{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c2","title":{"source":"II. Лизавета смердящая","translated":"Lizaveta"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c2","lines":63},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c2-s1","source":"Тут было одно особенное обстоятельство, которое глубоко потрясло Григория, окончательно укрепив в нем одно неприятное и омерзительное прежнее подозрение.","translation":"Here there was one particular circumstance that shook Grigory to the depths and confirmed once and for all an old suspicion of his, unpleasant and loathsome.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое глубоко потрясло Григория","title":"Relative «который» + perfective punch","body":"«которое» agrees in neuter singular with its antecedent «обстоятельство» but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause. The perfective «потрясло» (from потрясти) reports a single, decisive event — the circumstance shook him once and for all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"окончательно укрепив в нем","title":"Perfective gerund «укрепив»","body":"«укрепив» is a perfective деепричастие in -ив ('having confirmed / strengthened'), folding a second, prior-and-completed action into the same sentence and sharing the subject «обстоятельство». Such gerund chains are a hallmark of Dostoevsky's literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясло","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"потрясло","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on обстоятельство","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потрясло","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укрепив","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"укрепив","lemma":"укрепить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потрясло","gloss":"confirming"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укрепив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies подозрение","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"неприятное","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подозрение","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"омерзительное","lemma":"омерзительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неприятное","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"прежнее","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подозрение","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of укрепив","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c2-s2","source":"Эта Лизавета Смердящая была очень малого роста девка, «двух аршин с малым», как умилительно вспоминали о ней после ее смерти многие из богомольных старушек нашего городка.","translation":"This Lizaveta the Reeking was a wench of very small stature, \"a little over two arshins,\" as many of the devout old women of our little town fondly recalled of her after her death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девка","title":"«девка» — a wench","body":"«девка» is a plain, folksy word for a young unmarried woman or peasant girl, distinctly lower in register than «девушка». Here it sits naturally in the gossiping townswomen's voice, not unkindly but markedly common."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень малого роста","title":"Genitive of description «малого роста»","body":"«малого роста» ('of small stature') is a genitive phrase describing a quality — Russian's standard way of attributing height, build, or age to a person (человек высокого роста). The adjective «малого» agrees with «роста» in genitive masculine singular."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умилительно","title":"«умилительно» — tenderly, movingly","body":"From «умиление», the soft, melting tenderness so central to Dostoevsky's emotional vocabulary. The old women recalled her «умилительно» — with a sentimental, almost devotional fondness, a tone the narrator gently colors with irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"богомольных старушек","title":"«богомольный» and the diminutive «старушка»","body":"«богомольный» means 'devout, given to prayer' (literally 'God-praying'). «старушек» (gen. pl. of «старушка») is the affectionate diminutive of «старуха» — not just 'old women' but 'dear little old women', the tone half-tender, half-amused."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Лизавета","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"Смердящая","lemma":"смердящий","morphology":"proper noun (epithet), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Лизавета","gloss":"the Reeking"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to девка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies малого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies девка (genitive of quality)","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"девка","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"wench"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies аршин","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"аршин","lemma":"аршин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to роста","gloss":"arshins","note":"An arshin is an old Russian unit of length, about 28 inches."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малым","gloss":"with","note":"\"С малым\" is an idiom meaning \"a bit more than.\""},{"surface":"малым","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аршин","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспоминали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"умилительно","lemma":"умилительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминали","gloss":"fondly"},{"surface":"вспоминали","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of смерти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вспоминали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старушек","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"богомольных","lemma":"богомольный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies старушек","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"старушек","lemma":"старушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"old women"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городка","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старушек","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c2-s3","source":"Двадцатилетнее лицо ее, здоровое, широкое и румяное, было вполне идиотское; взгляд же глаз неподвижный и неприятный, хотя и смирный.","translation":"Her face, that of a twenty-year-old, healthy, broad, and ruddy, was utterly idiotic; the gaze of her eyes was fixed and disagreeable, though meek.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взгляд же глаз","title":"The particle «же» as a hinge","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic but a soft contrastive connective ('as for the gaze of her eyes…'), pivoting from the description of the face to the eyes. This topic-shifting «же» is one of Russian's quiet structural particles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неподвижный и неприятный, хотя и смирный","title":"Long-form predicate adjectives","body":"The eyes' gaze is described with long-form adjectives in the nominative («неподвижный, неприятный, смирный») agreeing with «взгляд». «хотя и» ('though') concedes the meekness against the unpleasantness — a tidy 19th-century balancing of attributes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двадцатилетнее","lemma":"двадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"twenty-year-old"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"здоровое","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"healthy"},{"surface":"широкое","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with здоровое","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"румяное","lemma":"румяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with широкое","gloss":"ruddy"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to идиотское","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идиотское","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"идиотское","lemma":"идиотский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"idiotic"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неподвижный","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взгляд (contrastive)","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"неподвижный","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing взгляд","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неприятный","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неподвижный","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on взгляд","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смирный","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смирный","lemma":"смирный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"concessive complement describing взгляд","gloss":"meek"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c2-s4","source":"Ходила она всю жизнь, и летом и зимой, босая и в одной посконной рубашке.","translation":"All her life, summer and winter alike, she went barefoot and in nothing but a coarse hempen shift.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ходила она всю жизнь","title":"Multidirectional «ходила» for habit","body":"«ходила» is the multidirectional motion verb «ходить», imperfective — exactly right for a lifelong habit ('she went about all her life'). Fronting the verb before the pronoun «она» throws the weight onto the enduring, repeated manner of her going."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посконной рубашке","title":"«посконный» — of coarse hemp","body":"«посконь» is the male hemp plant; «посконная рубашка» is a shift of the cheapest, roughest homespun hemp cloth — the garb of the destitute. The single archaic adjective places Lizaveta at the very bottom of the social world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ходила","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went about"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Ходила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration on Ходила","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative, links летом/зимой","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"летом","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Ходила, coordinated with зимой","gloss":"in summer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зимой","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Ходила, coordinated with летом","gloss":"in winter"},{"surface":"босая","lemma":"босой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing она (manner of Ходила)","gloss":"barefoot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рубашке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"посконной","lemma":"посконный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубашке","gloss":"hempen"},{"surface":"рубашке","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, describing manner of Ходила","gloss":"shift"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c2-s5","source":"Почти черные волосы ее, чрезвычайно густые, закурчавленные как у барана, держались на голове ее в виде как бы какой-то огромной шапки.","translation":"Her nearly black hair, extraordinarily thick and curled like a ram's fleece, sat upon her head in the form of some enormous cap.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закурчавленные как у барана","title":"Past passive participle «закурчавленные»","body":"«закурчавленные» ('curled, made curly') is a past passive participle in -нные, long form, agreeing with «волосы» (nom. pl.). It works like an adjective, compressing 'which had been curled' into one word — typical of dense literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в виде как бы какой-то огромной шапки","title":"Hedging «как бы» and indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«как бы» ('as it were') and «какой-то» ('some sort of') stack to soften the comparison — the hair sat 'in the form of, as it were, some kind of enormous cap'. The piled hedges are a signature of the narrator's tentative, conversational voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies черные","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"черные","lemma":"черный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies волосы","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of держались","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of волосы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies густые","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"густые","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies волосы, coordinated with черные","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"закурчавленные","lemma":"закурчавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying волосы","gloss":"curled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with барана","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барана","lemma":"баран","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, in the comparison introduced by как","gloss":"a ram"},{"surface":"держались","lemma":"держаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держались","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (idiom \"в виде\" = in the form of)","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как бы (as if) modifying шапки","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"forms какой-то (some sort of) with то, determiner of шапки","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun какой-то with какой","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"огромной","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шапки","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"шапки","lemma":"шапка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (в виде ... шапки)","gloss":"a cap"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c2-s6","source":"Кроме того, всегда были запачканы в земле, в грязи, с налипшими в них листочками, лучиночками, стружками, потому что спала она всегда на земле и в грязи.","translation":"What is more, it was always grimed with earth and mud, with little leaves, splinters, and shavings stuck in it, for she always slept on the bare ground and in the mire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были запачканы","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participle","body":"«запачканы» is the short-form past passive participle (from запачкать), joined to «были» to state a result — '[they] were grimed'. The short passive participle + быть is Russian's standard way of describing a resulting state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"листочками, лучиночками, стружками","title":"A cascade of diminutives","body":"«листочками» (little leaves), «лучиночками» (tiny splinters), «стружками» (shavings) — the diminutive -очк-/-иночк- suffixes pile up to make the debris in her hair sound small, pitiable, and homely all at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что спала она всегда","title":"«потому что» + imperfective of habit","body":"«потому что» ('because') opens a causal subordinate clause. Inside it «спала» is imperfective past, naming her habitual practice of sleeping on the ground — process and repetition, not a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме (idiom \"кроме того\" = moreover)","gloss":"that","note":"\"Кроме того\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"moreover, besides that.\""},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запачканы","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of запачканы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"запачканы","lemma":"запачкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grimed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запачканы","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грязи","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"грязи","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with земле","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking листочками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"налипшими","lemma":"налипнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies листочками, лучиночками, стружками","gloss":"stuck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of налипшими","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"листочками","lemma":"листочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с, coordinated with лучиночками","gloss":"little leaves"},{"surface":"лучиночками","lemma":"лучиночка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with листочками","gloss":"splinters"},{"surface":"стружками","lemma":"стружка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with листочками","gloss":"shavings"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спала","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спала","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грязи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грязи","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with земле","gloss":"the mire"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c2-s7","source":"Отец ее был бездомный, разорившийся и хворый мещанин Илья, сильно запивавший и приживавший уже много лет вроде работника у одних зажиточных хозяев, тоже наших мещан.","translation":"Her father was a homeless, ruined, and sickly townsman named Ilya, a heavy drinker who for many years had lived as a sort of hired hand sponging off some well-to-do householders, townsfolk like himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильно запивавший и приживавший","title":"Past active participles in -вший","body":"Two imperfective past active participles, «запивавший» ('who drank hard') and «приживавший» ('who sponged'), modify «мещанин Илья», each replacing a «который»-clause. Their imperfective stems give an ongoing, habitual past sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживавший вроде работника","title":"«приживать» — to sponge, live off others","body":"«приживать» / «приживальщик» belongs to a key Dostoevskian lexical family: the dependent hanger-on who lives at another's expense. Ilya «приживал вроде работника» — lived as a kind of half-servant, half-parasite in another household."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мещанин","title":"Meshchanin","body":"A «мещанин» was a member of the lowest urban estate (petty townsfolk, small traders or artisans) in Imperial Russia's rigid system of social ranks. We render it here as \"townsman\" / \"townsfolk,\" but note that the word marks low social standing rather than any particular trade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of Отец","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мещанин","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бездомный","lemma":"бездомный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мещанин","gloss":"homeless"},{"surface":"разорившийся","lemma":"разориться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with бездомный","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хворый","lemma":"хворый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бездомный","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"мещанин","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"townsman"},{"surface":"Илья","lemma":"илья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мещанин","gloss":"Ilya"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запивавший","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"запивавший","lemma":"запивать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мещанин","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приживавший","lemma":"приживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with запивавший","gloss":"sponging"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приживавший","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking работника","gloss":"as a sort of"},{"surface":"работника","lemma":"работник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приживавший","gloss":"a worker"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяев","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies хозяев","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"зажиточных","lemma":"зажиточный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies хозяев","gloss":"well-to-do"},{"surface":"хозяев","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"householders"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мещан","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мещан","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мещан","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"in apposition to хозяев","gloss":"townsfolk"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c2-s8","source":"Мать же Лизаветы давно померла.","translation":"Lizaveta's mother had died long before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"померла","title":"«помереть» — the plain word for dying","body":"«померла» (from помереть, perfective) is the colloquial, folk equivalent of «умерла» (from умереть). It belongs to peasant and lower-town speech and recurs through this passage («помер», «померла»), keeping the narrator close to the townsfolk's idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мать же Лизаветы","title":"Topic-marking «же»","body":"«же» here marks a shift of topic — 'as for Lizaveta's mother' — rather than adding stress. It signals that the narration is turning to a new figure after dwelling on the father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of померла","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мать (contrastive)","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Лизаветы","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Мать","gloss":"Lizaveta's"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies померла","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"померла","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had died"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c2-s9","source":"Вечно болезненный и злобный Илья бесчеловечно бивал Лизавету, когда та приходила домой.","translation":"Forever ailing and spiteful, Ilya beat Lizaveta inhumanly whenever she came home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бивал Лизавету, когда та приходила","title":"Iterative «бивал» + correlative «та»","body":"«бивал» is a frequentative form of «бить» ('used to beat repeatedly'), reinforced by the imperfective «приходила» in the «когда»-clause — habitual beatings on each homecoming. «та» here is