{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c3","title":{"source":"III. Исповедь горячего сердца. В стихах","translated":"The Confession of a Passionate Heart- in Verse"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c3","lines":212},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c3-s1","source":"Алеша, выслушав приказание отца, которое тот выкрикнул ему из коляски, уезжая из монастыря, оставался некоторое время на месте в большом недоумении.","translation":"Having heard out his father's command, which the old man had shouted to him from the carriage as he drove off from the monastery, Alyosha stood rooted to the spot for a while in deep perplexity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушав","title":"Perfective gerund: «having heard out»","body":"«выслушав» is a perfective past деепричастие (gerund) in -в, from «выслушать». It frames a prior, completed action sharing Alyosha's subject: «having heard out … he stood», the very chaining of background and foreground action that opens so many of Dostoevsky's paragraphs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое тот выкрикнул ему","title":"Relative «которое» with correlative «тот»","body":"«которое» (neuter, agreeing with «приказание») opens the relative clause but takes accusative as the object of «выкрикнул». Inside it «тот» («the latter», i.e. the father) is a demonstrative used for tracking a referent — a bookish, precise way to keep two males apart."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уезжая","title":"Imperfective gerund: «as he drove off»","body":"«уезжая» is an imperfective present деепричастие from the prefixed motion verb «уезжать», expressing action simultaneous with the shouting — «shouted … as he was driving away». Note the prefix у- (motion away) on a motion-verb stem."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в большом недоумении","title":"«недоумение» — perplexity","body":"A bookish abstract noun in -ение meaning bafflement or being at a loss. Here in the prepositional after «в», with «большом» agreeing: «in deep perplexity». It recurs across the novel as a marker of a character's inner suspension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставался","gloss":"having heard out"},{"surface":"приказание","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказание","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выкрикнул","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выкрикнул","gloss":"he (the old man)"},{"surface":"выкрикнул","lemma":"выкрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on приказание","gloss":"had shouted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выкрикнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляски","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"коляски","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"уезжая","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выкрикнул","gloss":"as he drove off"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood, remained"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of оставался","gloss":"for a while"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумении","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"perplexity"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c3-s2","source":"Не то чтоб он стоял как столб, с ним этого не случалось.","translation":"Not that he stood there like a post — nothing of that kind ever happened to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то чтоб","title":"«Не то чтоб(ы)» — 'not that…'","body":"A concessive turn meaning 'it's not as though'. The «чтоб» is a clipped, colloquial «чтобы», which pulls the following verb into the past-form irrealis («он стоял»). The narrator uses it to walk back an impression he has just raised."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ним этого не случалось","title":"Genitive of negation + reflexive «случаться»","body":"Under negation the subject of «случаться» (to happen) appears as genitive «этого» rather than nominative «это» — the impersonal 'none of that ever happened to him'. The verb is a -ся middle-voice verb describing an event that simply occurs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase не то чтоб","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоял","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of не то чтоб","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition marking столб","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"столб","lemma":"столб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"a post"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случалось (genitive of negation)","gloss":"that (kind)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c3-s3","source":"Напротив, он, при всем беспокойстве, успел тотчас же сходить на кухню игумена и разузнать, что наделал вверху его папаша.","translation":"On the contrary, for all his agitation, he had managed to slip at once into the Father Superior's kitchen and find out exactly what his papa had been up to upstairs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"при всем беспокойстве","title":"Concessive «при» + prepositional","body":"«при» with the prepositional here means 'for all, despite' — «при всём беспокойстве», 'for all his agitation'. This concessive «при» is a favourite of 19th-century prose for packing a contrast into a single phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел тотчас же сходить","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive of a round trip","body":"«успел» (managed, had time to) governs «сходить», the perfective of the multidirectional «ходить» — a 'there-and-back' motion verb. The prefix с- on a multidirectional stem gives precisely 'to go somewhere and return', here a quick dash to the kitchen and back."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папаша","title":"«папаша» — papa, with a familiar tinge","body":"An affectionate-yet-faintly-mocking colloquial word for father, warmer and lower than «отец». Used of Fyodor Pavlovich it carries the narrator's wry irony, the buffoon-father reduced to a 'papa'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying успел","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойстве","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of беспокойстве","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"беспокойстве","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of при","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходить","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"сходить","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to slip off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кухню","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кухню","gloss":"of the Father Superior"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разузнать","lemma":"разузнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходить","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"наделал","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of разузнать","gloss":"had been up to"},{"surface":"вверху","lemma":"вверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наделал","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of папаша","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"папаша","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наделал","gloss":"papa"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c3-s4","source":"Затем, однако, пустился в путь, уповая, что по дороге к городу успеет как-нибудь разрешить томившую его задачу.","translation":"Then, however, he set off on his way, trusting that somewhere on the road into town he would find a way to settle the question that was tormenting him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустился в путь","title":"Reflexive «пуститься» — to set off","body":"«пустился» is the perfective -ся verb «пуститься» ('to set out, dash off'), with «в путь» (accusative of direction) — a set idiom for beginning a journey. The -ся here marks an intransitive change of state, the self launching into motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уповая","title":"Imperfective gerund «уповая» — trusting","body":"An imperfective present деепричастие giving the attendant attitude: 'set off, trusting that…'. The verb «уповать» itself is elevated, near-liturgical (to hope in / trust, often in God), lending the plain act of walking a faint spiritual coloring fitting for Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"томившую его задачу","title":"Past active participle «томившую»","body":"«томившую» is a past active participle from imperfective «томить» (to torment), declined to agree with «задачу» in feminine accusative: 'the question that was tormenting him'. It compresses a whole который-clause into one pre-posed modifier — a hallmark of literary density."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying пустился","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"his way"},{"surface":"уповая","lemma":"уповать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пустился","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"успеет","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уповая","gloss":"would find a way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb, part of как-нибудь","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb, part of как-нибудь","role":"modifies разрешить","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успеет","gloss":"to settle"},{"surface":"томившую","lemma":"томить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies задачу","gloss":"that was tormenting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of томившую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"задачу","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c3-s5","source":"Скажу заранее: криков отца и приказания переселиться домой, «с подушками и тюфяком», он не боялся нимало.","translation":"Let me say at once: he was not in the least afraid of his father's shouting, nor of the order to move back home, \"with his pillows and his mattress.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажу заранее","title":"Perfective future as narratorial gesture","body":"«Скажу» is the perfective future of «сказать» (1sg) — 'I will say [once]'. The chronicler-narrator uses this conjugated perfective to step forward and address the reader directly: 'Let me say in advance…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"криков отца и приказания … он не боялся нимало","title":"Genitive after «бояться» + emphatic word order","body":"«бояться» (to fear) governs the genitive, so its objects «криков» and «приказания» are fronted in the genitive for emphasis, with the negated verb last: 'his father's shouts… he was not in the least afraid of'. «нимало» is an archaic 'not at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с подушками и тюфяком","title":"«тюфяк» — a straw mattress","body":"A «тюфяк» is a humble stuffed mattress (straw or wool). The quoted phrase echoes Fyodor's own coarse command to move home bag-and-baggage; the homely detail mocks the theatrical fuss of the order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let me say"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Скажу","gloss":"at once, beforehand"},{"surface":"криков","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of боялся","gloss":"the shouting"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies криков","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"приказания","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with криков","gloss":"the order"},{"surface":"переселиться","lemma":"переселиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies приказания","gloss":"to move"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переселиться","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подушками","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"pillows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подушками","gloss":"mattress"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid of"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"not in the least"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c3-s6","source":"Он слишком хорошо понял, что приказание переезжать, вслух и с таким показным криком, дано было «в увлечении», так сказать даже для красоты, — вроде как раскутившийся недавно в их же городке мещанин, на своих собственных именинах, и при гостях, рассердясь на то, что ему не дают больше водки, вдруг начал бить свою же собственную посуду, рвать свое и женино платье, разбивать свою мебель и, наконец, стекла в доме и всё опять-таки для красы; и всё в том же роде, конечно, случилось теперь и с папашей.","translation":"He understood only too well that the command to come home, voiced aloud and with such showy bluster, had been given \"in a fit of enthusiasm,\" for effect, so to speak, even for the beauty of the thing — rather like a tradesman in their own town who had recently gone on a spree, and who, at his own