{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c11","title":{"source":"XI. Еще одна погибшая репутация","translated":"Another Reputation Ruined"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c11","lines":182},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c10","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c11-s1","source":"От города до монастыря было не более версты с небольшим.","translation":"From the town to the monastery was little more than a verst.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верста","title":"An old Russian unit of distance","body":"A «верста» (versta) is a pre-metric Russian measure of distance, about 1.067 km (roughly two-thirds of a mile). «Верста с небольшим» means 'a versta and a bit' — we keep the original unit ('a verst') rather than converting it to miles, so the period flavor of the measurement survives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не более версты","title":"Genitive after a quantity word","body":"After «более» ('more than') the thing measured stands in the genitive — «версты», not nominative «верста». Russian routinely puts what is counted or measured into the genitive after such quantifiers, the same impulse that governs case after numerals."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было, parallel to города","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies версты","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"версты","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified complement of было (predicate of более)","gloss":"a verst"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небольшим","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"небольшим","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies версты","gloss":"or so","note":"«с небольшим» is a fixed idiom meaning \"and a bit more.\""}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c11-s2","source":"Алеша спешно пошел по пустынной в этот час дороге.","translation":"Alyosha set off briskly along the road, deserted at this hour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел по... дороге","title":"Unidirectional motion plus a prefix","body":"«Пошёл» is the perfective of «идти» with the prefix по-, marking the single inceptive act of setting off on one trajectory — Alyosha 'started walking' down the road. The preposition «по» here governs the dative «дороге» ('along the road')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по пустынной в этот час дороге","title":"A modifier wedged inside the noun phrase","body":"The adjective «пустынной» and its noun «дороге» frame the inserted phrase «в этот час» ('at this hour'), a bookish word order that suspends the noun until its modifier is fully qualified. The adjective agrees with «дороге» in feminine dative singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"спешно","lemma":"спешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"пустынной","lemma":"пустынный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"deserted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустынной","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the road"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c11-s3","source":"Почти уже стала ночь, в тридцати шагах трудно уже было различать предметы.","translation":"Night had almost fallen; at thirty paces it was already hard to make out objects.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трудно уже было различать","title":"Impersonal predicate of difficulty","body":"«Трудно было различать» is a subjectless impersonal construction: a neuter predicate word «трудно» ('[it was] hard') plus the imperfective infinitive «различать», with no nominative subject. Russian frames such states impersonally where English supplies a dummy 'it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почти уже стала ночь","title":"Predicate noun after «стать»","body":"Here «стала» ('became') takes a nominative «ночь» — 'night fell' — rather than the instrumental that usually follows «стать» with a role-noun. With a setting-in of a natural state Russian keeps the nominative, and the inverted verb-first order («стала ночь») throws weight onto the onset of night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had fallen"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of трудно","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to стала","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"различать","lemma":"различать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"предметы","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of различать","gloss":"objects"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c11-s4","source":"На половине дороги приходился перекресток.","translation":"Halfway along, the road came to a crossroads.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходился перекресток","title":"Reflexive verb with verb-first order","body":"«Приходился» is the reflexive «приходиться» ('to fall, to be located') with -ся, here imperfective and meaning a crossroads 'happened to be' at the road's midpoint. The verb-before-subject order («приходился перекрёсток») presents the crossroads as new information."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходился","gloss":"the halfway point"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"of the road"},{"surface":"приходился","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"перекресток","lemma":"перекрёсток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходился","gloss":"a crossroads"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c11-s5","source":"На перекрестке, под уединенною ракитой, завиделась какая-то фигура.","translation":"At the crossroads, beneath a solitary willow, some figure became visible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завиделась какая-то фигура","title":"Inceptive за- plus indefinite «-то»","body":"«Завиделась» couples the inceptive prefix за- with reflexive -ся: a figure 'came into view'. «Какая-то» ('some, a certain') uses the clitic -то to mark a real but unidentified figure — present yet unknown to Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ракита","title":"A particular willow","body":"«Ракита» is the brittle or basket willow, a slender riverside tree — earthier and more specific than the generic «ива». The «уединённою ракитой» ('solitary willow') sets a lonely, faintly ominous scene for Mitya's ambush; the instrumental «-ою» ending is the older bookish variant of «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перекрестке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"перекрестке","lemma":"перекрёсток","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завиделась","gloss":"the crossroads"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ракитой","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"уединенною","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ракитой","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"ракитой","lemma":"ракита","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of под","gloss":"willow"},{"surface":"завиделась","lemma":"завидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became visible"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of какая-то, determiner of фигура","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какая-то, determiner of фигура","gloss":"(part of \"some\")"},{"surface":"фигура","lemma":"фигура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завиделась","gloss":"figure"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c11-s6","source":"Только что Алеша вступил на перекресток, как фигура сорвалась с места, бросилась на него и неистовым голосом прокричала:","translation":"No sooner had Alyosha stepped onto the crossroads than the figure tore itself from its place, flung itself at him, and shouted in a frenzied voice:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что... как","title":"The «только... как» 'no sooner... than' frame","body":"«Только что Алёша вступил..., как фигура сорвалась» is the classic correlative for two events crowding on each other: 'no sooner had Alyosha stepped on... than the figure tore loose'. The perfectives «вступил, сорвалась, бросилась, прокричала» chain the sudden actions one after another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвалась с места, бросилась","title":"Reflexive verbs of violent motion","body":"«Сорвалась» (tore itself loose) and «бросилась» (flung itself) are -ся verbs whose reflexive marks a self-propelled, abrupt movement of the whole body — a favorite Dostoevskian register for impulsive action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что, modifies вступил","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of только что, introduces the clause of вступил","gloss":"(part of \"no sooner\")"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the только что clause","gloss":"had stepped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перекресток","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"перекресток","lemma":"перекрёсток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"the crossroads"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with только что, introduces сорвалась clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"фигура","lemma":"фигура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сорвалась","gloss":"the figure"},{"surface":"сорвалась","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как clause","gloss":"tore itself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвалась","gloss":"its place"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвалась","gloss":"flung itself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неистовым","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричала","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвалась","gloss":"shouted"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c11-s7","source":"— Кошелек или жизнь!","translation":"\"Your money or your life!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Кошелек","lemma":"кошелёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Your money"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Кошелек","gloss":"your life"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c11-s8","source":"— Так это ты, Митя! — удивился сильно вздрогнувший, однако, Алеша.","translation":"\"So it's you, Mitya!\" said Alyosha, who had nonetheless given a violent start.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митя","title":"The intimate form of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» is the affectionate diminutive of «Дмитрий», the name brothers and intimates use. Watch how the chapter alternates between «Митя» / «Алёшка» in close talk and the formal «Дмитрий Фёдорович» in narration — each choice is a measure of distance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильно вздрогнувший, однако, Алеша","title":"Past active participle as a modifier","body":"«Вздрогнувший» is the past active participle of «вздрогнуть» ('to give a start'), agreeing with «Алёша» — literally 'Alyosha, who had nonetheless given a violent start'. Packing a whole clause into one pre-posed participle is a hallmark of literary narration; the inserted «однако» ('nonetheless') concedes the start despite his calm reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это ты","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"copular link to ты","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to ты","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed in surprise"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнувший","gloss":"violently"},{"surface":"вздрогнувший","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"who had started"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of вздрогнувший","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c11-s9","source":"— Ха-ха-ха! Ты не ожидал?","translation":"\"Ha-ha-ha! You didn't expect it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не ожидал?","title":"Negated imperfective for an expectation","body":"«Не ожидал» pairs «не» with the imperfective past of «ожидать» ('to expect') — 'you weren't expecting [this]'. The imperfective views the expecting as a standing state rather than a single event, and the negation sits directly before the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Ха","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Ха","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c11-s10","source":"Я думаю: где тебя подождать?","translation":"I was thinking: where am I to wait for you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где тебя подождать?","title":"Bare infinitive as deliberative question","body":"«Где тебя подождать?» — literally 'where to wait for you?' — uses a bare infinitive to ask what one should do, a deliberative question with no explicit subject. The perfective «подождать» ('to wait a while') frames the waiting as a bounded act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подождать","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подождать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подождать","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думаю","gloss":"to wait for"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c11-s11","source":"У ее дома?","translation":"By her house?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У ее дома?","title":"«у» + genitive for location","body":"«У её дома» means 'by/at her house' — the preposition «у» governs the genitive «дома» and locates one beside a thing. «Её» is the invariable third-person possessive ('her'), pointing to Katerina Ivanovna without naming her."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of дома","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c11-s12","source":"Оттуда три дороги, и я могу тебя прозевать.","translation":"From there three roads run off, and I might miss you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я могу тебя прозевать","title":"Modal «мочь» plus perfective infinitive","body":"«Могу прозевать» — 'I might miss [you]' — joins the conjugated «мочь» to a perfective infinitive naming the single feared outcome. The colloquial «прозевать» literally 'to yawn through', i.e. let someone slip past unnoticed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозевать","title":"'To miss by inattention'","body":"«Прозевать» comes from «зевать» ('to yawn') with the prefix про-: to let something slip by while one's attention wanders, to 'miss' it. It carries a colloquial, self-reproachful tinge well suited to Mitya's restless watching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of дороги","gloss":"From there"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дороги","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided verb)","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прозевать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прозевать","lemma":"прозевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"miss"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c11-s13","source":"Надумал наконец дождаться здесь, потому что здесь-то он пройдет непременно, другого пути в монастырь не имеется.","translation":"At last I decided to wait for you here, because here he is sure to pass — there's no other way to the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надумал наконец дождаться здесь","title":"Subjectless colloquial past","body":"«Надумал» ('I finally decided/took it into my head') drops the pronoun «я» — the gendered -л ending and context carry the first person. The prefix на- on «думать» gives the sense of arriving at a decision after deliberation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"здесь-то он пройдет непременно","title":"Emphatic «-то» and the perfective future","body":"The clitic «-то» on «здесь-то» stresses the known topic — 'here, of all places'. «Пройдёт» is the perfective future of «пройти»: a perfective conjugated like a present yields future meaning, so 'he is sure to pass [by]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"другого пути... не имеется","title":"Genitive of negation in an existential","body":"«Другого пути не имеется» — 'no other way exists' — puts the absent subject «пути» in the genitive under negation, the obligatory pattern with a negated existential. «Имеется» is a slightly formal reflexive for 'there is'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надумал","lemma":"надумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Надумал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"дождаться","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Надумал","gloss":"to wait for you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дождаться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of потому что, introduces reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"(part of \"because\")"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройдет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to здесь","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пройдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дождаться","gloss":"is sure to pass"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройдет","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пути","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеется","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пути","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеется","gloss":"there's no"},{"surface":"имеется","lemma":"иметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пройдет","gloss":"exists"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c11-s14","source":"Ну, объявляй правду, дави меня, как таракана…","translation":"Well, out with the truth, crush me like a cockroach…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявляй... дави меня","title":"Imperfective imperatives of urgency","body":"«Объявляй» and «дави» are imperfective imperatives ('out with it, crush me'). The imperfective command pushes the hearer to get on with the action at once, more peremptory and emotionally charged than the neutral perfective — Mitya demanding the verdict on himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дави меня, как таракана","title":"'Crush me like a cockroach'","body":"The «таракан» (cockroach) is a recurring image of self-abasement in Dostoevsky; here Mitya casts himself as vermin to be squashed. The simile «как таракана» keeps the noun in the accusative as object of an implied 'crush'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to объявляй","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"объявляй","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"out with"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объявляй","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"дави","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объявляй","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дави","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison таракана","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"таракана","lemma":"таракан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дави","gloss":"a cockroach"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c11-s15","source":"Да что с тобой?","translation":"But what's the matter with you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да что с тобой?","title":"«что с тобой?» — instrumental of state","body":"«Что с тобой?» ('what's the matter with you?') uses «с» + instrumental «тобой» in an idiom of condition or trouble. The opening «да» is not 'yes' but an emphatic discourse particle, here roughly 'but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c11-s16","source":"— Ничего, брат… я так с испугу.","translation":"\"Nothing, brother… it's only the fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так с испугу","title":"Causal «с» + genitive","body":"«С испугу» means 'out of fright' — «с» here takes the genitive «испугу» to give the cause of a sudden reaction (a colloquial -у genitive). The little word «так» softens it to 'it's just...', deflecting Mitya's question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничего","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Ничего","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided predicate","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с испугу","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испугу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"испугу","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c11-s17","source":"Ах, Дмитрий!","translation":"Ah, Dmitri!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дмитрий","title":"The full name in a cry of grief","body":"Alyosha shifts from the intimate «Митя» to the full «Дмитрий» — and then to «Дмитрий Фёдорович» in narration — as grief makes him solemn. The naming register itself marks the emotional turn from teasing to lament."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c11-s18","source":"Давеча эта кровь отца… — Алеша заплакал, ему давно хотелось заплакать, а теперь у него вдруг как бы что-то порвалось в душе. — Ты чуть не убил его… проклял его… и вот теперь… сейчас… ты шутишь шутки… «кошелек или жизнь»!","translation":"That blood of Father's just now—\" Alyosha burst into tears; he had long wanted to weep, and now suddenly something seemed to snap in his soul. \"You all but killed him… you cursed him… and now, here, this very moment, you crack your jokes — 'your money or your life'!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"'A short while ago'","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, now archaic adverb meaning 'a little while ago, earlier today' — the kind of folksy word that colors the brothers' speech. It points back to the violent scene with their father just past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему давно хотелось заплакать","title":"Dative-subject of impersonal longing","body":"«Ему хотелось заплакать» is the quintessential dative-experiencer construction: the person feeling stands in the dative «ему», the verb «хотелось» is impersonal reflexive ('there came over him a wish'), and the perfective «заплакать» names the wished-for act of bursting into tears. This subjectless framing of inner states is central to Dostoevsky's psychology."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы что-то порвалось в душе","title":"«как бы» softening and reflexive «порвалось»","body":"«Как бы что-то порвалось» — 'something seemed to snap' — uses «как бы» ('as if, as it were') to hedge the metaphor, while the reflexive «порвалось» renders the tearing as a spontaneous, intransitive event with no agent. The indefinite «что-то» leaves the thing that broke deliberately vague."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты чуть не убил его","title":"«чуть не» + perfective for a near miss","body":"«Чуть не убил» means 'all but killed, nearly killed' — «чуть не» plus a perfective past names an action that almost reached completion but did not. The «не» here is part of the idiom, not a true negation of the killing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb introducing the elliptical clause","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"Father's"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заплакал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to заплакал","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"заплакать","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to weep"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порвалось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of порвалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies порвалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то, subject of порвалось","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то, subject of порвалось","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"порвалось","lemma":"порваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заплакал","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of порвалось","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of чуть не, modifies убил","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чуть не, modifies убил","gloss":"(part of \"almost\")"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"проклял","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проклял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шутишь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шутишь","gloss":"this moment"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шутишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"шутишь","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of шутишь","gloss":"jokes"},{"surface":"кошелек","lemma":"кошелёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"your money"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кошелек","gloss":"your life"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c11-s19","source":"— А, да что ж? Неприлично, что ли?","translation":"\"Why, what of it? Improper, is it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неприлично, что ли?","title":"Tag particle «что ли»","body":"«Что ли?» is a colloquial tag tacked onto a question to invite confirmation, roughly 'or what? is it?'. Built on the interrogative «ли», it gives Mitya's retort a careless, challenging air over the short adjective «неприлично» ('improper')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"Неприлично","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Improper"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что ли","gloss":"(part of \"is it\")"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что ли, question particle","gloss":"is it"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c11-s20","source":"Не идет к положению?","translation":"Doesn't suit the situation?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не идет к положению?","title":"Idiomatic «идти к» + dative","body":"«Идти к» plus the dative «положению» here means 'to suit, to befit' — 'doesn't it suit my situation?'. The motion verb «идти» is bleached of literal movement in this fixed idiom of fittingness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"Doesn't"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suit"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"положению","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"the situation"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c11-s21","source":"— Да нет… я так…","translation":"\"No, no… it's only that…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да нет... я так","title":"«да нет» and evasive «так»","body":"«Да нет» combines the particle «да» with «нет» into a soft, almost reluctant 'no, no'. The trailing «так» ('it's just...') is the same evasive filler as in segment 16, Alyosha deflecting rather than explaining."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of да нет, modifies нет","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"only that"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c11-s22","source":"— Стой.","translation":"\"Wait.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой.","title":"Imperative of «стоять»","body":"«Стой» is the singular imperative of «стоять» — literally 'stand!', used as 'wait, hold on'. The present stem ends in the glide -й (стоj-у, a vowel-final stem), so the imperative simply takes -й — not -и reduced to -й; the stem does not end in a consonant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Wait"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c11-s23","source":"Посмотри на ночь: видишь, какая мрачная ночь, облака-то, ветер какой поднялся!","translation":"Look at the night: see what a gloomy night it is, the clouds, the wind that has sprung up!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"облака-то, ветер какой","title":"Topic «-то» and exclamatory «какой»","body":"«Облака-то» uses the clitic «-то» to point insistently at the clouds as a known, vivid topic. «Ветер какой поднялся!» inverts «какой» to an exclamation — 'what a wind has sprung up!' — its emphatic post-posed position heightening the wonder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посмотри на ночь","title":"Perfective imperative «посмотри»","body":"«Посмотри» is the perfective imperative of «посмотреть» — a single, pointed 'look!'. The perfective command directs one bounded glance, against the open-ended urging an imperfective would give."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотри","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Посмотри","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"мрачная","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видишь","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"облака","lemma":"облако","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"parallel complement of видишь","gloss":"the clouds"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to облака","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"the wind"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ветер","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel complement of видишь","gloss":"has sprung up"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c11-s24","source":"Спрятался я здесь, под ракитой, тебя жду, и вдруг подумал (вот тебе бог!): да чего же больше маяться, чего ждать?","translation":"I hid myself here, under the willow, waiting for you, and suddenly I thought (God's my witness!): why go on tormenting myself, what is there to wait for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот тебе бог!","title":"'God's my witness!'","body":"«Вот тебе бог!» is an oath of sincerity — literally 'here's God for you', i.e. 'I swear, God is my witness'. Such half-religious folk asseverations run through Mitya's speech, mixing piety and bravado."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да чего же больше маяться, чего ждать?","title":"Genitive objects with «же» and a deliberative infinitive","body":"The rhetorical questions use bare infinitives «маяться» / «ждать» for 'why go on suffering, what to wait for?'. «Чего» is the genitive of «что» (object of «ждать»), and the particle «же» after «чего» lends exasperated insistence — 'what on earth'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маяться","title":"'To toil, to suffer wearily'","body":"«Маяться» is an expressive, folk-flavored reflexive verb for wearing oneself out in prolonged torment or aimless waiting. Its imperfective, durative force suits Mitya's sense of endless self-tormenting under the willow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спрятался","lemma":"спрятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hid myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Спрятался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Спрятался","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ракитой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ракитой","lemma":"ракита","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Спрятался, parallel to здесь","gloss":"the willow"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Спрятался","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Спрятался","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the oath idiom вот тебе бог","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"part of the oath idiom вот тебе бог","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the oath idiom вот тебе бог","gloss":"my witness","note":"«Вот тебе бог!» is a fixed oath, literally \"here's God to you,\" meaning \"as God is my witness.\""},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of маяться","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies маяться","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"маяться","lemma":"маяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormenting myself"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to маяться","gloss":"is there to wait for"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c11-s25","source":"Вот ракита, платок есть, рубашка есть, веревку сейчас можно свить, помочи в придачу и — не бременить уж более землю, не бесчестить низким своим присутствием!","translation":"Here's the willow, I have a handkerchief, I have a shirt, a rope can be twisted in a moment, suspenders into the bargain — and no longer to burden the earth, no longer to dishonor it with my low presence!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веревку сейчас можно свить","title":"«можно» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Можно свить» is the impersonal «можно» ('it's possible / one can') plus the perfective «свить» ('to twist together') — a rope 'can be twisted in a moment'. The subjectless «можно» construction states possibility with no nominative actor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помочи","title":"'Suspenders / braces'","body":"«Помочи» (plural) are suspenders or braces for holding up trousers — an everyday word here turned grim, since Mitya counts them among the means at hand for hanging himself. «В придачу» means 'into the bargain, thrown in besides'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не бременить уж более землю","title":"'No longer to burden the earth'","body":"«Бременить» ('to burden, weigh down', from «бремя», burden) is an elevated, bookish verb that lifts Mitya's suicidal thought into self-dramatizing pathos. The bare negated infinitives «не бременить... не бесчестить» voice a resolve as if reading a sentence on himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ракита","gloss":"Here's"},{"surface":"ракита","lemma":"ракита","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the willow"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a handkerchief"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"рубашка","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a shirt"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"веревку","lemma":"верёвка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of свить","gloss":"a rope"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"свить","lemma":"свить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"be twisted"},{"surface":"помочи","lemma":"помочи","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"suspenders"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking придачу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"придачу","lemma":"придача","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помочи","gloss":"the bargain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бременить","gloss":"no longer to"},{"surface":"бременить","lemma":"бременить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parallel infinitive clause, coordinated with свить","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies землю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бременить","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бесчестить","gloss":"no longer to"},{"surface":"бесчестить","lemma":"бесчестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бременить","gloss":"dishonor it"},{"surface":"низким","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies присутствием","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of присутствием","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"присутствием","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of бесчестить","gloss":"presence"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c11-s26","source":"И вот слышу, ты идешь, — господи, точно слетело что на меня вдруг: да ведь есть же, стало быть, человек, которого и я люблю, ведь вот он, вот тот человечек, братишка мой милый, кого я всех больше на свете люблю и кого я единственно люблю!","translation":"And then I hear you coming — Lord, it was as though something flew down upon me all at once: so there is, after all, a man whom even I love; here he is, here is that dear little fellow, my darling little brother, whom I love more than anyone in the world and whom alone I love!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь есть же, стало быть, человек","title":"A pile-up of speech particles","body":"This clause stacks Russian's modal particles: «да» (emphatic opener), «ведь» (appealing to shared realization, 'after all'), and «же» (insisting). Together they dramatize Mitya's sudden discovery — 'so there really is, then, a man...' — and «стало быть» adds the folksy 'so it turns out'. These tiny words are the very texture of his excited voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек, которого и я люблю","title":"Relative «которого» in the genitive-accusative","body":"«Человек, которого я люблю» — 'a man whom I love'. The relative «который» agrees with «человек» in masculine singular but takes the accusative its own clause demands; for an animate masculine that accusative copies the genitive («которого»). The particle «и» before «я» means 'even I [love]'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тот человечек, братишка мой милый","title":"A cascade of affectionate diminutives","body":"«Человечек» (dear little fellow) and «братишка» (little brother) heap expressive diminutive suffixes onto Alyosha, drenching Mitya's outburst in tenderness. «Братишка» especially is warm, fraternal, slightly childlike — the emotional opposite of the formal «брат» elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hear"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of слышу","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"standalone vocative interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетело","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"слетело","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"flew down"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слетело","gloss":"something","note":"Colloquial indefinite 'что' (= \"something\") is a sense of что itself, not a form of the compound что-то; surface is bare что, no -то attested."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of слетело","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетело","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть, parenthetical","gloss":"so","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning \"so\"/\"consequently.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало, part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle before вот он","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause вот он (\"here he is\")","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человечек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вот, in apposition to он","gloss":"little fellow"},{"surface":"братишка","lemma":"братишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человечек","gloss":"little brother"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братишка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братишка","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"than anyone"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кого, modifying братишка","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c11-s27","source":"И так я тебя полюбил, так в эту минуту любил, что подумал: брошусь сейчас к нему на шею!","translation":"And I loved you so, I loved you so in that minute, that I thought: I'll throw myself on his neck this instant!