the demonstrative «тот» used pronominally for 'she (the latter)'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесчеловечно","title":"«бесчеловечно» — inhumanly","body":"Built on «человек» with the negating prefix без-/бес-: 'without humanity'. The adverb lands hard against the «божий человек» ('God's person') that Lizaveta will soon be called — Dostoevsky setting cruelty and holiness side by side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болезненный","gloss":"eternally"},{"surface":"болезненный","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Илья","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with болезненный","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"Илья","lemma":"илья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бивал","gloss":"Ilya"},{"surface":"бесчеловечно","lemma":"бесчеловечный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бивал","gloss":"inhumanly"},{"surface":"бивал","lemma":"бивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to beat"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бивал","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приходила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"приходила","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бивал","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходила","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c2-s10","source":"Но приходила она редко, потому что приживала по всему городу как юродивый божий человек.","translation":"But she came rarely, for she lived off the whole town as a holy fool, one of God's own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приживала по всему городу","title":"«по» + dative of distribution","body":"«по всему городу» uses «по» with the dative «всему городу» to mean 'all over the town' — distribution across space. The imperfective «приживала» again names her settled way of life, not one act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"приходила","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приходила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходила","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"приживала","lemma":"приживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"lived off"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приживала","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking человек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"юродивый","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"a holy fool"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement introduced by как","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c2-s11","source":"И хозяева Ильи, и сам Илья, и даже многие из городских сострадательных людей, из купцов и купчих преимущественно, пробовали не раз одевать Лизавету приличнее, чем в одной рубашке, а к зиме всегда надевали на нее тулуп, а ноги обували в сапоги; но она обыкновенно, давая всё надеть на себя беспрекословно, уходила и где-нибудь, преимущественно на соборной церковной паперти, непременно снимала с себя всё, ей пожертвованное, — платок ли, юбку ли, тулуп, сапоги, — всё оставляла на месте и уходила босая и в одной рубашке по-прежнему.","translation":"Ilya's householders, and Ilya himself, and even many of the compassionate folk of the town — chiefly the merchants and their wives — tried more than once to dress Lizaveta more decently than in a single shift, and toward winter they always put a sheepskin coat on her and shod her feet in boots; but as a rule, letting them put everything on her without a word of protest, she would walk off and somewhere — most often on the porch of the cathedral church — would unfailingly strip off everything that had been given her, kerchief or skirt, sheepskin or boots, leave it all on the spot, and go off barefoot and in nothing but her shift as before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"купцов и купчих","title":"«купец» and «купчиха»","body":"«купец» is a merchant (a distinct estate in Imperial Russia); «купчиха» is a merchant's wife (or a woman merchant). The paired forms recur throughout — «купчиха Кондратьева» below — and locate the town's charity in its prosperous trading class."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давая всё надеть на себя","title":"Imperfective gerund «давая» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«давая» is an imperfective present gerund ('letting / allowing', simultaneous action). «на себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» pointing back to Lizaveta — she let them put everything 'onto herself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"платок ли, юбку ли, тулуп, сапоги","title":"Enumerative «ли … ли»","body":"Repeated «ли» after each item ('kerchief or skirt, sheepskin or boots') builds a 'whether… whether…' enumeration — a more literary, rhythmic way to list alternatives than plain «или»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно снимала с себя всё","title":"Imperfective past «снимала»","body":"«непременно снимала с себя всё» uses the imperfective «снимала» for her habitual ritual of stripping everything off; «ей пожертвованное» is a past passive participle ('that had been donated to her') used as a noun. The whole sentence chains habit upon habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative, links хозяева/Илья/многие","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"хозяева","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пробовали","gloss":"the masters"},{"surface":"Ильи","lemma":"илья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хозяева","gloss":"Ilya's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Илья","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Илья","lemma":"илья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хозяева (subject of пробовали)","gloss":"Ilya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with хозяева","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"городских","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"of the town"},{"surface":"сострадательных","lemma":"сострадательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"compassionate"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купцов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"купцов","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to людей","gloss":"merchants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"купчих","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with купцов","gloss":"merchants' wives"},{"surface":"преимущественно","lemma":"преимущественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies из купцов и купчих","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"пробовали","lemma":"пробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз (negation, idiom)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of пробовали (idiom \"не раз\" = more than once)","gloss":"once","note":"\"Не раз\" is idiomatic for \"more than once.\""},{"surface":"одевать","lemma":"одевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пробовали","gloss":"to dress"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of одевать","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"приличнее","lemma":"прилично","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies одевать","gloss":"more decently"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рубашке","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"рубашке","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of the чем-clause","gloss":"shift"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зиме","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"зиме","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надевали","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надевали","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"надевали","lemma":"надевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробовали","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надевали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тулуп","lemma":"тулуп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надевали","gloss":"a sheepskin coat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обували","gloss":"her feet"},{"surface":"обували","lemma":"обувать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробовали","gloss":"shod"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапоги","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сапоги","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обували","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уходила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходила","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"давая","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уходила","gloss":"letting"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of надеть","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"надеть","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of давая","gloss":"to put on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of надеть","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"беспрекословно","lemma":"беспрекословно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давая","gloss":"without a word"},{"surface":"уходила","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробовали","gloss":"would go off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms где-нибудь with нибудь, modifies уходила","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms где-нибудь with где","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"преимущественно","lemma":"преимущественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies паперти","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паперти","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"соборной","lemma":"соборный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies паперти","gloss":"cathedral"},{"surface":"церковной","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies паперти","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"паперти","lemma":"паперть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"specifies где-нибудь, complement of уходила","gloss":"porch"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снимала","gloss":"invariably"},{"surface":"снимала","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробовали","gloss":"would strip off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of снимала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of снимала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of the participle пожертвованное","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"пожертвованное,","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying всё","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to всё, specifying what was given","gloss":"a kerchief"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies платок (correlative ли...ли)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"юбку","lemma":"юбка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with платок","gloss":"a skirt"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies юбку","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"тулуп","lemma":"тулуп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with платок","gloss":"a sheepskin coat"},{"surface":"сапоги,","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with платок","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставляла","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"оставляла","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снимала","gloss":"would leave"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляла","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уходила","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оставляла","gloss":"would go off"},{"surface":"босая","lemma":"босой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing manner of уходила","gloss":"barefoot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рубашке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"рубашке","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with босая, describing manner of уходила","gloss":"her shift"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms по-прежнему with прежнему, modifies уходила","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms по-прежнему with по","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c2-s12","source":"Раз случилось, что новый губернатор нашей губернии, обозревая наездом наш городок, очень обижен был в своих лучших чувствах, увидав Лизавету, и хотя понял, что это «юродивая», как и доложили ему, но все-таки поставил на вид, что молодая девка, скитающаяся в одной рубашке, нарушает благоприличие, а потому чтобы сего впредь не было.","translation":"It once happened that the new governor of our province, passing through our little town on a tour of inspection, was deeply offended in his finest feelings at the sight of Lizaveta, and though he understood that she was a \"holy fool,\" as had indeed been reported to him, he nonetheless pointed out that a young wench roaming about in nothing but a shift was an offense to decency, and that henceforth there should be no more of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обозревая наездом наш городок","title":"Gerund «обозревая» + instrumental «наездом»","body":"«обозревая» is an imperfective gerund ('inspecting, while touring'); «наездом» is an instrumental noun used adverbially ('on a flying visit, by dropping in'). Together they sketch the governor's manner of arrival in one tight participial phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сего впредь не было","title":"Archaic «сей» + «чтобы» of command","body":"«сего» is the genitive of the bookish archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'); «чтобы … не было» uses «чтобы» with the past-form irrealis to report an indirect order ('that henceforth there be no more of this'). The officialese «сего впредь» mimics a governor's decree."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb (idiom, subject-like)","role":"adverbial modifier of случилось (temporal 'once'; случилось is impersonal, notional subject is the что-clause)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of случилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies губернатор","gloss":"the new"},{"surface":"губернатор","lemma":"губернатор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обижен","gloss":"governor"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of губернии","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губернатор","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"обозревая","lemma":"обозревать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"clause modifying губернатор","gloss":"touring"},{"surface":"наездом","lemma":"наезд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обозревая (idiom \"наездом\" = in passing)","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городок","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городок","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обозревая","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обижен","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"обижен","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обижен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лучших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies чувствах","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обижен","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обижен","gloss":"upon seeing"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидав","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of понял","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"he understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of юродивая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"юродивая","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"a holy fool"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of доложили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доложили (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"доложили","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"had reported"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"forms все-таки with таки, modifies поставил","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"forms все-таки with все","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обижен был (main clause verb, contrasted by но), not with понял","gloss":"pointed out","note":"\"Поставить на вид\" is an idiom meaning to officially reprimand or point out a fault."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид (idiom поставить на вид)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of поставил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девка","gloss":"a young"},{"surface":"девка","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нарушает","gloss":"wench"},{"surface":"скитающаяся","lemma":"скитаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying девка","gloss":"wandering about"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рубашке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"рубашке","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скитающаяся","gloss":"a shift"},{"surface":"нарушает","lemma":"нарушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (object of поставил)","gloss":"violates"},{"surface":"благоприличие","lemma":"благоприличие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нарушает","gloss":"decency"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative, links to потому чтобы","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the purpose clause with чтобы","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun (archaic demonstrative), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of было (negated existential)","gloss":"of this","note":"\"Сей\" is an archaic/formal word for \"this,\" fitting the governor's official tone."},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (negation)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"there be"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c2-s13","source":"Но губернатор уехал, а Лизавету оставили как была.","translation":"But the governor departed, and Lizaveta was left just as she was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лизавету оставили как была","title":"Impersonal «оставили» (they-subject)","body":"«оставили» is a third-person plural verb with no expressed subject — the indefinite 'they / people left'. Russian uses this subjectless plural for a vague collective agent, much as English falls back on the passive ('Lizaveta was left')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"губернатор","lemma":"губернатор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"the governor"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уехал","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставили","gloss":"she was"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c2-s14","source":"Наконец отец ее помер, и она тем самым стала всем богомольным лицам в городе еще милее, как сирота.","translation":"At last her father died, and by that very fact she became, as an orphan, even dearer to all the devout people of the town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала всем богомольным лицам еще милее","title":"Comparative «милее» + dative of relation","body":"«милее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «милый» ('dearer'). «всем богомольным лицам» stands in the dative — dearer 'to all the devout people'. The dative marks the ones to whom she became more endeared."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помер","title":"«помер» — colloquial 'died'","body":"Again the folk perfective «помереть» rather than «умереть», keeping the narrator in the register of the town. Notice the masculine «помер» for the father against «померла» for the mother — the -л past agreeing in gender."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помер","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помер","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем самым","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем самым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помер","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of лицам","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"богомольным","lemma":"богомольный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies лицам","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"лицам","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of стала","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стала","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies милее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"милее","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of стала","gloss":"dearer"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces сирота as a comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сирота","lemma":"сирота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjunct describing она","gloss":"an orphan"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c2-s15","source":"В самом деле, ее как будто все даже любили, даже мальчишки ее не дразнили и не обижали, а мальчишки у нас, особенно в школе, народ задорный.","translation":"Indeed, everyone seemed positively to love her; even the boys did not tease or torment her — and our boys, especially at school, are a rowdy lot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже мальчишки ее не дразнили и не обижали","title":"Negative concord with «не … не»","body":"Two negated imperfective verbs, «не дразнили и не обижали» ('did not tease and did not torment'), describe a sustained absence of cruelty. Russian repeats «не» before each verb, the language's normal way of stacking negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишки … народ задорный","title":"«мальчишки» and «задорный»","body":"«мальчишки» is the slightly rough, affectionate plural for 'boys, urchins'; «народ задорный» ('a rowdy/cheeky lot') uses «народ» colloquially for 'a sort of people'. «задорный» means high-spirited, provoking, full of mischief."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying любили","gloss":"fact","note":"\"в самом деле\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"indeed\"."},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if","note":"\"как будто\" together means \"seemingly/as if\"."