name-day party and in front of his guests, growing furious that he was given no more vodka, suddenly began smashing his own crockery, tearing his own clothes and his wife's, breaking his own furniture and at last the windows of the house — and all of it, again, for the sake of show; and now, of course, something of just the same sort had happened with his papa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дано было «в увлечении»","title":"Short passive participle + «было»","body":"«дано» is the short (predicative) neuter past passive participle of «дать», joined to «было» to form a periphrastic passive: 'had been given'. The short participle states a result; its long form would attribute. Agreement is neuter, matching «приказание»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассердясь на то, что","title":"Perfective gerund «рассердясь»","body":"An older perfective деепричастие in -сь from reflexive «рассердиться» (to grow angry); modern Russian would prefer «рассердившись». It marks the prior cause — 'having grown angry that…' — and the -ся reflexive carries the change of emotional state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскутившийся … мещанин","title":"«раскутиться» — to go on a wild spree","body":"«раскутившийся» is a past active participle of «раскутиться», 'to break loose into carousing/drunken revelry'. The whole image of the «мещанин» smashing his own crockery 'for the beauty of it' is the narrator's homely parable for Fyodor's performance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для красоты … для красы","title":"«для красоты» / «для красы» — 'for show'","body":"An ironic idiom: literally 'for the beauty of it', i.e. for effect, for the gesture's own sake. The narrator repeats it (and the folksier clipped «красы») to stamp Fyodor's tantrum as pure theatre, not real feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"only too"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"приказание","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive дано","gloss":"the command"},{"surface":"переезжать","lemma":"переезжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies приказание","gloss":"to move house"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дано","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking криком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of криком","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"показным","lemma":"показной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies криком","gloss":"showy"},{"surface":"криком","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"bluster"},{"surface":"дано","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"had been given"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увлечении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"увлечении","lemma":"увлечение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"a fit of enthusiasm"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying дано","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для красоты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красоты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"красоты,","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"the beauty of it"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition, part of вроде как","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"rather like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of вроде как","role":"part of the phrase вроде","gloss":"(comparative)"},{"surface":"раскутившийся","lemma":"раскутиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies мещанин","gloss":"who had gone on a spree"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскутившийся","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of городке","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes их","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"мещанин","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the simile, subject of начал","gloss":"a tradesman"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking именинах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of именинах","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"собственных","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies именинах","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"именинах","lemma":"именины","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"name-day party"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостях","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"гостях","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of при","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"рассердясь","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"growing furious"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дают","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дают","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"give (him)"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies водки","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дают","gloss":"vodka"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the simile clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"smashing"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of посуду","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes свою","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"собственную","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies посуду","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"посуду","lemma":"посуда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"crockery"},{"surface":"рвать","lemma":"рвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бить","gloss":"tearing"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"женино","lemma":"женин","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свое","gloss":"his wife's"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рвать","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"разбивать","lemma":"разбивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бить","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мебель","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мебель","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разбивать","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стекла","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"стекла","lemma":"стекло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with мебель","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb, part of опять-таки","role":"modifies для красы","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle, part of опять-таки","role":"part of the phrase опять","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красы","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"красы","lemma":"краса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes том","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying случилось","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the closing clause","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes с папашей","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папашей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"папашей","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"papa"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c3-s7","source":"Назавтра, конечно, раскутившийся мещанин, отрезвившись, пожалел разбитые чашки и тарелки.","translation":"By the next day, of course, the tradesman who had gone on his spree, having sobered up, was sorry for the broken cups and plates.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отрезвившись","title":"Perfective gerund «отрезвившись» — having sobered up","body":"A perfective past деепричастие in -вшись from reflexive «отрезвиться». It supplies the prior circumstance: 'having sobered up, he was sorry'. The prefix от- conveys reversal/coming-out-of, here out of drunkenness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожалел разбитые чашки","title":"Past passive participle as attribute: «разбитые»","body":"«разбитые» is the past passive participle of «разбить» (to smash), long form, agreeing with «чашки» (accusative plural): 'the broken cups'. Here the participle works as an ordinary adjective naming the result of the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Назавтра","lemma":"назавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалел","gloss":"the next day"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying пожалел","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"раскутившийся","lemma":"раскутиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies мещанин","gloss":"who had gone on his spree"},{"surface":"мещанин","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожалел","gloss":"the tradesman"},{"surface":"отрезвившись","lemma":"отрезвиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожалел","gloss":"having sobered up"},{"surface":"пожалел","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sorry for"},{"surface":"разбитые","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, accusative, plural, perfective","role":"modifies чашки","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"чашки","lemma":"чашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пожалел","gloss":"cups"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тарелки","lemma":"тарелка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with чашки","gloss":"plates"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c3-s8","source":"Алеша знал, что и старик назавтра же наверно отпустит его опять в монастырь, даже сегодня же, может, отпустит.","translation":"Alyosha knew that the old man too would surely let him go back to the monastery the next day, and might even let him go that very day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наверно отпустит … может, отпустит","title":"Perfective future «отпустит»","body":"«отпустит» is the perfective future of «отпустить» (to let go, release) — 3sg endings on a perfective stem yielding 'will let [him] go'. Repeated with «наверно» and then «может», it stages Alyosha's confident reckoning about tomorrow."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старик","title":"«старик» for the father","body":"Literally 'the old man', here a familiar, half-affectionate stand-in for Fyodor Pavlovich (he is in his fifties). Such shifting epithets — «папаша», «старик», «отец» — let the narrator color the father differently sentence by sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отпустит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes старик","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпустит","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"назавтра","lemma":"назавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустит","gloss":"the next day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes назавтра","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустит","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"отпустит","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would let go"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустит","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустит","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сегодня","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying отпустит","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"отпустит","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпустит","gloss":"let go"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c3-s9","source":"Да и был он уверен вполне, что отец кого другого, а его обидеть не захочет.","translation":"And he was perfectly sure, besides, that whomever else his father might want to wound, he would not want to wound him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого другого, а его","title":"Contrastive «а» framing the antithesis","body":"The mild contrastive «а» pivots between 'whomever else' («кого другого», animate accusative) and 'but him' («его»): the father might wound anyone else, but not Alyosha. «а» here marks a shift of topic, not flat opposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обидеть не захочет","title":"Perfective future «не захочет» + infinitive","body":"«захочет» is the perfective future of «захотеть» (to come to want), negated: 'will not want to'. It governs the perfective infinitive «обидеть» (to wrong, offend). The whole settles a future disposition rather than an ongoing one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обидеть","title":"«обидеть» — to wound, to do a wrong","body":"More than 'offend': «обидеть» means to hurt someone, to do them an injustice — an emotional and moral wronging. It is a key Dostoevskian word; the «обиженный» (the wronged, the injured) are a recurring moral category in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes был","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"was sure"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захочет","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обидеть","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обидеть","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to wound"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"would want"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c3-s10","source":"Алеша уверен был, что его и на всем свете никто и никогда обидеть не захочет, даже не только не захочет, но и не может.","translation":"Alyosha was certain that nobody anywhere in the whole world would ever want to wound him — that, indeed, not only would no one want to, but that no one even could.