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так я тебя полюбил","title":"Inceptive «полюбить» — 'came to love'","body":"«Полюбил» is the perfective of «любить» with по-, which marks the onset of a feeling: 'I came to love / grew so fond of you'. Paired with the imperfective «любил» ('I was loving') just after, it captures both the sudden flaring-up and the sustained rush of the moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брошусь сейчас к нему на шею!","title":"Perfective future of resolve","body":"«Брошусь» is the perfective future of reflexive «броситься» ('I'll throw myself'), a single decisive impulse — 'I'll fall on his neck this instant'. After the preposition «к», the third-person pronoun gains the н-: «к нему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with полюбил","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause with подумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"брошусь","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause after подумал","gloss":"I'll throw myself"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошусь","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошусь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шею","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошусь","gloss":"neck"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c11-s28","source":"Да глупая мысль пришла: «Повеселю его, испугаю».","translation":"But a foolish notion came to me: 'Let me amuse him, give him a scare.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повеселю его, испугаю","title":"Perfective futures of mischief","body":"«Повеселю» and «испугаю» are perfective futures ('I'll amuse him, I'll give him a scare'), each naming one completed effect Mitya means to produce. Both drop the pronoun «я» — the endings already mark the first person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глупая","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Повеселю","lemma":"повеселить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll amuse"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Повеселю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"испугаю","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Повеселю","gloss":"scare him"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c11-s29","source":"Я и закричал как дурак: «Кошелек!»","translation":"And so I yelled like a fool: 'Your money!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я и закричал как дурак","title":"Connective «и» meaning 'and so'","body":"Here «и» is not a conjunction joining nouns but an adverbial 'and so, and then' tying the action to what precedes — 'and so I yelled'. «Закричал», perfective with за-, marks the sudden bursting-out of the shout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"yelled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"marks дурак as a comparison","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"Кошелек","lemma":"кошелёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted exclamation, content of закричал","gloss":"purse","note":"кошелёк literally means 'purse/wallet' — the robber's demand is 'Hand over the purse!', not 'money'; the English translation's 'Your money!' is a free rendering, but the gloss should give the word's actual meaning."}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c11-s30","source":"Прости дурачеству — это только вздор, а на душе у меня… тоже прилично…","translation":"Forgive the foolery — it's only nonsense, but in my soul there's… something decent too…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прости дурачеству","title":"Imperative «прости» with dative of the thing forgiven","body":"«Прости» (perfective imperative, 'forgive') here takes the dative «дурачеству» — 'forgive [me] the foolery', the dative naming what is pardoned. The construction has a faintly old, formulaic ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздор","title":"'Nonsense, rubbish'","body":"«Вздор» is a bookish-colloquial word for empty nonsense or trifling foolishness. Mitya brushes off his prank as «только вздор» — 'just rot' — even as he insists something «прилично», decent, lies underneath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"дурачеству","lemma":"дурачество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of Прости","gloss":"the foolery"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилично","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прилично","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прилично","lemma":"приличный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"something decent"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c11-s31","source":"Ну да черт, говори, однако, что там?","translation":"Well, the devil take it, but tell me, what happened there?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну да черт","title":"'Well, the devil take it'","body":"«Да чёрт» is an impatient oath, the devil invoked to wave the matter aside before getting to the point. Such casual diabolism peppers Mitya's speech and stands in pointed counterpoint to Alyosha's monastery world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говори, однако, что там?","title":"Imperfective imperative «говори»","body":"«Говори» is the imperfective imperative ('speak, go on, tell me'), urging Alyosha to get on with it. The inserted «однако» ('however, but still') marks an abrupt turn from cursing to demanding the news."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces черт","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standalone exclamatory interjection","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with говори","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question, with там","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c11-s32","source":"Что она сказала?","translation":"What did she say?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c11-s33","source":"Дави меня, рази меня, не щади!","translation":"Crush me, strike me, don't spare me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дави меня, рази меня, не щади!","title":"A triplet of imperatives, including a negated one","body":"Three imperfective imperatives drumbeat Mitya's masochistic plea: «дави» (crush), «рази» (smite), and the negated «не щади!» (don't spare). The negative imperative «не» + imperfective is the normal way to forbid an action in Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рази","title":"'Strike, smite' — an elevated verb","body":"«Разить» ('to strike, smite') is a high, somewhat archaic verb, more biblical or poetic than the everyday «бить». It lifts Mitya's self-flagellation into a near-liturgical key, fitting his theatrical penitence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дави","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Дави","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рази","lemma":"разить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Дави","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of рази","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies щади","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"щади","lemma":"щадить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Дави","gloss":"spare"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c11-s34","source":"В исступление пришла?","translation":"Did she fly into a fury?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В исступление пришла?","title":"'Did she fly into a fury?'","body":"«Исступление» is frenzy, a transport of rage or ecstasy — a key Dostoevskian word for the soul beside itself. «Прийти в исступление» ('to come into a frenzy') is the set idiom; the verb-final ellipsis of «она» keeps the question breathless."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступление","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"исступление","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did she fly"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c11-s35","source":"— Нет, не то… Там было совсем не то, Митя.","translation":"\"No, not that… It was something altogether different there, Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то... совсем не то","title":"«то» as the neuter 'that/it'","body":"«Не то» uses the neuter demonstrative «то» as a stand-in for 'that thing, that': 'not that... something altogether different'. «Совсем не то» negates with «не» before the demonstrative, leaving the real matter hauntingly unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"standalone interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase не то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to то","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c11-s36","source":"Там.. Я там сейчас их обеих застал.","translation":"There… Just now I found the two of them together there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"их обеих застал","title":"Genitive-accusative of «обе» (the two of them)","body":"«Обеих» is the feminine numeral «обе» ('both') in the accusative — for animates it copies the genitive — object of «застал» ('I found, caught'). The perfective «застать» means to come upon someone in a situation, here the two women together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"standalone interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies их","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c11-s37","source":"— Каких обеих?","translation":"\"Which two?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каких обеих?","title":"«какой» agreeing in the genitive plural","body":"«Каких обеих?» ('which two?') shows «какой» fully agreeing with «обеих» in the genitive-accusative plural. The interrogative declines like an adjective, picking up the case the verb «застал» imposed in the prior line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of обеих","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical phrase (echoing их обеих)","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c11-s38","source":"— Грушеньку у Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"\"Grushenka at Katerina Ivanovna's.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушеньку у Катерины Ивановны","title":"Accusative object and «у» + genitive location","body":"Verb-less but clear: «Грушеньку» is the accusative object of the understood «застал» ('[I found] Grushenka'), while «у Катерины Ивановны» — «у» plus genitive — locates the scene 'at Katerina Ivanovna's place'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушенька","title":"The diminutive of Agrafena","body":"«Грушенька» is the caressing diminutive of «Аграфена» (Grushenka). The very softness of the suffix —«-енька»— against the fierce woman it names is part of the novel's irony; everyone calls her by this tender form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical direct object","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Грушеньку","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c11-s39","source":"Дмитрий Федорович остолбенел.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich was thunderstruck.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остолбенел","title":"'Was struck dumb, turned to stone'","body":"«Остолбенеть», from «столб» ('post, pillar'), means to be rooted to the spot, dumbstruck — literally 'to turn into a post'. The perfective with о- marks the instant onset of stupefaction at Alyosha's news."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остолбенел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"остолбенел","lemma":"остолбенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thunderstruck"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c11-s40","source":"— Невозможно! — вскричал он, — ты бредишь!","translation":"\"Impossible!\" he cried, \"you're raving!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты бредишь!","title":"Present tense of «бредить»","body":"«Бредишь» is the second-conjugation present of «бредить» ('to rave, be delirious') — only imperfective verbs have a present, and here it accuses Alyosha of talking nonsense as if feverish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"standalone predicate exclamation","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бредишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бредишь","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are raving"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c11-s41","source":"Грушенька у ней?","translation":"Grushenka at her place?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушенька у ней?","title":"Colloquial «у ней» for «у неё»","body":"«У ней» is the older, colloquial variant of «у неё» ('at her place') — the dative-shaped «ней» used where standard modern Russian prefers «неё». Dostoevsky's speech is full of such period forms; the н- is the usual prefix after a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause (Грушенька у ней = \"Grushenka is at her place\")","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Грушенька","gloss":"her place"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c11-s42","source":"Алеша рассказал всё, что случилось с ним с самой той минуты, как вошел к Катерине Ивановне.","translation":"Alyosha told him everything that had happened to him from the very moment he had entered Katerina Ivanovna's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что случилось с ним","title":"Correlative «всё, что» with reflexive «случилось»","body":"«Всё, что случилось» pairs the neuter «всё» ('everything') with the relative «что» — 'everything that happened'. «Случилось» is the perfective reflexive «случиться» ('to happen'), and «с ним» ('to him') uses «с» + instrumental in the idiom of things befalling a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вошел к Катерине Ивановне","title":"Prefixed motion «войти» + «к» + dative","body":"«Вошёл» is the perfective of «войти» ('to enter'), the directional prefix в- turning the motion pair into an ordinary perfective. «К Катерине Ивановне» — «к» plus dative — means 'in to Katerina Ivanovna('s)', the dative naming the person entered upon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies той","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on минуты","gloss":"he had entered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c11-s43","source":"Он рассказывал минут десять, нельзя сказать, чтобы плавно и складно, но, кажется, передал ясно, схватывая самые главные слова, самые главные движения и ярко передавая, часто одною чертой, собственные чувства.","translation":"He spoke for some ten minutes — not, one must admit, smoothly or neatly, but, it seems, clearly, seizing on the most important words, the most important gestures, and conveying vividly, often with a single stroke, his own feelings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватывая... ярко передавая","title":"Present gerunds of attendant manner","body":"«Схватывая» and «передавая» are imperfective present gerunds (деепричастия) describing how Alyosha spoke — 'seizing on... conveying...' — simultaneous with the main verb «рассказывал» and sharing its subject. Stacking such gerunds is a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя сказать, чтобы плавно","title":"«нельзя сказать, чтобы» + irrealis","body":"«Нельзя сказать, чтобы...» ('one cannot say that...') governs «чтобы», whose hidden бы forces the irrealis past form — here elided down to the adverbs «плавно и складно». The frame politely concedes the speech was not smooth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он рассказывал минут десять","title":"Imperfective for duration; inverted numeral for approximation","body":"«Рассказывал» is imperfective, viewing the telling as a stretched-out process. Reversing numeral and noun — «минут десять» instead of «десять минут» — is the standard way Russian signals approximation: 'some ten minutes, about ten minutes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал (duration)","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with рассказывал","gloss":"one can't"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the (elliptical) complement clause of сказать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"плавно","lemma":"плавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"smoothly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"складно","lemma":"складно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with плавно","gloss":"coherently"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to передал","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause coordinated with нельзя сказать via но","gloss":"conveyed"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"схватывая","lemma":"схватывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on передал","gloss":"seizing on"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies главные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"главные","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of схватывая","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies главные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"главные","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies движения","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with слова","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавая","gloss":"vividly"},{"surface":"передавая","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схватывая, adverbial clause on передал","gloss":"conveying"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одною","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"одною","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чертой","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"чертой","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передавая","gloss":"stroke"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of передавая","gloss":"feelings"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c11-s44","source":"Брат Дмитрий слушал молча, глядел в упор со страшною неподвижностью, но Алеше ясно было, что он уже всё понял, осмыслил весь факт.","translation":"His brother Dmitri listened in silence, staring point-blank with terrible immobility, but it was plain to Alyosha that he had already grasped it all, taken in the whole fact.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал молча, глядел в упор","title":"Imperfective verbs and the frozen gerund «молча»","body":"«Слушал, глядел» are imperfective pasts painting a sustained, motionless attention. «Молча» ('silently') is historically the gerund of «молчать» but now functions as a plain adverb — a fossilized деепричастие."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше ясно было, что он уже всё понял","title":"Dative-subject «Алёше ясно было»","body":"«Алёше ясно было» is an impersonal construction: the experiencer «Алёше» in the dative, the neuter predicate «ясно» ('[it was] clear'), no nominative subject — 'it was plain to Alyosha'. The «что»-clause then reports what was clear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел, idiom в упор","gloss":"blank"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неподвижностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшною","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неподвижностью","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"неподвижностью","lemma":"неподвижность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with упор, modifies глядел","gloss":"immobility"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of ясно","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ясно","gloss":"had grasped"},{"surface":"осмыслил","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"taken in"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осмыслил","gloss":"fact"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c11-s45","source":"Но лицо его, чем дальше подвигался рассказ, становилось не то что мрачным, а как бы грозным.","translation":"Yet his face, the further the story went, grew not so much gloomy as, somehow, menacing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем дальше подвигался рассказ","title":"«чем... тем» correlative of degree","body":"«Чем дальше... [тем]...» is the proportional 'the further... the more...' correlative, here with the «тем» implied — 'the further the story went, the more menacing his face grew'. «Подвигался» is the reflexive «подвигаться» ('to advance')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что мрачным, а как бы грозным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «становиться»","body":"After «становилось» ('was becoming') the predicate adjectives go in the instrumental — «мрачным... грозным» — the case the linking verb «становиться» demands. The frame «не то что..., а...» ('not so much... as...') refines the comparison; «как бы» hedges it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of становилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause of подвигался","gloss":"the further"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подвигался","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"подвигался","lemma":"подвигаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (чем...тем) modifying становилось","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подвигался","gloss":"the story"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not so much"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of становилось, idiom не то что...а","gloss":"that","note":"не то что X, а Y is an idiom meaning \"not so much X as Y.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что, introduces мрачным","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мрачным","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies грозным","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"грозным","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мрачным","gloss":"menacing"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c11-s46","source":"Он нахмурил брови, стиснул зубы, неподвижный взгляд его стал как бы еще неподвижнее, упорнее, ужаснее… Тем неожиданнее было, когда вдруг с непостижимою быстротой изменилось разом всё лицо его, доселе гневное и свирепое, сжатые губы раздвинулись и Дмитрий Федорович залился вдруг самым неудержимым, самым неподдельным смехом.","translation":"He knitted his brows, clenched his teeth, his fixed stare grew as though still more fixed, more stubborn, more dreadful… The more unexpected it was, then, when all at once, with incomprehensible swiftness, his whole face, until then wrathful and ferocious, changed in an instant, his pressed lips parted, and Dmitri Fyodorovich suddenly broke into the most irrepressible, the most genuine laughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще неподвижнее, упорнее, ужаснее","title":"A climbing chain of comparatives","body":"Three predicative comparatives in -ее («неподвижнее, упорнее, ужаснее») mount in intensity — 'still more fixed, more stubborn, more dreadful' — with «ещё» pushing each higher. These short -ее forms are invariable and purely predicative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем неожиданнее было, когда...","title":"Comparative «тем» of consequence","body":"«Тем неожиданнее» ('the more unexpected') uses «тем» with a comparative to make the surprise proportional to the foregoing grimness — 'so much the more startling, then, when...'. It picks up the «чем... тем» logic of the previous sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доселе гневное и свирепое","title":"«доселе» — archaic 'until now'","body":"«Доселе» ('hitherto, until then') is a bookish, archaic adverb that elevates the narration, here qualifying his 'until-then wrathful and ferocious' face. It belongs to the elevated literary register Dostoevsky reaches for at heightened moments."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"залился вдруг... смехом","title":"Instrumental of manner with «залиться»","body":"«Залиться смехом» — 'to dissolve in / burst into laughter' — takes the instrumental «смехом» to name what one is flooded with. The reflexive perfective «залиться» (lit. 'to pour oneself over') vividly renders being overwhelmed by laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нахмурил","lemma":"нахмурить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knitted"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нахмурил","gloss":"his brows"},{"surface":"стиснул","lemma":"стиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурил","gloss":"clenched"},{"surface":"зубы","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of стиснул","gloss":"his teeth"},{"surface":"неподвижный","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурил","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies неподвижнее","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неподвижнее","gloss":"even more"},{"surface":"неподвижнее","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"more fixed"},{"surface":"упорнее","lemma":"упорный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with неподвижнее","gloss":"more stubborn"},{"surface":"ужаснее","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with неподвижнее","gloss":"more dreadful"},{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative adverb, modifies неожиданнее","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"неожиданнее","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate head of the phrase","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неожиданнее","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменилось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking быстротой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"непостижимою","lemma":"непостижимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies быстротой","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"быстротой","lemma":"быстрота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменилось","gloss":"swiftness"},{"surface":"изменилось","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изменилось","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изменилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гневное","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"гневное","lemma":"гневный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"wrathful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свирепое","lemma":"свирепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гневное","gloss":"ferocious"},{"surface":"сжатые","lemma":"сжать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies губы","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of раздвинулись","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"раздвинулись","lemma":"раздвинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменилось","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"залился","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздвинулись","gloss":"burst into"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies неудержимым","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"неудержимым","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"irrepressible"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies неподдельным","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"неподдельным","lemma":"неподдельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залился","gloss":"laughter"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c11-s47","source":"Он буквально залился смехом, он долгое время даже не мог говорить от смеха.","translation":"He literally dissolved in laughter; for a long while he could not even speak for laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог говорить от смеха","title":"Causal «от» + genitive","body":"«От смеха» ('for / from laughter') uses «от» + genitive to give the cause that prevented speech — 'he could not speak for laughing'. The imperfective «говорить» under «не мог» frames the inability as ongoing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залился","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"залился","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dissolved"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залился","gloss":"in laughter"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог (duration)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with залился","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смеха","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"смеха","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c11-s48","source":"— Так и не поцеловала ручку! Так и не поцеловала, так и убежала! — выкрикивал он в болезненном каком-то восторге — в наглом восторге можно бы тоже сказать, если бы восторг этот не был столь безыскусствен. — Так та кричала, что это тигр!","translation":"\"So she didn't kiss the hand! She didn't kiss it, she just ran off!\" he cried out in a kind of sick rapture — one might even call it an insolent rapture, were the rapture not so utterly artless. \"So the other one screamed that she was a tiger!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и не поцеловала ручку!","title":"Emphatic «так и» with a negated perfective","body":"«Так и не поцеловала» — 'she just did not kiss [it] after all' — uses the set «так и» to stress that an expected act flatly failed to occur. «Не поцеловала» is the negated perfective past; «ручку» is the diminutive of «рука»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы восторг этот не был столь безыскусствен","title":"Counterfactual «если бы» with a short adjective","body":"«Если бы... не был» is a counterfactual conditional — past-form verb plus «бы» — 'were the rapture not so artless'. «Безыскусствен» is the bookish short-form adjective ('artless, ingenuous'), predicative and faintly archaic; «столь» is the elevated 'so'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручку","title":"The loaded diminutive 'little hand'","body":"«Ручка» (the diminutive of «рука», hand) recurs as a leitmotif of this scene — the hand Grushenka refused to kiss. The tender suffix makes the slighted gesture intimate and almost caressing, sharpening the insult Mitya savors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловала","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так (emphatic, with не)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поцеловала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловала","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так (emphatic, with не)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поцеловала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"убежала","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловала","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"выкрикивал","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выкрикивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"болезненном","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторге","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker, part of каком-то)","role":"part of the phrase каком","gloss":"-ish"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выкрикивал","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наглом","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"head of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"one might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of можно","gloss":"(cond.)"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"call it"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of безыскусствен","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of был","gloss":"(cond.)"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of безыскусствен","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторг","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking восторг to безыскусствен","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безыскусствен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"безыскусствен","lemma":"безыскусственный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"artless"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричала","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кричала","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тигр","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тигр","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тигр","lemma":"тигр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of кричала","gloss":"a tiger"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c11-s49","source":"Тигр и есть!","translation":"And a tiger she is!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тигр и есть!","title":"Affirming «и есть»","body":"«Тигр и есть!» is an emphatic colloquial idiom confirming a label — 'a tiger she is, and no mistake'. The bare «есть» ('is') with reinforcing «и» asserts the identity flatly, with the zero copula filled in for stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тигр","lemma":"тигр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"A tiger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c11-s50","source":"Так ее на эшафот надо?","translation":"So she ought to be sent to the scaffold?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ее на эшафот надо?","title":"Impersonal «надо» with an accusative object","body":"«Её... надо» is an impersonal necessity construction: the invariable predicate «надо» ('one must, it's necessary') with no nominative subject, and «её» the accusative object of the implied 'send'. «На эшафот» — «на» + accusative — gives the goal 'to the scaffold'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эшафот","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эшафот","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"the scaffold"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"ought"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c11-s51","source":"Да, да, надо бы, надо, я сам того мнения, что надо, давно надо!","translation":"Yes, yes, she ought to, she ought, I'm of that opinion myself, that she ought, and long ago at that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо бы, надо","title":"Softening «бы» on «надо»","body":"«Надо бы» adds the irrealis «бы» to the necessity word, softening 'she must' to 'she ought to / it would be fitting' — a hypothetical, half-retracted obligation. Mitya then drops «бы» («надо, надо») to harden it back to flat necessity, the wavering itself characterizing him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сам того мнения","title":"Genitive predicate «того мнения»","body":"«Быть того мнения» ('to be of that opinion') puts the demonstrative-plus-noun in the genitive — «того мнения» — a fixed bookish idiom. The intensifier «сам» ('myself') stresses that Mitya personally shares the view."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"she ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of надо","gloss":"(cond.)"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"she ought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мнения","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнения","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мнения","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (elided copula)","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"clausal complement of мнения","gloss":"she ought"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"she ought"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c11-s52","source":"Видишь ли, брат, пусть эшафот, но надо еще сперва выздороветь.","translation":"You see, brother, let it be the scaffold, but first one has to get well again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть эшафот, но надо... выздороветь","title":"Concessive «пусть» plus impersonal «надо»","body":"«Пусть эшафот» uses the particle «пусть» ('let it be') to concede the point — 'granted, the scaffold' — before «но надо... выздороветь» states the real necessity with impersonal «надо» plus a perfective infinitive ('one must first get well')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the idiom Видишь ли","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Видишь","gloss":"(tag)"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of Видишь","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause with эшафот","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"эшафот","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with пусть (elided copula)","gloss":"the scaffold"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"coordinated with пусть эшафот","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сперва","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выздороветь","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"выздороветь","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"get well"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c11-s53","source":"Понимаю царицу наглости, вся она тут, вся она в этой ручке высказалась, инфернальница!","translation":"I understand the queen of insolence — there she is, the whole of her, the whole of her spoke out in that little hand, the infernal woman!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инфернальница","title":"Dostoevsky's coinage for Grushenka","body":"«Инфернальница» is a feminine noun Dostoevsky builds from the Latinate adjective «инфернальный» (infernal, hellish). It paints Grushenka as a bewitching, devilish woman; we render it 'the infernal woman' to keep the bookish, foreign ring Mitya gives it. The word became a hallmark of his overheated, theatrical speech in the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся она в этой ручке высказалась","title":"Reflexive «высказаться» — 'expressed herself fully'","body":"«Высказалась» is the perfective reflexive «высказаться» ('to speak out, express oneself completely'). With «вся она» ('the whole of her') it means her entire nature 'spoke itself out' in that one gesture of the hand — the -ся giving the verb its self-directed, expressive force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"царицу","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Понимаю","gloss":"the queen"},{"surface":"наглости","lemma":"наглость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царицу","gloss":"of insolence"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тут (elided copula)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of высказалась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ручке","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высказалась","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"высказалась","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"spoke out"},{"surface":"инфернальница","lemma":"инфернальница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory apposition to она","gloss":"the infernal woman"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c11-s54","source":"Это царица всех инфернальниц, каких можно только вообразить на свете! В своем роде восторг!","translation":"She's the queen of all the infernal women one could possibly imagine in the world! In her own way, a marvel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"царица всех инфернальниц, каких можно... вообразить","title":"Genitive plural after «всех» and a relative «каких»","body":"«Всех инфернальниц» is the genitive plural ('of all the infernal women'), governed by the superlative idea 'queen of'. The relative «каких» ('such as / that') agrees and takes the accusative-genitive its own clause needs as object of «вообразить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of царица","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"царица","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"the queen"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of инфернальниц","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"инфернальниц","lemma":"инфернальница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies царица","gloss":"infernal women"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"relative pronoun, object of вообразить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying инфернальниц","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вообразить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вообразить","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вообразить","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восторг (elided copula)","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, exclamation","gloss":"a marvel"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c11-s55","source":"Так она домой побежала?","translation":"So she ran off home?