},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мальчишки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дразнили","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дразнили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дразнили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дразнили","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любили","gloss":"tease"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обижали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обижали","lemma":"обижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дразнили","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of задорный","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мальчишки","gloss":"us","note":"\"у нас\" here means roughly \"our\" (boys in our town)."},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies школе","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"школе","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying задорный","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal describing мальчишки","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"задорный","lemma":"задорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"rowdy"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c2-s16","source":"Она входила в незнакомые дома, и никто не выгонял ее, напротив, всяк-то приласкает и грошик даст.","translation":"She would walk into houses where she was unknown, and no one drove her out; on the contrary, everyone would pet her and give her a copper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не выгонял ее","title":"Negative pronoun + obligatory «не»","body":"«никто … не выгонял» pairs the negative pronoun «никто» ('no one') with the still-required verbal «не» — Russian's negative concord, where 'no one drove her out' literally reads 'no one did not drive her out'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всяк-то приласкает и грошик даст","title":"Folk «всяк» + diminutive «грошик»","body":"«всяк» is an archaic/folk form of «всякий» ('everyone'), and the clitic «-то» lends a homely emphasis. «грошик» is the diminutive of «грош», a tiny copper coin — 'a little penny'. The perfective «приласкает / даст» here express a habitual gesture vividly, as if each time anew."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of входила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"входила","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would walk in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"незнакомые","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"unfamiliar"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of входила","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выгонял","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выгонял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выгонял","lemma":"выгонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with входила","gloss":"drove out"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выгонял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying приласкает","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всяк","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приласкает","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes всяк","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"приласкает","lemma":"приласкать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with входила","gloss":"would pet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грошик","lemma":"грошик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"a copper coin"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приласкает","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c2-s17","source":"Дадут ей грошик, она возьмет и тотчас снесет и опустит в которую-нибудь кружку церковную аль острожную.","translation":"If they gave her a copper, she would take it and at once carry it off and drop it into some church or prison alms-box.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дадут ей грошик, она возьмет и тотчас снесет","title":"Perfective present for habitual action","body":"A string of perfective 'futures' — «дадут… возьмёт… снесёт… опустит» — is used for a repeated, typical sequence ('whenever they give… she takes… carries off… drops in'). This vivid perfective-for-habit usage makes each instance feel like a single completed scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кружку церковную аль острожную","title":"«аль» and «острожный»","body":"«аль» is a folk/dialectal variant of «или» ('or'). A «кружка» here is an alms-box; «острожный» is the adjective from «острог», an old word for a prison/jail. She gives equally to church and to prisoners — Orthodox charity reaching the condemned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"if they gave"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Дадут","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"грошик","lemma":"грошик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Дадут","gloss":"a copper"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дадут","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снесет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"снесет","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмет","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опустит","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снесет","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кружку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кружку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner with которую","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"кружку","lemma":"кружка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустит","gloss":"alms-box"},{"surface":"церковную","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кружку","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/archaic form of \"или\" (or)."},{"surface":"острожную","lemma":"острожный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кружку (elided), coordinated with церковную","gloss":"prison"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c2-s18","source":"Дадут ей на базаре бублик или калачик, непременно пойдет и первому встречному ребеночку отдаст бублик или калачик, а то так остановит какую-нибудь нашу самую богатую барыню и той отдаст; и барыни принимали даже с радостию.","translation":"If they gave her a bun or a roll at the market, she would invariably go and hand the bun or roll to the first child she met, or else she would stop one of our very richest ladies and give it to her — and the ladies even accepted it gladly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бублик или калачик","title":"«бублик» and «калачик»","body":"A «бублик» is a ring-shaped bread roll (like a dense bagel); a «калач» is a fine white-flour loaf shaped like a padlock, the «калачик» its diminutive. Both are humble market breads, gifts the holy fool immediately passes on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыню … барыни","title":"«барыня» — a lady of standing","body":"«барыня» is a lady of the gentry or moneyed class, the feminine of «барин» (master). That Lizaveta would press her roll on 'one of our richest ladies' and the lady would take it «с радостию» captures the reverence the town paid the holy fool."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с радостию","title":"Archaic instrumental «с радостию»","body":"«радостию» is the older bookish instrumental of «радость», where modern Russian writes «радостью». The -ию ending lends a faint solemnity, in keeping with the chronicling, slightly old-fashioned voice of the narrator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"if they gave"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Дадут","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базаре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"базаре","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Дадут","gloss":"the market"},{"surface":"бублик","lemma":"бублик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Дадут","gloss":"a bublik"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"калачик","lemma":"калачик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бублик","gloss":"a kalach roll"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"invariably"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дадут","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночку","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"встречному","lemma":"встречный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночку","gloss":"she met"},{"surface":"ребеночку","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдаст","gloss":"to the child"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"would hand over"},{"surface":"бублик","lemma":"бублик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдаст","gloss":"the bublik"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"калачик","lemma":"калачик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бублик","gloss":"the roll"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"остановит","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дадут","gloss":"would stop"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of барыню","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner with какую","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of барыню","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies богатую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"богатую","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыню","gloss":"richest"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of остановит","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдаст","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановит","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"барыни","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of принимали","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отдаст","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радостию","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостию","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимали","gloss":"joy","note":"Archaic instrumental form of \"радость\"."}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c2-s19","source":"Сама же питалась не иначе как только черным хлебом с водой.","translation":"She herself fed on nothing but black bread and water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"питалась не иначе как только","title":"Reflexive «питаться» + «не иначе как»","body":"«питалась» is a reflexive (-ся) imperfective verb meaning 'fed herself / subsisted'. The emphatic idiom «не иначе как только» ('in no other way than only') narrows her diet absolutely to black bread and water."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies питалась","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сама","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"питалась","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fed on"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не иначе как только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom не иначе как только","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не иначе как только","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не иначе как только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"черным","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлебом","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"хлебом","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of питалась","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водой","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хлебом","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c2-s20","source":"Зайдет она, бывало, в богатую лавку, садится, тут дорогой товар лежит, тут и деньги, хозяева никогда ее не остерегаются, знают, что хоть тысячи выложи при ней денег и забудь, она из них не возьмет ни копейки.","translation":"She might wander into some rich shop and sit down; costly wares would be lying there, money too, and the owners were never on their guard with her, knowing that even if you laid out thousands in her presence and forgot about it, she would not take so much as a kopeck of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть тысячи выложи при ней денег и забудь","title":"Imperative for a concessive condition","body":"«выложи… и забудь» are second-person singular imperatives used not as commands but as a vivid hypothetical ('even if you laid out thousands and forgot') — a colloquial concessive turn. The genitive «денег» follows the quantity «тысячи»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она из них не возьмет ни копейки","title":"«ни» + genitive of negation «ни копейки»","body":"«ни копейки» combines the intensifier «ни» ('not a single') with the genitive of negation under the negated verb «не возьмёт» — 'she would not take so much as a kopeck'. The genitive after a negated object is the rule here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зайдет она, бывало","title":"«бывало» — the iterative marker","body":"«бывало» ('it used to happen, time was') is a fixed particle-like word that marks a recurring past habit, often paired (as here) with perfective verbs that paint each typical instance vividly: 'she would wander in… sit down…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зайдет","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go in"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Зайдет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"parenthetical particle marking habitual action","role":"parenthetical modifying Зайдет","gloss":"would sometimes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"богатую","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лавку","gloss":"a rich"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зайдет","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"садится","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Зайдет","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товар","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"товар","lemma":"товар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with садится","gloss":"would lie"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит (elided)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежит (elided)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"хозяева","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of остерегаются","gloss":"the owners"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остерегаются","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of остерегаются","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остерегаются","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остерегаются","lemma":"остерегаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Зайдет","gloss":"are wary"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остерегаются","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возьмет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the conditional clause of выложи","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выложи","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"выложи","lemma":"выложить","morphology":"verb, conditional/imperative form, second person singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause modifying возьмет","gloss":"you laid out"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выложи","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of тысячи","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забудь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative used conditionally, second person singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выложи","gloss":"forget it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of возьмет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знают","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies копейки","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"копейки","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"kopeck"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c2-s21","source":"В церковь редко заходила, спала же или по церковным папертям, или перелезши через чей-нибудь плетень (у нас еще много плетней вместо заборов даже до сегодня) в чьем-нибудь огороде.","translation":"She rarely went into church, but slept either on the church porches or, having clambered over someone's wattle fence (we still have many wattle fences instead of board ones even to this day), in someone's vegetable garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перелезши через чей-нибудь плетень","title":"Perfective gerund «перелезши»","body":"«перелезши» is a perfective past gerund in -ши ('having clambered over'), a slightly archaic/bookish variant of «перелезши/перелеза». «через» governs the accusative «плетень». The gerund packs a prior action into the description of where she slept."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходила","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходила","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"заходила","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заходила","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спала","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папертям","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"церковным","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies папертям","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"папертям","lemma":"паперть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спала","gloss":"porches"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"перелезши","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"converb (gerund), past, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying спала","gloss":"having climbed over"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетень","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"чей","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of плетень","gloss":"someone's"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner with чей","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"плетень","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перелезши","gloss":"wattle fence"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies много","gloss":"our parts"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier heading плетней","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"плетней","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of много","gloss":"wattle fences"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборов","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"заборов","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of вместо, modifying плетней","gloss":"board fences"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of до, modifying много","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огороде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чьем","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of огороде","gloss":"someone's"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner with чьем","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"огороде","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спала, alternative to папертям","gloss":"vegetable garden"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c2-s22","source":"Домой, то есть в дом тех хозяев, у которых жил ее покойный отец, она являлась примерно раз в неделю, а по зимам приходила и каждый день, но только лишь на ночь, и ночует либо в сенях, либо в коровнике.","translation":"Home — that is, to the house of the householders her late father had lived with — she would turn up about once a week, and in winter she came every day, but only for the night, sleeping either in the entryway or in the cowshed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"являлась … ночует","title":"Imperfective past and present in one sentence","body":"The verbs slide between imperfective past («являлась», «приходила» — habitual then) and historic present («ночует» — 'she spends the night'). The present tense among past forms makes the recurring habit feel immediate, a common colloquial-narrative shift."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"либо в сенях, либо в коровнике","title":"«сени» and «коровник»","body":"«сени» (always plural) is the cold entryway or vestibule of a Russian peasant house, between the door and the heated room. A «коровник» is a cowshed. «либо… либо…» is 'either… or…'. The pairing fixes how marginal her shelter was — entryway or barn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies являлась","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"\"то есть\" together means \"that is\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Домой","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of хозяев","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"хозяев","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"householders"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on хозяев","gloss":"had lived"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"покойный","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of являлась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"являлась","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would turn up"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of являлась","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зимам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зимам","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приходила","gloss":"winters"},{"surface":"приходила","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with являлась","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходила","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the phrase на ночь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходила","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ночует","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with являлась","gloss":"spends the night"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ночует","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коровнике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"коровнике","lemma":"коровник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сенях","gloss":"the cowshed"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c2-s23","source":"Дивились на нее, что она выносит такую жизнь, но уж так она привыкла; хоть и мала была ростом, но сложения необыкновенно крепкого.","translation":"People marveled that she could endure such a life, but she had grown so used to it; small though she was in stature, she was of an uncommonly sturdy build.