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто и никогда обидеть не захочет","title":"Negative concord: «никто… никогда… не»","body":"Russian piles up negative words and still keeps «не» on the verb: «никто… никогда… не захочет» = 'no one ever would want to'. The ни-series (никто, никогда) intensifies, but the clause-negation lives in «не» — three negatives, one meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не захочет, но и не может","title":"Correlative «не только… но и»","body":"'Not only… but also' escalates from will to capacity: not only would no one want to wound him, but no one even could («не может», imperfective present of ability). The structure builds Alyosha's near-mystical sense of his own invulnerability."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"was certain"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes на всем свете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of захочет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"обидеть","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to wound"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не только не захочет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, part of не только","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle, part of не только","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочет","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, part of но и","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захочет","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c3-s11","source":"Это было для него аксиомой, дано раз навсегда, без рассуждений, и он в этом смысле шел вперед, безо всякого колебания.","translation":"This was an axiom to him, settled once and for all, beyond all argument, and in this conviction he went forward without the slightest wavering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это было для него аксиомой","title":"Instrumental of the predicate: «аксиомой»","body":"After past «было», the predicate noun takes the instrumental, not the nominative: «аксиомой» ('an axiom'). The instrumental frames it as the role/status the thing held — 'this was, for him, an axiom'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дано раз навсегда","title":"Short passive participle «дано»","body":"«дано» — short neuter past passive participle of «дать» — stands alone here as a result-state: '[it was] given once and for all'. The omitted «было» is recoverable from context, a terse, almost aphoristic construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шел вперед","title":"Imperfective motion verb «шёл» — figurative","body":"«шёл», past of unidirectional «идти», is used metaphorically here ('went forward [in this conviction]'). The unidirectional choice gives a sense of a single onward trajectory, not aimless going — Alyosha advancing through life along one line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of аксиомой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to аксиомой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"аксиомой","lemma":"аксиома","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"an axiom"},{"surface":"дано","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel predicate to аксиомой","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb, part of раз навсегда","role":"part of the phrase навсегда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb, part of раз навсегда","role":"modifies дано","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассуждений","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"рассуждений","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"all argument"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колебания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of колебания","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"колебания","lemma":"колебание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"wavering"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c3-s12","source":"Но в эту минуту в нем копошилась некоторая другая боязнь, совсем другого рода, и тем более мучительная, что он ее и сам определить бы не мог, именно боязнь женщины, и именно Катерины Ивановны, которая так настоятельно умоляла его давешнею, переданною ему госпожою Хохлаковою, запиской прийти к ней для чего-то.","translation":"But at this moment another sort of dread was stirring within him, of a quite different kind, and all the more tormenting because he could not have defined it to himself — namely, a dread of woman, and precisely of Katerina Ivanovna, who had so insistently begged him, in the note she had sent him earlier that day through Madame Khokhlakova, to come to her for some purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в нем копошилась некоторая другая боязнь","title":"Inverted word order: location-first","body":"The clause opens with the locative «в нём» (in him), delays the verb «копошилась», and ends on the new subject «боязнь». This topic-first/comment-last ordering — the prepositional phrase as theme, the dread as news — is pure Russian information structure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ее и сам определить бы не мог","title":"Conditional «бы» — could not have defined","body":"Past «мог» + the particle «бы» yields the irrealis: 'he could not have defined it'. «бы» is mobile, here leaning before «не мог», and «и сам» ('even himself') sharpens the point: the dread eludes even its owner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переданною ему госпожою Хохлаковою","title":"Past passive participle in the instrumental","body":"«переданною» is a long past passive participle ('handed over, conveyed') agreeing with «запиской» (instrumental feminine, old -ою ending), and the agent stands in the instrumental: «госпожою Хохлаковою» — 'in the note conveyed to him by Madame Khokhlakova'. The instrumental marks both the means (the note) and the agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешнею","title":"«давешний» — 'of earlier today'","body":"A colloquial, slightly archaic adjective meaning 'the recent one, the one from a little while ago'. Here «давешнею… запиской» = 'in the note [sent] earlier that day'. It has no neat English equivalent and flavors the chronicle voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of копошилась","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of копошилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"копошилась","lemma":"копошиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was stirring"},{"surface":"некоторая","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of боязнь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боязнь","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"боязнь","lemma":"боязнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of копошилась","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другого","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive modifier describing боязнь (of a different kind)","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with более (тем более = all the more)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучительная","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"мучительная","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with другая, modifies боязнь","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining мучительная","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of определить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"define"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clause explaining мучительная","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боязнь","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"боязнь","lemma":"боязнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to боязнь (w10), specifying it","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боязнь","gloss":"of woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with женщины, modifies боязнь","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умоляла","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настоятельно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умоляла","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"умоляла","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Катерины","gloss":"had begged"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of умоляла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"давешнею","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies запиской","gloss":"that morning's"},{"surface":"переданною","lemma":"переданный","morphology":"participle, passive, past, instrumental, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies запиской","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of переданною","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"госпожою","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of переданною","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковою","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожою","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"запиской","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of умоляла","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умоляла","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of чего-то, oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms чего-то with чего","gloss":"reason"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c3-s13","source":"Это требование и необходимость непременно пойти вселила сразу какое-то мучительное чувство в его сердце, и всё утро, чем далее, тем более, всё больнее и больнее в нем это чувство разбаливалось, несмотря на все последовавшие затем сцены и приключения в монастыре, и сейчас у игумена, и проч., и проч.","translation":"This request, and the obligation to go without fail, had instantly planted a kind of tormenting feeling in his heart, and all that morning, the further it went, the worse it grew — more and more painfully the feeling ached within him — for all the scenes and incidents that had followed in the monastery, and just now at the Father Superior's, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем далее, тем более, всё больнее и больнее","title":"Comparatives: «чем… тем…» correlative","body":"The 'the more… the more…' frame is built from invariable predicative comparatives: «далее» (further), «более» (more), «больнее» (more painfully). Repeating «всё больнее и больнее» ('more and more painful') intensifies by reduplication — the ache literally growing across the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это чувство разбаливалось","title":"Reflexive «разбаливаться» — to ache worse and worse","body":"«разбаливалось» is the imperfective -ся verb «разбаливаться», an intransitive middle: a pain that grows and spreads of itself. The prefix раз- adds the sense of intensifying/spreading out, and the imperfective past renders the slow swelling of the feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"последовавшие затем сцены","title":"Past active participle «последовавшие»","body":"«последовавшие» — past active participle of perfective «последовать» — agrees with «сцены» (nom./acc. pl.): 'the scenes that had followed'. A compact attribute replacing 'the scenes which followed', typical of the layered narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of требование","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"требование","lemma":"требование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вселила","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"необходимость","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with требование","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies необходимость","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"вселила","lemma":"вселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"instilled"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вселила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство, part of какое-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms какое-то with какое","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"мучительное","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вселила","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вселила","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of утро","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial (all that morning)","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of далее (чем...