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"домой побежала","title":"Adverb «домой» and inceptive «побежала»","body":"«Домой» is the directional adverb 'homeward, [to] home' (as against «дома», 'at home'). «Побежала», the perfective of «бежать» with по-, marks the single act of setting off at a run."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежала","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of побежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежала","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"побежала","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran off"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c11-s56","source":"Сейчас я… ах… Побегу-ка я к ней!","translation":"I'll go now… ah… I'll run to her!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Побегу-ка я к ней!","title":"Future of resolve with softening «-ка»","body":"«Побегу» is the perfective future ('I'll run off'), and the clitic «-ка» softens the self-exhortation to a casual 'I think I'll just run to her'. «К ней» shows the н- prefix after the preposition «к» plus dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Right now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an elided, interrupted verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Побегу","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll run"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Побегу","gloss":"(softening tag)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Побегу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Побегу","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c11-s57","source":"Алешка, не вини меня, я ведь согласен, что ее придушить мало…","translation":"Alyoshka, don't blame me, I admit myself that strangling her would be too little for her…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"The rougher diminutive «-шка»","body":"«Алёшка» adds the suffix «-шка» to Alyosha's name — a familiar, slightly rough or hearty diminutive, warmer and coarser than the tender «Алёша». Mitya uses it in the rush of brotherly pleading, the form itself an embrace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее придушить мало","title":"Impersonal «мало» with an infinitive","body":"«Придушить её мало» is impersonal — 'strangling her would be too little', with «мало» ('not enough') as the predicate and the perfective infinitive «придушить» as the logical subject. «Её» is the accusative object of that infinitive; «ведь» appeals to shared agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of вини","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вини","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"вини","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вини","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придушить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of придушить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"придушить","lemma":"придушить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal subject of мало","gloss":"to strangle"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate complement of придушить","gloss":"too little"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c11-s58","source":"— А Катерина Ивановна! — печально воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"But Katerina Ivanovna!\" Alyosha exclaimed sorrowfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"печально воскликнул Алеша","title":"Adverb–verb–subject inversion in a speech tag","body":"«Печально воскликнул Алёша» runs adverb, then verb, then subject — the standard inverted order of Russian narrative speech tags ('Alyosha exclaimed sorrowfully'). The perfective «воскликнуть» names the single outcry."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the name Катерина Ивановна","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the name Катерина Ивановна","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"печально","lemma":"печально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"sorrowfully"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c11-s59","source":"— И ту вижу, всю насквозь и ту вижу, и так вижу, как никогда!","translation":"\"Her too, I see her through and through, I see her too, and I see her as never before!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ту вижу, всю насквозь","title":"Demonstrative «та» as 'the other one'","body":"«Ту» is the accusative of «та» ('that one'), here meaning 'her too, the other woman [Katerina]', set against Grushenka. «Всю насквозь» ('right through, through and through') uses «вся» in the accusative to mean he sees the whole of her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так вижу, как никогда","title":"Comparison «так..., как никогда»","body":"«Так..., как никогда» means 'I see [her] as never [before]'. The «как никогда» comparison rides on Russian's negative concord — «никогда» ('never') is an ни-word that would take «не» with a verb, here standing in an elliptical 'as I never [did]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"all of her"},{"surface":"насквозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"through and through"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу (2)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"never before"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c11-s60","source":"Тут целое открытие всех четырех стран света, пяти то есть!","translation":"Here is a whole discovery of all four quarters of the globe — five of them, that is!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"открытие всех четырех стран света","title":"Genitive after a numeral inside a genitive phrase","body":"«Всех четырёх стран света» nests case within case: «открытие» governs the genitive 'of [the parts]', and «четырёх» ('four') itself forces its noun «стран» into the genitive plural. The whole numeral phrase re-declines under the higher genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial (elided copula) with открытие","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies открытие","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"открытие","lemma":"открытие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"discovery"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of стран","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies стран","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"стран","lemma":"страна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies открытие","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стран","gloss":"of the globe"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies elided стран (parenthetical correction)","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of the idiom то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c11-s61","source":"Этакий шаг!","translation":"What a stroke!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Этакий","title":"«этакий» — colloquial 'what a / such a'","body":"«Этакий» is the expressive, conversational cousin of «такой» ('such'), here an exclamatory 'what a…!'. The whole sentence «Этакий шаг!» is a verbless exclamation typical of Mitya's breathless speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этакий","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шаг","gloss":"What a"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stroke"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c11-s62","source":"Это именно та самая Катенька, институточка, которая к нелепому грубому офицеру не побоялась из великодушной идеи спасти отца прибежать, рискуя страшно быть оскорбленною!","translation":"This is the very same Katenka, that little institute girl, who out of a noble notion was not afraid to come running to a ridiculous, coarse officer to save her father, risking the dreadful chance of being insulted!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"та самая Катенька, … которая … не побоялась … прибежать","title":"«который» relative clause, far behind its antecedent","body":"«которая» ('who') agrees with feminine «Катенька» but takes nominative as the subject of its own long clause. Note how far the verb «не побоялась … прибежать» stands from the relative pronoun, a sprawling subordinate structure typical of Dostoevsky's excited periods."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рискуя страшно быть оскорбленною","title":"Gerund «рискуя» + bookish instrumental short participle","body":"«рискуя» is an imperfective деепричастие ('risking'), an adverbial verb sharing the subject of «не побоялась». The passive participle «оскорбленною» carries the archaic feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), a solemn 19th-century flavour after «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из великодушной идеи","title":"«из великодушной идеи» — 'out of a noble notion'","body":"«великодушный» literally 'great-souled' = magnanimous, noble. The preposition «из» + genitive gives motive ('out of, from'), a common way of naming the impulse behind an act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Катенька","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Катенька","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катенька","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"Катенька","lemma":"катенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"Katenka"},{"surface":"институточка","lemma":"институточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катенька","gloss":"the little institute-girl"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of побоялась","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нелепому","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицеру","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"грубому","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицеру","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибежать","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побоялась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побоялась","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on институточка","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"великодушной","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побоялась","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive, modifies прибежать","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"her father"},{"surface":"прибежать","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побоялась","gloss":"to come running"},{"surface":"рискуя","lemma":"рисковать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибежать","gloss":"risking"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть оскорбленною","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to оскорбленною","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"оскорбленною","lemma":"оскорблённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of быть, object of рискуя","gloss":"insulted"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c11-s63","source":"Но гордость наша, но потребность риска, но вызов судьбе, вызов в беспредельность!","translation":"But our pride, our craving for risk, our defiance of fate, defiance flung into the boundless!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но гордость наша, но потребность риска, но вызов судьбе","title":"Anaphoric «но» piling up nominatives","body":"Three verbless exclamations strung on the repeated «но» ('but'), each a bare nominative noun phrase. The rhetorical anaphora — «но… но… но…» — is pure Mitya, and «вызов судьбе» takes the dative «судьбе» ('a challenge to fate')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в беспредельность","title":"«беспредельность» — the boundless","body":"An abstract noun from «беспредельный» ('limitless', literally 'without a limit/«предел»'). The flung phrase «вызов в беспредельность» ('defiance into the boundless') is high romantic diction, half-mocking the heroine's grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"гордость","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the list","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордость","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордость","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"риска","lemma":"риск","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"for risk"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордость","gloss":"defiance"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of вызов","gloss":"of fate"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вызов (restatement)","gloss":"defiance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспредельность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беспредельность","lemma":"беспредельность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вызов","gloss":"the boundless"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c11-s64","source":"Ты говоришь, ее эта тетка останавливала?","translation":"You say that aunt of hers tried to stop her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее эта тетка останавливала","title":"Imperfective «останавливала» — attempted, not achieved","body":"The imperfective past «останавливала» ('was trying to stop') reads as a conative, ongoing effort, not a completed result — she kept trying to hold her back. The fronted object «ее» ('her') before the subject «эта тетка» is the free, topic-first word order Russian allows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of останавливала (fronted)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тетка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тетка","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of останавливала","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"останавливала","lemma":"останавливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"tried to stop"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c11-s65","source":"Эта тетка, знаешь, сама самовластная, это ведь родная сестра московской той генеральши, она поднимала еще больше той нос, да муж был уличен в казнокрадстве, лишился всего, и имения, и всего, и гордая супруга вдруг понизила тон, да с тех пор и не поднялась.","translation":"That aunt, you know, is herself a domineering thing — she's the own sister of that Moscow general's wife, and she used to carry her nose even higher than the other, but her husband was caught embezzling state funds, lost everything, the estate and all, and the proud spouse suddenly toned down, and from then on never picked herself up again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самовластная","title":"«самовластная» — domineering, autocratic","body":"Literally 'self-powered' (сам + власть), used of a person who rules others imperiously. Here a feminine adjective standing on its own as a predicate of the aunt — 'a domineering thing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ведь родная сестра","title":"Particle «ведь» — 'after all, you know'","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge, nudging the listener: 'she is, you know, the own sister of…'. It is one of the small modal particles that give Dostoevsky's dialogue its conversational texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поднимала … нос","title":"Idiom: «поднимать нос» — to turn up one's nose","body":"«поднимать нос» = to give oneself airs, be haughty. Dostoevsky then literalises the metaphor a clause later — «понизила тон, … и не поднялась» ('toned down and never picked herself up') — playing the idiom against the fall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"муж был уличен в казнокрадстве","title":"Periphrastic passive: «был уличен»","body":"«был уличен» = «быть» + the short past passive participle of «уличить» ('to catch out, convict'): 'was caught/exposed'. The thing of which he is convicted stands in «в» + prepositional («в казнокрадстве»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тетка","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"тетка","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of самовластная","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies самовластная","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"самовластная","lemma":"самовластный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of тетка","gloss":"domineering"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сестра","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"родная","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"московской","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies генеральши","gloss":"of Moscow"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of генеральши","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"генеральши","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"general's wife"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднимала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поднимала","lemma":"поднимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with самовластная","gloss":"used to hold up"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies поднимала","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"point of comparison for больше","gloss":"than the other"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднимала","gloss":"her nose"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"муж","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive уличен","gloss":"her husband"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of уличен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уличен","lemma":"уличить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with самовластная","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнокрадстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"казнокрадстве","lemma":"казнокрадство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уличен","gloss":"embezzlement"},{"surface":"лишился","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уличен","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лишился","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имения","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всего","gloss":"the estate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with имения (emphatic restatement)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понизила","gloss":"spouse"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понизила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"понизила","lemma":"понизить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лишился","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понизила","gloss":"her tone"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies поднялась","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднялась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понизила","gloss":"picked herself up"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c11-s66","source":"Так она удерживала Катю, а та не послушалась.","translation":"So she tried to hold Katya back, and Katya wouldn't listen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так она удерживала Катю, а та не послушалась","title":"Contrastive «а» and the pronoun «та»","body":"«а» here is the mild contrastive 'and/but', pivoting from the aunt's effort to Katya's refusal. «та» ('that one') points to the other party — the aunt held back, but that one (Katya) did not obey — a neat use of «тот/та» to track who is who."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не послушалась","title":"Reflexive perfective «послушаться»","body":"«послушаться» (perfective, reflexive in «-ся») means 'to obey, heed', governing the genitive of the person obeyed. The perfective + negation reports a single decisive non-event: she did not, in that moment, obey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удерживала","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of удерживала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"удерживала","lemma":"удерживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was holding back"},{"surface":"Катю","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удерживала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of послушалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послушалась","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"послушалась","lemma":"послушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удерживала","gloss":"listen"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c11-s67","source":"«Всё, дескать, могу победить, всё мне подвластно; захочу, и Грушеньку околдую», — и сама ведь себе верила, сама над собой форсила, кто ж виноват?","translation":"'I can conquer everything,' she fancies, 'everything's in my power; if I please, I'll bewitch Grushenka too' — and she believed her own words, she swaggered before her own self; whose fault is it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё мне подвластно","title":"Dative «мне» with «подвластно» — 'subject to me'","body":"«подвластно» ('under one's power, subject to') takes a dative of the one who holds the power: «всё мне подвластно» = 'everything is in my power'. The dative-experiencer frame quietly puts the speaker in command of all things."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захочу, и … околдую","title":"Perfective futures: «захочу… околдую»","body":"Both verbs are perfective forms conjugated like a present, so they read as future: 'if I should want to, I'll bewitch'. With no «если», the bare «захочу, и…» works as a conditional — 'I have only to wish, and…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative 'as if to say'","body":"«дескать» (and its twin «мол») flags reported or imagined speech with a tinge of irony or distancing — 'she says, as it were'. Mitya uses it to ventriloquise Katya's inner boast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"форсила","title":"«форсить» — to show off, swagger","body":"A colloquial verb (from French 'force') meaning to put on airs, swank. «сама над собой форсила» — 'she swaggered before her own self' — captures self-deceiving vanity; the imperfective marks it as a habit of mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж виноват?","title":"Particle «ж» (же) sharpening the question","body":"«ж» is the reduced form of the emphatic particle «же», jabbed in after «кто»: 'whose fault is it, then?'. The short adjective «виноват» ('to blame, guilty') is the idiomatic predicate form here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of победить","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (marks reported speech)","role":"parenthetical, marks the quotation","gloss":"(she thinks)"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"победить","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"conquer"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подвластно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подвластно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"подвластно","lemma":"подвластный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective, second quoted clause","gloss":"is under my power"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause, third quoted clause","gloss":"if I please"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of околдую","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"околдую","lemma":"околдовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочу","gloss":"I'll bewitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (subject of верила, elided)","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of верила","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of форсила","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of форсила","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"форсила","lemma":"форсить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верила","gloss":"swaggered"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective, main clause of the rhetorical question","gloss":"to blame"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c11-s68","source":"Ты думаешь, она нарочно эту ручку первая поцеловала у Грушеньки, с расчетом хитрым?","translation":"Do you suppose she kissed Grushenka's hand first on purpose, out of some cunning calculation?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эту ручку первая поцеловала у Грушеньки","title":"Possessor in the genitive: «у Грушеньки»","body":"Russian often expresses 'whose' body part with «у» + genitive of the person rather than a possessive: «поцеловала … ручку … у Грушеньки» = 'kissed Grushenka's hand'. «первая» is a predicative adjective agreeing with the subject — 'she, the first one, kissed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручку","title":"Diminutive «ручка» — the little hand","body":"«ручка» is the affectionate diminutive of «рука» ('hand'). In this hyper-charged scene of one woman kissing another's hand, the tender suffix colours the gesture with intimacy and pathos."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поцеловала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловала","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"secondary predicate on она","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловала","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчетом","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"расчетом","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловала","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"хитрым","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расчетом","gloss":"cunning"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c11-s69","source":"Нет, она взаправду, она взаправду влюбилась в Грушеньку, то есть не в Грушеньку, а в свою же мечту, в свой бред, — потому-де что это моя мечта, мой бред!","translation":"No, she truly, she truly fell in love with Grushenka — that is, not with Grushenka, but with her own dream, her own delirium — because, you see, it's my dream, my delirium!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взаправду","title":"«взаправду» — truly, for real","body":"A colloquial adverb ('in truth, genuinely'), doubled here for emphasis — «она взаправду, она взаправду влюбилась». The repetition mimics Mitya's insistence that the love was no calculation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"влюбилась в Грушеньку … в свою же мечту","title":"«влюбиться в» + accusative; reflexive «свою»","body":"«влюбиться в кого/что» takes «в» + accusative for the object of love. «в свою же мечту» — the reflexive possessive «свою» ('her own') points back to the subject Katya, and «же» insists: 'her very own dream'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому-де что","title":"Reportative clitic «-де» inside «потому что»","body":"«-де» is an enclitic marking reported speech (like «дескать»), wedged into «потому что» to flag that Mitya is mimicking Katya's own self-justification: 'because, you see, …'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бред","title":"«бред» — delirium, raving","body":"«бред» is feverish, delirious raving, here a near-synonym of «мечта» ('dream, fancy') but darker — a self-spun fantasy. Paired as «мечта … бред», it traces the slide from reverie to derangement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влюбилась (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"взаправду","lemma":"взаправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюбилась","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влюбилась, repeated in apposition to first она","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"взаправду","lemma":"взаправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюбилась (repeated)","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"влюбилась","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, complement of влюбилась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of the idiom то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates в Грушеньку","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, negated alternative coordinated with мечту/бред","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечту","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечту","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свою, emphatic","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мечту","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, coordinated with Грушеньку","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бред","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бред","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в, coordinated with мечту","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of потому-де что","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported/quoted inner speech","gloss":"you see","note":"Archaic hearsay particle marking that the following is quoted (imagined) inner speech."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause это моя мечта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мечта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечта","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бред","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with мечта","gloss":"delirium"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c11-s70","source":"Голубчик Алеша, да как ты от них, от этаких, спасся?","translation":"My dear Alyosha, however did you escape from them, from such women?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear little dove'","body":"A tender form of address from «голубь» ('dove') with the diminutive «-чик»: 'my dear, my darling'. Mitya's warmth toward Alyosha softens the cynical tirade he has just delivered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ты от них, от этаких, спасся?","title":"Reflexive perfective «спастись» + «от» genitive","body":"«спастись» ('to save oneself, escape') is reflexive in «-ся» and takes «от» + genitive for what one escapes — «от них, от этаких» ('from them, from such women'). The restating «от них, от этаких» is emphatic apposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Голубчик","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies спасся","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спасся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of спасся","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этаких","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"in apposition to них","gloss":"such women"},{"surface":"спасся","lemma":"спастись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you escape"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c11-s71","source":"Убежал, что ли, подобрав подрясник?","translation":"Did you take to your heels, hitching up your cassock?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подобрав подрясник","title":"Past gerund «подобрав» — 'having hitched up'","body":"«подобрав» is a perfective деепричастие ('having gathered/hitched up'), naming a prior action that frames the running away: he hitched up his cassock and then fled. Such gerunds compress two acts into one vivid clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что ли","title":"«что ли» — tentative 'or what?'","body":"The colloquial tag «что ли» softens a question into a guess or a teasing supposition: 'did you take to your heels, or what?'. It is a hallmark of relaxed, spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you run off"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom что ли","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'что ли' is a colloquial tag meaning roughly 'or what?'"},{"surface":"подобрав","lemma":"подобрать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Убежал","gloss":"hitching up"},{"surface":"подрясник","lemma":"подрясник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подобрав","gloss":"cassock"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c11-s72","source":"Ха-ха-ха!","translation":"Ha-ha-ha!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the laughter interjection","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with ха","gloss":"ha"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c11-s73","source":"— Брат, а ты, кажется, и не обратил внимания, как ты обидел Катерину Ивановну тем, что рассказал Грушеньке о том дне, а та сейчас ей бросила в глаза, что вы сами «к кавалерам красу тайком продавать ходили!»","translation":"\"Brother, it seems you didn't even notice how you wounded Katerina Ivanovna by telling Grushenka about that day, and how she at once flung it in her face — that she herself 'used to go peddling her charms to gentlemen on the sly'!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ты обидел … тем, что рассказал","title":"Instrumental «тем, что» — 'by the fact that'","body":"«тем, что рассказал» uses the instrumental demonstrative «тем» pointing forward to a «что»-clause: 'by [the fact] that you told' — the instrumental of means naming how he wounded her. A compact, bookish way to say 'by doing X'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бросила в глаза","title":"Idiom: «бросить в глаза» — to fling in someone's face","body":"Literally 'to throw into the eyes', the idiom «бросить кому-то в глаза» means to hurl an accusation at someone openly and cuttingly — exactly the public insult Grushenka deals Katya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к кавалерам красу тайком продавать ходили","title":"«кавалеры», «краса», «тайком» — the cruel taunt","body":"«кавалеры» = gentlemen-suitors, beaux; «краса» is the elevated, poetic word for «красота» ('beauty, charms'); «тайком» = 'on the sly, secretly'. Grushenka's jeer that Katya 'went peddling her charms to gentlemen on the sly' weaponises lofty diction for a sordid charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обратил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies обратил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обидел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обратил (тем, что...)","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обидел","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дне","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дне","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of бросила","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"бросила","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обидел","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросила","gloss":"face","note":"'бросить в глаза' is idiomatic: to say something to someone's face, accusingly."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause, clausal complement of бросила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ходили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying ходили, emphatic","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кавалерам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кавалерам","lemma":"кавалер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продавать","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"красу","lemma":"краса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of продавать","gloss":"your charms"},{"surface":"тайком","lemma":"тайком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходили","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"продавать","lemma":"продавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of ходили","gloss":"to sell"},{"surface":"ходили","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of бросила","gloss":"used to go"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c11-s74","source":"Брат, что же больше этой обиды? — Алешу всего более мучила мысль, что брат точно рад унижению Катерины Ивановны, хотя, конечно, того быть не могло.","translation":"Brother, what greater insult could there be than that?\" What tormented Alyosha most was the thought that his brother seemed positively glad of Katerina Ivanovna's humiliation — though of course that could not be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же больше этой обиды?","title":"Comparative + genitive of comparison","body":"«больше этой обиды» ('greater than this insult') puts the standard of comparison in the genitive — the characteristic Russian alternative to «чем». With «же» the rhetorical question bites: 'what then is greater than this offence?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу всего более мучила мысль, что …","title":"Accusative experiencer with «мучить»","body":"«мучить» ('to torment') takes its experiencer in the accusative — «Алешу … мучила мысль» = 'the thought tormented Alyosha'. The grammatical subject is «мысль» ('the thought'); the object-first order foregrounds who suffers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя … того быть не могло","title":"Genitive of negation: «того быть не могло»","body":"Under negation the subject of «быть» shifts to the genitive: «того … не могло (быть)» = 'that could not be'. The neuter «того» ('of that') is the absent, negated thing — a textbook genitive-of-negation existential."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of больше","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что, emphatic","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicate of что","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиды","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучила","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мучила","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рад","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of брат, complement clause of мысль","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"унижению","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рад","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies унижению","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c11-s75","source":"— Ба! — страшно вдруг нахмурился Дмитрий Федорович и ударил себя ладонью по лбу.","translation":"\"Bah!\" Dmitri Fyodorovich suddenly frowned terribly and struck himself on the forehead with his palm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ба!","title":"Interjection «Ба!» — sudden recognition","body":"«Ба!» is an exclamation of abrupt realisation or surprise — roughly 'Bah!' or 'Why!' — as a forgotten fact dawns. Here it marks the instant Mitya finally grasps the full insult."