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дивились на нее, что она выносит","title":"Impersonal «дивились» + «что»-clause","body":"Subjectless «дивились» ('people marveled', they-plural) takes a «что»-clause reporting the cause of wonder. «выносит» is imperfective — the ongoing endurance of such a life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и мала была ростом, но сложения … крепкого","title":"Short adjective «мала» + genitive of description","body":"«мала» is a short-form predicate adjective ('was small'), the bookish predicative form; «сложения … крепкого» is the genitive-of-description ('of sturdy build'). The «хоть и … но» frame concedes her smallness against her toughness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дивились","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"people marveled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Дивились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выносит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выносит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"выносит","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Дивились","gloss":"could endure"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выносит","gloss":"a life"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привыкла","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of привыкла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"привыкла","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дивились","gloss":"had grown used to it"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of мала","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мала","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"concessive clause contrasting with крепкого","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking мала and ростом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ростом","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мала","gloss":"in stature"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сложения","lemma":"сложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate genitive (была elided)","gloss":"of build"},{"surface":"необыкновенно","lemma":"необыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крепкого","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"surface":"крепкого","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сложения","gloss":"sturdy"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c2-s24","source":"Утверждали и у нас иные из господ, что всё это она делает лишь из гордости, но как-то это не вязалось: она и говорить-то ни слова не умела и изредка только шевелила что-то языком и мычала — какая уж тут гордость.","translation":"Some of the gentry among us insisted that she did all this out of pride alone, but it somehow did not hold together: she could not speak so much as a word, and only now and then would she stir her tongue a little and low — what pride could there be in that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она и говорить-то ни слова не умела","title":"Emphatic «-то» + «ни слова»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «говорить-то» throws topic-emphasis onto the very act of speaking ('speak at all'), while «ни слова не умела» ('couldn't [say] a single word') is the «ни» + genitive-of-negation pattern. The piling of particles is pure spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая уж тут гордость","title":"Rhetorical «какая уж тут…»","body":"«какая уж тут гордость» ('what pride could there possibly be here') is an idiomatic rhetorical negation built with the interrogative «какой» and the particle «уж» — dismissing the very idea. It captures the narrator's incredulous, conversational shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Утверждали","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Утверждали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господ","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of иные","gloss":"the gentry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Утверждали","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делает","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как-то","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вязалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вязалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вязалось","lemma":"вязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, contrasts with Утверждали","gloss":"hold together"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of умела","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes говорить","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умела","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шевелила","gloss":"occasionally"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шевелила","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шевелила","lemma":"шевелить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умела","gloss":"would stir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of шевелила","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шевелила","gloss":"her tongue"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мычала","lemma":"мычать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шевелила","gloss":"would low"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордость","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордость","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"гордость","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, rhetorical question","gloss":"pride"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c2-s25","source":"Вот и случилось, что однажды (давненько это было), в одну сентябрьскую светлую и теплую ночь, в полнолуние, весьма уже по-нашему поздно, одна хмельная ватага разгулявшихся наших господ, молодцов пять или шесть, возвращалась из клуба «задами» по домам.","translation":"Now it so happened that one day (this was a good while ago), on a bright and warm September night, at the full moon and very late by our reckoning, a tipsy band of our revelling gentry, some five or six young bucks, was making its way home from the club \"by the back ways.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в полнолуние, весьма уже по-нашему поздно","title":"Adverbial «по-нашему» and stacked circumstances","body":"«по-нашему» ('by our reckoning, in our way') is the по- + possessive adverb formation. The sentence loads up scene-setting circumstantials — a September night, full moon, very late 'by our standards' — before the subject finally arrives, a leisurely literary build-up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хмельная ватага разгулявшихся наших господ","title":"«ватага», «хмельной», «разгулявшихся»","body":"«ватага» is a rowdy band or gang; «хмельной» means tipsy (from «хмель», hops/intoxication); «разгулявшихся» is a past active participle ('who had let themselves go') in the genitive plural. The cluster paints a drunken, carousing crew of gentry in three strokes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодцов пять или шесть","title":"«молодцов» and approximate inversion","body":"«молодцы» here means strapping young fellows / bucks. Note the inverted numeral order «молодцов пять или шесть» (noun before number) — a standard Russian device signalling approximation, 'some five or six lads'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвращалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращалась","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"давненько","lemma":"давненько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"a good while ago","note":"Colloquial diminutive of давно ('long ago')."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause (это ... было)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ночь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"сентябрьскую","lemma":"сентябрьский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"September"},{"surface":"светлую","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теплую","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with светлую","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвращалась","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полнолуние","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полнолуние","lemma":"полнолуние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвращалась, parallel to ночь","gloss":"full moon"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-нашему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-нашему)","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"по-нашему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-нашему)","role":"part of the phrase по-нашему, modifies поздно","gloss":"our reckoning"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of возвращалась, parallel to ночь and полнолуние","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ватага","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"хмельная","lemma":"хмельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ватага","gloss":"tipsy"},{"surface":"ватага","lemma":"ватага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возвращалась","gloss":"band"},{"surface":"разгулявшихся","lemma":"разгуляться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, reflexive, genitive plural, perfective","role":"modifies господ","gloss":"revelling"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of господ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ватага (band of ...)","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"молодцов","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with господ","gloss":"young bucks"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, indeclinable in this frozen construction","role":"depends on молодцов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, indeclinable in this frozen construction","role":"coordinated with пять","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"возвращалась","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что (subject: ватага)","gloss":"was making its way"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клуба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"клуба","lemma":"клуб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвращалась","gloss":"the club"},{"surface":"задами","lemma":"зад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возвращалась","gloss":"by the back ways","note":"Idiom: literally 'by the rears', meaning via back lanes rather than the main street."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"домам","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возвращалась","gloss":"their homes"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c2-s26","source":"По обе стороны переулка шел плетень, за которым тянулись огороды прилежащих домов; переулок же выходил на мостки через нашу вонючую и длинную лужу, которую у нас принято называть иногда речкой.","translation":"On both sides of the lane ran a wattle fence, behind which stretched the vegetable gardens of the adjoining houses; the lane itself came out onto the little footbridge over our stinking, long puddle that we are sometimes pleased to call a river.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за которым тянулись огороды","title":"Relative «который» in instrumental","body":"«за которым» ('behind which') puts the relative «который» in the instrumental, governed by «за». It agrees with «плетень» in masculine singular but takes its own case from its role in the relative clause — a textbook «который» mechanism."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нашу вонючую и длинную лужу, которую … называть речкой","title":"«лужа» called «речка» — ironic self-deprecation","body":"«лужа» is a puddle; «речка» the diminutive of «река», 'a little river'. The narrator's wry note that the town is 'pleased to call' its long stinking puddle a river is a fine touch of provincial self-mockery — note «речкой» in the instrumental after «называть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on стороны","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"переулка","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"of the lane"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"плетень","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"a wattle fence"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тянулись","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"тянулись","lemma":"тянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on плетень","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"огороды","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of тянулись","gloss":"vegetable gardens"},{"surface":"прилежащих","lemma":"прилежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, genitive plural, imperfective","role":"modifies домов","gloss":"adjoining"},{"surface":"домов","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies огороды","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переулок","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мостки","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"мостки","lemma":"мостки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"the footbridge"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лужу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лужу","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"вонючую","lemma":"вонючий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лужу","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"длинную","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with вонючую","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"лужу","lemma":"лужа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"puddle"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of называть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of принято","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"принято","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective (impersonal predicate)","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying лужу","gloss":"it is customary"},{"surface":"называть","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on принято","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называть","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"речкой","lemma":"речка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of называть","gloss":"a river"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c2-s27","source":"У плетня, в крапиве и в лопушнике, усмотрела наша компания спящую Лизавету.","translation":"By the wattle fence, amid the nettles and the burdock, our company caught sight of Lizaveta asleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмотрела наша компания спящую Лизавету","title":"Verb-first word order + present active participle","body":"The perfective «усмотрела» ('caught sight of') is fronted before its subject «наша компания», throwing focus onto the act of spotting. «спящую» is a present active participle ('sleeping') in the accusative, agreeing with «Лизавету»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в крапиве и в лопушнике","title":"«крапива» and «лопушник»","body":"«крапива» is stinging nettle; «лопушник» a thicket of burdock («лопух»). The weedy, neglected setting — nettles and burdock by the fence — matches Lizaveta's outcast, untended life."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плетня","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмотрела","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крапиве","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"крапиве","lemma":"крапива","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмотрела","gloss":"the nettles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лопушнике","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"лопушнике","lemma":"лопушник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крапиве","gloss":"the burdock"},{"surface":"усмотрела","lemma":"усмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of компания","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"компания","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усмотрела","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"спящую","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies Лизавету","gloss":"asleep"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усмотрела","gloss":"Lizaveta"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c2-s28","source":"Подгулявшие господа остановились над нею с хохотом и начали острить со всею возможною бесцензурностью.","translation":"The drunken gentlemen stopped over her with guffaws and began making jokes with all the obscenity they could muster.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановились над нею с хохотом и начали острить","title":"Perfective onset «начали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«остановились» (perfective, '[they] stopped') sets the scene; «начали острить» pairs the perfective «начали» with the imperfective infinitive «острить» ('to make jokes') — Russian phase verbs of beginning always take the imperfective infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со всею возможною бесцензурностью","title":"«бесцензурность» and archaic «-ою» endings","body":"«бесцензурность» (lit. 'uncensoredness') means crude obscenity. The instrumental forms «всею возможною» carry the older bookish -ою ending (modern «всей возможной»), lending the sardonic phrase a mock-formal weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подгулявшие","lemma":"подгулять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative plural, perfective","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of остановились","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"остановились","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хохотом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"хохотом","lemma":"хохот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"guffaws"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановились","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"острить","lemma":"острить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"making jokes"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесцензурностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бесцензурностью","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"возможною","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бесцензурностью","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"бесцензурностью","lemma":"бесцензурность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of острить","gloss":"obscenity"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c2-s29","source":"Одному барчонку пришел вдруг в голову совершенно эксцентрический вопрос на невозможную тему: «Можно ли, дескать, хотя кому бы то ни было, счесть такого зверя за женщину, вот хоть бы теперь, и проч.».","translation":"It suddenly entered the head of one young squire to put a thoroughly eccentric question on an impossible theme: \"Could anyone at all, said he, reckon such a beast for a woman — just now, say, and so forth.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можно ли … счесть такого зверя за женщину","title":"«можно ли» + dative-less impersonal","body":"«можно ли» frames an impersonal possibility question with the interrogative «ли» ('is it possible to…'). «счесть … за женщину» is the idiom 'to reckon/take X for Y'; «такого зверя» is animate accusative (= genitive form) of 'such a beast'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барчонку … дескать","title":"«барчонок» and reportative «дескать»","body":"«барчонок» is a contemptuous diminutive of «барчук» — a young master's son, a spoiled gentry whelp. «дескать» is a reportative particle ('he said, supposedly') flagging that the words are being quoted at second hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя кому бы то ни было","title":"Concessive indefinite «кому бы то ни было»","body":"«кому бы то ни было» is the fixed concessive-indefinite construction 'to anyone at all whatsoever', built from the interrogative + «бы» + «то ни было». The dative «кому» fits the verb «счесть» (it would be the one doing the reckoning)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies барчонку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"барчонку","lemma":"барчонок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of пришел","gloss":"young squire"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies эксцентрический","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"эксцентрический","lemma":"эксцентрический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"eccentric"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"невозможную","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тему","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"topic"},{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the quoted sentence","gloss":"could it be"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Можно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"said he","note":"Dated colloquial particle flagging quoted/reported speech, like 'so to speak' or 'said he'."