тем correlative)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the чем-clause","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with более","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to больнее","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больнее","gloss":"more and more"},{"surface":"больнее","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies разбаливалось","gloss":"more painfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больнее","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больнее","gloss":"more painfully"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбаливалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разбаливалось","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"разбаливалось","lemma":"разбаливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вселила","gloss":"kept aching"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на (despite)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сцены","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"последовавшие","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies сцены","gloss":"that had followed"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовавшие","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"scenes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приключения","lemma":"приключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with сцены","gloss":"incidents"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приключения","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies у игумена","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумена","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сцены, object of несмотря на","gloss":"the Father Superior's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), coordinated","role":"coordinated with сцены","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), coordinated","role":"coordinated with проч","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c3-s14","source":"Боялся он не того, что не знал, о чем она с ним заговорит и что он ей ответит.","translation":"What he was afraid of was not that he did not know what she would talk to him about, or what he would answer her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боялся он не того, что","title":"«бояться» + genitive correlative «того, что»","body":"«бояться» governs the genitive, so its object is the genitive correlative «того», pointing forward to the «что»-clause: 'what he feared was not [the fact] that…'. Fronting «боялся» also throws rhetorical weight onto the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она с ним заговорит и что он ей ответит","title":"Perfective futures «заговорит / ответит»","body":"Two perfective futures: «заговорит» (will start speaking — the inchoative за- on «говорить») and «ответит» (will answer). Conjugated perfective stems carry future meaning with no auxiliary, projecting the imagined coming exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Боялся","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clause explaining того","gloss":"he knew"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would talk about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ответит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ответит","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заговорит","gloss":"would answer"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c3-s15","source":"И не женщины вообще он боялся в ней: женщин он знал, конечно, мало, но все-таки всю жизнь, с самого младенчества и до самого монастыря, только с ними одними и жил.","translation":"Nor was it woman in general that he feared in her: women, to be sure, he knew but little, yet all his life — from earliest childhood right up to the monastery — it was with them alone that he had lived.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не женщины вообще он боялся","title":"Genitive object of «бояться», fronted under negation","body":"Again «бояться» + genitive: «женщины» ('woman/women in general') stands in the genitive and is fronted with «не» for contrast — 'and it was not woman in general that he feared'. The pattern threads through this whole passage of analyzed dread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только с ними одними и жил","title":"Emphatic «и» + restrictive «только… одними»","body":"Instrumental «с ними одними» ('with them alone', after «с») is doubly emphasized: «только… одними» restricts, and the particle «и» before «жил» underlines 'it was with them alone that he did live'. A dense piling of emphatic devices on a simple fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с самого младенчества","title":"«младенчество» — earliest infancy","body":"A slightly elevated, bookish word for babyhood/infancy (root «младенец», an infant, with Church-Slavonic млад- 'young'). 'From the very infancy' frames Alyosha's whole life among women in solemn, sweeping terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of боялся","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of боялся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to боялся","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"forms все-таки with таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"forms все-таки with все","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying жил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking младенчества","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies младенчества","gloss":"earliest"},{"surface":"младенчества","lemma":"младенчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying жил","gloss":"infancy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыря","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with младенчества","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с ними одними","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"одними","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ними","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"he lived"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c3-s16","source":"Он боялся вот этой женщины, именно самой Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"It was this woman he was afraid of, this very Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот этой женщины, именно самой Катерины Ивановны","title":"Deictic «вот» + intensifier «сам»","body":"«вот этой» ('this very') and «именно самой» ('precisely the [woman] herself') pile up demonstrative and intensifying pronouns to pin the dread onto one person. «самой» is genitive of «сам(а)», the intensifier 'herself', matching «бояться»'s genitive object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid of"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщины","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of боялся","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самой","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to женщины","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c3-s17","source":"Он боялся ее с самого того времени, как в первый раз ее увидал.","translation":"He had been afraid of her ever since the first time he saw her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самого того времени, как … увидал","title":"Temporal «с того времени, как» + perfective","body":"«с… времени, как» means 'ever since [the time] when'. The perfective past «увидал» (a colloquial variant of «увидел», to catch sight of) marks the single completed first sighting that began the fear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been afraid of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of боялся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of боялся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause on времени","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c3-s18","source":"Видал же он ее всего только раз или два, даже три пожалуй, вымолвил даже однажды случайно с ней несколько слов.","translation":"Yet he had seen her in all only once or twice, three times perhaps, and had even once, by chance, exchanged a few words with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видал же он ее всего только раз или два","title":"Iterative imperfective «видал» + particle «же»","body":"«видал» is an iterative/multiple-occasion imperfective of «видеть» ('had seen [on occasions]'), as against the single «увидал» of seeing for the first time. The particle «же» concedes and contrasts — 'and yet he had seen her only…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вымолвил","title":"«вымолвить» — to utter, get out a word","body":"A bookish perfective meaning 'to bring oneself to say, to utter', with the prefix вы- (out). «вымолвил… несколько слов» = 'managed to exchange a few words'; the verb suggests effortful or scant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вымолвил, main verb of the first clause","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Видал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Видал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Видал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with раз","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies три","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вымолвил","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Видал, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had uttered"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однажды","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вымолвил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вымолвил","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вымолвил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of вымолвил","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c3-s19","source":"Образ ее вспоминался ему как красивой, гордой и властной девушки.","translation":"Her image came back to him as that of a beautiful, proud, and imperious girl.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспоминался ему как … девушки","title":"Reflexive «вспоминаться» + dative experiencer","body":"«вспоминался» is the -ся middle of «вспоминать»: the image 'came back to him of its own accord', with the experiencer «ему» in the dative. Memory happens to Alyosha rather than being done by him — a quietly passive framing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"красивой, гордой и властной девушки","title":"Adjective–noun agreement in the genitive","body":"All three adjectives — «красивой, гордой, властной» — agree with «девушки» in feminine genitive singular, the genitive carried by «образ… как [образ] девушки» ('the image of a … girl'). The repeated -ой ending makes the case audible across the string."}],"words":[{"surface":"Образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминался","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Образ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вспоминался","lemma":"вспоминаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вспоминался","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with девушки","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"красивой","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"гордой","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with красивой","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"властной","lemma":"властный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with красивой","gloss":"imperious"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как (of a girl)","gloss":"girl"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c3-s20","source":"Но не красота ее мучила его, а что-то другое.","translation":"But it was not her beauty that tormented him; it was something else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не красота ее мучила его, а что-то другое","title":"Contrastive «не… а…» with «а»","body":"The 'not X but Y' frame uses «а»: 'it was not her beauty that tormented him, but something else'. «а» here corrects a wrong assumption, the classic Russian rectifying conjunction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то другое","title":"Indefinite «-то»: 'some-thing or other'","body":"«что-то» = a specific but unidentified something (the -то series), as against «что-нибудь» 'anything at all'. The narrator knows there is a definite cause but withholds it — exactly the indefinite-yet-real force of «-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies красота","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мучила","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of красота","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms что-то with то, coordinated with красота","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms что-то with что","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то, real subject of мучила","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c3-s21","source":"Вот именно эта необъяснимость его страха и усиливала в нем теперь этот страх.","translation":"And it was precisely this inexplicability of his fear that now intensified the fear within him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"необъяснимость","title":"«необъяснимость» — inexplicability","body":"An abstract noun in -ость built on «необъяснимый» ('inexplicable'). Such -ость nouns let Russian name a quality as a thing; here the very 'unexplainability' of the fear becomes its own intensifier — a thoroughly Dostoevskian psychological loop."