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно вдруг нахмурился","title":"Reflexive perfective «нахмуриться»","body":"«нахмуриться» ('to frown, knit one's brows') is a perfective change-of-state verb in «-ся», marking the single sudden onset of the frown. «страшно» here is an intensifying adverb ('terribly'), not 'fearfully'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ба","lemma":"ба","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Bah"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурился","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурился","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ладонью","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ударил","gloss":"with his palm"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the forehead"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c11-s76","source":"Он только что теперь обратил внимание, хотя Алеша рассказал всё давеча зараз, и обиду и крик Катерины Ивановны: «Ваш брат подлец!» — Да, в самом деле, может быть, я и рассказал Грушеньке о том «роковом дне», как говорит Катя.","translation":"Only now did he take it in, although Alyosha had told him all at once a moment before, both the insult and Katerina Ivanovna's cry: 'Your brother is a scoundrel!' \"Yes, in fact, perhaps I did tell Grushenka about that 'fatal day,' as Katya puts it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча зараз","title":"«давеча» and «зараз» — folksy time-words","body":"«давеча» = 'a little while ago, earlier today' (a homely, slightly archaic adverb Dostoevsky loves); «зараз» = 'all at once, in one go'. Together: Alyosha had told it all 'a moment before, in a single rush'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что теперь обратил внимание","title":"Perfective «обратил внимание» — a single completed grasp","body":"The perfective «обратил (внимание)» reports one decisive act of attention now completed — 'only now did he take it in'. It contrasts pointedly with the lingering «рассказал … давеча» (Alyosha had told it long before)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"«подлец» is a strong, contemptuous word for a morally base man — a 'scoundrel, cad'. Katya's cry «Ваш брат подлец!» and Mitya's later self-naming hinge on this term, a key word of the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle, part of только что","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle, part of только что","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (concessive) clause on обратил","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"зараз","lemma":"зараз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал, coordinated with давеча","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to всё, coordinated with крик","gloss":"the insult"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обиду","gloss":"the outcry"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"Ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of брат, quoted exclamation","gloss":"is a scoundrel"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker opening new sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical idiom modifying рассказал (в самом деле = indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies рассказал","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дне","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роковом","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дне","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"дне","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying дне","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c11-s77","source":"Да, это так, рассказал, припоминаю!","translation":"Yes, that's so, I told her, I remember now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"припоминаю","title":"Imperfective «припоминать» — recollection in progress","body":"«припоминаю» (imperfective present) renders memory as a process surfacing now — 'I'm beginning to recall'. Its perfective partner «припомнить» would mark the moment it fully comes back; the imperfective keeps the act unfolding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with припоминаю","gloss":"I told her"},{"surface":"припоминаю","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I recall"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c11-s78","source":"Это было тогда же, в Мокром, я был пьян, цыганки пели… Но ведь я рыдал, рыдал тогда сам, я стоял на коленках, я молился на образ Кати, и Грушенька это понимала.","translation":"It was back then, at Mokroye, I was drunk, the gypsy girls were singing… But I was sobbing then, sobbing myself, I was down on my knees, I was praying before Katya's image, and Grushenka understood it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я стоял на коленках, я молился","title":"Imperfective pasts setting the scene","body":"«стоял», «молился», «рыдал» are all imperfective pasts painting a sustained tableau — the kneeling, the praying, the sobbing all going on together. Imperfective aspect is the natural mode for such held, background scene-painting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to тогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb, head of the phrase","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда, emphatic","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пьян","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, parallel clause to тогда же","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"цыганки","lemma":"цыганка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пели","gloss":"the gypsy girls"},{"surface":"пели","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тогда же","gloss":"were singing"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying рыдал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рыдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рыдал","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with second рыдал","gloss":"was sobbing"},{"surface":"рыдал","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рыдал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying рыдал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдал","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленках","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"my knees"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"молился","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдал","gloss":"was praying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образ","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молился","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies образ","gloss":"of Katya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понимала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"понимала","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдал","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c11-s79","source":"Она тогда всё поняла, я припоминаю, она сама плакала… А, черт!","translation":"She understood everything then, I remember, she wept herself… Ah, the devil!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А, черт!","title":"«Чёрт!» — 'the devil!'","body":"«чёрт» is the devil/imp of Russian folk and curse speech; «А, чёрт!» is an outburst of vexation — 'Ah, the devil!'. In a novel so steeped in the demonic, even Mitya's casual oath carries an undertone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она сама плакала","title":"Intensifier «сама» — 'she herself'","body":"«сама» (the emphatic 'self', feminine) stresses that it was Grushenka herself who wept — unprompted, of her own accord. Distinct from the reflexive «себя», «сам/сама» intensifies the subject rather than serving as an object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поняла","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of припоминаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"припоминаю","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поняла","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying плакала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поняла","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation coordinated with А","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c11-s80","source":"Да могло ли иначе быть теперь?","translation":"And could it have turned out otherwise now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да могло ли иначе быть теперь?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» in a rhetorical question","body":"«ли» fronts the focused «могло» and turns the clause into a (here rhetorical) yes/no question: 'could it have been otherwise?'. The opening «Да» is the insistent discourse 'and, well' — not 'yes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle modifying могло","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c11-s81","source":"Тогда плакала, а теперь… Теперь «кинжал в сердце»!","translation":"Then she wept, but now… Now it's a 'dagger in the heart'!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда плакала, а теперь… Теперь «кинжал в сердце»!","title":"Subjectless verb + contrastive «а»","body":"«Тогда плакала» drops the subject (Grushenka, clear from context and the feminine «-ла»), the verb ending alone carrying it. «а теперь…» pivots with the contrastive «а» from past tears to present blade — a stark then/now antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she wept"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with плакала, elliptical","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинжал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кинжал","lemma":"кинжал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"a dagger"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинжал","gloss":"the heart"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c11-s82","source":"Так у баб.","translation":"That's how it is with women.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у баб","title":"«бабы» — women (earthy, dismissive)","body":"«баба» is the blunt, peasant word for a woman — here generalising and faintly contemptuous: 'that's how it is with women'. The «у» + genitive idiom («у баб») names the domain in which something holds true."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баб","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"баб","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c11-s83","source":"Он потупился и задумался.","translation":"He cast down his eyes and grew thoughtful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потупился и задумался","title":"Two reflexive perfectives in sequence","body":"«потупился» ('cast down his eyes') and «задумался» ('grew thoughtful, fell to musing') are both perfective «-ся» verbs marking the single onset of a new state. The «за-» of «задумался» signals entry into the action — 'began to brood'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потупился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потупился","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lowered his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потупился","gloss":"grew thoughtful"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c11-s84","source":"— Да, я подлец! Несомненный подлец, — произнес он вдруг мрачным голосом. — Всё равно, плакал или нет, всё равно подлец!","translation":"\"Yes, I am a scoundrel! An undoubted scoundrel,\" he pronounced suddenly in a gloomy voice. \"All the same, whether I wept or not, all the same a scoundrel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Несомненный","title":"«несомненный» — undoubted, beyond doubt","body":"From «сомнение» ('doubt') with the negating «не-»: 'admitting no doubt'. «Несомненный подлец» — 'an undoubted scoundrel' — Mitya pronounces his own verdict as a settled fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Всё равно","title":"«всё равно» — 'all the same, no matter'","body":"The fixed phrase «всё равно» means 'it makes no difference, all the same'. Repeated here — «Всё равно, плакал или нет, всё равно подлец!» — it hammers home that no tears can change the verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"am a scoundrel"},{"surface":"Несомненный","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"an undoubted"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation, appositive to Да я подлец","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's tag","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мрачным","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"in a gloomy"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, part of the idiom всё равно","role":"part of the phrase равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"idiom head (всё равно = regardless)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"I wept"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with плакал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, part of the idiom всё равно","role":"part of the phrase равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"idiom head, modifies подлец","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, exclamation","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c11-s85","source":"Передай там, что принимаю наименование, если это может утешить.","translation":"Tell them there that I accept the name, if it can be any comfort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Передай там, что принимаю наименование","title":"Imperative «передай» + reported «что»-clause","body":"«передай» is the singular imperative of «передать» ('convey, pass on'). The «что»-clause reports plain fact ('that I accept the name'); «принимаю» drops its subject «я», the ending carrying it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если это может утешить","title":"Conditional «если» clause","body":"A real (indicative) conditional with «если» ('if'): 'if it can comfort [them]'. No «бы» appears, so this is a factual condition, not a hypothetical — Mitya genuinely offers the consolation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Передай","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Передай","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Передай","gloss":"I accept"},{"surface":"наименование","lemma":"наименование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial (conditional) clause on принимаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"утешить","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"comfort"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c11-s86","source":"Ну и довольно, прощай, что болтать-то!","translation":"Well, that's enough, farewell, what's the use of chattering!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что болтать-то!","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on the infinitive","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the topic-emphasising clitic, leaning on «болтать» to give a weary, dismissive ring: 'what's the use of chattering, after all!'. «что … !» frames it as a rhetorical 'what for'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болтать","title":"«болтать» — to chatter, prattle","body":"«болтать» is to talk idly, gabble, run on — dismissive of one's own speech. Mitya cuts himself off: enough idle talk, farewell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Ну","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"rhetorical: what's the use","gloss":"what's the use"},{"surface":"болтать","lemma":"болтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of что","gloss":"chattering"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to болтать","gloss":"anyway"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c11-s87","source":"Веселого нет.","translation":"There's nothing cheerful in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веселого нет","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«нет» ('there is none') governs the genitive: «веселого нет» = 'there is nothing cheerful' (in it). The substantivised adjective «веселого» ('of the cheerful') stands as the absent subject — a compact negative existential."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веселого","lemma":"веселый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"anything cheerful"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there's none"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c11-s88","source":"Ты своею дорогой, а я своею.","translation":"You go your way, and I'll go mine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты своею дорогой, а я своею","title":"Instrumental of route + elided verb","body":"«своею дорогой» is the instrumental of path ('by one's own road'), with the verb of motion gapped out — 'you [go] your way, and I [go] mine'. «своею» shows the archaic instrumental «-ею» (modern «-ей»), and «свой» reflexively binds each road to its own subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (пойдёшь)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогой","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (пойду)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with своею, pro-form for своею дорогой","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c11-s89","source":"Да и видеться больше не хочу, до какой-нибудь самой последней минуты.","translation":"And I don't want to see you again, until some very last minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видеться больше не хочу","title":"Reciprocal «видеться» — 'to see each other'","body":"«видеться» (reflexive «-ся») has reciprocal force: 'to meet, see one another'. «больше … не хочу» ('I no longer want to') frames the wish negatively — he wants their meetings to cease."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до какой-нибудь самой последней минуты","title":"«какой-нибудь» — 'some… or other'","body":"«какой-нибудь» marks a non-specific, undetermined 'some last minute or other' — he names no time, only a vague future extremity. «до» + genitive sets the limit: 'until some very last minute'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видеться","lemma":"видеться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to see you"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular, part of какой-нибудь","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, part of какой-нибудь","role":"part of the phrase какой-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies последней","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочу","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c11-s90","source":"Прощай, Алексей! — Он крепко сжал руку Алеши и, всё еще потупившись и не поднимая головы, точно сорвавшись, быстро зашагал к городу.","translation":"Farewell, Alexei!\" He pressed Alyosha's hand hard and, still with his eyes cast down and without raising his head, as if tearing himself away, strode off rapidly toward the town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потупившись и не поднимая головы, точно сорвавшись","title":"A chain of gerunds: «потупившись… не поднимая… сорвавшись»","body":"Three деепричастия cluster around the main verb «зашагал»: perfective «потупившись» and «сорвавшись» (having cast down his eyes, having torn himself away) frame a prior/completed circumstance, while imperfective «не поднимая» names a simultaneous one (not raising his head). Such gerund-chains are a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашагал к городу","title":"Prefix «за-» of inception + «к» dative","body":"«зашагал» (perfective, «за-» + «шагать») marks the sudden start of striding — 'set off striding'. «к городу» uses «к» + dative for direction toward the town."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addressee of Прощай","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сжал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжал","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"сжал","lemma":"сжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сжал","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потупившись (part of «всё ещё»)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потупившись (part of «всё ещё»)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"потупившись","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective, singular","role":"adverbial clause on зашагал","gloss":"eyes cast down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поднимая","lemma":"поднимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потупившись","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднимая","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорвавшись","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сорвавшись","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective, singular","role":"adverbial clause on зашагал","gloss":"tearing himself away"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашагал","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"зашагал","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сжал","gloss":"strode off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашагал","gloss":"the town"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c11-s91","source":"Алеша смотрел ему вслед, не веря, чтоб он так совсем вдруг ушел.","translation":"Alyosha watched him go, unable to believe that he had walked off so utterly and all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел ему вслед","title":"Dative «ему» with «вслед»","body":"«вслед» ('after, in the wake of') governs the dative: «смотрел ему вслед» = 'watched after him', gazed at his retreating back. The imperfective «смотрел» holds the gaze as a lingering process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не веря, чтоб он так совсем вдруг ушел","title":"Gerund «не веря» + «чтоб» of unreality","body":"«не веря» is an imperfective gerund ('not believing') shared with Alyosha. After a negated verb of believing, «чтоб» (reduced «чтобы») + past «ушёл» frames the content as something doubted/unreal — 'unable to believe that he had walked off'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of вслед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веря","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ушел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of веря","gloss":"had walked off"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c11-s92","source":"— Стой, Алексей, еще одно признание, тебе одному! — вдруг воротился Дмитрий Федорович назад. — Смотри на меня, пристально смотри: видишь, вот тут, вот тут — готовится страшное бесчестие.","translation":"\"Stop, Alexei, one more confession, for you alone!\" Dmitri Fyodorovich suddenly turned back. \"Look at me, look hard: you see, here, right here — a dreadful disgrace is being prepared.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой … Смотри на меня, пристально смотри","title":"Imperatives «стой», «смотри»","body":"«стой» ('stop! halt!') and «смотри» ('look!') are singular imperatives. The doubled «Смотри … пристально смотри» ('look, look hard') with the adverb «пристально» ('intently') drives Mitya's command home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовится страшное бесчестие","title":"Middle «-ся»: «готовится» — 'is being prepared'","body":"«готовится» is the «-ся» middle/passive of «готовить»: the disgrace 'is preparing itself / is being made ready', with no named agent. The imperfective renders it as an ongoing, unfinished process — present and gathering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесчестие","title":"«бесчестие» — dishonour, disgrace","body":"A bookish noun («без» 'without' + «честь» 'honour'): 'dishonour, infamy'. The «-ие» ending gives it abstract, elevated weight. It is the chapter's gathering keyword for the deed Mitya feels approaching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addressee of Стой","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies признание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamation in apposition to Стой","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"recipient of признание","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned back"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"Смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смотри","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотри","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Смотри","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смотри","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовится","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"готовится","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видишь","gloss":"is being prepared"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бесчестие","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"бесчестие","lemma":"бесчестие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of готовится","gloss":"disgrace"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c11-s93","source":"(Говоря «вот тут», Дмитрий Федорович ударял себя кулаком по груди и с таким странным видом, как будто бесчестие лежало и сохранялось именно тут на груди его, в каком-то месте, в кармане может быть, или на шее висело зашитое).","translation":"(As he said \"right here,\" Dmitri Fyodorovich struck himself on the chest with his fist, and with such a strange air, as though the disgrace lay and was kept precisely there on his chest, in some spot, in a pocket perhaps, or hung sewn up about his neck.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говоря «вот тут», Дмитрий Федорович ударял","title":"Imperfective gerund «говоря» — simultaneous action","body":"«говоря» (imperfective present gerund, 'while saying') sets the accompanying circumstance for the main «ударял»: as he said it, he struck. The imperfective «ударял» suggests a repeated or drawn-out striking, not a single blow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто бесчестие лежало и сохранялось … или … висело зашитое","title":"«как будто» + past forms for unreal comparison","body":"«как будто» ('as though') introduces an unreal comparison, its verbs in the past («лежало», «сохранялось», «висело»). The passive participle «зашитое» ('sewn up') agrees with neuter «бесчестие» — the disgrace imagined as a thing stitched into his clothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударял","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"quoted complement of Говоря","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударял","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ударял","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ударял","gloss":"with his fist"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударял","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of видом","gloss":"such (a)"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударял","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase «как будто»","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «как будто»","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бесчестие","lemma":"бесчестие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лежало","gloss":"the disgrace"},{"surface":"лежало","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударял","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сохранялось","lemma":"сохраняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежало","gloss":"was kept"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранялось","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранялось","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте (part of «какой-то»)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite «какой-то»","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with груди","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with месте (alternate location, not a complement of «может быть»)","gloss":"a pocket"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase «может быть»","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase «может быть»","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of висело","gloss":"his neck"},{"surface":"висело","lemma":"висеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сохранялось","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"зашитое","lemma":"зашитый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing бесчестие (modifies the implicit subject, not the verb висело)","gloss":"sewn up"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c11-s94","source":"Ты уже знаешь меня: подлец, подлец признанный!","translation":"You already know me: a scoundrel, an acknowledged scoundrel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подлец признанный","title":"Past passive participle «признанный» as epithet","body":"«признанный» ('acknowledged, recognised') is the long past passive participle of «признать», placed after its noun for emphasis — 'a scoundrel, an acknowledged one'. Post-positioning the participle gives it rhetorical stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"признанный","lemma":"признанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"acknowledged"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c11-s95","source":"Но знай, что бы я ни сделал прежде, теперь или впереди, — ничто, ничто не может сравниться в подлости с тем бесчестием, которое именно теперь, именно в эту минуту ношу вот здесь на груди моей, вот тут, тут, которое действует и совершается и которое я полный хозяин остановить, могу остановить или совершить, заметь это себе!","translation":"But know this: whatever I may have done before, now or in the future — nothing, nothing can compare in baseness with the disgrace that, precisely now, precisely at this very minute, I carry here on my breast, right here, here, which is at work and being accomplished, and which I am full master to stop — I can stop it or carry it out, mark that well!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы я ни сделал прежде, теперь или впереди","title":"Concessive «что бы … ни» — 'whatever I may have done'","body":"The frame «что бы … ни» (interrogative + «бы» + «ни») builds a universal concession: 'whatever I may have done'. «бы» supplies the hypothetical and «ни» the sweeping 'no matter what' — a classic irrealis-concessive construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничто, ничто не может сравниться","title":"Negative concord: «ничто … не может»","body":"«ничто» ('nothing') still requires the verbal negator «не» — «ничто … не может» literally 'nothing cannot', meaning 'nothing can'. Russian's obligatory double negation is on full display, doubled again by the repetition for force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое действует и совершается","title":"Middle «-ся»: «совершается» — 'is being accomplished'","body":"Within the long «которое»-relative, «совершается» is the «-ся» middle of «совершать» ('to accomplish'): the disgrace 'is being carried out', an agentless ongoing process paired with «действует» ('is at work'). The imperfectives keep the deed live and unfinished."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я полный хозяин остановить","title":"«хозяин» — 'I am full master to stop it'","body":"«хозяин» ('master, owner') used predicatively with an infinitive — «я полный хозяин остановить» = 'I am wholly master [free] to stop it'. The metaphor casts Mitya as sovereign over his own act, able to halt or complete it at will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, subjunctive/concessive","role":"part of the concessive «что бы ни»","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive «что бы ни»","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прежде","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"in the future"},{"surface":"ничто","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"emphatic repetition before ничто","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ничто","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of может","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сравниться","lemma":"сравниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"compare"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подлости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подлости","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сравниться","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесчестием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бесчестием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бесчестием","lemma":"бесчестие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сравниться","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ношу","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ношу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ношу","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"ношу","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause on бесчестием","gloss":"I carry"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ношу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ношу","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ношу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of действует","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"действует","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on бесчестием","gloss":"is at work"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершается","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with действует","gloss":"is being accomplished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of остановить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хозяин","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"полный","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хозяин","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with я as subject","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"остановить","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хозяин","gloss":"to stop"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"остановить","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"stop it"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановить","gloss":"carry it out"},{"surface":"заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of заметь","gloss":"to yourself"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c11-s96","source":"Ну так знай же, что я его совершу, а не остановлю.","translation":"Well, then know this: that I shall carry it out and not stop it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знай же, что я его совершу, а не остановлю","title":"Perfective futures «совершу / не остановлю»","body":"Both perfective verbs conjugate as futures: «совершу» ('I shall carry [it] out') and «не остановлю» ('and shall not stop [it]'), set against each other by «а». The perfective marks each as a single decisive deed to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знай же","title":"Imperative «знай» + insistent «же»","body":"«знай» is the singular imperative 'know!'; «же» jabs it with insistence — 'know this, then!'. The pairing is a stock device for a solemn declaration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of совершу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершу","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершу","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"will carry out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остановлю","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with совершу","gloss":"stop"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c11-s97","source":"Я давеча тебе всё рассказал, а этого не рассказал, потому что даже и у меня на то медного лба не хватило!","translation":"A while ago I told you everything, but this I did not tell, because even I hadn't the brass forehead for it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и у меня на то медного лба не хватило","title":"Impersonal «не хватило» + genitive","body":"«хватить» ('to suffice') is impersonal: «у меня … не хватило (чего?)» = 'I did not have enough (of)…', with the thing lacking in the genitive — «медного лба». Under negation the genitive is obligatory; the construction has no nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медного лба","title":"Idiom: «медный лоб» — a 'brass forehead'","body":"«медный лоб» (literally 'a copper/brass forehead') denotes brazen, shameless effrontery. Mitya says that 'even I hadn't the brass forehead' for this confession — even he is not shameless enough to have spoken it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказал","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase «потому что»","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase «потому что»","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of хватило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лба","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лба","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"медного","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лба","gloss":"brazen"},{"surface":"лба","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хватило","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the «потому что» clause","gloss":"was enough"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c11-s98","source":"Я могу еще остановиться; остановясь, я могу завтра же целую половину потерянной чести воротить, но я не остановлюсь, я совершу подлый замысел, и будь ты вперед свидетелем, что я заранее и зазнамо говорю это!","translation":"I can still stop myself; and if I stop, I can tomorrow win back a whole half of my lost honor, but I shall not stop, I shall carry out the base design, and you be my witness henceforth that I say this in advance and knowingly!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановясь, я могу завтра же … воротить","title":"Past gerund «остановясь» — conditional 'if I stop'","body":"«остановясь» is the perfective gerund of «остановиться» ('having stopped'), here read conditionally — 'and if I stop, I can…'. The archaic «-ясь» ending (modern would favour «остановившись») lends a bookish ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь ты … свидетелем","title":"Imperative «будь» + predicate instrumental «свидетелем»","body":"«будь … свидетелем» = 'be my witness', the imperative of «быть» taking its predicate noun in the instrumental — «свидетелем» — as «быть» regularly does. The instrumental frames the witnessing as a role assumed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зазнамо","title":"«зазнамо» — knowingly, deliberately (archaic)","body":"«зазнамо» (also «зазнамо/зазнаемо») is an old, dialectal adverb meaning 'wittingly, knowing full well'. Paired with «заранее» ('in advance'), it stresses that Mitya foretells his sin with open eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановиться","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"остановиться","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"stop myself"},{"surface":"остановясь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу","gloss":"if I stop"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротить","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воротить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"потерянной","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies чести","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"воротить","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"win back"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of остановлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановлюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остановлюсь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shall stop"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of совершу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совершу","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановлюсь","gloss":"shall carry out"},{"surface":"подлый","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замысел","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"замысел","lemma":"замысел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of совершу","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свидетелем","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетелем","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зазнамо","lemma":"зазнамо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with заранее","gloss":"knowingly"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of свидетелем","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c11-s99","source":"Гибель и мрак!","translation":"Ruin and darkness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Гибель и мрак!","title":"«гибель» and «мрак» — ruin and darkness","body":"«гибель» = destruction, perdition, doom; «мрак» = gloom, darkness (with overtones of spiritual night). The bare exclamatory pair, no verb, is melodramatic shorthand for Mitya's sense of approaching catastrophe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гибель","lemma":"гибель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ruin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Гибель","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c11-s100","source":"Объяснять нечего, в свое время узнаешь.","translation":"There's nothing to explain; in good time you'll find out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Объяснять нечего","title":"Negative «нечего» + infinitive","body":"«нечего» ('there is nothing to') is a negative impersonal predicate that takes an infinitive: «объяснять нечего» = 'there is nothing to explain'. Such «не́чего/не́кого» constructions are stressed on «не» and leave no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в свое время узнаешь","title":"Perfective future «узнаешь»","body":"«узнаешь» is the perfective future of «узнать» ('to find out'): 'you will [come to] learn'. The idiom «в своё время» ('in good time, in due course') sets the deferral."