},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"conjunction (concessive)","role":"introduces the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of Можно, part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"anyone at all","note":"Идиом 'кому бы то ни было' = 'whoever it might be, anyone at all'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom кому бы то ни было","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"счесть","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of Можно","gloss":"reckon"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of зверя","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"зверя","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, form as genitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of счесть","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщину","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of счесть","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счесть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adverb (abbreviation of прочее)","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c2-s30","source":"Все с гордым омерзением решили, что нельзя.","translation":"With proud disgust they all decided that one could not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решили, что нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» as the whole answer","body":"The reported answer is a single impersonal predicate «нельзя» ('it is not possible / one cannot'), with the infinitive «счесть» understood from context. Russian's impersonal modal words (нельзя, можно, надо) can stand alone as a complete clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of решили","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking омерзением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гордым","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies омерзением","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"омерзением","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решили","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"решили","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"clausal complement of решили","gloss":"one could not"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c2-s31","source":"Но в этой кучке случился Федор Павлович, и он мигом выскочил и решил, что можно счесть за женщину, даже очень, и что тут даже нечто особого рода пикантное, и проч., и проч.","translation":"But Fyodor Pavlovitch happened to be in this little knot, and he sprang up in an instant and decided that one could indeed reckon her for a woman, even very much so, and that there was in this even something of a special, piquant kind, and so forth, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случился Федор Павлович","title":"Perfective «случился» — 'happened to be'","body":"«случился» (reflexive perfective of «случиться») here means 'happened to be present', not 'occurred' — a chance presence. Fyodor Pavlovich's casual appearance 'in this little knot' is delivered with the same word that elsewhere means a mere happening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решил, что можно счесть за женщину, даже очень","title":"Elliptical «даже очень»","body":"«даже очень» ('even very [much so]') is a clipped colloquial intensifier leaving the adjective unspoken — Fyodor's leering exaggeration. The reported «можно счесть» echoes and inverts the band's «нельзя» from the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кучке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кучке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кучке","lemma":"кучка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случился","gloss":"little knot"},{"surface":"случился","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened to be"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of случился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with случился","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with случился","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"clausal complement of решил","gloss":"one could indeed"},{"surface":"счесть","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"reckon"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщину","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of счесть","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно/счесть","gloss":"very much so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нечто","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the elided verb (implied было)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"особого","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пикантное","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"пикантное","lemma":"пикантный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"piquant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adverb (abbreviation of прочее)","role":"coordinated with нечто","gloss":"so forth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adverb (abbreviation of прочее)","role":"repeats и проч. (emphatic doubling)","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c2-s32","source":"Правда, в ту пору он у нас слишком уж даже выделанно напрашивался на свою роль шута, любил выскакивать и веселить господ, с видимым равенством конечно, но на деле совершенным пред ними хамом.","translation":"True, at that time he was even all too studiously courting his role as a buffoon among us, fond of leaping up and amusing the gentlemen — with apparent equality, of course, though in fact a perfect boor before them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напрашивался на свою роль шута","title":"Reflexive «свой» + role-noun","body":"«свою роль» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('his own role'), pointing back to the subject Fyodor. «напрашивался на» ('was angling for, courting') is imperfective — a sustained, deliberate self-fashioning into the buffoon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершенным пред ними хамом","title":"Instrumental predicate «хамом»","body":"«хамом» (instrumental of «хам») is the predicate complement governed by an implied 'being' — 'a perfect boor before them'. The instrumental of the predicate frames his boorishness as the role he in fact filled, against the «равенством» he affected."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шута … хамом","title":"«шут» and «хам»","body":"«шут» is the jester/buffoon — a role Fyodor Pavlovich consciously plays throughout the novel. «хам» (from the biblical Ham) is a loaded word for a coarse, insolent lout, especially one of low origins aping his betters. The two together skewer his social posture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пору","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пору","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пору","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напрашивался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напрашивался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of напрашивался","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напрашивался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выделанно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выделанно","lemma":"выделанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напрашивался","gloss":"studiously"},{"surface":"напрашивался","lemma":"напрашиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"courted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роль","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of роль","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"роль","lemma":"роль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напрашивался","gloss":"role"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роль","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with напрашивался","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"выскакивать","lemma":"выскакивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"leaping up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселить","lemma":"веселить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выскакивать","gloss":"amusing"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of веселить","gloss":"the gentlemen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking равенством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимым","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies равенством","gloss":"apparent"},{"surface":"равенством","lemma":"равенство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of веселить","gloss":"equality"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"modifies видимым равенством","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying the implied copula (был)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"совершенным","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хамом","gloss":"a perfect"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies хамом","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хамом","lemma":"хам","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the implied copula (contrasted with равенством)","gloss":"a boor"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c2-s33","source":"Это было именно то самое время, когда он получил из Петербурга известие о смерти его первой супруги, Аделаиды Ивановны, и когда с крепом на шляпе пил и безобразничал так, что иных в городе, даже из самых беспутнейших, при взгляде на него коробило.","translation":"It was precisely the very time when he had received word from Petersburg of the death of his first wife, Adelaida Ivanovna, and when, with crepe on his hat, he drank and behaved so disgracefully that some in the town, even of the most dissolute, were revolted at the sight of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда он получил … и когда … пил и безобразничал","title":"Perfective «получил» vs imperfective «пил, безобразничал»","body":"«получил» (perfective) marks the single event of receiving the news; «пил и безобразничал» (imperfective) describe the ongoing drinking and outrageous conduct that followed. The aspect contrast sets one completed point against a stretch of bad behavior."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из самых беспутнейших","title":"Superlative «беспутнейших»","body":"«беспутнейших» is a bookish synthetic superlative in -ейш- ('the most dissolute'), genitive plural after «из». Even of these worst men some «коробило» ('were revolted') — the impersonal «коробить» governs the affected person in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to время","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on время","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супруги","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"Аделаиды","lemma":"Аделаида","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with супруги","gloss":"Adelaida"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аделаиды","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крепом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"крепом","lemma":"креп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пил","gloss":"crepe"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шляпе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шляпе","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крепом","gloss":"his hat"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with получил","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безобразничал","lemma":"безобразничать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пил","gloss":"behaved disgracefully"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безобразничал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of коробило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative (animate, form as genitive), plural","role":"accusative experiencer of коробило","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иных (locates them 'in the town')","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспутнейших","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспутнейших","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies беспутнейших","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"беспутнейших","lemma":"беспутный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"coordinated with иных","gloss":"the most dissolute"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of коробило","gloss":"the sight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляде","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"коробило","lemma":"коробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, impersonal, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"were revolted"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c2-s34","source":"Ватага, конечно, расхохоталась над неожиданным мнением; какой-то один из ватаги даже начал подстрекать Федора Павловича, но остальные принялись плевать еще пуще, хотя всё еще с чрезмерною веселостью, и наконец пошли все прочь своею дорогой.","translation":"The band, of course, roared with laughter at this unexpected opinion; one of them even began egging Fyodor Pavlovitch on, but the rest fell to spitting all the more, though still with excessive merriment, and at last they all went off their separate ways.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расхохоталась … начали … принялись плевать … пошли","title":"Chain of perfectives moving the action","body":"A run of perfective verbs — «расхохоталась» (burst out laughing), «начали», «принялись», «пошли» — drives the scene forward event by event. The prefix рас-/раз- in «расхохоталась» adds an inceptive burst, 'broke into laughter'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"принялись плевать еще пуще","title":"«пуще» — folk comparative","body":"«пуще» is an archaic/folk comparative meaning 'all the more, worse, harder' (suppletive, no positive form). 'They fell to spitting all the more' — the disgusted spitting being a physical gesture of contempt, intensified by «пуще»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ватага","lemma":"ватага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расхохоталась","gloss":"the band"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies расхохоталась","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"расхохоталась","lemma":"расхохотаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roared with laughter"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнением","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мнением","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"мнением","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расхохоталась","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner (part of какой-то), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of один","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (indefiniteness marker, part of какой-то)","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ватаги","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ватаги","lemma":"ватага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"the band"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расхохоталась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"подстрекать","lemma":"подстрекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"egging on"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подстрекать","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of принялись","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"принялись","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with расхохоталась","gloss":"fell to"},{"surface":"плевать","lemma":"плевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялись","gloss":"spitting"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies плевать","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"conjunction (concessive)","role":"introduces the concessive phrase modifying плевать","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun (part of idiom всё ещё 'still'), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё ещё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom всё ещё)","role":"part of the idiom всё ещё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезмерною","lemma":"чрезмерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веселостью","gloss":"excessive"},{"surface":"веселостью","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плевать","gloss":"merriment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with расхохоталась","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"quantifies the (implied) subject of пошли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогой","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошли (manner: each by their own way)","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c2-s35","source":"Впоследствии Федор Павлович клятвенно уверял, что тогда и он вместе со всеми ушел; может быть, так именно и было, никто этого не знает наверно и никогда не знал, но месяцев через пять или шесть все в городе заговорили с искренним и чрезвычайным негодованием о том, что Лизавета ходит беременная, спрашивали и доискивались: чей грех, кто обидчик?","translation":"Afterward Fyodor Pavlovitch swore on oath that he too had gone off then together with all the rest; perhaps that is precisely how it was — no one knows it for certain and no one ever did — but some five or six months later the whole town began to speak, with sincere and extraordinary indignation, of Lizaveta's walking about with child, asking and inquiring: whose was the sin, who was the offender?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда и он вместе со всеми ушел","title":"Prefixed perfective «ушёл»","body":"«ушёл» is the perfective of «уходить/уйти», the у- prefix giving 'departed, went away'. Prefixing a motion verb converts the directional pair into an ordinary aspect pair, and here the perfective reports his single act of leaving."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ходит беременная","title":"«ходить беременная» — to be (going about) pregnant","body":"The multidirectional «ходит» here is idiomatic: 'walks about / goes about pregnant' for being visibly with child over a period. The adjective «беременная» agrees with the implied female subject. The town's gossip fixes on her appearing in public so."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чей грех, кто обидчик?","title":"Interrogatives «чей» and «кто»","body":"«чей» ('whose') agrees like an adjective with «грех» (masc.); «кто» ('who') always takes masculine agreement. The breathless double question voices the town's collective inquiry into 'whose sin, who the offender'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверял","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"клятвенно","lemma":"клятвенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"on oath"},{"surface":"уверял","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ушел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он (emphatic \"he too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of со","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверял","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase может быть, modifies было","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause так именно и было","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"asyndetic clause parallel to уверял","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает","gloss":"ever knew"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"temporal adverbial modifying заговорили","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition indicating approximate span, governs пять/шесть","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"object of через, quantifies месяцев","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with пять","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заговорили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies все","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"заговорили","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"искренним","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодованием","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with искренним","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорили","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause complement of том","gloss":"walks about"},{"surface":"беременная","lemma":"беременный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Лизавета","gloss":"pregnant"},{"surface":"спрашивали","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорили","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доискивались","lemma":"доискиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорили","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"чей","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грех","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the embedded question, object of доискивались","gloss":"the sin"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of обидчик","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of the second embedded question","gloss":"the offender"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c2-s36","source":"Вот тут-то вдруг и разнеслась по всему городу странная молва, что обидчик есть самый этот Федор Павлович.","translation":"It was just then that a strange rumor suddenly spread through the whole town, that the offender was this very Fyodor Pavlovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот тут-то вдруг и разнеслась … молва","title":"Emphatic «вот тут-то … и»","body":"«вот тут-то … и» is an emphatic narrative frame — 'it was just then that…'. The clitic «-то» on «тут» pinpoints the moment, and «и» before the verb underscores it. «разнеслась» is reflexive perfective, 'spread itself about'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый этот Федор Павлович","title":"Intensifier «самый» + demonstrative","body":"«самый этот» ('this very') stacks the intensifier «самый» onto the demonstrative «этот» to point emphatically — 'this very Fyodor Pavlovitch'. The combination singles him out as precisely the named culprit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces тут-то","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase тут-то","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic attached to тут","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разнеслась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разнеслась","gloss":"(emphatic, untranslated)"},{"surface":"разнеслась","lemma":"разнестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разнеслась","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"странная","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молва","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"молва","lemma":"молва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разнеслась","gloss":"rumor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the offender"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the appositive clause explaining молва","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Федор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of есть","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c2-s37","source":"Откуда взялась эта молва?","translation":"Where did this rumor come from?