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот именно эта необъяснимость … и усиливала","title":"Emphatic «вот именно… и»","body":"«Вот именно» ('precisely this') foregrounds the subject, and the particle «и» before the verb «усиливала» reinforces 'it was just this that intensified [it]'. A cluster of focus-marking devices spotlighting cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of необъяснимость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"необъяснимость","lemma":"необъяснимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усиливала","gloss":"inexplicability"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of страха","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies необъяснимость","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усиливала","lemma":"усиливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"intensified"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усиливала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усиливала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страх","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of усиливала","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c3-s22","source":"Цели этой девушки были благороднейшие, он знал это; она стремилась спасти брата его Дмитрия, пред ней уже виноватого, и стремилась из одного лишь великодушия.","translation":"The girl's aims were of the noblest — he knew that; she was striving to save his brother Dmitri, who was already in the wrong before her, and she was striving out of pure magnanimity alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цели этой девушки были благороднейшие","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»: «благороднейшие»","body":"«благороднейшие» is the bookish synthetic superlative in -ейший ('most noble'), used predicatively after «были»: 'the girl's aims were of the noblest'. This suffix is markedly literary, against the everyday «самый благородный»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред ней уже виноватого","title":"Short adjective «виноват» as attribute + archaic «пред»","body":"«виноватого» (here the long form agreeing with «брата») turns on the idea of being 'guilty/in the wrong before someone'. The preposition «пред» is the elevated, old variant of «перед» (+ instrumental «ней») — 'guilty before her', with a moral, almost juridical ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из одного лишь великодушия","title":"«великодушие» — magnanimity","body":"A lofty compound noun, literally 'great-soul-ness' (велик- + душ-), meaning generosity of spirit, magnanimity. «из великодушия» = 'out of magnanimity', the genitive of motive after «из». It names the high-minded register Katerina's self-sacrifice claims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"aims"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девушки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Цели","gloss":"girl's"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благороднейшие","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"благороднейшие","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, superlative","role":"predicate of Цели","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стремилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стремилась","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"was striving"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стремилась","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноватого","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноватого","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"виноватого","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"participial clause modifying Дмитрия","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремилась","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремилась","gloss":"was striving"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking великодушия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies великодушия","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies великодушия","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"великодушия","lemma":"великодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of из","gloss":"magnanimity"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c3-s23","source":"И вот, несмотря на сознание и на справедливость, которую не мог же он не отдать всем этим прекрасным и великодушным чувствам, по спине его проходил мороз, чем ближе он подвигался к ее дому.","translation":"And yet, for all his awareness of this, and for all the justice he could not but render to all these fine and magnanimous feelings, a chill ran down his spine the nearer he drew to her house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую не мог же он не отдать","title":"Double negative «не мог… не» + particle «же»","body":"«не мог не отдать» literally 'could not not render' = 'could not but render', the standard Russian way to say 'inevitably did'. The interposed «же» adds insistence ('he really could not but…'), coloring the narrator's concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по спине его проходил мороз, чем ближе он подвигался","title":"Imperfective process + comparative «чем ближе»","body":"Imperfective «проходил» and «подвигался» render two simultaneous unfolding processes: the chill running down his spine as he drew nearer. «чем ближе… [тем]» is the 'the nearer…' comparative correlative, the dread mounting with the steps."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по спине его проходил мороз","title":"Idiom: «мороз по спине» — a chill down the spine","body":"A fixed idiom, literally 'frost passed along his spine', for a shiver of dread. The image of «мороз» (frost) for fear is vivid and physical, grounding Alyosha's nameless anxiety in the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проходил","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на (despite)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на, marking сознание","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"awareness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking справедливость","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"справедливость","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сознание","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on справедливость","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"render"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of чувствам","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of чувствам","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"прекрасным","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies чувствам","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великодушным","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with прекрасным","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"чувствам","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спине","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"спине","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходил","gloss":"spine"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of спине","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"проходил","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проходил","gloss":"chill"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause with ближе","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подвигался","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подвигался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подвигался","lemma":"подвигаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проходил","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of дому","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подвигался","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c3-s24","source":"Он сообразил, что брата Ивана Федоровича, который был с нею так близок, он у нее не застанет: брат Иван наверно теперь с отцом.","translation":"He reckoned that he would not find his brother Ivan Fyodorovich, who was on such close terms with her, at her place: brother Ivan was surely with their father now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он у нее не застанет","title":"Genitive-of-negation-adjacent: «не застанет»","body":"«застанет» (perfective future of «застать», to find someone in) is negated: 'he would not find [Ivan] at her place'. The object «брата Ивана Фёдоровича» is animate accusative; «у неё» ('at her [place]') uses «у» + genitive for location-by-a-person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который был с нею так близок","title":"Short adjective «близок» as predicate","body":"«близок» is the short (predicative) form of «близкий» ('close, intimate'), only ever used as a predicate: «был с нею так близок» = 'was on such close terms with her'. The short form suits a stated relationship, with instrumental «с нею» after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of застанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застанет","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of близок","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to близок","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of близок","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близок","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"близок","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"relative clause on брата","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застанет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застанет","gloss":"her place"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застанет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застанет","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сообразил","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula (was)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies the final clause","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the final clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (was)","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c3-s25","source":"Дмитрия же не застанет еще вернее, и ему предчувствовалось почему.","translation":"And Dmitri he would be even surer not to find there, and he had a presentiment of why.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия же не застанет еще вернее","title":"Fronted object + «же» + comparative «вернее»","body":"Animate accusative «Дмитрия» is fronted for topic, marked by «же» ('and as for Dmitri'), and «вернее» is the predicative comparative ('even more surely [not]'). Word order plus particle plus comparative together weight the contrast between the two brothers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему предчувствовалось почему","title":"Impersonal reflexive + dative experiencer","body":"«предчувствовалось» is a -ся impersonal verb with no nominative subject; the experiencer «ему» stands in the dative: 'he had a presentiment / it foreboded itself to him'. This dative-subject, subjectless framing is the very grammar of Dostoevskian inner foreboding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative (genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застанет","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"as for him","note":"Contrastive particle setting Dmitri apart from the person just discussed."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застанет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застанет","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вернее","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies застанет","gloss":"more surely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of предчувствовалось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предчувствовалось","lemma":"предчувствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective, impersonal","role":"coordinated with застанет","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовалось","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c3-s26","source":"Итак, разговор их состоится наедине.","translation":"So their conversation would take place in private.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разговор их состоится наедине","title":"Perfective future «состоится»","body":"«состоится» is the perfective future of reflexive «состояться» (to take place, come off): 'their conversation would take place'. The -ся marks an event that simply happens; the perfective future projects it as a settled coming fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Итак","title":"«Итак» — 'and so, thus'","body":"A slightly formal discourse connective drawing a conclusion ('so, therefore'), distinct from the additive «и так» written as two words. It gives the narration a reasoning, summing-up cadence as Alyosha tallies his certainties."