}],"words":[{"surface":"Объяснять","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"nothing to"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнаешь","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"узнаешь","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you'll find out"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c11-s101","source":"Смрадный переулок и инфернальница!","translation":"The stinking back-alley and the infernal woman!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Смрадный переулок","title":"«смрадный» — reeking, fetid","body":"«смрадный» (from «смрад», 'stench, foul reek') is a heavy, almost biblical word for a stinking place; «переулок» is a side-lane or back-alley. The 'stinking back-alley' names the squalid quarter where Grushenka lives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инфернальница","title":"«инфернальница» — the infernal woman","body":"A coinage of Mitya's from the bookish «инфернальный» ('infernal') plus the feminine «-ница»: 'she of the inferno, the hellish woman' — his theatrical epithet for Grushenka. The Latinate flourish marks his romantic-demonic posing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смрадный","lemma":"смрадный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переулок","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"back alley"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"инфернальница","lemma":"инфернальница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with переулок","gloss":"infernal woman"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c11-s102","source":"Прощай.","translation":"Farewell.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c11-s103","source":"Не молись обо мне, не стою, да и не нужно совсем, совсем не нужно… не нуждаюсь вовсе!","translation":"Don't pray for me, I'm not worth it, and it's quite unnecessary, quite unnecessary… I have no need of it at all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не молись обо мне","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не молись»","body":"Negative commands strongly prefer the imperfective: «не молись» ('don't pray') uses the imperfective imperative of «молиться» (reflexive «-ся»), the normal aspect for a prohibition. «обо мне» shows «о» → «обо» before a consonant cluster, + prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не нуждаюсь вовсе","title":"Reflexive «нуждаться» + «в»; emphatic «вовсе»","body":"«нуждаться» ('to need', only ever in «-ся») governs «в» + prepositional, here elided. «вовсе» with negation = 'not at all', the strongest denial — capping the threefold «совсем … совсем … вовсе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"молись","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of молись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молись","gloss":"am worth it"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase «да и»","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молись","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нужно","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждаюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нуждаюсь","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нуждаюсь","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c11-s104","source":"Прочь!..","translation":"Away!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прочь!","title":"«прочь!» — away! be gone!","body":"«прочь» is an adverb of dismissal — 'away, off, begone' — flung out as a single-word command. It is Mitya's abrupt, theatrical exit-line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Away"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c11-s105","source":"И он вдруг удалился, на этот раз уже совсем.","translation":"And he suddenly withdrew, this time for good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вдруг удалился","title":"Reflexive perfective «удалиться»","body":"«удалиться» ('to withdraw, move off') is a perfective «-ся» verb of departure, marking the completed act of going. «на этот раз уже совсем» ('this time for good') stresses the finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удалился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"удалился","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with удалился","gloss":"for good"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c11-s106","source":"Алеша пошел к монастырю.","translation":"Alyosha walked on toward the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел к монастырю","title":"Perfective «пошёл» of motion + «к» dative","body":"«пошёл» (perfective of «идти», prefix «по-») marks the single act of setting off walking. The direction is given by «к» + dative («к монастырю», 'toward the monastery')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырю","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c11-s107","source":"«Как же, как же я никогда его не увижу, что он говорит? — дико представлялось ему, — да завтра же непременно увижу и разыщу его, нарочно разыщу, что он такое говорит!..»","translation":"\"How can it be, how can it be that I shall never see him again — what is he saying?\" it presented itself wildly to his mind. \"Why, tomorrow I'll see him without fail and seek him out, I'll seek him out on purpose — what is he talking about?..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же, как же я никогда его не увижу","title":"Negative concord with «никогда … не»","body":"«никогда … не увижу» pairs the negative adverb «никогда» ('never') with the obligatory «не»: 'I shall never see him'. «увижу» is the perfective future. The doubled «Как же, как же» with «же» voices Alyosha's incredulity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дико представлялось ему","title":"Impersonal «представлялось ему» — dative experiencer","body":"«представлялось» (imperfective «-ся», impersonal) with dative «ему» = 'it presented itself to him / came into his mind'. The thought is the grammatical subject; Alyosha, the one it strikes, stands in the dative — Dostoevsky's favourite frame for the inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно увижу и разыщу его, нарочно разыщу","title":"Perfective futures of resolve","body":"«увижу», «разыщу» (perfective futures of «увидеть», «разыскать») express firm intended acts: 'I'll see him, I'll seek him out'. «непременно» ('without fail') and «нарочно» ('on purpose') underline Alyosha's determination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation, paired with же","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Как","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats Как for emphasis","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes как","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увижу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"shall see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"what","note":"Interrogative pronoun opening a separate rhetorical question, not a subordinator here."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"is saying"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлялось","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"представлялось","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented itself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представлялось","gloss":"to his mind"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the next quoted thought","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes завтра","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разыщу","gloss":"I'll see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разыщу","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увижу","gloss":"seek him out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыщу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second разыщу","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"разыщу","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"repeats разыщу for emphasis","gloss":"seek him out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of второй говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"reinforces что","gloss":"on earth","note":"что...такое is a fixed collocation for emphatic 'what' — 'what on earth'."},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"is talking about"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c11-s108","source":"Монастырь он обошел кругом и через сосновую рощу прошел прямо в скит.","translation":"He went around the monastery and through the pine grove straight to the hermitage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обошел кругом и … прошел прямо в скит","title":"Prefixed perfectives of motion «обошёл / прошёл»","body":"«обошёл» ('went round', «об-») and «прошёл» ('went through/straight in', «про-») are perfective prefixed motion verbs, each a completed leg of the route. The prefixes carry the precise path: around, then through into the «скит»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обошел","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обошел","lemma":"обойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went around"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обошел","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рощу","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сосновую","lemma":"сосновый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рощу","gloss":"pine"},{"surface":"рощу","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"grove"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обошел","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скит","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the hermitage"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c11-s109","source":"Там ему отворили, хотя в этот час уже никого не впускали.","translation":"They opened to him there, although at this hour no one was being let in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Там ему отворили … никого не впускали","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural: 'they opened / let in'","body":"«отворили» and «впускали» have no stated subject — the bare 3rd-person plural means an indefinite 'they / one': 'they opened to him', 'no one was being let in'. This agentless plural is Russian's standard impersonal. «никого не впускали» also shows negative concord (никого + не)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого уже не впускали","title":"Imperfective «впускали» — the standing rule","body":"The imperfective past «впускали» states a habitual/ongoing situation: at that hour they 'did not let anyone in' as a matter of practice. Set against the single perfective «отворили» ('opened [this once]'), the contrast highlights that an exception was made for Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворили","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворили","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"отворили","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they opened"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впускали","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впускали","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никого","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of впускали","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впускали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"впускали","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отворили","gloss":"was being let in"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c11-s110","source":"Сердце у него дрожало, когда он вошел в келью старца: «Зачем, зачем он выходил, зачем тот послал его „в мир“?","translation":"His heart was trembling when he entered the elder's cell: \"Why, why did he go out, why did the elder send him 'into the world'?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем … он выходил, зачем тот послал его „в мир“","title":"Imperfective «выходил» vs perfective «послал»","body":"«выходил» (imperfective) views the going-out as a circumstance/process; «послал» (perfective) marks the Elder's single completed act of sending. «тот» ('that one') points to the Elder, keeping the two men apart in Alyosha's anxious questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дрожало","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дрожало","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was trembling"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дрожало","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келью","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation, paired with выходил","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вошел","gloss":"did he go out"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"the elder","note":"тот refers back to старец (the elder), not a generic 'that one'."},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выходил","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c11-s111","source":"Здесь тишина, здесь святыня, а там — смущенье, там мрак, в котором сразу потеряешься и заблудишься…»","translation":"Here is stillness, here is holiness, but out there — confusion, out there darkness, in which one is at once lost and goes astray…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сразу потеряешься и заблудишься","title":"Generalised 2nd-person perfective futures","body":"«потеряешься» and «заблудишься» are 2nd-person singular perfective futures used impersonally — 'one is at once lost and goes astray'. The reflexive «-ся» gives both an intransitive, happen-to-oneself sense, and the 'you' is a generic everyman."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святыня","title":"«святыня» — holy thing, sanctity","body":"«святыня» (from «святой», 'holy') means a sacred object or, abstractly, holiness itself — what is set apart and revered. «Здесь святыня» ('here is holiness') opposes the «мрак» ('darkness') of the world beyond the walls."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тишина","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"тишина","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate with Здесь","gloss":"is stillness"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies святыня","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"святыня","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тишина","gloss":"is holiness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смущенье","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"смущенье","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тишина","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мрак","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тишина","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потеряешься","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеряешься","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"потеряешься","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мрак","gloss":"one gets lost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заблудишься","lemma":"заблудиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потеряешься","gloss":"goes astray"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c11-s112","source":"В келье находились послушник Порфирий и иеромонах отец Паисий, весь день каждый час заходивший узнать о здоровии отца Зосимы, которому, как со страхом узнал Алеша, становилось всё хуже и хуже.","translation":"In the cell were the novice Porfiry and the hieromonk Father Paisy, who had come every hour all day to ask after the health of Father Zossima, whose condition, as Alyosha learned with dread, was growing worse and worse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь день каждый час заходивший узнать","title":"Past active participle «заходивший»","body":"«заходивший» is the past active participle of imperfective «заходить» ('who kept dropping in'), agreeing with «иеромонах» and replacing a «который»-clause: 'who had come every hour all day'. The imperfective stem gives the repeated, habitual sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому … становилось всё хуже и хуже","title":"Dative experiencer «становилось … хуже»","body":"«которому … становилось хуже» frames Zossima's worsening impersonally: the dative «которому» ('to whom') is the one it happens to, with no nominative subject — 'whose condition grew worse'. «всё хуже и хуже» is the comparative 'worse and worse'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находились","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"находились","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находились","gloss":"the novice"},{"surface":"Порфирий","lemma":"Порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to послушник","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with послушник","gloss":"the hieromonk"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонах","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходивший","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходивший","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"заходивший","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying отец Паисий","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заходивший","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"здоровии","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"the health"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies здоровии","gloss":"of Father"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of становилось","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on становилось","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Зосимы","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of становилось","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with хуже","gloss":"worse"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c11-s113","source":"Даже обычной вечерней беседы с братией на сей раз не могло состояться.","translation":"Even the customary evening talk with the brethren could not take place this time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беседы … не могло состояться","title":"Genitive of negation: «беседы … не могло состояться»","body":"The negated existential «не могло состояться» ('could not take place') pulls its subject into the genitive — «(даже) … беседы … не могло». The neuter «не могло» agrees with nothing nominative, the hallmark of the negated-subject construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с братией","title":"«братия» — the brethren (collective)","body":"«братия» is the collective noun for a monastery's community of monks — 'the brotherhood, the brethren' as one body (note the singular form for a plural sense). It declines as a feminine «-ия» noun; here instrumental «с братией»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обычной","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"обычной","lemma":"обычный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседы","gloss":"the customary"},{"surface":"вечерней","lemma":"вечерний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседы","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"беседы","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братией","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братией","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседы","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"состояться","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"take place"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c11-s114","source":"Обыкновенно повечеру, после службы, ежедневно, на сон грядущий, стекалась монастырская братия в келью старца, и всякий вслух исповедовал ему сегодняшние прегрешения свои, грешные мечты, мысли, соблазны, даже ссоры между собой, если таковые случались.","translation":"Ordinarily, of an evening, after the service, daily, before retiring to sleep, the monastery brethren would gather in the elder's cell, and each would confess aloud to him his transgressions of the day, his sinful daydreams, thoughts, temptations, even quarrels among themselves, if any such had occurred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сон грядущий","title":"«на сон грядущий» — 'before sleep' (set phrase)","body":"A fixed devotional phrase, 'at/before going to sleep', from the Orthodox 'prayers before sleep' («молитвы на сон грядущий»). «грядущий» ('coming') is itself a Church-Slavonic active participle of «грясти» ('to come'), surviving only in such elevated formulas."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стекалась монастырская братия … и всякий … исповедовал","title":"Imperfective habituals: «стекалась», «исповедовал»","body":"«Обыкновенно» ('ordinarily') + the imperfective pasts «стекалась» ('would gather'), «исповедовал» ('would confess') paint a recurring custom, not one event. The imperfective is the engine of this whole habitual, scene-setting digression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прегрешения … грешные мечты","title":"«прегрешения» — transgressions (bookish)","body":"«прегрешение» (with the intensive prefix «пре-») is a solemn, ecclesiastical word for 'sin, transgression', weightier than plain «грех». Heaped with «грешные мечты … соблазны» ('sinful daydreams … temptations'), it sets the confessional register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стекалась","gloss":"Ordinarily"},{"surface":"повечеру","lemma":"повечеру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стекалась","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службы","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"службы","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стекалась","gloss":"the service"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стекалась","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сон","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стекалась","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"грядущий","lemma":"грядущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"coming","note":"на сон грядущий is a set idiom meaning 'before going to bed'."},{"surface":"стекалась","lemma":"стекаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would gather"},{"surface":"монастырская","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies братия","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"братия","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стекалась","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies братия","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келью","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исповедовал","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исповедовал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"исповедовал","lemma":"исповедовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стекалась","gloss":"would confess"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of исповедовал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"сегодняшние","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прегрешения","gloss":"today's"},{"surface":"прегрешения","lemma":"прегрешение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of исповедовал","gloss":"transgressions"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мечты","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"грешные","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мечты","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"мечты","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of исповедовал","gloss":"daydreams"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with мечты","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"соблазны","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with мечты","gloss":"temptations"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ссоры","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ссоры","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with мечты","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of ссоры","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случались","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"таковые","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of случались","gloss":"any such"},{"surface":"случались","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on исповедовал","gloss":"had occurred"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c11-s115","source":"Иные исповедовались на коленях.","translation":"Some confessed on their knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иные исповедовались на коленях","title":"«иные» — 'some, certain ones'","body":"«иные» (plural of «иной», 'other') here means 'some, a few of them' — 'some confessed on their knees'. The reflexive «исповедовались» (imperfective) keeps the habitual frame of the surrounding passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иные","lemma":"иные","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исповедовались","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"исповедовались","lemma":"исповедоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of исповедовались","gloss":"their knees"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c11-s116","source":"Старец разрешал, мирил, наставлял, налагал покаяние, благословлял и отпускал.","translation":"The elder absolved, reconciled, instructed, laid penance, blessed, and dismissed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрешал, мирил, наставлял, налагал … благословлял и отпускал","title":"A chain of imperfective habituals","body":"Six imperfective past verbs in a row name the Elder's recurring offices — 'he would absolve, reconcile, instruct, lay penance, bless, and dismiss'. The imperfective gives each its iterative, customary sense; the asyndetic list has a liturgical cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"налагал покаяние","title":"«налагать покаяние» — to impose penance","body":"«покаяние» is 'penance / repentance'; «налагать» ('to lay upon, impose') is the proper verb for assigning it. «разрешал» here also carries its ecclesiastical sense, 'absolved (from sin)', not merely 'permitted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрешал","gloss":"The elder"},{"surface":"разрешал","lemma":"разрешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"absolved"},{"surface":"мирил","lemma":"мирить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрешал","gloss":"reconciled"},{"surface":"наставлял","lemma":"наставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрешал","gloss":"instructed"},{"surface":"налагал","lemma":"налагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрешал","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"покаяние","lemma":"покаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of налагал","gloss":"penance"},{"surface":"благословлял","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрешал","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отпускал","lemma":"отпускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрешал","gloss":"dismissed"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c11-s117","source":"Вот против этих-то братских «исповедей» и восставали противники старчества, говоря, что это профанация исповеди как таинства, почти кощунство, хотя тут было совсем иное.","translation":"It was precisely against these brotherly 'confessions' that the opponents of the institution of elders rose up, saying it was a profanation of confession as a sacrament, almost a sacrilege, although the thing was something altogether different.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот против этих-то … и восставали противники","title":"Emphatic «-то» + «вот … и» focus frame","body":"The clitic «-то» on «этих» topicalises 'these very confessions', and the «вот … и» frame ('it was precisely against … that …') throws the focus onto them. «против» governs the genitive «этих … исповедей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старчества","title":"«старчество» — the institution of elders","body":"«старчество» is the monastic practice and office of the «старец» — spiritual guidance through a revered elder. «противники старчества» ('opponents of starchestvo') names the church faction that resisted it, the subject of this digression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes против","gloss":"It was precisely"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исповедей","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of исповедей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этих","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"братских","lemma":"братский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies исповедей","gloss":"brotherly"},{"surface":"исповедей","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of восставали","gloss":"confessions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle before восставали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"восставали","lemma":"восставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"противники","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of восставали","gloss":"the opponents"},{"surface":"старчества","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies противники","gloss":"of the institution of elders"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восставали","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of профанация","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of профанация","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"профанация","lemma":"профанация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun with это","gloss":"was a profanation"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies профанация","gloss":"of confession"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таинства","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"таинства","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to исповеди","gloss":"a sacrament"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кощунство","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"кощунство","lemma":"кощунство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with профанация","gloss":"a sacrilege"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of иное","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to иное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"something different"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c11-s118","source":"Выставляли даже епархиальному начальству, что такие исповеди не только не достигают доброй цели, но действительно и нарочито вводят в грех и соблазн.","translation":"They even represented to the diocesan authorities that such confessions not only failed to attain their good end, but actually and deliberately led into sin and temptation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не достигают … но … вводят в грех","title":"Correlative «не только … но» with double «не»","body":"The correlative «не только не … но (и)» ('not only do not… but actually…') escalates the charge. «не достигают» repeats negation inside the first arm; «нарочито» ('deliberately') sharpens the second — they don't just fail, they lead into sin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выставляли","lemma":"выставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They represented"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies епархиальному","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"епархиальному","lemma":"епархиальный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начальству","gloss":"diocesan"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of Выставляли","gloss":"to the authorities"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достигают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of исповеди","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of достигают","gloss":"confessions"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достигают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достигают","lemma":"достигать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Выставляли","gloss":"attain"},{"surface":"доброй","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"their good"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигают","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вводят","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нарочито","lemma":"нарочито","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with действительно","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"вводят","lemma":"вводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with достигают","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грех","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вводят","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соблазн","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грех","gloss":"temptation"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c11-s119","source":"Многие-де из братии тяготятся ходить к старцу, а приходят поневоле, потому что все идут, так чтобы не приняли их за гордых и бунтующих помыслом.","translation":"Many of the brethren, they said, found it a burden to go to the elder, yet went against their will, because everyone went, so as not to be taken for proud and rebellious in spirit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Многие-де из братии тяготятся ходить","title":"Reportative «-де» + reflexive «тяготятся»","body":"«-де» again flags reported speech (the critics' claim): 'many, they say, find it a burden'. «тяготятся» (reflexive «-ся», + infinitive «ходить») means 'are burdened by, find it irksome to' go — the «-ся» giving the verb its 'feel weighed down' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не приняли их за гордых","title":"«чтобы … не» of purpose with past form","body":"«чтобы не приняли» is a negative purpose clause — 'so that they not be taken (for…)'. After «чтобы» the verb stands in the past form «приняли» (the irrealis required by «чтобы»), here a subjectless 3rd-plural 'one'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поневоле","title":"«поневоле» — against one's will, perforce","body":"«поневоле» (from «неволя», 'unfreedom') means 'unwillingly, of necessity, despite oneself'. The monks went «поневоле … потому что все идут» — perforce, because everyone went."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of тяготятся","gloss":"Many"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported speech, modifies тяготятся","gloss":"they said"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяготятся","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"тяготятся","lemma":"тяготиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found it a burden"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of тяготятся","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тяготятся","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"поневоле","lemma":"поневоле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходят","gloss":"unwillingly"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the correlative потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of идут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"идут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приходят","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative так чтобы","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the correlative так чтобы","gloss":"as not to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приняли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приняли","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on идут","gloss":"be taken"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приняли","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордых","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"гордых","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приняли","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бунтующих","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гордых","gloss":"rebellious"},{"surface":"помыслом","lemma":"помысел","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гордых и бунтующих","gloss":"in spirit"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c11-s120","source":"Рассказывали, что некоторые из братии, отправляясь на вечернюю исповедь, условливались между собою заранее: «я, дескать, скажу, что я на тебя утром озлился, а ты подтверди», — это чтобы было что сказать, чтобы только отделаться.","translation":"It was told that some of the brethren, on their way to evening confession, would arrange it among themselves beforehand: 'I'll say, see, that I lost my temper at you this morning, and you confirm it' — this so that there would be something to say, just to be done with it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отправляясь на вечернюю исповедь, условливались","title":"Imperfective gerund «отправляясь» + habitual «условливались»","body":"«отправляясь» ('setting off, on their way to') is an imperfective gerund of simultaneous action, framing the habitual «условливались» ('would arrange among themselves', reflexive/reciprocal «-ся»). Both imperfectives keep the recurring-practice frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я, дескать, скажу … а ты подтверди","title":"Reportative «дескать» + imperative «подтверди»","body":"«дескать» flags the quoted bargain; «скажу» is a perfective future ('I'll say'), and «подтверди» the perfective imperative 'confirm it!' addressed to the accomplice. The cynical little script lays bare the abuse the critics decried."