body":"«сделаю» is the conjugated perfective «сделать», which yields future meaning with no auxiliary — \"what I will do.\" «с собой» is the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the instrumental after «с», pointing back to the speaker: literally \"what I will do with myself,\" a veiled hint at self-harm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"осудите","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with осудите","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with осудите","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of сделаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"will do"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b3-c10-s242","source":"Алеша вышел на улицу как бы шатаясь.","translation":"Alyosha walked out into the street as though staggering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы шатаясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «деепричастие»","body":"«шатаясь» is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle of «шататься» (to sway, stagger), formed in -ясь. It describes an action attendant on the main verb «вышел» — he walked out *while* staggering — and shares its subject, Alyosha. This non-finite verb-adverb is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы","title":"«как бы» — \"as though\"","body":"The compound «как бы» (literally \"as if,\" carrying the irrealis particle «бы») softens «шатаясь» into a simile: he walked out *as though* staggering, not actually staggering. Dostoevsky uses it to register an inner, half-real state observed from outside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел на улицу","title":"Prefixed motion verb «выйти»","body":"«вышел» is the perfective past of «выйти» (to go/come out), the prefix «вы-» (\"out\") added to the unidirectional «идти». «на улицу» takes the accusative after «на» because it expresses motion toward — out onto the street."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шатаясь, part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"шатаясь","lemma":"шататься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"staggering"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b3-c10-s243","source":"Ему тоже хотелось плакать, как и ей.","translation":"He too felt like weeping, just as she had.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему тоже хотелось плакать","title":"Dative-subject impersonal of feeling","body":"There is no nominative subject here: «ему» (he) stands in the dative as the one the feeling happens *to*, and «хотелось» is the neuter, reflexive impersonal of «хотеть» — \"to him it was wished to weep,\" i.e. he felt like weeping. This experiencer-first frame, so different from English, is central to how Dostoevsky renders inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как и ей","title":"Parallel dative «ей» with «как и»","body":"«как и ей» echoes the construction in the dative — \"just as (it was) to her\" — eliding the verb «хотелось». The dative «ей» (to her) mirrors «ему», quietly linking Alyosha's impulse to weep with Katerina Ivanovna's. «и» here is the emphatic \"too / just as.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt like"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ей","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ей","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакать, in the comparison clause","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b3-c10-s244","source":"Вдруг его догнала служанка.","translation":"Suddenly the servant girl caught up with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его догнала служанка","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The clause opens with the object «его» (him, accusative), then the verb «догнала», and only last the subject «служанка» (the servant girl) — the case endings keep roles clear while the new information, who caught up, lands at the end. The fronted «Вдруг» (suddenly) sets the abrupt topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"догнала","title":"Perfective «догнать»","body":"«догнала» is the perfective past (feminine, agreeing with «служанка») of «догнать» — to catch up with, overtake. The perfective marks it as a single completed event that punctuates the narrative, fitting «вдруг» (suddenly)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"служанка","title":"«служанка» — a maidservant","body":"«служанка» is a female household servant or maid, from «служить» (to serve) with the feminine agent suffix -анка. In Dostoevsky's social world she is a lower-status domestic, here the messenger who restores a forgotten note to Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догнала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of догнала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"догнала","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up with"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of догнала","gloss":"the servant girl"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b3-c10-s245","source":"— Барышня забыла вам передать это письмецо от госпожи Хохлаковой, оно у них с обеда лежит.","translation":"— The young lady forgot to hand you this little note from Madame Khokhlakova; it has been lying at their place since dinner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Барышня","title":"«барышня» — the young lady","body":"«барышня» is the respectful term a servant uses for an unmarried young lady of the gentry — here Katerina Ivanovna. It belongs to the same family as «барин» (master) and signals the speaker's deferential, below-stairs vantage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмецо","title":"Diminutive «письмецо»","body":"«письмецо» is the diminutive of «письмо» (letter), formed with -ецо. The little suffix marks it not as small but as slight, intimate, easily overlooked — fitting a note tucked aside and forgotten since dinner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это письмецо от госпожи Хохлаковой","title":"Genitive after «от»","body":"The preposition «от» (from) governs the genitive, so both «госпожи» and the surname «Хохлаковой» take genitive endings — \"a note *from* Madame Khokhlakova.\" The preposition's case is half its meaning here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно у них с обеда лежит","title":"«лежит» — imperfective state, and colloquial «у них»","body":"«лежит» is the imperfective present of «лежать» (to lie), describing an ongoing state — the note has been *lying about* since dinner. «у них» (literally \"at their place\") with «с обеда» (\"since dinner,\" genitive after «с») is the servant's homely way of saying it sat with the household staff."}],"words":[{"surface":"Барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of забыла","gloss":"the young lady"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of забыла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыла","gloss":"to hand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмецо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмецо","lemma":"письмецо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"little note"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передать","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"their place"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забыла","gloss":"has been lying"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b3-c10-s246","source":"Алеша машинально принял маленький розовый конвертик и сунул его, почти не сознавая, в карман.","translation":"Mechanically Alyosha took the small pink envelope and, scarcely aware of it, thrust it into his pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принял ... и сунул","title":"Two perfective verbs chain the action","body":"«принял» (perfective of «принять», to accept/take) and «сунул» (perfective of «сунуть», to thrust, shove) are joined by «и», moving the scene forward in two clean, completed strokes — he took it and shoved it away — against which the adverbs «машинально» and «почти не сознавая» supply the dreamy background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти не сознавая","title":"Imperfective gerund of inattention","body":"«сознавая» is the present adverbial participle «деепричастие» of «сознавать» (to be aware), with the negator «не»: \"scarcely being aware (of it).\" The imperfective gerund expresses a state running alongside the main action, capturing Alyosha's distracted, automatic gesture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"маленький розовый конвертик","title":"Adjectives agreeing with a diminutive","body":"«маленький» and «розовый» are long-form adjectives agreeing in masculine accusative with «конвертик», the diminutive of «конверт» (envelope). The endings repeat the noun's case, making the object visible and the whole phrase tender — a *little pink* envelope."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конвертик","title":"Diminutive «конвертик»","body":"«конвертик» is the affectionate diminutive of «конверт» (envelope), with -ик. Together with «розовый» (pink) and «маленький», it paints the note as a small, intimate, almost girlish object — Lise's hand behind it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конвертик","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"розовый","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конвертик","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"конвертик","lemma":"конвертик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сунул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не сознавая","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознавая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сунул","gloss":"aware"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"his pocket"}]}]}