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоится","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоится","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"состоится","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would take place"},{"surface":"наедине","lemma":"наедине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоится","gloss":"in private"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c3-s27","source":"Хотелось бы очень ему повидать прежде этого рокового разговора брата Дмитрия и забежать к нему.","translation":"He very much wanted to see his brother Dmitri before that fateful conversation and to run round to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотелось бы очень ему повидать","title":"Dative subject + conditional «хотелось бы»","body":"«Хотелось бы ему» is a textbook impersonal: the experiencer «ему» in the dative, the verb «хотелось» neuter reflexive, and «бы» softening it to 'he would have very much liked'. No nominative subject — the wish washes over Alyosha rather than being willed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забежать к нему","title":"«забежать» — to drop in, run round","body":"A perfective prefixed motion verb: за- here gives 'to call in / pop round (on the way)'. «забежать к нему» = 'to run round to him [briefly]'. The casual, in-passing sense is exactly Alyosha's hope of a quick word with Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he wanted"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks Хотелось as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Хотелось","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of Хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"повидать","lemma":"повидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотелось","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговора","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговора","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рокового","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повидать","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забежать","lemma":"забежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with повидать","gloss":"to run round"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забежать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c3-s28","source":"Не показывая письма, он бы мог с ним что-нибудь перемолвить.","translation":"Without showing him the letter, he might be able to have a word with him about something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не показывая письма","title":"Imperfective gerund under negation: «не показывая»","body":"«показывая» is an imperfective present деепричастие, negated: 'without showing'. The negated gerund is Russian's neat way to say 'while not doing X'. Its object «письма» is genitive (negated object of an imperfective)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бы мог … перемолвить","title":"Conditional «бы мог»","body":"Past «мог» + «бы» gives the hypothetical 'he might be able to / could have'. «бы» leans on the pronoun «он» at the clause front. «перемолвить (словом)» is a colloquial perfective, 'to exchange a word'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показывая","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"showing"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показывая","gloss":"the letter","note":"Genitive object under negation (не показывая письма)."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of перемолвить","gloss":"some","note":"что-нибудь ('something') is split by the tagger into two tokens; read together."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of перемолвить","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"перемолвить","lemma":"перемолвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to exchange a word"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c3-s29","source":"Но брат Дмитрий жил далеко и наверно теперь тоже не дома.","translation":"But his brother Dmitri lived a long way off and was surely not at home now either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жил далеко и наверно теперь тоже не дома","title":"Zero-copula present negation: «не дома»","body":"The second clause has no verb: «[был] не дома» drops the copula in a present-time inference 'was surely not at home now either'. Russian omits 'to be' in the present, so negation falls directly on the predicate adverb «дома»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"a long way off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the second, elided-copula clause","gloss":"at home"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c3-s30","source":"Постояв с минуту на месте, он решился наконец окончательно.","translation":"Having stood on the spot for a minute, he made up his mind at last, once and for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постояв с минуту на месте","title":"Perfective gerund «постояв» — having stood a while","body":"«постояв» is a perfective past деепричастие from «постоять», whose prefix по- gives 'to do for a [short] while'. So 'having stood for a minute, he decided' — the brief pause set as prior background to the decision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решился наконец окончательно","title":"Reflexive «решиться» — to bring oneself to decide","body":"«решился» is the -ся perfective «решиться» (to make up one's mind, resolve), stronger than plain «решить»: it implies overcoming hesitation. Reinforced by «наконец окончательно» ('at last, once and for all'), it closes Alyosha's wavering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постояв","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решился","gloss":"having stood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for about"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Постояв","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Постояв","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up his mind"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"once and for all"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c3-s31","source":"Перекрестив себя привычным и спешным крестом и сейчас же чему-то улыбнувшись, он твердо направился к своей страшной даме.","translation":"Crossing himself with a habitual, hurried sign of the cross, and at once smiling at something or other, he set off resolutely toward his fearsome lady.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перекрестив себя … и … улыбнувшись","title":"Two perfective gerunds + reflexive «себя»","body":"Both «перекрестив» (having crossed) and «улыбнувшись» (having smiled) are perfective gerunds setting prior actions before «направился». «перекрестив себя» uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as object — 'having crossed himself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к своей страшной даме","title":"«страшная дама» — his fearsome lady","body":"«страшный» means 'frightening, dread' (not 'ugly'); «дама» is a 'lady' with a faintly chivalric, even ironic ring. 'His fearsome lady' casts Katerina half as an object of dread, half as a courtly figure — the narrator's gentle irony at Alyosha's terror."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перекрестив","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Перекрестив","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"привычным","lemma":"привычный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крестом","gloss":"habitual"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спешным","lemma":"спешный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with привычным","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"крестом","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Перекрестив","gloss":"sign of the cross"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнувшись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of улыбнувшись","gloss":"at some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of улыбнувшись","gloss":"-thing","note":"чему-то ('at something') is split by the tagger into two tokens."},{"surface":"улыбнувшись","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Перекрестив","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даме","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of даме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страшной","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даме","gloss":"fearsome"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"lady"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c3-s32","source":"Дом ее он знал.","translation":"Her house he knew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дом ее он знал.","title":"Object-first word order for topic","body":"The object «дом её» ('her house') is fronted before subject and verb — 'her house, he knew'. Free case-marked order lets Russian make the house the topic and the knowing the comment, a small rhetorical turn impossible in fixed-order English."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Дом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c3-s33","source":"Но если бы пришлось пойти на Большую улицу, потом через площадь и проч., то было бы довольно не близко.","translation":"But if he had to go by way of the High Street, then across the square, and so forth, it would be a fair distance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы пришлось пойти … то было бы довольно не близко","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… то…»","body":"A full conditional: «если бы» + past «пришлось» in the protasis, «было бы» in the apodosis — 'if he had to go…, it would be a fair way'. «пришлось» is itself an impersonal ('it would fall to him to'), so the whole hangs on irrealis «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришлось","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks пришлось as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"Большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"High","note":"Большая улица is a proper street name, rendered 'the High Street.'"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площадь","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"площадь","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of через","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with площадь","gloss":"so forth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"resumptive particle","role":"introduces the main clause after the если-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to близко","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близко","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies близко","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"close","note":"довольно не близко is litotes: 'not exactly close' = a fair distance."}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c3-s34","source":"Наш небольшой городок чрезвычайно разбросан, и расстояния в нем бывают довольно большие.","translation":"Our little town is laid out exceedingly haphazardly, and the distances in it can be rather great.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наш небольшой городок","title":"Chronicler's «наш» — the first-person town","body":"The possessive «наш» ('our') quietly establishes the narrator as a local townsman-chronicler who belongs to the place he describes. This intimate, gossiping first-person frame governs the whole novel's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расстояния … бывают довольно большие","title":"Iterative «бывают» — habitual 'tend to be'","body":"«бывают» is the frequentative/iterative of «быть» (to be, on occasion / as a rule), not the plain «есть»: 'the distances tend to be / can be rather large'. It states a recurring general truth about the town, with predicate «большие» in the nominative plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городок","title":"Diminutive «городок» — a little town","body":"The diminutive of «город» with affectionate -ок: a small, homely town. Through the chapter the narrator rings changes on it — «городок», «городишко» — the suffix coloring his fondness or mild disdain for the place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городок","gloss":"Our"},{"surface":"небольшой","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies городок","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"городок","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive разбросан","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбросан","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"разбросан","lemma":"разбросать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid out haphazardly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расстояния","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"the distances"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расстояния","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разбросан","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большие","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of бывают","gloss":"great"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c3-s35","source":"Притом его ждал отец, может быть не успел еще забыть своего приказания, мог раскапризиться, а потому надо было поспешить, чтобы поспеть туда и сюда.","translation":"Besides, his father was waiting for him, perhaps had not yet had time to forget his command and might turn cantankerous, and so he had to make haste in order to be in time both here and there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было поспешить, чтобы поспеть","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«надо было поспешить» is impersonal necessity ('it was necessary to hurry'), with no subject and an infinitive. «чтобы поспеть» gives the purpose ('in order to be in time'); after «чтобы» a same-subject aim takes the infinitive, not the past form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскапризиться","title":"«раскапризиться» — to fly into a peevish mood","body":"An expressive perfective from «каприз» (caprice): the prefix раз-/рас- gives the sense of working oneself up into full peevish whims. 