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Откуда взялась эта молва?","title":"Reflexive «взялась» — 'arose from where'","body":"«взялась» (reflexive perfective of «взяться») in the idiom «откуда взялась» means 'where did it come from / spring up'. The short rhetorical question, set off as its own sentence, mimics the narrator pausing to interrogate the rumor's source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взялась","gloss":"where...from"},{"surface":"взялась","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come from"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молва","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молва","lemma":"молва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взялась","gloss":"rumor"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c2-s38","source":"Из той ватаги гулявших господ как раз оставался к тому времени в городе лишь один участник, да и то пожилой и почтенный статский советник, обладавший семейством и взрослыми дочерьми и который уж отнюдь ничего бы не стал распространять, если бы даже что и было; прочие же участники, человек пять, на ту пору разъехались.","translation":"Of that band of carousing gentlemen, only one member happened still to be in the town by that time, and he at that an elderly and respectable civil councillor, a man with a family and grown daughters, who would by no means have spread such a thing about even if there had been something to it; the other members, some five men, had scattered by that time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который уж отнюдь ничего бы не стал распространять, если бы даже что и было","title":"Conditional «бы» across both clauses","body":"A full conditional: «не стал бы распространять» (would not have spread) in the main clause, «если бы … было» in the «если бы» protasis. The particle «бы» plus past-form verbs builds the whole irrealis ('would not… even if there had been something')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнюдь ничего бы не стал","title":"Stacked negation «отнюдь … ничего … не»","body":"«отнюдь» ('by no means, not at all') reinforces «ничего … не» — negative concord piled high to make the denial absolute: 'would by no means have spread anything at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"статский советник","title":"Civil councillor (Table of Ranks)","body":"A статский советник (\"civil councillor\") was a fairly senior grade in Imperial Russia's Table of Ranks, the official ladder of civil service positions established by Peter the Great. Mentioning his rank signals respectability, which is why Dostoevsky stresses such a man would never have spread gossip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ватаги","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ватаги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ватаги","lemma":"ватага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Из, modifies участник","gloss":"band"},{"surface":"гулявших","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies господ","gloss":"carousing"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ватаги","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies оставался","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies участник","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"участник","lemma":"участник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и то, introduces the apposition","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"пожилой","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советник","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почтенный","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пожилой","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"статский","lemma":"статский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советник","gloss":"civil"},{"surface":"советник","lemma":"советник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to участник","gloss":"councillor"},{"surface":"обладавший","lemma":"обладать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying советник","gloss":"possessing"},{"surface":"семейством","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обладавший","gloss":"a family"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взрослыми","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies дочерьми","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"дочерьми","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with семейством","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отнюдь","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the negated verb стал","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of распространять","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on советник","gloss":"would start"},{"surface":"распространять","lemma":"распространять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"spread about"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, conditional on распространять","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"прочие","lemma":"прочие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies участники","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочие","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"участники","lemma":"участник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of разъехались","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to участники","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on человек","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пору","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пору","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пору","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разъехались","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"разъехались","lemma":"разъехаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had scattered"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c2-s39","source":"Но молва прямешенько указывала на Федора Павловича и продолжала указывать.","translation":"But the rumor pointed straight at Fyodor Pavlovitch and went on pointing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прямешенько указывала и продолжала указывать","title":"Imperfective persistence + expressive «прямешенько»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective — «указывала» and «продолжала указывать» — stressing the rumor's continued, unrelenting pointing. «прямешенько» is an expressive diminutive-intensive of «прямо» ('straight'), 'point-blank, straight as can be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"молва","lemma":"молва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of указывала","gloss":"the rumor"},{"surface":"прямешенько","lemma":"прямешенько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывала","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"указывала","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывала","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with указывала","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"указывать","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжала","gloss":"pointing"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c2-s40","source":"Конечно, тот не очень-то даже и претендовал на это: каким-нибудь купчишкам или мещанам он и отвечать не стал бы.","translation":"Of course, he did not much trouble to contest it: to some petty little merchants or townsmen he would not even deign to reply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"купчишкам","title":"Pejorative «купчишка»","body":"«купчишка» is «купец» with the contemptuous -ишк- suffix — 'wretched little merchants'. The suffix carries Fyodor Pavlovitch's disdain: such petty merchants («купчишки») and townsmen aren't worth his answering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и отвечать не стал бы","title":"Conditional «не стал бы» + dative addressees","body":"«не стал бы [отвечать]» is conditional (бы + past «стал»), 'would not even deign to reply'. «купчишкам или мещанам» stands in the dative as the people to whom he would not reply — the dative of the addressee after «отвечать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies претендовал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of претендовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies претендовал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic attached to очень","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies претендовал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies претендовал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"претендовал","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled to contest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of претендовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of купчишкам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic attached to каким","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"купчишкам","lemma":"купчишка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of отвечать","gloss":"petty merchants"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"мещанам","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with купчишкам","gloss":"townsmen"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies отвечать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to reply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would not deign"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c2-s41","source":"Тогда он был горд и разговаривал не иначе как в своей компании чиновников и дворян, которых столь веселил.","translation":"In those days he was proud and conversed only within his own company of officials and gentry, whom he so amused.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был горд","title":"Short adjective «горд»","body":"«горд» is the short-form predicate of «гордый» ('proud'), agreeing in masculine singular. Short adjectives like «горд» are the bookish predicative form and often suggest a state characteristic of the moment — he 'was proud' in those days."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разговаривал не иначе как в своей компании … которых столь веселил","title":"Relative «которых» in animate accusative","body":"«которых» ('whom') is animate accusative plural (= genitive form), object of «веселил» — 'whom he so amused'. «своей компании» again uses reflexive «свой» for 'his own circle' of officials and gentry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был горд and разговаривал","gloss":"in those days"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горд","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to горд","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"горд","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разговаривал","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горд","gloss":"conversed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговаривал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не иначе как, introduces компании","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of компании","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривал","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"чиновников","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies компании","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дворян","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with чиновников","gloss":"gentry"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of веселил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"веселил","lemma":"веселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying чиновников and дворян","gloss":"amused"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c2-s42","source":"Вот в эту-то пору Григорий энергически и изо всех сил стал за своего барина и не только защищал его против всех этих наговоров, но вступал за него в брань и препирательства и многих переуверил.","translation":"It was precisely at this time that Grigory stood up energetically and with all his might for his master, and not only defended him against all these slanders but entered into wrangling and disputes on his behalf and won many over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только защищал … но вступал … и многих переуверил","title":"«не только … но» + aspect shift","body":"The «не только … но» correlative builds the climax. The imperfectives «защищал, вступал» describe his ongoing championing; the perfective «переуверил» ('won over, persuaded round') reports the achieved result — many converted."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стал за своего барина … в брань и препирательства","title":"«стать за», «барин», «брань»","body":"«стать за кого-то» idiomatically means 'to stand up for someone'. «барин» is the master/gentleman (Grigory's term for Fyodor). «брань» here means quarreling/abuse (not 'battle'), «препирательства» wrangling — Grigory fought verbally for his master."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пору","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пору","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пору","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic attached to эту","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"пору","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of стал","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"энергически","lemma":"энергически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"energetically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барина","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только, modifies защищал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"защищал","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"defended"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наговоров","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of наговоров","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of наговоров","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"наговоров","lemma":"наговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of защищал","gloss":"slanders"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вступал","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on behalf of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брань","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"брань","lemma":"брань","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступал","gloss":"wrangling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"препирательства","lemma":"препирательство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with брань","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of переуверил","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"переуверил","lemma":"переуверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"won over"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c2-s43","source":"«Она сама, низкая, виновата», — говорил он утвердительно, а обидчиком был не кто иной, как «Карп с винтом» (так назывался один известный тогда городу страшный арестант, к тому времени бежавший из губернского острога и в нашем городе тайком проживавший).","translation":"“She is herself to blame, the low creature,” he would say with conviction, and the offender was none other than \"Karp the Screw\" (so was called a certain dread convict, well known to the town at the time, who had by then escaped from the provincial prison and was living secretly in our town).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обидчиком был не кто иной, как","title":"Instrumental predicate «обидчиком был»","body":"«обидчиком был» puts the predicate noun in the instrumental after past-tense «был» — Russian's rule for predicate nouns with быть in the past. «не кто иной, как» is the fixed frame 'none other than'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«Карп с винтом»","title":"«Карп с винтом» — a convict's nickname","body":"«с винтом» (lit. 'with a screw') is the criminal byname distinguishing this Karp — such descriptive thieves' nicknames were common. We render it 'Karp the Screw'. He is an «арестант» (prisoner/convict), the scapegoat Grigory floats in place of his master."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic, modifies Она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"низкая","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Она","gloss":"the low creature"},{"surface":"виновата»,","lemma":"виноват","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Она","gloss":"is to blame"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quoted speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"утвердительно","lemma":"утвердительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"with conviction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обидчиком","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"the offender"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking обидчиком to не кто иной","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of был","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кто","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the identification Карп","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Карп","lemma":"карп","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal identifying кто иной","gloss":"Karp"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking винтом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"винтом","lemma":"винт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Карп","gloss":"the Screw","note":"Nickname, literally \"with a screw [loose]\" — implies eccentric or unhinged."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назывался","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"назывался","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies арестант","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"известный","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies арестант","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известный","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известный","gloss":"to the town"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies арестант","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"арестант","lemma":"арестант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назывался","gloss":"convict"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежавший","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"бежавший","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle modifying арестант","gloss":"who had escaped"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking острога","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"губернского","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies острога","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"острога","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежавший","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживавший","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"тайком","lemma":"тайком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживавший","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"проживавший","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежавший, participle modifying арестант","gloss":"living"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c2-s44","source":"Догадка эта показалась правдоподобною, Карпа помнили, именно помнили, что в те самые ночи, под осень, он по городу шлялся и троих ограбил.","translation":"This conjecture seemed plausible; Karp was remembered — remembered precisely as having prowled about the town on those very nights toward autumn and robbed three people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Карпа помнили, именно помнили, что","title":"Impersonal «помнили» with reinforcing repetition","body":"Subjectless «помнили» ('people remembered', they-plural) is repeated for emphasis — 'Karp was remembered, remembered precisely'. The «что»-clause then gives what was remembered. The repetition mimics insistent collective memory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по городу шлялся","title":"«шляться» — to slink, prowl about","body":"«шляться» is a coarse, disreputable verb for aimless loitering or roaming — 'to gad/prowl about'. With «по городу» (по + dative for 'all over town') it casts Karp as a sinister vagrant, robbing three people on those nights."}],"words":[{"surface":"Догадка","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"conjecture"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Догадка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"правдоподобною","lemma":"правдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показалась","gloss":"plausible"},{"surface":"Карпа","lemma":"карп","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помнили","gloss":"Karp"},{"surface":"помнили","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"asyndetic clause coordinated with показалась","gloss":"was remembered"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second помнили","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"помнили","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats помнили for emphasis","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шлялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ночи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ночи","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шлялся","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking осень","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"осень","lemma":"осень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal phrase modifying шлялся, alongside ночи","gloss":"autumn"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шлялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шлялся","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"шлялся","lemma":"шляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнили","gloss":"prowled about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"троих","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of ограбил","gloss":"three people"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шлялся","gloss":"robbed"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c2-s45","source":"Но весь этот случай и все эти толки не только не отвратили общей симпатии от бедной юродивой, но ее еще пуще стали все охранять и оберегать.","translation":"But this whole affair and all this talk, far from turning the general sympathy away from the poor holy fool, only made everyone protect and guard her all the more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не отвратили … но … стали все охранять и оберегать","title":"Double «не» in «не только не»","body":"«не только не отвратили … но …» ('far from turning away… on the contrary') is a strong correlative built on negation. The perfective «отвратили» names the result that did not happen; the imperfective «охранять и оберегать» the heightened ongoing protection that did."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бедной юродивой","title":"«юродивая» substantivized","body":"Here «юродивой» (feminine, dative/genitive) is used as a noun — 'the poor holy fool' — Lizaveta named by her sacred status. The adjective-turned-noun is the dignified counterweight to the cruel «зверь» the drunks had used."