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чтобы только отделаться","title":"«отделаться» — to be done with it, get it over","body":"«отделаться» (perfective, reflexive) means 'to rid oneself of a duty, get it over with cheaply'. «чтобы только отделаться» — 'just to be done with it' — names the hollow motive of the staged confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It was told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of условливались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of условливались","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies некоторые","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"отправляясь","lemma":"отправляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on условливались","gloss":"on their way"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исповедь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вечернюю","lemma":"вечерний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исповедь","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"исповедь","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправляясь","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"условливались","lemma":"условливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Рассказывали","gloss":"would arrange"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of условливались","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies условливались","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle marking reported speech","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted speech","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озлился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of озлился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлился","gloss":"this morning"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"lost my temper"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подтверди","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подтверди","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"confirm it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"refers back to the arrangement, introduces чтобы clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы clause","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement, modifies что","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отделаться","gloss":"just to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отделаться","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отделаться","lemma":"отделаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on было...сказать","gloss":"be done with it"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c11-s121","source":"Алеша знал, что это действительно иногда так и происходило.","translation":"Alyosha knew that this was indeed how things sometimes came to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и происходило","title":"Confirming «так и»","body":"The pairing «так и» (literally 'just so') confirms that something really did happen the way described — 'this was indeed how it came about'. The imperfective past «происходило» frames it as a recurring fact, reinforced by «иногда» ('sometimes')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что это действительно… происходило","title":"Reported fact with «что»","body":"«знал, что…» opens a content clause with the subordinator «что» ('that'), reporting a plain fact rather than a wish — contrast the willed «чтобы» you will meet below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иногда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"came to pass"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c11-s122","source":"Он знал тоже, что есть из братии весьма негодующие и на то, что, по обычаю, даже письма от родных, получаемые скитниками, приносились сначала к старцу, чтоб он распечатывал их прежде получателей.","translation":"He knew, too, that there were among the brethren some who were greatly indignant even at the custom by which the very letters that the hermitage monks received from their relatives were first brought to the elder, so that he might open them before their recipients did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братия","title":"«братия» — the brotherhood","body":"A collective, somewhat bookish noun for the whole body of monks in a monastery, 'the brethren', distinct from plain «братья» ('brothers'). Here «из братии» is partitive genitive: 'some of the brethren'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"получаемые скитниками","title":"Passive participle «получаемые»","body":"«получаемые» is a present passive participle ('being received'), agreeing with «письма», and its agent «скитниками» stands in the instrumental — the case Russian uses for the doer of a passive. A compact, bookish way to say 'the letters that the hermits received'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он распечатывал их","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб(ы)»","body":"«чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») introduces purpose — 'so that he might open them' — and obligatorily takes a past/irrealis verb form; here imperfective «распечатывал» casts the opening as a customary practice rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братии","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies негодующие","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"негодующие","lemma":"негодовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"indignant ones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of негодующие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приносились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обычаю","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обычаю","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносились","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of приносились","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родных","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"родных","lemma":"родные","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"получаемые","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying письма","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"скитниками","lemma":"скитник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of получаемые","gloss":"the hermitage monks"},{"surface":"приносились","lemma":"приноситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"were brought"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приносились","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносились","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of распечатывал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распечатывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"распечатывал","lemma":"распечатывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приносились","gloss":"would open"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of распечатывал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking получателей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"получателей","lemma":"получатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of распечатывал","gloss":"the recipients"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c11-s123","source":"Предполагалось, разумеется, что всё это должно совершаться свободно и искренно, от всей души, во имя вольного смирения и спасительного назидания, но на деле, как оказывалось, происходило иногда и весьма неискренно, а, напротив, выделанно и фальшиво.","translation":"It was presumed, of course, that all this ought to be done freely and sincerely, from the whole heart, in the name of willing humility and saving guidance; yet in practice, as it turned out, it was at times done quite insincerely — on the contrary, in a manner contrived and false.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предполагалось… происходило","title":"Impersonal «-ся» framing","body":"Both «предполагалось» ('it was presumed') and «происходило» run as subjectless, neuter-singular verbs — the «-ся» on «предполагалось» gives an agentless passive sense. Russian readily narrates without a named subject, letting the practice itself be the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно совершаться","title":"Reflexive «совершаться»","body":"The «-ся» turns transitive «совершать» ('to accomplish') into an intransitive middle, 'to be done / to come to pass'. Paired with neuter «должно» ('ought'), it states a norm impersonally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выделанно и фальшиво","title":"«выделанно» — studied, contrived","body":"«выделанный» literally means 'worked-up, manufactured' (as leather is 'dressed'); used of behaviour it means artificial, put-on. Paired with «фальшиво» ('false') it sharpens the contrast with «искренно» ('sincerely') earlier in the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а, напротив","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«а» is the soft contrastive conjunction — 'and yet / but rather' — pivoting from what was supposed to be to what actually was. With «напротив» ('on the contrary') it marks a turn of the topic, not flat opposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предполагалось","lemma":"предполагаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was presumed"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Предполагалось","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form, used as predicative","role":"predicate, governs совершаться","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"совершаться","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be done"},{"surface":"свободно","lemma":"свободно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершаться","gloss":"freely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with свободно","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершаться","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершаться (idiom во имя)","gloss":"the name of"},{"surface":"вольного","lemma":"вольный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смирения","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"смирения","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спасительного","lemma":"спасительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies назидания","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"назидания","lemma":"назидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смирения","gloss":"guidance"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"practice"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказывалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказывалось","lemma":"оказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to происходило","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неискренно","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неискренно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неискренно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неискренно","lemma":"неискренний","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"insincerely"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to выделанно","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"выделанно","lemma":"выделанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with неискренно","gloss":"contrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фальшиво","lemma":"фальшиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with выделанно","gloss":"false"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c11-s124","source":"Но старшие и опытнейшие из братии стояли на своем, рассуждая, что «кто искренно вошел в эти стены, чтобы спастись, для тех все эти послушания и подвиги окажутся несомненно спасительными и принесут им великую пользу; кто же, напротив, тяготится и ропщет, тот всё равно как бы и не инок и напрасно только пришел в монастырь, такому место в миру.","translation":"But the older and more experienced of the brethren held their ground, reasoning that \"whoever has entered these walls sincerely, in order to be saved, for such a man all these obediences and ascetic labors will prove without doubt to be saving, and will bring him great benefit; whoever, on the contrary, chafes and grumbles, that one is no monk at all, and has come into the monastery to no purpose, and his place is out in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опытнейшие","title":"Bookish superlative «-ейший»","body":"«опытнейшие» ('the most experienced') is the synthetic superlative in «-ейш-», a markedly literary alternative to «самые опытные». This suffix gives 19th-century prose its elevated ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стояли на своем","title":"Idiom «стоять на своём»","body":"A fixed idiom, 'to stand one's ground, hold firm to one's view'. «своём» here is the reflexive possessive «свой» in the prepositional, 'their own (position)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто… для тех","title":"Correlative «кто… тот/те»","body":"The relative «кто» ('whoever') is picked up by the demonstrative «те/тот» ('those/that one') in the main clause — a correlative frame, 'whoever…, for such people…'. It structures the whole maxim into balanced halves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"послушания и подвиги","title":"«послушание» and «подвиг»","body":"Both are monastic terms: «послушание» is an 'obedience', a task assigned by superiors, and «подвиг» an ascetic 'feat' or spiritual struggle. The same «подвиг» means 'heroic deed' in secular Russian — here it is the inner labour of self-denial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инок","title":"«инок» — a monk","body":"An archaic, solemn word for a monk (related to «иной», 'other', i.e. one set apart from the world), more elevated than «монах». «не инок» — 'no monk at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старшие","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"the elder monks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опытнейшие","lemma":"опытный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with старшие","gloss":"most experienced"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братии","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опытнейшие","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своем","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"their own view"},{"surface":"рассуждая","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стояли","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассуждая","gloss":"has entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стены","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спастись","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"спастись","lemma":"спастись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вошел","gloss":"be saved"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"object of для, resuming кто (\"for those who...\")","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of послушания","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of послушания","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"послушания","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of окажутся","gloss":"obediences"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подвиги","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with послушания","gloss":"labors"},{"surface":"окажутся","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with вошел","gloss":"will prove"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасительными","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"спасительными","lemma":"спасительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of окажутся","gloss":"salvific"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принесут","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with окажутся","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of принесут","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесут","gloss":"benefit"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of тяготится","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to тяготится","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"тяготится","lemma":"тяготиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вошел","gloss":"chafes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ропщет","lemma":"роптать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тяготится","gloss":"grumbles"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of инок","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies инок","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies инок","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies инок","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies инок","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of тот","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase напрасно","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative of the person concerned, governs elliptical есть (такому [есть] место)","gloss":"for such a one"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (место есть)","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c11-s125","source":"От греха же и от диавола не только в миру, но и во храме не убережешься, а стало быть, и нечего греху потакать».","translation":"And from sin and from the devil one cannot guard oneself even within the temple, let alone in the world; therefore there is no reason to indulge sin.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"диавола","title":"Church-Slavonic «диавол»","body":"The solemn ecclesiastical form of «дьявол» ('the devil'), with the full vowel sequence kept from Church Slavonic. The register suits a monk's reasoning about sin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во храме","title":"Slavonic «во храме»","body":"«храм» is the lofty word for a church/temple, and the preposition «во» (rather than «в») before it is a Slavonic euphonic survival used in elevated and liturgical phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убережешься","title":"Generic «you» in «-ся»","body":"«не убережёшься» is 2nd-person singular perfective future used impersonally — 'one cannot guard oneself' — a common Russian way to state a general truth. The «-ся» is the true reflexive 'protect oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечего греху потакать","title":"Impersonal «нечего» + dative","body":"«нечего потакать» is an impersonal construction meaning 'there is no point indulging'; the indulged party «греху» ('sin') stands in the dative as the object of «потакать». A neat dative-governing turn of phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking греха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убережешься","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies греха","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диавола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"диавола","lemma":"диавол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with греха","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убережешься","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking храме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"храме","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убережешься","gloss":"the temple"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убережешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убережешься","lemma":"уберечься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can you guard yourself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of parenthetical phrase стало быть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun, negative","role":"predicate, governs потакать","gloss":"no reason to"},{"surface":"греху","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of потакать (dative)","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"потакать","lemma":"потакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"indulge"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-c11-s126","source":"— Ослабел, сонливость напала, — шепотом сообщил Алеше отец Паисий, благословив его. — Разбудить даже трудно.","translation":"— He has grown weak, drowsiness has overtaken him, — Father Paisy informed Alyosha in a whisper, after blessing him. — It is even hard to wake him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ослабел, сонливость напала","title":"Perfective past for sudden events","body":"Two perfective past verbs report completed changes of state — 'he has weakened', 'drowsiness has come over him'. The subjectless «Ослабел» drops the obvious 'he', as the ending and context supply it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благословив его","title":"Gerund «благословив»","body":"A perfective past gerund («деепричастие»), 'having blessed him' — an indeclinable verb-adverb naming the prior act of the same subject (Father Paisy). It compresses 'after he had blessed him' into one word, a staple of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ослабел","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"he has grown weak"},{"surface":"сонливость","lemma":"сонливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of напала","gloss":"drowsiness"},{"surface":"напала","lemma":"напасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ослабел","gloss":"overtook him"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщил","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ослабел","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"благословив","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сообщил","gloss":"having blessed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Разбудить","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to wake him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate","gloss":"hard"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-c11-s127","source":"Но и не надо будить.","translation":"But there is no need to wake him, either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо будить","title":"Impersonal «не надо» + infinitive","body":"«не надо будить» is a subjectless modal — 'there is no need to wake (him)' — the typical Russian way to express necessity or its absence, with the predicate word «надо» and a bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"будить","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to wake him"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-c11-s128","source":"Минут на пять просыпался, просил снести братии его благословение, а у братии просил о нем ночных молитв.","translation":"For some five minutes he woke and asked that his blessing be carried to the brethren, and of the brethren he asked their nightly prayers for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Минут на пять","title":"Inverted numeral = 'about'","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «минут на пять» instead of «на пять минут» — signals approximation, 'for about five minutes'. The genitive plural «минут» is governed by «пять»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просыпался, просил","title":"Imperfective for the brief waking","body":"The imperfective past «просыпался… просил» presents the waking as a small stretch of process rather than a point-event, fitting the 'for some five minutes' frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"снести братии","title":"«снести» — to carry to","body":"Here «снести» (perfective of «сносить») means 'to carry/convey (a message) to someone', with the recipient «братии» in the dative. The elder asks that his blessing be 'carried' to the monks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of просыпался","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пять","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on просыпался","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"просыпался","lemma":"просыпаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he woke"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просыпался","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of снести","gloss":"to the brethren"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of благословение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"благословение","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of снести","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братии","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просыпался","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ночных","lemma":"ночной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies молитв","gloss":"nightly"},{"surface":"молитв","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"prayers"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-c11-s129","source":"Заутра намерен еще раз причаститься.","translation":"He intends to receive communion once more in the morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Заутра","title":"Archaic «заутра»","body":"A bookish, archaic adverb for 'tomorrow morning / on the morrow', more solemn than «завтра утром». It belongs to the elevated register of the monastery's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заутра","lemma":"заутра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate (subject implied: he)","gloss":"intends"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of причаститься","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"причаститься","lemma":"причаститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to receive communion"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b3-c11-s130","source":"О тебе вспоминал, Алексей, спрашивал, ушел ли ты, отвечали, что в городе.","translation":"He spoke of you, Alexei; he asked whether you had gone, and they answered that you were in the town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашивал, ушел ли ты","title":"Embedded «ли» = 'whether'","body":"In an indirect question the enclitic «ли» means 'whether': «спрашивал, ушёл ли ты» — 'he asked whether you had left'. The focused word «ушёл» is fronted before «ли»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke of"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вспоминал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашивал","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвечали","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вспоминал","gloss":"they answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of городе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of отвечали","gloss":"the town"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b3-c11-s131","source":"«На то я и благословил его; там его место, а пока не здесь», — вот что изрек о тебе.","translation":"\"It was for that very purpose that I blessed him; his place is there, not here for now,\" — that is what he uttered concerning you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На то я и благословил его","title":"«на то… и» — for that very purpose","body":"«На то… и» fronts the purpose for emphasis: 'it was precisely for that that I blessed him'. The «и» here is an emphatic particle, not 'and'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрек","title":"Solemn «изрек»","body":"«изречь» ('to utter, pronounce') is a lofty, almost biblical verb of speaking, reserved for weighty or oracular pronouncements — apt for reporting the dying elder's words. Compare ordinary «сказал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословил","gloss":"that purpose"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благословил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благословил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies место","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (там...место)","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with место","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"part of the phrase вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with благословил","gloss":"he uttered"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of изрек","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b3-c11-s132","source":"Любовно о тебе вспоминал, с заботой, смыслишь ли ты, чего удостоился?","translation":"He remembered you with love, with concern — do you grasp what you have been deemed worthy of?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смыслишь ли ты","title":"Folksy «смыслить»","body":"«смыслить» ('to understand, grasp, have a sense of') is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned verb. With the questioning «ли» it forms a pointed 'do you understand…?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего удостоился","title":"Genitive after «удостоиться»","body":"«удостоиться» ('to be deemed worthy of') governs the genitive — hence «чего» ('of what'). The «-ся» makes it the passive-flavoured 'to be granted/honoured with'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовно","lemma":"любовно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"with love"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he remembered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заботой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"заботой","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"смыслишь","lemma":"смыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"do you grasp"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смыслишь","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смыслишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of удостоился","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"удостоился","lemma":"удостоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of смыслишь","gloss":"you were deemed worthy of"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b3-c11-s133","source":"Только как же это определил он тебе пока быть срок в миру?","translation":"Only how is it that he appointed you, for a time, to live out a term in the world?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же это определил он тебе","title":"Particle «же» in a question","body":"The particle «же» after «как» intensifies the puzzlement — 'but how on earth did he appoint…?'. It adds the speaker's wondering attitude, with no English word to carry it but stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"быть срок в миру","title":"«срок» — a fixed term","body":"«срок» is a set period or term; «быть срок в миру» means 'to serve out a span of time in the world'. «в миру» ('in the world') is the monastic term for life outside the monastery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies определил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of определил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"определил","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he appoint"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of определил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of определил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"for a while"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of определил","gloss":"to live out"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of быть (duration)","gloss":"a term"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b3-c11-s134","source":"Значит, предвидит нечто в судьбе твоей!","translation":"It means he foresees something in your destiny!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечто","title":"Bookish «нечто»","body":"«нечто» ('something') is a literary, indefinite neuter pronoun, weightier than «что-то» and suggesting something undefined yet significant — 'he foresees some-thing in your fate'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в судьбе твоей","title":"Inverted possessive «судьбе твоей»","body":"Placing the possessive after its noun («судьбе твоей» rather than «твоей судьбе») is a poetic, elevated inversion that throws weight onto 'your destiny'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"предвидит","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he foresees"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of предвидит","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предвидит","gloss":"the destiny"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбе","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b3-c11-s135","source":"Пойми, Алексей, что если и возвратишься в мир, то как бы на возложенное на тя послушание старцем твоим, а не на суетное легкомыслие и не на мирское веселие…","translation":"Understand, Alexei, that even if you do return to the world, it must be as if to an obedience laid upon you by your elder, and not for idle frivolity or worldly merriment…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если и возвратишься","title":"Concessive «если и»","body":"«если и» means 'even if': the particle «и» turns a plain condition into a concession — 'even if you do return'. The perfective future «возвратишься» states the completed return."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на тя","title":"Church-Slavonic «тя»","body":"«тя» is the Slavonic accusative of 'thee' (modern «тебя»), here in «на возложенное на тя послушание» — 'an obedience laid upon thee'. The sacred pronoun lifts the register to that of a monastic charge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возложенное на тя","title":"Past passive participle «возложенное»","body":"«возложенное» is a past passive participle, 'laid upon / imposed', from perfective «возложить». Substantivized with the article-like neuter, it means 'that which is laid upon you' — the obedience itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойми","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвратишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвратишься","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возвратишься","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"возвратишься","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you do return"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратишься","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative marking the apodosis","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies послушание","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушание","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"возложенное","lemma":"возложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying послушание","gloss":"laid upon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"тя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of возложенное","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, predicate complement","gloss":"an obedience"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of возложенное","gloss":"by your elder"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старцем","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and not"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легкомыслие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"суетное","lemma":"суетный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies легкомыслие","gloss":"idle"},{"surface":"легкомыслие","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with послушание","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веселие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мирское","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веселие","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"веселие","lemma":"веселие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with послушание","gloss":"merriment"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b3-c11-s136","source":"Отец Паисий вышел.","translation":"Father Paisy went out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел","title":"Prefixed motion «вышел»","body":"«вышел» is the perfective of «выходить» ('to go out'), a prefixed verb of motion: the prefix «вы-» ('out') both gives direction and makes the verb a clean perfective of a single completed exit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b3-c11-s137","source":"Что старец отходил, в том не было сомнения для Алеши, хотя мог прожить еще и день и два.","translation":"That the elder was passing away, of this Alyosha had no doubt, although he might yet live another day, even two.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отходил","title":"«отходить» as 'to die'","body":"Beyond its literal 'to move away', «отходить» is the gentle, almost liturgical euphemism for dying — 'to pass away, to depart (this life)'. The imperfective casts it as a process underway."