'Might turn thoroughly cantankerous' — the word fits Fyodor's childish, theatrical temper exactly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies успел","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"part of the idiom может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мог","gloss":"had had time"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of приказания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приказания","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with успел","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"раскапризиться","lemma":"раскапризиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"turn cantankerous"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the потому-clause","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поспешить","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to hurry"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поспеть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"поспеть","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поспешить","gloss":"be in time"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспеть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with туда","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c3-s36","source":"Вследствие всех этих соображений он и решился сократить путь, пройдя задами, а все эти ходы он знал в городке как пять пальцев.","translation":"In view of all these considerations he decided to cut the journey short by going through the back ways, and all these by-paths in the town he knew like the back of his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сократить путь, пройдя задами","title":"Perfective gerund of means: «пройдя»","body":"«пройдя» is the perfective past gerund of «пройти» (to go through/along), here expressing the means: 'to shorten the way by going through the back lanes'. The gerund of an all-but-simultaneous action shows how the shortening is done."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знал … как пять пальцев","title":"Idiom: «как пять пальцев» — like the back of one's hand","body":"Literally 'like five fingers [of one's own hand]', the Russian idiom for knowing something inside out. «знал… как пять пальцев» = 'knew like the back of his hand'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задами","title":"«задами» — by the back ways","body":"An adverbial instrumental plural of «зады» ('the backs', the rear lanes and yards behind houses): 'going by the back ways'. The instrumental of route/manner; the next sentence pauses to gloss the word itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соображений","gloss":"In view of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of соображений","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of соображений","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"соображений","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of решился","gloss":"considerations"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes решился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"сократить","lemma":"сократить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to shorten"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сократить","gloss":"the journey"},{"surface":"пройдя","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сократить","gloss":"going through"},{"surface":"задами","lemma":"зады","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пройдя","gloss":"the back ways"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ходы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ходы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ходы","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"by-paths"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with решился","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison пять пальцев","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies пальцев","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"пальцев","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"fingers","note":"Idiom 'как свои пять пальцев' = 'like the back of one's hand.'"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c3-s37","source":"Задами значило почти без дорог, вдоль пустынных заборов, перелезая иногда даже через чужие плетни, минуя чужие дворы, где, впрочем, всякий-то его знал и все с ним здоровались.","translation":"Going by the back ways meant going almost without any roads at all — along deserted fences, sometimes even climbing over other people's wattle hedges and skirting other people's yards, where, however, everyone knew him and everyone greeted him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перелезая … минуя","title":"Chain of imperfective gerunds","body":"«перелезая» (climbing over) and «минуя» (skirting, passing by) are imperfective present gerunds depicting the simultaneous manner of the walk. Stacking gerunds to paint a continuous action is a signature of literary narrative texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякий-то его знал","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «всякий»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the topic-emphasizing clitic (not the indefinite one): «всякий-то его знал» = 'everyone, mind you, knew him'. It underlines the known fact warmly — in this town Alyosha is universally recognized."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"через чужие плетни","title":"«плетень» — a wattle fence","body":"A «плетень» is a low fence woven of branches/withes, the humble wattle hedge of a Russian provincial yard. «чужие плетни» ('other people's wattle fences') sets the homely, semi-rural texture of the town's back ways."}],"words":[{"surface":"Задами","lemma":"зады","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"subject of значило","gloss":"going by the back ways"},{"surface":"значило","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорог","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"дорог","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of значило","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"вдоль","lemma":"вдоль","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборов","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"пустынных","lemma":"пустынный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies заборов","gloss":"deserted"},{"surface":"заборов","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дорог","gloss":"fences"},{"surface":"перелезая","lemma":"перелезать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on значило","gloss":"climbing over"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перелезая","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies через","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетни","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"чужие","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies плетни","gloss":"other people's"},{"surface":"плетни","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перелезая","gloss":"wattle fences"},{"surface":"минуя","lemma":"миновать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перелезая","gloss":"skirting"},{"surface":"чужие","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дворы","gloss":"other people's"},{"surface":"дворы","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of минуя","gloss":"yards"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"relativizer, modifies знал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies всякий","gloss":"just about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дворы","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of здоровались","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of здоровались","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"здоровались","lemma":"здороваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"greeted"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c3-s38","source":"Таким путем он мог выйти на Большую улицу вдвое ближе.","translation":"By this route he could reach the High Street in half the distance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вдвое ближе","title":"«вдвое» — by twice, in half the distance","body":"«вдвое» is a multiplicative adverb 'twice over / by a factor of two'; with the comparative «ближе» it means 'twice as near', i.e. in half the distance. A compact numerical adverb that English must unpack."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of путем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"путем","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"route"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"Большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"High","note":"Большая улица is a proper street name, rendered 'the High Street.'"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"вдвое","lemma":"вдвое","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ближе","gloss":"twice as"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"closer"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c3-s39","source":"Тут в одном месте ему пришлось проходить даже очень близко от отцовского дома, именно мимо соседского с отцовским сада, принадлежавшего одному ветхому маленькому закривившемуся домишке в четыре окна.","translation":"At one point here he even had to pass very close to his father's house — right past the garden adjoining his father's, a garden belonging to a tumbledown little four-windowed house that had sagged askew with age.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему пришлось проходить","title":"Impersonal «пришлось» + dative experiencer","body":"«пришлось» (perfective of «прийтись») is impersonal 'it fell to / he had to', with the person in the dative «ему» and an infinitive: 'he had to pass'. No nominative subject — necessity framed as something that befalls him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принадлежавшего одному … домишке","title":"Past active participle + dative of «принадлежать»","body":"«принадлежавшего» is a past active participle ('belonging') agreeing with «сада» (genitive); the verb «принадлежать» governs the dative, hence «одному… домишке» — 'a garden belonging to a tumbledown little house'. Participle and case-government stack into one long noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ветхому маленькому закривившемуся домишке","title":"Pejorative diminutive «домишко»","body":"«домишко» carries the belittling suffix -ишк-, a scornful/pitying 'wretched little house', not a fond one. Heaped with «ветхому» (decrepit) and the participle «закривившемуся» (gone crooked), it paints a sagging hovel — the suffix doing emotional work the adjectives only echo."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлось","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies месте","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришлось","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of пришлось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"проходить","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходить","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцовского","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of близко","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мимо","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"соседского","lemma":"соседский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сада","gloss":"the neighboring"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцовским","gloss":"adjoining"},{"surface":"отцовским","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соседского","gloss":"his father's","note":"с отцовским (садом) — 'adjoining his father's [garden],' the noun сад is elided."