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвратили, coordinated with толки","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of толки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of толки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"толки","lemma":"толки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of отвратили","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвратили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвратили","lemma":"отвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"общей","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies симпатии","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"симпатии","lemma":"симпатия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвратили","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юродивой","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"бедной","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies юродивой","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"юродивой","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"the holy fool"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of охранять and оберегать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies стали охранять","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвратили","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"охранять","lemma":"охранять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оберегать","lemma":"оберегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with охранять","gloss":"guard"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c2-s46","source":"Купчиха Кондратьева, одна зажиточная вдова, даже так распорядилась, что в конце еще апреля завела Лизавету к себе, с тем чтоб ее и не выпускать до самых родов.","translation":"Kondratyeva, a merchant's wife and a well-to-do widow, even arranged things so that toward the end of April she took Lizaveta into her own house, with the intention of not letting her out until the birth itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтоб ее и не выпускать","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«с тем чтоб … не выпускать» ('with the aim of not letting [her] out') is a purpose clause; with a shared subject «чтоб» takes the infinitive rather than the past form. «выпускать» is imperfective — sustained confinement until the birth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Купчиха Кондратьева … зажиточная вдова","title":"«купчиха» and «зажиточный»","body":"«купчиха» — a merchant's wife (here a widow). «зажиточный» means well-to-do, prosperous (from «жить», to live). The well-off merchant widow's taking Lizaveta in shows again that the town's charity flows from its trading class."}],"words":[{"surface":"Купчиха","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of распорядилась","gloss":"the merchant's wife"},{"surface":"Кондратьева","lemma":"кондратьева","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Купчиха","gloss":"Kondratyeva"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдова","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"зажиточная","lemma":"зажиточный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдова","gloss":"well-to-do"},{"surface":"вдова","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Купчиха","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распорядилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"распорядилась","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завела","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies апреля","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"апреля","lemma":"апрель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of April"},{"surface":"завела","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of распорядилась","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of завела","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of завела","gloss":"her own place"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of завела","gloss":"the intention","note":"с тем чтоб is a fixed idiom meaning \"with the intention that.\""},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выпускать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпускать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпускать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпускать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпускать","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"let out"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родов","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies родов","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"родов","lemma":"роды","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выпускать","gloss":"the birth"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c2-s47","source":"Стерегли неусыпно, но так вышло, что, несмотря на всю неусыпность, Лизавета в самый последний день, вечером, вдруг тайком ушла от Кондратьевой и очутилась в саду Федора Павловича.","translation":"They watched her unsleepingly, but it so fell out that, despite all the vigilance, Lizaveta, on the very last day, in the evening, suddenly slipped away in secret from Kondratyeva's and found herself in Fyodor Pavlovitch's garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так вышло, что … очутилась в саду","title":"Impersonal «так вышло, что» + perfectives","body":"«так вышло, что» ('it so came about that') is an impersonal frame for an unexpected turn. The perfectives «ушла» and «очутилась» ('slipped away', 'found herself') deliver the two sudden completed events that change everything."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стерегли неусыпно … всю неусыпность","title":"«стеречь» and «неусыпный»","body":"«стеречь» means to guard/watch over closely. «неусыпно / неусыпность» (lit. 'sleeplessly / sleeplessness') is the bookish word for unflagging vigilance. The repetition underlines how, for all the unsleeping watch, she still escaped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стерегли","lemma":"стеречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they watched"},{"surface":"неусыпно","lemma":"неусыпно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Стерегли","gloss":"unsleepingly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стерегли","gloss":"fell out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ушла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неусыпность","gloss":"despite","note":"несмотря на is a compound preposition meaning \"despite/notwithstanding.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неусыпность","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"неусыпность","lemma":"неусыпность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушла","gloss":"the vigilance"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ушла","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последний","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of ушла","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тайком","lemma":"тайком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушла","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"ушла","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вышло","gloss":"slipped away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кондратьевой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Кондратьевой","lemma":"кондратьева","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушла","gloss":"Kondratyeva's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очутилась","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ушла","gloss":"found herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутилась","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies саду","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c2-s48","source":"Как она в ее положении перелезла через высокий и крепкий забор сада, осталось некоторого рода загадкой.","translation":"How, in her condition, she clambered over the high, stout fence of the garden remained something of a riddle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как … перелезла … осталось … загадкой","title":"Embedded question as subject + instrumental predicate","body":"The whole «как … перелезла» clause ('how she clambered over') serves as the grammatical subject of «осталось … загадкой». «загадкой» is the instrumental predicate after «осталось» ('remained a riddle') — the standard instrumental with остаться."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перелезла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перелезла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелезла","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"перелезла","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause modifying осталось","gloss":"clambered over"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забор","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепкий","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокий","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелезла","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забор","gloss":"of the garden"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рода","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies загадкой","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"загадкой","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of осталось","gloss":"riddle"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c2-s49","source":"Одни уверяли, что ее «перенесли», другие, что ее «перенесло».","translation":"Some maintained that she had been \"carried over,\" others that she had been \"carried away.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее «перенесли» … ее «перенесло»","title":"Personal vs impersonal: «перенесли» / «перенесло»","body":"The contrast is the whole point: «перенесли» (they-plural, personal) = 'someone carried her over'; «перенесло» (neuter impersonal, no subject) = 'something/some force carried her over', a miraculous or anonymous agency. Russian's subjectless neuter verb does delicate theological work here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уверяли","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"уверяли","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенесли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перенесли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"перенесли","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяли","gloss":"carried her over"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Одни","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенесло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перенесло","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"перенесло","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"parallel clause to перенесли","gloss":"carried her away"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c2-s50","source":"Вероятнее всего, что всё произошло хоть и весьма мудреным, но натуральным образом, и Лизавета, умевшая лазить по плетням в чужие огороды, чтобы в них ночевать, забралась как-нибудь и на забор Федора Павловича, а с него, хоть и со вредом себе, соскочила в сад, несмотря на свое положение.","translation":"Most likely it all came about in a manner that was, though very intricate, still natural: Lizaveta, who knew how to climb over wattle fences into other people's gardens to sleep there, somehow got up onto Fyodor Pavlovitch's fence as well and, despite her condition, dropped down from it into the garden, even at some hurt to herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лизавета, умевшая лазить по плетням","title":"Past active participle «умевшая»","body":"«умевшая» is a past active participle ('who knew how'), feminine, modifying Lizaveta and replacing a «которая»-clause. «лазить» is the multidirectional motion verb (habitual climbing about), and «по плетням» is по + dative for 'over [various] fences'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забралась … соскочила … несмотря на свое положение","title":"Perfective sequence + reflexive «свой»","body":"The perfectives «забралась» ('got herself up') and «соскочила» ('jumped down') trace the two completed steps of her feat. «свое положение» uses reflexive «свой» for 'her [own] condition' — i.e. her pregnancy, against which she still managed it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"most likely"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вероятнее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Вероятнее","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мудреным","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мудреным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мудреным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мудреным","lemma":"мудрёный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"intricate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"натуральным","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мудреным","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of забралась","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"умевшая","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Лизавета","gloss":"who knew how"},{"surface":"лазить","lemma":"лазить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умевшая","gloss":"to climb"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетням","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"плетням","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лазить","gloss":"wattle fences"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огороды","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"чужие","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies огороды","gloss":"other people's"},{"surface":"огороды","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лазить","gloss":"gardens"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ночевать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ночевать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ночевать","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лазить","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"забралась","lemma":"забраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произошло","gloss":"climbed up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забралась","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забралась","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забралась","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забралась","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забор","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вредом","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вредом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вредом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вредом","lemma":"вред","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочила","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"modifies вредом","gloss":"to herself"},{"surface":"соскочила","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочила","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положение","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочила","gloss":"condition"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c2-s51","source":"Григорий бросился к Марфе Игнатьевне и послал ее к Лизавете помогать, а сам сбегал за старухой повитухой, мещанкой, кстати недалеко жившею.","translation":"Grigory rushed to Marfa Ignatyevna and sent her to help Lizaveta, while he himself ran for an old midwife, a townswoman who happened to live nearby.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился … послал … сбегал","title":"Reflexive «бросился» + round-trip «сбегал»","body":"«бросился» (reflexive perfective) is 'flung himself, rushed'. «сбегал» is the prefixed perfective of the multidirectional «бегать» — a completed there-and-back errand ('ran and fetched'), distinct from one-way «побежал». Three perfectives stack Grigory's swift actions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марфе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Марфе","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевне","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфе","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизавете","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лизавете","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"помогать","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of послал","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сбегал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сбегал","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старухой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"старухой","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбегал","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"повитухой","lemma":"повитуха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старухой","gloss":"midwife"},{"surface":"мещанкой","lemma":"мещанка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with повитухой","gloss":"townswoman"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недалеко","gloss":"who happened"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жившею","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"жившею","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies мещанкой","gloss":"who lived"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c2-s52","source":"Ребеночка спасли, а Лизавета к рассвету померла.","translation":"The infant was saved, but Lizaveta died toward dawn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ребеночка спасли, а Лизавета … померла","title":"Contrastive «а» across life and death","body":"The mild contrastive «а» hinges the two outcomes — the child saved, the mother dead — without strong opposition, simply turning from one to the other. «спасли» is impersonal (they saved); «померла» the folk perfective. The terse parallelism heightens the pathos."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ребеночка","title":"Diminutive «ребёночек»","body":"«ребёночка» (acc. of «ребёночек») is the tender diminutive of «ребёнок» — 'the little babe'. The affectionate suffix invests the newborn with warmth at the very moment its mother dies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасли","gloss":"the baby"},{"surface":"спасли","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they saved"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of померла","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвету","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"рассвету","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of померла","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"померла","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасли","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c2-s53","source":"Григорий взял младенца, принес в дом, посадил жену и положил его к ней на колени, к самой ее груди: «Божье дитя-сирота — всем родня, а нам с тобой подавно.","translation":"Grigory took the babe, carried it into the house, sat his wife down, and laid it on her knees, at her very breast: “God's child, an orphan — kin to everyone, and to you and me all the more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял … принес … посадил … положил","title":"Four perfectives of tender action","body":"Grigory's gestures come as a sequence of perfectives — «взял, принёс, посадил, положил» ('took, carried in, sat down, laid') — each a single completed act, building the slow ritual of placing the orphan at Marfa's breast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Божье дитя-сирота — всем родня","title":"«дитя», «сирота», «родня»","body":"«дитя» is the elevated/old word for 'child' (neuter); «сирота» an orphan (common-gender); «родня» kin/kinfolk. Grigory's solemn phrasing — 'God's child, an orphan, kin to everyone' — lifts his speech toward the biblical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а нам с тобой подавно","title":"Dative «нам с тобой» + «подавно»","body":"«нам с тобой» ('to you and me') is the Russian idiom for 'we two', literally 'to us with you' in the dative. «подавно» means 'all the more so'. The dative marks those to whom the child is kin — and to Grigory and his wife most of all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the babe"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принес","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"посадил","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посадил","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of груди","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with колени","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"Божье","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дитя","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of родня","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"сирота","lemma":"сирота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дитя","gloss":"an orphan"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies родня","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"родня","lemma":"родня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of дитя","gloss":"kin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies родня","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with","note":"нам с тобой is an idiom meaning \"you and me.\""},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of нам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подавно","lemma":"подавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies родня","gloss":"all the more"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c2-s54","source":"Этого покойничек наш прислал, а произошел сей от бесова сына и от праведницы.","translation":"This one our little dead boy has sent us, and he is sprung from the devil's son and a righteous woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошел сей от бесова сына и от праведницы","title":"Archaic «сей» + biblical «произошёл от»","body":"«сей» ('this') is the bookish/archaic demonstrative, here pronominal ('this one'). «произошёл от» ('was descended/sprang from') echoes Scriptural genealogy. The elevated «сей» marks Grigory's speech as deliberately solemn, almost liturgical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от бесова сына и от праведницы","title":"«бесов сын» and «праведница»","body":"«бесов сын» ('son of the devil', with the archaic possessive adjective «бесов» from «бес») brands the father; «праведница» is a righteous/holy woman, the female «праведник». Grigory frames the child's origin as a union of devil's spawn and saint — the novel's moral paradox in one line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойничек наш прислал","title":"Diminutive «покойничек»","body":"«покойничек» is the tender diminutive of «покойник» ('the deceased') — 'our little dead one', meaning Grigory and Marfa's own dead infant. The affectionate suffix turns the dead child into a quasi-saintly sender of the foundling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"покойничек","lemma":"покойничек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"our departed one"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покойничек","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has sent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прислал","gloss":"is sprung"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сына","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"бесова","lemma":"бесов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"devil's"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праведницы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"праведницы","lemma":"праведница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сына","gloss":"a righteous woman"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c2-s55","source":"Питай и впредь не плачь».","translation":"Nurse him, and weep no more.