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в том не было сомнения","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"After the negated existential «не было» the subject «сомнения» ('doubt') stands obligatorily in the genitive — 'there was no doubt of it'. A textbook genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя мог прожить","title":"Concessive «хотя»","body":"«хотя» ('although') opens the concessive clause; the perfective «прожить» ('to live out [a span]') with «ещё… день и два» means 'might yet live another day or two'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause (Что старец отходил)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отходил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"отходил","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was passing away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сомнения","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отходил","gloss":"he might"},{"surface":"прожить","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"live on"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожить","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"two more"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b3-c11-s138","source":"Алеша твердо и горячо решил, что, несмотря на обещание, данное им, видеться с отцом, Хохлаковыми, братом и Катериной Ивановной, — завтра он не выйдет из монастыря совсем и останется при старце своем до самой кончины его.","translation":"Alyosha resolved firmly and fervently that, in spite of the promise he had given to see his father, the Khokhlakovs, his brother, and Katerina Ivanovna, he would not leave the monastery at all the next day, but would remain beside his elder until his very end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обещание, данное им","title":"Past passive participle «данное им»","body":"«данное» ('given') is a past passive participle of «дать», modifying «обещание»; the giver «им» ('by him') is in the instrumental — 'the promise given by him'. A compact alternative to a «который»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на обещание","title":"Concessive «несмотря на»","body":"«несмотря на» ('in spite of') governs the accusative and concedes the obstacle — the promises Alyosha had made — that his resolve overrides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"fervently"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms compound preposition несмотря на (despite) with на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"(despite)"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"данное","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying обещание","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of данное","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"видеться","lemma":"видеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of обещание","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видеться","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Хохлаковыми","lemma":"хохлаковы","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with отцом","gloss":"the Khokhlakovs"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отцом","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отцом","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of решил","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйдет","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старце","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кончины","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кончины","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"кончины","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кончины","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b3-c11-s139","source":"Сердце его загорелось любовью, и он горько упрекнул себя, что мог на мгновение там, в городе, даже забыть о том, кого оставил в монастыре на одре смерти и кого чтил выше всех на свете.","translation":"His heart kindled with love, and he reproached himself bitterly that he could, even for a moment, there in the town, so much as forget the one he had left in the monastery upon his deathbed, the one he revered above all others in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упрекнул себя","title":"Reflexive object «себя»","body":"«себя» is the full reflexive pronoun, object of «упрекнул» — 'reproached himself'. Unlike the bound clitic «-ся», «себя» is a standalone object and has no nominative form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что мог… забыть","title":"Perfective «забыть» under modal","body":"«мог… забыть» ('could forget') — the modal «мог» governs the infinitive; the perfective «забыть» names the single completed lapse Alyosha reproaches himself for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того, кого оставил","title":"Correlative «тот, кто» with animacy","body":"«того, кого» — the demonstrative «тот» and relative «кто», both in the genitive-accusative because the elder is animate ('the one whom he had left'). Animate masculine accusative borrows the genitive ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на одре смерти","title":"«одр» — deathbed","body":"«одр» is an archaic, solemn word for a bed or couch, surviving almost only in the set phrase «на одре смерти» ('on one's deathbed'). Its bookishness suits the gravity of the elder's dying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загорелось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"загорелось","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kindled"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of загорелось","gloss":"with love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упрекнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упрекнул","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"упрекнул","lemma":"упрекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with загорелось","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of упрекнул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of упрекнул","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to там","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on том","gloss":"he had left"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одре","lemma":"одр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одре","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чтил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"чтил","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"revered"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чтил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чтил","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b3-c11-s140","source":"Он прошел в спаленку старца, стал на колени и поклонился спящему до земли.","translation":"He went into the elder's little bedroom, knelt, and bowed to the ground before the sleeping man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спаленку","title":"Diminutive «спаленка»","body":"«спаленка» is an affectionate diminutive of «спальня» ('bedroom') — 'little bedroom'. The suffix conveys the modest, intimate smallness of the elder's cell."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поклонился спящему до земли","title":"«поклон до земли» — bowing to the ground","body":"«поклониться до земли» is to make a full prostration, touching the forehead to the floor — the deep «земной поклон» of Orthodox veneration. «спящему» ('to the sleeping one') is a substantivized participle in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спаленку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спаленку","lemma":"спаленка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"little bedroom"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спаленку","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"got down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"спящему","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to the sleeping man"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b3-c11-s141","source":"Тот тихо, недвижимо спал, чуть дыша ровно и почти неприметно.","translation":"The elder slept quietly, motionless, breathing faintly, evenly, and almost imperceptibly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть дыша","title":"Present gerund «дыша»","body":"«дыша» is the imperfective present gerund of «дышать», 'breathing' — an adverbial of attendant manner sharing the subject of «спал»: 'he slept… [while] breathing faintly'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неприметно","title":"«неприметно» — imperceptibly","body":"«неприметно» ('unnoticeably, imperceptibly') is a refined adverb; chained with «ровно» ('evenly') it paints the elder's breathing as barely there, foreshadowing death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"недвижимо","lemma":"недвижимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"motionlessly"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дыша","gloss":"faintly"},{"surface":"дыша","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спал","gloss":"breathing"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дыша","gloss":"evenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприметно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"неприметно","lemma":"неприметно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ровно","gloss":"imperceptibly"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b3-c11-s142","source":"Лицо его было спокойно.","translation":"His face was at peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его было спокойно","title":"Short adjective «спокойно»","body":"«спокойно» here is the neuter short-form adjective ('was calm/at peace'), agreeing with neuter «лицо» — the predicative short form typical of describing a state in literary Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спокойно","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокойно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"at peace"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b3-c11-s143","source":"Воротясь в другую комнату, в ту самую, в которой поутру старец принимал гостей, Алеша, почти не раздеваясь и сняв лишь сапоги, улегся на кожаном, жестком и узком диванчике, на котором он и всегда спал, давно уже, каждую ночь, принося лишь подушку.","translation":"Returning to the other room — the very one in which the elder had received his visitors that morning — Alyosha, scarcely undressing and removing only his boots, lay down on the leather divan, hard and narrow, on which he had always slept, and had done now for a long time, every night, bringing with him nothing but a pillow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воротясь","title":"Gerund «воротясь»","body":"«воротясь» is the perfective past gerund of the archaic-flavoured «воротиться» ('to return'), 'having returned' — opening the sentence with a completed prior action of the same subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ту самую, в которой… принимал","title":"Relative «в которой»","body":"«в которой» is the relative «который» in the prepositional after «в», agreeing in gender/number with «комнату» but taking its own case for 'the room in which…'. The correlative «ту самую» ('that very one') sets it up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти не раздеваясь и сняв","title":"Two gerunds, two aspects","body":"«раздеваясь» (imperfective present gerund, 'while undressing') and «сняв» (perfective past gerund, 'having taken off') stand side by side — the imperfective for ongoing manner, the perfective for the completed sub-act of removing his boots."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"диванчике","title":"Diminutive «диванчик»","body":"«диванчик» is the diminutive of «диван» ('divan, couch'); set against «жёстком и узком» ('hard and narrow'), the affectionate suffix underlines the meanness of Alyosha's bed rather than any comfort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротясь","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улегся","gloss":"having returned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воротясь","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ту (in apposition to комнату)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to комнату","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимал","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принимал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ту","gloss":"used to receive"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улегся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздеваясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раздеваясь","lemma":"раздеваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on улегся","gloss":"undressing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сняв","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздеваясь","gloss":"having taken off"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сапоги","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сапоги","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сняв","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"улегся","lemma":"улечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диванчике","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кожаном","lemma":"кожаный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диванчике","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"жестком","lemma":"жёсткий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кожаном","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узком","lemma":"узкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кожаном","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"диванчике","lemma":"диванчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of улегся","gloss":"little couch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on диванчике","gloss":"had slept"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"принося","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спал","gloss":"bringing"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подушку","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принося","gloss":"a pillow"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b3-c11-s144","source":"Тюфяк же, о котором кричал давеча отец его, он уже давно забыл постилать себе.","translation":"As for the mattress about which his father had shouted earlier that day, he had long since forgotten to spread it out for himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тюфяк","title":"«тюфяк» — a straw mattress","body":"A «тюфяк» is a plain stuffed pallet or straw mattress. The word also colloquially means a sluggish, spineless person — a faint comic echo given that it is Fyodor who 'shouted' about it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"Folksy «давеча»","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial, slightly archaic adverb for 'earlier today / a little while ago'. It recurs through this chapter, giving the narration a homely, oral texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором кричал","title":"Topic-fronted «Тюфяк же, о котором…»","body":"The sentence fronts «тюфяк» as topic, marks it with «же», then attaches a «который»-clause before reaching the main verb — a topic–comment ordering that reads 'As for the mattress that his father shouted about…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тюфяк","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the sentence, referred to implicitly by постилать","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тюфяк","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Тюфяк","gloss":"had shouted"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"постилать","lemma":"постилать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to spread out"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of постилать","gloss":"for himself"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b3-c11-s145","source":"Он снимал лишь свой подрясник и им накрывался вместо одеяла.","translation":"He would take off only his cassock and cover himself with it in place of a blanket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подрясник","title":"«подрясник» — the cassock","body":"A «подрясник» is the long under-cassock worn by Orthodox monks and clergy beneath the outer «ряса». That Alyosha covers himself with it stresses how thoroughly he lives the monastic life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"снимал… накрывался","title":"Imperfective of habit","body":"Both imperfective past verbs describe Alyosha's nightly custom — 'he would take off… and cover himself'. Russian uses the imperfective for repeated, habitual action, where English reaches for 'would'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снимал","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would take off"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подрясник","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подрясник","lemma":"подрясник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снимал","gloss":"cassock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрывался","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"накрывался","lemma":"накрываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снимал","gloss":"would cover himself"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одеяла","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"одеяла","lemma":"одеяло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрывался","gloss":"a blanket"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b3-c11-s146","source":"Но перед сном он бросился на колени и долго молился.","translation":"But before sleep he threw himself on his knees and prayed for a long while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился на колени","title":"Reflexive «броситься»","body":"«бросился» (perfective, with «-ся») is the middle/reflexive 'threw himself' — the «-ся» turns transitive «бросить» ('to throw') inward onto the subject. «на колени» takes the accusative of motion, 'onto his knees'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сном","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молился","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"молился","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"prayed"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b3-c11-s147","source":"В горячей молитве своей он не просил бога разъяснить ему смущение его, а лишь жаждал радостного умиления, прежнего умиления, всегда посещавшего его душу после хвалы и славы богу, в которых и состояла обыкновенно вся на сон грядущий молитва его.","translation":"In his fervent prayer he did not ask God to explain his confusion to him, but only thirsted for that joyful tenderness, the old tenderness, which had always come to his soul after the praise and glory of God, in which his whole bedtime prayer ordinarily consisted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не просил бога разъяснить","title":"Genitive/accusative «бога» under the verb","body":"«просил бога» — animate «бог» takes the genitive-shaped accusative ('asked God'), followed by the infinitive «разъяснить» ('to explain'). Alyosha 'did not ask God to clarify' his confusion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиления","title":"«умиление» — tender rapture","body":"«умиление» is a key Dostoevskian word: a melting, joyful tenderness of soul, the grace-touched emotion of devotion. There is no single English equivalent; 'tender emotion' or 'rapture' only approximate it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посещавшего его душу","title":"Past active participle «посещавшего»","body":"«посещавшего» is an imperfective past active participle ('which used to visit'), agreeing with «умиления» in the genitive — a participial substitute for «которое… посещало». Such chains are the texture of literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сон грядущий","title":"«на сон грядущий» — bedtime prayer","body":"A fixed Church-Slavonic phrase, literally 'for the coming sleep', i.e. the prayer said on going to bed. «грядущий» ('coming') is itself a Slavonic active participle of the archaic «грясти'»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горячей","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитве","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молитве","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснить","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"смущение","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснить","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смущение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жаждал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просил","gloss":"thirsted for"},{"surface":"радостного","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умиления","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умиления","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to умиления","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посещавшего","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"посещавшего","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying умиления","gloss":"that visited"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посещавшего","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хвалы","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"хвалы","lemma":"хвала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посещавшего","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хвалы","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of хвалы и славы","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состояла","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on славы","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состояла","gloss":"ordinarily"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молитва","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom на сон грядущий (at bedtime)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на in the idiom на сон грядущий","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"грядущий","lemma":"грядущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"oncoming"},{"surface":"молитва","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"prayer","note":"на сон грядущий is a set phrase meaning 'at bedtime.'"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of молитва","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b3-c11-s148","source":"Эта радость, посещавшая его, вела за собой легкий и спокойный сон.","translation":"This joy, when it visited him, brought in its train a light and untroubled sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посещавшая его","title":"Participle as relative «посещавшая»","body":"Again the past active participle «посещавшая» ('that visited him'), now agreeing with feminine «радость» — Dostoevsky reuses the verb «посещать» to bind joy and «умиление» together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вела за собой","title":"Idiom «вести за собой»","body":"«вести за собой» ('to lead behind itself / bring in its train') — the joy 'brought after it' a peaceful sleep. «за собой» uses the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental after «за»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вела","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"посещавшая","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying радость","gloss":"that visited"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посещавшая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вела","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"in train of"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of вела","gloss":"itself","note":"вести за собой is an idiom: 'to bring in one's train.'"},{"surface":"легкий","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойный","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкий","gloss":"untroubled"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вела","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b3-c11-s149","source":"Молясь и теперь, он вдруг случайно нащупал в кармане тот розовый маленький пакетик, который передала ему догнавшая его на дороге служанка Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"While praying even now, he suddenly, by chance, felt in his pocket that small pink packet which Katerina Ivanovna's maidservant had handed him after catching up with him on the road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молясь и теперь","title":"Gerund «молясь»","body":"«молясь» is the present gerund of the «-ся» verb «молиться» ('to pray'), 'while praying' — setting the simultaneous backdrop to the sudden discovery. The clitic becomes «-сь» after the vowel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пакетик","title":"Diminutive «пакетик»","body":"«пакетик» is the diminutive of «пакет» ('packet'); with «розовый маленький» ('pink little') it conveys the dainty, intimate quality of Lise's love-token."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"догнавшая его на дороге","title":"Past active participle «догнавшая»","body":"«догнавшая» ('who had caught up with him') is a perfective past active participle modifying «служанка» — a one-word relative clause naming the maid's completed prior act of overtaking him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молясь","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нащупал","gloss":"praying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Молясь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нащупал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нащупал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нащупал","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"нащупал","lemma":"нащупать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нащупал","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакетик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"розовый","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пакетик","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пакетик","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"пакетик","lemma":"пакетик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нащупал","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"передала","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on пакетик","gloss":"had handed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"догнавшая","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying служанка","gloss":"who had caught up with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of догнавшая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догнавшая","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of передала","gloss":"the maidservant"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of служанка","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b3-c11-s150","source":"Он смутился, но докончил молитву.","translation":"He was troubled, but he finished his prayer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смутился… докончил","title":"Reflexive «смутился» vs transitive «докончил»","body":"«смутился» ('became troubled', «-ся» change of state) contrasts with the perfective transitive «докончил» ('finished off') — two completed perfectives capturing the inner stir and the act of finishing the prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was troubled"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"докончил","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смутился","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of докончил","gloss":"his prayer"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b3-c11-s151","source":"Затем после некоторого колебания вскрыл пакет.","translation":"Then, after some hesitation, he opened the packet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскрыл","title":"«вскрыть» — to open/break the seal","body":"«вскрыть» (perfective) means to open something sealed — a letter, an envelope — by breaking it open. It is more pointed than plain «открыть», fitting the breaking of the little packet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после некоторого колебания","title":"Genitive after «после»","body":"«после» governs the genitive: «после… колебания» ('after some hesitation'), with the adjective «некоторого» agreeing in the genitive singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрыл","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колебания","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of колебания","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"колебания","lemma":"колебание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскрыл","gloss":"hesitation"},{"surface":"вскрыл","lemma":"вскрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вскрыл","gloss":"the packet"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b3-c11-s152","source":"В нем было к нему письмецо, подписанное Lise, — тою самою молоденькою дочерью госпожи Хохлаковой, которая утром так смеялась над ним при старце.","translation":"Inside there was a little letter for him, signed Lise — by that same young daughter of Madame Khokhlakova who had laughed at him so in the morning, in the elder's presence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмецо","title":"Diminutive «письмецо»","body":"«письмецо» is the affectionate diminutive of «письмо» ('letter') — 'a little note'. The tender suffix anticipates the intimacy of its contents."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тою самою молоденькою дочерью","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«тою самою… дочерью» is the instrumental (after passive «подписанное», 'signed by'), and the feminine endings «-ою/-ою» are the older bookish variants of modern «-ой». A Dostoevsky-era flavour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденькою","title":"Diminutive adjective «молоденькая»","body":"«молоденькая» is the endearing diminutive of «молодая» ('young'), via the «-еньк-» suffix — 'so young, sweetly young'. Such adjective diminutives soften and warm the description of Lise."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"письмецо","lemma":"письмецо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a little letter"},{"surface":"подписанное","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying письмецо","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"agent of подписанное","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочерью, in apposition to Lise","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочерью","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"молоденькою","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочерью","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"дочерью","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Lise, agent of подписанное","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочерью","gloss":"of Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on госпожи","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дочерью","gloss":"had laughed"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b3-c11-s153","source":"«Алексей Федорович, — писала она, — пишу вам от всех секретно, и от мамаши, и знаю, как это нехорошо.","translation":"\"Alexei Fyodorovich, — she wrote, — I am writing to you in secret from everyone, even from Mama, and I know how wrong this is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамаши","title":"Affectionate «мамаша»","body":"«мамаша» is a homely, affectionate (and period-coloured) word for 'mama/mother'. Lise uses it for Madame Khokhlakova; «и от мамаши» — 'even from Mama'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"писала","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical 'she wrote' clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of писала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пишу","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am writing"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пишу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of пишу","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"секретно","lemma":"секретно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пишу","gloss":"in secret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мамаши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мамаши","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всех (object of от)","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пишу","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нехорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нехорошо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"wrong"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b3-c11-s154","source":"Но я не могу больше жить, если не скажу вам того, что родилось в моем сердце, а этого никто, кроме нас двоих, не должен до времени знать.","translation":"But I can no longer go on living unless I tell you what has been born in my heart, and this no one but the two of us must know, for the time being.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не скажу","title":"Conditional with perfective future","body":"«если не скажу» — a real condition with the perfective future «скажу» ('I will [not] tell'). 'I cannot go on living if I do not tell you' hinges on this single completed telling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто, кроме нас двоих, не должен… знать","title":"Negative concord «никто… не»","body":"«никто… не должен… знать» — 'no one must know' — shows Russian's obligatory double negation: the negative pronoun «никто» still requires «не» on the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажу","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, modifying жить","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of родилось, relative clause on того","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"родилось","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying того","gloss":"was born"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of родилось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"двоих","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"in apposition to нас","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates должен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with могу","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, idiom 'до времени'","gloss":"the time being"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"know","note":"'до времени' is an idiom meaning 'for now, until the right moment.'"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b3-c11-s155","source":"Но как я вам скажу то, что я так хочу вам сказать?","translation":"But how am I to tell you the very thing I so want to tell you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я вам скажу","title":"Deliberative future «как… скажу»","body":"«как я… скажу» uses the perfective future in a deliberative, almost helpless question — 'how am I [ever] to tell you?'. The future-of-the-perfective often carries this 'how can I possibly' nuance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying то","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b3-c11-s156","source":"Бумага, говорят, не краснеет, уверяю вас, что это неправда и что краснеет она так же точно, как и я теперь вся.","translation":"Paper, they say, does not blush; I assure you that this is untrue, and that it blushes just as surely as I am blushing all over now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бумага… не краснеет","title":"Proverb 'paper does not blush'","body":"«Бумага не краснеет» is a Russian proverb (after Cicero's 'epistola non erubescit') — 'paper does not blush', i.e. one can write what one would blush to say. Lise wittily denies it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так же точно, как и я","title":"Comparative correlative «так же… как»","body":"«так же… как и» frames an equative comparison — 'just as… as'. Lise claims the paper blushes 'exactly as much as I do now', the «и» reinforcing the parallel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бумага","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of краснеет","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies краснеет","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates краснеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"краснеет","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blush"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with краснеет","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неправда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of уверяю","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause of краснеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"краснеет","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with неправда","gloss":"blushes"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of second краснеет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second краснеет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with я","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject compared to она","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate describing я, elided verb краснею","gloss":"all over"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b3-c11-s157","source":"Милый Алеша, я вас люблю, люблю еще с детства, с Москвы, когда вы были совсем не такой, как теперь, и люблю на всю жизнь.","translation":"Dear Alyosha, I love you; I have loved you ever since childhood, since Moscow, when you were not at all as you are now, and I shall love you for my whole life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"люблю еще с детства","title":"Imperfective present for lasting love","body":"The present «люблю» with «ещё с детства» ('ever since childhood') is the imperfective expressing an action begun in the past and still going on — Russian uses the plain present where English needs 'I have loved'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Милый Алеша","title":"From «Алексей Фёдорович» to «Алёша»","body":"Lise now drops to the intimate diminutive «Алёша» with «милый» ('dear') — a sharp shift in register from her formal opening, signalling that her guard has fallen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the first люблю","gloss":"have loved"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second люблю","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with детства","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to такой","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates такой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of были","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of теперь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first люблю","gloss":"shall love"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b3-c11-s158","source":"Я вас избрала сердцем моим, чтобы с вами соединиться, а в старости кончить вместе нашу жизнь.","translation":"I have chosen you with my heart, to be united with you, and in old age to end our life together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"избрала сердцем моим","title":"Instrumental of means «сердцем»","body":"«сердцем моим» is the instrumental of means — 'I chose you with my heart'. The lofty «избрать» ('to choose, elect') and the postposed «моим» lend the line a ceremonious ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы… соединиться","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«чтобы… соединиться» ('in order to be united') — purpose «чтобы» with a reflexive infinitive; «-ся» here is reciprocal/middle, 'to join together with you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of избрала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of избрала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"избрала","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have chosen"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of избрала","gloss":"with my heart"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of соединиться","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of соединиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"соединиться","lemma":"соединиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive, complement of избрала","gloss":"be united"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старости","lemma":"старость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончить","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with соединиться","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончить","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кончить","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b3-c11-s159","source":"Конечно, с тем условием, что вы выйдете из монастыря.","translation":"On the condition, of course, that you leave the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем условием, что вы выйдете","title":"Conditional clause «с тем условием, что»","body":"«с тем условием, что…» ('on the condition that…') sets up a stipulation, completed by the perfective future «выйдете» ('you will leave'). «выйдете» is a prefixed motion verb, «вы-» giving 'out of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условием","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of условием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"условием","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выйдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выйдете","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying условием","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдете","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b3-c11-s160","source":"Насчет же лет наших мы подождем, сколько приказано законом.","translation":"As for our ages, we shall wait as long as the law commands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Насчет же лет наших","title":"Genitive after «насчёт» + topic «же»","body":"«насчёт» ('as regards') governs the genitive — «лет наших» ('our years'). The particle «же» tags this as a new sub-topic, 'And as for our ages…', with the inverted possessive «наших» for weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько приказано законом","title":"Short passive participle «приказано»","body":"«приказано» is the neuter short passive participle, 'as is commanded', with the agent «законом» ('by the law') in the instrumental — an impersonal 'as the law commands'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Насчет","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of Насчет","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подождем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"подождем","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall wait"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative clause of приказано","gloss":"as long as"},{"surface":"приказано","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подождем","gloss":"is commanded"},{"surface":"законом","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of приказано","gloss":"the law"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b3-c11-s161","source":"К тому времени я непременно выздоровлю, буду ходить и танцевать.","translation":"By that time I shall certainly be well, and shall walk and dance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду ходить и танцевать","title":"Compound future «буду + infinitive»","body":"«буду ходить и танцевать» is the imperfective compound future: the future of «быть» plus imperfective infinitives, naming ongoing future activity — 'I shall [be able to] walk and dance'. Poignant from the bedridden Lise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходить","title":"Multidirectional «ходить»","body":"«ходить» is the multidirectional motion verb — 'to walk (generally, about)' — not a single trajectory like «идти». Lise means walking as a restored ability, hence the habitual member."