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Питай и впредь не плачь","title":"Imperatives «питай» / «не плачь»","body":"Two singular imperatives close Grigory's speech: «питай» ('nurse, feed', from питать) and the negated «не плачь» ('weep no more', from плакать). A negated imperative typically takes the imperfective, as «не плачь» does — a gentle, ongoing 'stop weeping'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Питай","lemma":"питать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nurse him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Питай","gloss":"weep"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c2-s56","source":"Так Марфа Игнатьевна и воспитала ребеночка.","translation":"And so Marfa Ignatyevna raised the child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так Марфа Игнатьевна и воспитала ребеночка","title":"Resumptive «так … и»","body":"«так … и» ('and so, just so') is a resumptive frame closing the episode: 'and so Marfa Ignatyevna did raise the child'. The «и» before the perfective «воспитала» affirms that the thing came to pass exactly as set up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспитала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воспитала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспитала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"воспитала","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воспитала","gloss":"the child"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c2-s57","source":"Окрестили и назвали Павлом, а по отчеству все его и сами, без указу, стали звать Федоровичем.","translation":"He was christened and named Pavel, and as for his patronymic, everyone, of their own accord and without any order, took to calling him Fyodorovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Окрестили и назвали Павлом … стали звать Федоровичем","title":"Instrumental of naming «Павлом», «Федоровичем»","body":"After «назвать» and «звать» ('to name, to call') the name stands in the instrumental — «Павлом», «Федоровичем». «Окрестили / назвали / стали звать» are impersonal plurals ('they christened and named')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Окрестили","lemma":"окрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they christened him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"назвали","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Окрестили","gloss":"named him"},{"surface":"Павлом","lemma":"павел","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвали","gloss":"Pavel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчеству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"отчеству","lemma":"отчество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"patronymic"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies все","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking указу","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"указу","lemma":"указ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"an order"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Окрестили","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of звать","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c2-s58","source":"Федор Павлович не противоречил ничему и даже нашел всё это забавным, хотя изо всех сил продолжал от всего отрекаться.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch raised no objection to any of it and even found the whole thing amusing, though he kept on denying everything with all his might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжал от всего отрекаться","title":"«продолжал» + imperfective + reflexive «отрекаться»","body":"«продолжал … отрекаться» — the phase verb «продолжать» ('to continue') governs the imperfective infinitive. «отрекаться» is a reflexive (-ся) verb ('to renounce, deny'); «от всего» (от + genitive) is 'from everything'. He kept on disowning it all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of противоречил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противоречил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"противоречил","lemma":"противоречить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"ничему","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of противоречил","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with противоречил","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"the whole thing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"забавным","lemma":"забавный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"amusing"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause modifying нашел","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекаться","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"отрекаться","lemma":"отрекаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"denying"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c2-s59","source":"В городе понравилось, что он взял подкидыша.","translation":"The town was pleased that he had taken in the foundling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В городе понравилось, что","title":"Impersonal «понравилось» + «что»-clause","body":"«понравилось» here is impersonal/neuter ('it pleased [people], it went down well') with no nominative subject, the cause given by the «что»-clause. The locative «в городе» stands for the collective experiencer — the town as a whole was pleased."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подкидыша","title":"«подкидыш» — a foundling","body":"«подкидыш» (from подкинуть, 'to throw/place under') is an abandoned child left for others to find and rear. The word frames Smerdyakov from birth as an unwanted thing taken in — a status that shadows him through the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понравилось","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pleased"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понравилось","gloss":"had taken in"},{"surface":"подкидыша","lemma":"подкидыш","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the foundling"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c2-s60","source":"Впоследствии Федор Павлович сочинил подкидышу и фамилию: назвал он его Смердяковым, по прозвищу матери его, Лизаветы Смердящей.","translation":"Afterward Fyodor Pavlovitch invented a surname for the foundling as well: he called him Smerdyakov, after his mother's nickname, Lizaveta the Reeking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"назвал он его Смердяковым, по прозвищу матери","title":"Instrumental surname «Смердяковым» + «по» + dative","body":"«назвал … Смердяковым» again puts the conferred name in the instrumental after «назвать». «по прозвищу матери» uses «по» + dative ('after, in accordance with the mother's nickname') — the source of the new surname."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Смердяковым … Лизаветы Смердящей","title":"«Смердящая» — 'the reeking'","body":"«смердящая» is a present active participle from «смердеть» ('to stink, reek'), here a fixed nickname — Lizaveta 'the Reeking'. The invented surname «Смердяков» is built straight from it, so the son carries his mother's odor of degradation in his very name — Dostoevsky's bitter onomastic stamp on Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочинил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"подкидышу","lemma":"подкидыш","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сочинил","gloss":"for the foundling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подкидышу","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"фамилию","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сочинил","gloss":"a surname"},{"surface":"назвал","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сочинил","gloss":"he called"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of назвал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прозвищу","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"прозвищу","lemma":"прозвище","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of назвал","gloss":"the nickname"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прозвищу","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Лизаветы","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to матери","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"Смердящей","lemma":"смердящий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Лизаветы","gloss":"the Reeking"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c2-s61","source":"Вот этот-то Смердяков и вышел вторым слугой Федора Павловича и проживал, к началу нашей истории, во флигеле вместе со стариком Григорием и старухой Марфой.","translation":"It was this very Smerdyakov who turned out to be Fyodor Pavlovitch's second servant and who, at the beginning of our story, was living in the lodge together with old Grigory and old Marfa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот-то","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» tacked onto the demonstrative «этот» picks out a known topic with a touch of insistence: 'this very Smerdyakov, the one we've been talking about'. Distinguish it from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то» (somebody) — here it merely underscores a referent already in play."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и вышел","title":"Emphatic «и» after the subject","body":"This «и» is not 'and' but an emphatic particle meaning 'precisely, indeed' — it leans on the fronted topic «Вот этот-то Смердяков» to say 'it was this very Smerdyakov who turned out…'. Russian's free word order lets the new, weighted information sit where the focus falls."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел вторым слугой","title":"Instrumental of the predicate with «выйти»","body":"«Выйти» here is idiomatic — 'to turn out / end up as' — and the role one ends up in takes the instrumental: «вторым слугой» (second servant). The instrumental frames the role as something assumed or arrived at, exactly as it does after «стать» and «быть» in the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проживал","title":"Imperfective past for a standing state","body":"Against the perfective «вышел» (a single completed turn of events), «проживал» is imperfective past, painting the durative background — he 'was living / went on living' in the lodge. This pairing of one perfective event against an imperfective state is the basic rhythm of Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со стариком Григорием и старухой Марфой","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment after «с»","body":"The preposition «с» ('with', together with) governs the instrumental, here threaded through a whole list: «стариком», «старухой», and the names «Григорием», «Марфой» all carry instrumental endings in agreement. Note «со» — the vowel is added before the consonant cluster «ст-» for ease of pronunciation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Смердяков","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"вторым","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугой","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"слугой","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of вышел","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугой","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"was living"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking началу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"началу","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истории","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies началу","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживал","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стариком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стариком","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Григорием","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to стариком","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старухой","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with стариком","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Марфой","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старухой","gloss":"Marfa"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c2-s62","source":"Употреблялся же в поварах.","translation":"He was employed as a cook.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Употреблялся","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a passive","body":"«Употреблялся» is the imperfective verb «употреблять» (to use, employ) plus the clitic «-ся», yielding a passive: 'he was employed / used'. The imperfective «-ся» passive describes an ongoing or habitual being-acted-upon, here his standing duty as cook."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"же","title":"The modal particle «же»","body":"This unstressed «же» does not translate as a single word; it lightly resumes and contrasts — 'as for his employment, it was as a cook' — linking the terse clause back to what precedes. Such particles carry in Russian the shading English leaves to intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в поварах","title":"«в» + prepositional plural for a role","body":"The construction «в поварах» (literally 'among cooks') uses «в» plus the prepositional plural to mean 'as / in the capacity of a cook' — a fixed colloquial pattern for holding a post (compare «служить в солдатах»). It locates a person inside an occupation rather than naming the role outright."}],"words":[{"surface":"Употреблялся","lemma":"употребляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was employed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Употреблялся","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поварах","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"поварах","lemma":"повар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Употреблялся","gloss":"a cook"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c2-s63","source":"Очень бы надо примолвить кое-что и о нем специально, но мне совестно столь долго отвлекать внимание моего читателя на столь обыкновенных лакеев, а потому и перехожу к моему рассказу, уповая, что о Смердякове как-нибудь сойдет само собою в дальнейшем течении повести.","translation":"It would be well worth saying a word or two about him in particular, but I am ashamed to divert my reader's attention for so long onto such commonplace lackeys, and so I pass on to my narrative, trusting that the matter of Smerdyakov will somehow come up of itself in the further course of my tale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очень бы надо примолвить","title":"The particle «бы» softening a necessity","body":"«Бы» joined to the impersonal «надо» turns a flat 'one must' into the tentative, irrealis 'it would be well to' — the narrator's polite hedge. The particle is mobile, leaning here on the first stressed word «очень» rather than on the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"примолвить","title":"«примолвить» — to add a word","body":"A bookish, slightly archaic verb built on «молвить» (to utter, say — itself elevated), with the prefix «при-» giving 'to add a word, to put in a remark besides'. The narrator's choice colours his aside as old-fashioned and confiding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне совестно","title":"Dative-experiencer impersonal «мне совестно»","body":"There is no nominative subject: the person who feels stands in the dative («мне»), and the state is named by the invariable predicative «совестно» ('it is shameful [to me]'). This dative-experiencer frame — 'I am ashamed' rendered as 'to me it is shaming' — is everywhere in Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвлекать внимание моего читателя","title":"Genitive of possession in «внимание читателя»","body":"«Внимание читателя» is 'the reader's attention' — the possessor «читателя» takes the genitive, with «моего» agreeing in the genitive masculine. The accusative «внимание» is the object of «отвлекать», and the whole sits under «бы… надо» as an infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перехожу","title":"Prefixed motion verb «переходить»","body":"«Перехожу» is the present of «переходить» (to cross over, move on to), a prefixed motion verb where «пере-» gives 'across, over to'. Used figuratively here — 'I pass on to my narrative' — it shows how a directional prefix yields an ordinary imperfective with abstract reach."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уповая","title":"The gerund «уповая» — 'trusting'","body":"«Уповая» is an imperfective present деепричастие (adverbial participle) from the lofty verb «уповать» (to trust, set one's hope in), expressing an action attendant on the main verb: 'I pass on… trusting that…'. It shares the narrator's 'I' as subject and lends the sentence its elevated, sermon-like cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-нибудь сойдёт само собою","title":"Perfective future «сойдёт»","body":"«Сойдёт» is the simple (perfective) future of «сойти» — a perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings to name a single completed future outcome: the matter 'will somehow come up of itself'. «Само собою» ('by itself') and «как-нибудь» ('somehow, anyhow') reinforce the offhand, leave-it-to-chance tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакеев","title":"«лакей» — lackey, manservant","body":"«Лакей» (genitive plural «лакеев» after «обыкновенных») is a liveried male servant, a footman — here mildly dismissive, 'such commonplace lackeys'. A French loan (laquais) that by Dostoevsky's day also carried, as in English, a sneer of servility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в дальнейшем течении повести","title":"«повесть» and bookish «течение»","body":"«Повесть» is a 'tale' or short novel — the narrator's modest word for his own work — and «в дальнейшем течении» ('in the further course / flow') is an elevated metaphor of narrative as a current. The phrase, all in the prepositional after «в», is part of the self-consciously literary voice of these asides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks надо as hypothetical","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the impersonal phrase","gloss":"be worth"},{"surface":"примолвить","lemma":"примолвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, part of кое-что, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кое-что","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, part of кое-что, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of примолвить","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes о нем","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of о","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"специально","lemma":"специально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примолвить","gloss":"specially"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of совестно","gloss":"I (to me)"},{"surface":"совестно","lemma":"совестно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"am ashamed"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвлекать","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"отвлекать","lemma":"отвлекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on совестно","gloss":"to divert"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвлекать","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of читателя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"читателя","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"reader's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лакеев","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыкновенных","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"обыкновенных","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лакеев","gloss":"commonplace"},{"surface":"лакеев","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"lackeys"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase а потому","role":"modifies перехожу","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"перехожу","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with совестно","gloss":"I pass on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рассказу","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перехожу","gloss":"narrative"},{"surface":"уповая","lemma":"уповать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перехожу","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of о","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb, part of как-нибудь","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb, part of как-нибудь","role":"modifies сойдет","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"сойдет","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уповая","gloss":"will come up"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular, part of само собою","role":"modifies собою","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive, part of само собою","role":"adverbial modifier of сойдет","gloss":"of its own accord"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking течении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дальнейшем","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies течении","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"течении","lemma":"течение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"повести","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies течении","gloss":"of the tale"}]}]}