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выздоровлю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выздоровлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выздоровлю","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"выздоровлю","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall be well"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ходить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выздоровлю","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"танцевать","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходить","gloss":"dance"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b3-c11-s162","source":"Об этом не может быть слова.","translation":"Of that there can be no question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Об этом не может быть слова","title":"Genitive of negation «слова»","body":"In «не может быть слова» the negated existential pushes the subject «слова» ('a word, talk') into the genitive — 'of this there can be no question'. A classic genitive-of-negation idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of быть (genitive of negation)","gloss":"question","note":"Genitive of negation: literally 'there cannot be a word of it', idiomatically 'no question of it.'"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b3-c11-s163","source":"Видите, как я всё обдумала, одного только не могу придумать: что подумаете вы обо мне, когда прочтете?","translation":"You see how I have thought it all out; there is only one thing I cannot work out: what you will think of me when you read this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что подумаете вы обо мне","title":"Embedded question + «обо мне»","body":"An indirect question 'what you will think of me', with perfective future «подумаете». «обо мне» shows the prepositional «о» taking the euphonic form «обо» before «мне», the first-person pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одного только не могу придумать","title":"Genitive of negation «одного»","body":"«одного… не могу придумать» — under negation the object «одного» ('one thing') stands in the genitive: 'there is only one thing I cannot figure out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обдумала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обдумала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обдумала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"обдумала","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Видите","gloss":"thought out"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"direct object of придумать","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обдумала","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"придумать","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"work out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"подумаете","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"object clause of придумать","gloss":"will think"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подумаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочтете","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"прочтете","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумаете","gloss":"read this"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b3-c11-s164","source":"Я всё смеюсь и шалю, я давеча вас рассердила, но уверяю вас, что сейчас, перед тем как взяла перо, я помолилась на образ богородицы, да и теперь молюсь и чуть не плачу.","translation":"I am forever laughing and playing the fool, and earlier today I made you angry; but I assure you that just now, before I took up the pen, I prayed before the icon of the Mother of God, and I am praying even now, and am almost in tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеюсь и шалю","title":"Imperfective of habit «смеюсь и шалю»","body":"Present imperfectives «смеюсь и шалю» ('I laugh and play the fool') describe Lise's habitual character — «-ся» on «смеюсь» marks it as a verb existing only in reflexive form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перед тем как взяла перо","title":"Temporal «перед тем как»","body":"«перед тем как» ('just before') is a compound temporal conjunction; here with the perfective past «взяла» ('took'), 'before I took up the pen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шалю","lemma":"шалить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"playing the fool"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассердила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердила","gloss":"earlier today"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of рассердила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассердила","lemma":"рассердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"made angry"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помолилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолилась","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of перед, introduces как-clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взяла","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"перо","lemma":"перо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"the pen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помолилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помолилась","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяю","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образ","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолилась","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"богородицы","lemma":"богородица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies образ","gloss":"of the Mother of God"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и, modifies молюсь","gloss":"even","note":"'да и' is a set phrase meaning 'and indeed, and moreover.'"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"молюсь","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помолилась","gloss":"am praying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не, idiom 'чуть не' with плачу","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не, does not negate плачу","gloss":"almost","note":"'чуть не' + verb means 'almost [verb]', not a true negation."},{"surface":"плачу","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помолилась","gloss":"crying"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b3-c11-s165","source":"Мой секрет у вас в руках; завтра, как придете, не знаю, как и взгляну на вас.","translation":"My secret is in your hands; when you come tomorrow, I do not know how I shall so much as glance at you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как придете","title":"«как» = 'when' + perfective future","body":"Here «как» functions as a temporal 'when' with the perfective future «придёте» ('you will come') — 'when you come'. «придёте» is the prefixed motion verb «прийти», «при-» for arrival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как и взгляну на вас","title":"Emphatic «как и взгляну»","body":"«не знаю, как и взгляну» — the particle «и» intensifies, 'I don't know how I shall even glance at you'. The perfective future «взгляну» names the single feared glance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, predicate is у вас в руках","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate location of секрет","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придете","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придете","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завтра","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взгляну","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взгляну","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"взгляну","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clause complement of знаю","gloss":"shall glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of взгляну","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b3-c11-s166","source":"Ах, Алексей Федорович, что, если я опять не удержусь, как дура, и засмеюсь, как давеча, на вас глядя?","translation":"Ah, Alexei Fyodorovich, what if I again fail to restrain myself, like a fool, and burst out laughing, the way I did earlier, looking at you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что, если я… не удержусь","title":"«что, если» — what if","body":"«что, если…» opens an anxious hypothetical, 'what if I…', completed by the perfective future «не удержусь» ('I fail to restrain myself'). «-сь» is the reflexive on «удержаться»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как дура","title":"«дура» — fool (f.)","body":"«дура» is the blunt feminine of «дурак» ('fool'). Lise's self-mocking «как дура» ('like a fool') is colloquial and self-deprecating, in keeping with her impulsive voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вас глядя","title":"Gerund «глядя»","body":"«глядя» is the present gerund of «глядеть» ('to look'), 'looking at you' — an attendant-circumstance adverbial trailing the main verb, sharing Lise as subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the exclamation, idiom 'что, если'","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удержусь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удержусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удержусь","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates удержусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удержусь","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"condition clause introduced by если","gloss":"restrain myself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison дура","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of comparison with удержусь","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засмеюсь","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удержусь, apodosis of если-clause","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison давеча","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеюсь","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on засмеюсь","gloss":"looking"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b3-c11-s167","source":"Ведь вы меня примете за скверную насмешницу и письму моему не поверите.","translation":"Then you will take me for a wicked mocker and will not believe my letter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вы меня примете","title":"Particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'after all / you see, you'll take me for…'. It colours the clause with Lise's anxious certainty about how Alyosha will read her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"письму моему не поверите","title":"Dative object «письму»","body":"«поверить» ('to believe, trust') governs the dative — «письму моему» ('my letter'), here negated: 'will not believe my letter'. The postposed «моему» adds plaintive emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of примете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of примете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"примете","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешницу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"скверную","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies насмешницу","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"насмешницу","lemma":"насмешница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примете","gloss":"mocker"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"письму","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative object of поверите","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письму","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates поверите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверите","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with примете","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b3-c11-s168","source":"А потому умоляю вас, милый, если у вас есть сострадание ко мне, когда вы войдете завтра, то не глядите мне слишком прямо в глаза, потому что я, встретясь с вашими, может быть, непременно вдруг рассмеюсь, а к тому же вы будете в этом длинном платье… Даже теперь я вся холодею, когда об этом подумаю, а потому, как войдете, не смотрите на меня некоторое время совсем, а смотрите на маменьку или на окошко…","translation":"And so I implore you, dear one, if you have any compassion for me, when you come in tomorrow, do not look me too straight in the eyes, because, meeting yours, I may quite certainly burst out laughing all at once — and besides, you will be in that long gown… Even now I go all cold when I think of it; and so, when you come in, do not look at me at all for a little while, but look at Mama or at the window…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не глядите мне слишком прямо в глаза","title":"Negated imperative «не глядите»","body":"«не глядите» is the polite/plural imperative ('do not look') with «-те»; «мне… в глаза» — 'into my eyes', with the experiencer «мне» in the dative. Negated imperatives strongly favour the imperfective, as here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встретясь с вашими","title":"Gerund «встретясь»","body":"«встретясь» is a perfective past gerund of reflexive «встретиться» ('to meet'), 'having met / on meeting' — 'meeting yours [your eyes]'. «с вашими» takes the instrumental after «с»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"длинном платье… маменьку… окошко","title":"Lise's diminutives","body":"The 'long gown' is Alyosha's cassock, comic to Lise; «маменька» ('mama dear') and «окошко» ('little window', dim. of «окно») cluster the affectionate diminutives that mark her girlish, intimate voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умоляю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"умоляю","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I implore"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of умоляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor in the у-вас-есть construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of сострадание","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of войдете","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of войдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"войдете","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядите","gloss":"you come in"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войдете","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle before глядите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядите","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of умоляю","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of глядите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядите","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядите","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of рассмеюсь (with что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because","note":"потому что together = \"because\"."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассмеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"встретясь","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассмеюсь","gloss":"meeting","note":"Short converb of встретиться, \"having met/on meeting.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вашими","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вашими","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of встретясь","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical phrase modifying рассмеюсь (может быть = \"perhaps\")","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеюсь","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеюсь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рассмеюсь","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that","note":"к тому же is a fixed idiom meaning \"besides, moreover.\""},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to платье","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"длинном","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of будете","gloss":"gown"},{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies холодею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of холодею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я, predicative (\"all over\")","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"холодею","lemma":"холодеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go cold"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумаю","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"подумаю","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on холодею","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of войдете","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"войдете","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрите","gloss":"you come in"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to глядите","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of смотрите (duration)","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрите","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрите (w60)","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маменьку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"маменьку","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрите","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошко","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окошко","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with маменьку","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b3-c11-s169","source":"Вот я написала вам любовное письмо, боже мой, что я сделала!","translation":"There, I have written you a love letter — my God, what have I done!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"боже мой","title":"Vocative «боже»","body":"«боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «бог» ('God'), preserved in the exclamation «боже мой!» ('my God!'). It is set off from the clause as direct address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я сделала","title":"Gendered past «сделала»","body":"«сделала» carries the feminine «-ла» ending, agreeing with Lise — 'what have I done!'. The Russian past tense agrees in gender, here marking the writer as female."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написала","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"написала","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have written"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of написала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любовное","lemma":"любовный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написала","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"God","note":"боже мой is a fixed exclamation, \"my God.\""},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b3-c11-s170","source":"Алеша, не презирайте меня, и если я что сделала очень дурное и вас огорчила, то извините меня.","translation":"Alyosha, do not despise me, and if I have done something very wicked and have grieved you, then forgive me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не презирайте меня","title":"Negated imperative «не презирайте»","body":"«не презирайте» — imperfective imperative ('do not despise me'), the aspect Russian normally uses for prohibitions. The plural/polite «-те» keeps the formal-to-intimate tension of the letter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если я что сделала… то извините","title":"Conditional «если… то»","body":"«если… то» is the explicit 'if… then' frame; «что сделала» here means 'if I did some-thing', «что» as indefinite 'anything'. The apodosis is the imperative «извините» ('forgive')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"презирайте","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделала","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделала","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (condition for извините)","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дурное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дурное","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделала","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of огорчила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"огорчила","lemma":"огорчить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделала","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing извините","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (then-clause)","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of извините","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b3-c11-s171","source":"Теперь тайна моей, погибшей навеки может быть, репутации в ваших руках.","translation":"Now the secret of my reputation — ruined forever, perhaps — is in your hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"погибшей навеки","title":"Past active participle «погибшая»","body":"«погибшей» is the past active participle of «погибнуть» ('to perish'), in the genitive agreeing with «репутации» — 'of my reputation, ruined forever'. It echoes the chapter's title «погибшая репутация»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ваших руках","title":"Prepositional «в руках»","body":"«в ваших руках» ('in your hands') uses the prepositional of location after «в»; the idiom means 'within your power'. Lise repeats it, dramatizing her surrender."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the main predicate в руках","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate: в руках)","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of репутации","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"погибшей","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying репутации","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибшей","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical phrase (может быть = \"perhaps\")","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"репутации","lemma":"репутация","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"reputation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical predicate (в ваших руках = \"is in your hands\")","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b3-c11-s172","source":"Я сегодня непременно буду плакать.","translation":"I shall certainly cry today.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду плакать","title":"Compound future «буду плакать»","body":"«буду плакать» is the imperfective compound future — «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive — naming an ongoing future state: 'I shall [be] crying'. «непременно» ('certainly') underscores her resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плакать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of плакать","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b3-c11-s173","source":"До свиданья, до ''ужасного'' свиданья. Lise.","translation":"Until we meet, until our ''dreadful'' meeting. Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"До свиданья","title":"«до свиданья» — until our meeting","body":"«до свиданья» literally means 'until (the next) seeing', «свиданье» being a 'meeting/rendezvous'. Lise's ironic «до 'ужасного' свиданья» ('until our \"dreadful\" meeting') plays on the word's romantic overtone."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свиданья","gloss":"Until"},{"surface":"свиданья","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"meeting","note":"Archaic genitive spelling of свидание."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасного свиданья","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ужасного","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свиданья","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"свиданья","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the second phrase","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase (signature)","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b3-c11-s174","source":"P.S. Алеша, только вы непременно, непременно, непременно придите! Lise».","translation":"P.S. Alyosha, only be sure, be sure, be sure to come! Lise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно, непременно, непременно придите","title":"Imperative «придите»","body":"«придите» is the polite/plural imperative of «прийти» ('come!'), a prefixed motion verb. The threefold «непременно» ('be sure to') is intensifying repetition, pure Lise."}],"words":[{"surface":"P.S.","lemma":"p.s.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"heading of the postscript","gloss":"P.S."},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придите","gloss":"be sure"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придите","gloss":"be sure"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придите","gloss":"be sure"},{"surface":"придите","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase (signature)","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b3-c11-s175","source":"Алеша прочел с удивлением, прочел два раза, подумал и вдруг тихо, сладко засмеялся.","translation":"Alyosha read it with astonishment, read it twice, thought a moment, and suddenly laughed quietly, sweetly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал и вдруг… засмеялся","title":"Chain of perfectives","body":"«прочёл… подумал… засмеялся» — a string of perfective pasts moving the moment forward event by event. The prefix «за-» on «засмеялся» marks the onset, 'began to laugh / broke into a laugh'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочел","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочел","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"сладко","lemma":"сладко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"sweetly"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочел","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b3-c11-s176","source":"Он было вздрогнул, смех этот показался ему греховным.","translation":"He gave a start, for this laughter seemed sinful to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он было вздрогнул","title":"The particle «было»","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action just begun or about to happen but then checked or reversed — 'he gave a start [but…]'. A subtle aspectual nuance with no English equivalent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смех этот показался ему греховным","title":"Instrumental predicate «греховным»","body":"After «показался» ('seemed') the predicate adjective «греховным» ('sinful') stands in the instrumental, the case for predicate complements of such linking verbs — 'this laughter seemed sinful to him', with «ему» dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"particle marking a briefly-begun action (near-accomplishment)","gloss":"started to","note":"V-past + было marks an action begun/almost happening; not a true auxiliary."},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смех","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показался","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"греховным","lemma":"греховный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of показался","gloss":"sinful"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b3-c11-s177","source":"Но мгновение спустя он опять рассмеялся так же тихо и так же счастливо.","translation":"But a moment later he laughed again, just as quietly and just as happily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так же тихо и так же счастливо","title":"Equative «так же… и так же»","body":"The repeated «так же» ('just as') ties this laugh to the earlier one — 'just as quietly and just as happily'. The parallelism mirrors the recurrence of the laughter itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассмеялся","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition marking мгновение","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихо","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастливо","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"счастливо","lemma":"счастливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"happily"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b3-c11-s178","source":"Медленно вложил он письмо в конвертик, перекрестился и лег.","translation":"Slowly he slipped the letter back into its little envelope, crossed himself, and lay down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конвертик","title":"Diminutive «конвертик»","body":"«конвертик» is the diminutive of «конверт» ('envelope') — 'little envelope', the affectionate touch matching the «письмецо» it holds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вложил он письмо","title":"Topic-fronted «Медленно вложил он»","body":"Fronting the adverb «медленно» ('slowly') and inverting subject and verb («вложил он») throws rhythmic weight onto the deliberate slowness of the gesture — typical Russian word-order play."}],"words":[{"surface":"Медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вложил","gloss":"Slowly"},{"surface":"вложил","lemma":"вложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put back"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вложил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вложил","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конвертик","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"конвертик","lemma":"конвертик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вложил","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"перекрестился","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вложил","gloss":"crossed himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вложил","gloss":"lay down"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b3-c11-s179","source":"Смятение души его вдруг прошло.","translation":"The turmoil of his soul had suddenly passed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Смятение","title":"«смятение» — turmoil","body":"«смятение» is inner turmoil, agitation, a troubled confusion of soul — a heightened, literary word. «Смятение души его» ('the turmoil of his soul') postposes the possessive for solemn weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг прошло","title":"Perfective «прошло» — passed away","body":"The perfective past «прошло» ('passed, went away') marks the single completed disappearance of the turmoil; «вдруг» ('suddenly') points its abruptness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смятение","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"turmoil"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Смятение","gloss":"soul's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b3-c11-s180","source":"«Господи, помилуй их всех, давешних, сохрани их, несчастных и бурных, и направь.","translation":"\"Lord, have mercy on them all, on the ones from today; keep them safe, the unhappy and the stormy, and guide them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господи, помилуй","title":"«Господи, помилуй» — Lord, have mercy","body":"«Господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» ('Lord'), and «помилуй» the imperative of «помиловать» ('have mercy'). Together they are the most familiar Orthodox prayer-formula (the Kyrie eleison)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешних","title":"Colloquial «давешних»","body":"«давешний» ('of earlier today, the recent ones') is the adjective formed from folksy «давеча»; «давешних» here means 'the people from earlier today' — those Alyosha met on his outing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сохрани… и направь","title":"Imperatives of supplication","body":"«помилуй… сохрани… направь» chain three perfective imperatives ('have mercy… keep safe… guide') — the perfective aspect, normal in prayer, asks for each act as a single accomplished grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"помилуй","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy on"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of помилуй","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies их (quantifier, \"all\")","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"давешних","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"from today"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помилуй","gloss":"keep safe"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сохрани","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"несчастных","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with их","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бурных","lemma":"бурный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with их","gloss":"stormy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"направь","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помилуй","gloss":"guide"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b3-c11-s181","source":"У тебя пути: ими же веси путями спаси их.","translation":"Yours are the ways: by such paths as Thou knowest, save them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"веси","title":"«веси» — Thou knowest","body":"«веси» is the archaic 2nd-person singular of the Church-Slavonic verb «ведать» (to know), i.e. modern «знаешь». It survives almost only in this liturgical formula, lending the line the cadence of a prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ими же ... путями","title":"Instrumental of means + relative «иже»","body":"«путями» stands in the instrumental — the case of the means by which something is done, here the paths by which God saves. «ими же» is the old Slavonic relative «иже» ('which, by which'), agreeing in the instrumental plural with «путями»: 'by those very paths.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спаси","title":"Imperative «спаси» — save Thou","body":"«спаси» is the perfective imperative of «спасти» (to save), formed with stressed -и on a consonant stem. As a perfective command it asks for the act to be carried through to its result — the single, decisive salvation prayed for."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement in the possessive construction (у тебя = \"Thine\")","gloss":"Thee"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical есть (possessive construction)","gloss":"ways"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"relative determiner of путями","gloss":"which","note":"Church-Slavonic prayer register; \"ими же\" = \"by which.\""},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ими","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"веси","lemma":"ведать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying путями","gloss":"knowest","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic form of ведать, \"(Thou) knowest.\""},{"surface":"путями","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спаси (means)","gloss":"paths"},{"surface":"спаси","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спаси","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b3-c11-s182","source":"Ты любовь, ты всем пошлешь и радость!» — бормотал, крестясь, засыпая безмятежным сном, Алеша.","translation":"Thou art love; Thou wilt send joy to all!\" — Alyosha murmured, crossing himself, falling into a serene sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты любовь","title":"Zero copula: «Ты любовь»","body":"Russian uses no verb 'to be' in the present, so a subject and a predicate noun simply stand side by side in the nominative: «Ты любовь» = 'Thou art love.' The bare juxtaposition gives the confession its lapidary, creed-like weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем пошлешь","title":"Dative «всем» + perfective future «пошлёшь»","body":"«всем» is the dative plural of «все» ('to all') — the recipients of the sending. «пошлёшь» is the perfective verb «послать» conjugated with present-tense endings, which yields a simple future: 'Thou wilt send.' The perfective frames it as one sure, completed gift of joy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крестясь, засыпая","title":"Two present gerunds frame the action","body":"«крестясь» (from reflexive «креститься») and «засыпая» are imperfective present gerunds («деепричастия») in -я, naming actions simultaneous with the main verb «бормотал»: he murmured while crossing himself and while drifting off. Both must share the main subject, Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бормотал ... Алеша","title":"Delayed subject; imperfective «бормотал»","body":"The subject «Алёша» is held to the very end, after the verb and its gerund cluster — Russian's free word order lets the new, naming information land last. «бормотал» is imperfective past, painting the murmuring as an ongoing process rather than a single utterance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безмятежным сном","title":"Instrumental of manner: «безмятежным сном»","body":"«засыпать сном» takes the instrumental «(каким) сном» to specify the kind of sleep — here «безмятежным», 'serene, untroubled.' This cognate-object instrumental ('sleeping a serene sleep') is a poetic, slightly archaic turn that closes the scene on a note of peace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крестясь","title":"«креститься» — to cross oneself","body":"«креститься» means to make the sign of the cross (and, separately, to be baptised). Alyosha's reflex of crossing himself as he falls asleep is the quiet bodily punctuation of an Orthodox believer's prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical есть (predicate: любовь)","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошлешь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пошлешь","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"пошлешь","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"wilt send"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пошлешь","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"крестясь","lemma":"креститься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"crossing himself"},{"surface":"засыпая","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"falling asleep"},{"surface":"безмятежным","lemma":"безмятежный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"serene"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засыпая","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]}]}