},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мимо","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"принадлежавшего","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, genitive, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сада","gloss":"belonging to"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies домишке","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ветхому","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"tumbledown"},{"surface":"маленькому","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"закривившемуся","lemma":"закривиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, dative, singular, perfective","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"sagged askew"},{"surface":"домишке","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принадлежавшего","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies окна","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies домишке","gloss":"windows"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c3-s40","source":"Обладательница этого домишка была, как известно было Алеше, одна городская мещанка, безногая старуха, которая жила со своею дочерью, бывшею цивилизованной горничной в столице, проживавшею еще недавно всё по генеральским местам, а теперь уже с год, за болезнию старухи, прибывшею домой и щеголявшею в шикарных платьях.","translation":"The owner of this little house was, as Alyosha knew, a townswoman of the place, a legless old woman who lived with her daughter — a daughter who had been a refined lady's maid in the capital, who until quite recently had still kept to posts in generals' households, but who now, for a year past, on account of the old woman's illness, had come back home and went about flaunting herself in stylish dresses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшею … проживавшею … прибывшею … щеголявшею","title":"A chain of past active participles in -ею","body":"Four past active participles — «бывшею, проживавшею, прибывшею, щеголявшею» — all agree with «дочерью» in feminine instrumental (old -ею ending). They pack the maid's whole biography into one declining string of modifiers, the bookish который-clause multiplied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за болезнию старухи","title":"Causal «за» + instrumental (archaic «болезнию»)","body":"Here «за» + instrumental means 'on account of, owing to' (causal), not 'behind': «за болезнию старухи» = 'because of the old woman's illness'. The form «болезнию» is the old -ию instrumental of a -ь noun, where modern Russian writes «болезнью»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обладательница","lemma":"обладательница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"The owner"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of домишка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"домишка","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of Обладательница","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мещанка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of известно","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies мещанка","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"городская","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мещанка","gloss":"of the town"},{"surface":"мещанка","lemma":"мещанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"townswoman"},{"surface":"безногая","lemma":"безногий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старуха","gloss":"legless"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мещанка","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жила","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on старуха","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочерью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дочерью","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жила","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"бывшею","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, instrumental, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies дочерью","gloss":"who had been"},{"surface":"цивилизованной","lemma":"цивилизованный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горничной","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"горничной","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of бывшею","gloss":"a lady's maid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столице","lemma":"столица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горничной","gloss":"the capital"},{"surface":"проживавшею","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, instrumental, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бывшею","gloss":"who had been living"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживавшею","gloss":"until recently"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживавшею","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking местам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"генеральским","lemma":"генеральский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies местам","gloss":"generals'"},{"surface":"местам","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживавшею","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывшею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывшею","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"for about"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с, modifying прибывшею","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезнию","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"болезнию","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за, modifying прибывшею","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"старухи","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнию","gloss":"the old woman's"},{"surface":"прибывшею","lemma":"прибывший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, instrumental, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проживавшею","gloss":"had come back"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывшею","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"щеголявшею","lemma":"щеголять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, instrumental, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проживавшею","gloss":"flaunting herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платьях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шикарных","lemma":"шикарный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies платьях","gloss":"stylish"},{"surface":"платьях","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies щеголявшею","gloss":"dresses"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c3-s41","source":"Эта старуха и дочка впали, однако, в страшную бедность и даже ходили по соседству на кухню к Федору Павловичу за супом и хлебом ежедневно. Марфа Игнатьевна им отливала с охотой.","translation":"This old woman and her daughter had fallen, however, into dreadful poverty, and even went next door, to Fyodor Pavlovich's kitchen, for soup and bread every day. Marfa Ignatyevna ladled it out to them willingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впали … в страшную бедность","title":"Idiomatic «впасть в» + accusative","body":"«впасть в» (perfective, here past plural «впали») + accusative means 'to fall/sink into [a state]': «впали в страшную бедность» = 'sank into dreadful poverty'. The accusative «бедность» after «в» marks the state entered into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отливала с охотой","title":"«отливать» — to ladle out a portion","body":"«отливала» (imperfective past) here is 'to pour off / ladle out a share' of soup; «с охотой» = 'willingly, gladly'. The plain domestic verb, set against the family's poverty, quietly honors Marfa Ignatyevna's everyday charity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of старуха","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of впали","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дочка","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старуха","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"впали","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had fallen"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бедность","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"бедность","lemma":"бедность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впали","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ходили","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with впали","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседству","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"соседству","lemma":"соседство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходили","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кухню","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходили","gloss":"the kitchen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кухню","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"супом","lemma":"суп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходили","gloss":"soup"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлебом","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with супом","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходили","gloss":"every day"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отливала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отливала","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"отливала","lemma":"отливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ladled out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охотой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"охотой","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отливала","gloss":"willingness"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c3-s42","source":"Но дочка, приходя за супом, платьев своих ни одного не продала, а одно из них было даже с предлинным хвостом.","translation":"But the daughter, while coming for soup, had not sold a single one of her dresses, and one of them even had a very long train.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"платьев своих ни одного не продала","title":"Genitive of negation + «ни одного»","body":"Under negation the object goes genitive: «ни одного [платья] не продала» = 'had not sold a single [dress]', with partitive «платьев» fronted in the genitive plural. «ни одного» ('not a one') intensifies the negation in proper negative concord."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с предлинным хвостом","title":"Intensive prefix «пре-»: «предлинный»","body":"«предлинный» = 'very/exceedingly long', the prefix пре- intensifying «длинный» ('a very long train'). «хвост» (literally 'tail') is the train of a gown. The absurd long train on a maid begging soup is the chapter's small comic-pathetic emblem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"дочка","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продала","gloss":"the daughter"},{"surface":"приходя","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продала","gloss":"while coming"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"супом","lemma":"суп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходя","gloss":"soup"},{"surface":"платьев","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"partitive complement of одного","gloss":"of dresses"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of платьев","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of продала","gloss":"a single one","note":"Genitive object because продала is negated by не."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"продала","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sold"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of одно","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate с хвостом","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хвостом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хвостом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"предлинным","lemma":"предлинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хвостом","gloss":"a very long"},{"surface":"хвостом","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"train"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c3-s43","source":"О последнем обстоятельстве Алеша узнал, и уж конечно совсем случайно, от своего друга Ракитина, которому решительно всё в их городишке было известно, и, узнав, позабыл, разумеется, тотчас.","translation":"Of this last circumstance Alyosha had learned — quite by chance, of course — from his friend Rakitin, to whom positively everything in their little town was known, and, having learned it, he had naturally forgotten it at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому … всё … было известно","title":"Dative + short adjective «известно»","body":"«известно» is the short neuter predicative of «известный» ('known'), used with a dative experiencer: «которому всё было известно» = 'to whom everything was known'. The relative «которому» is dative because «быть известным» governs the dative of the one who knows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнав, позабыл … тотчас","title":"Perfective gerund «узнав» + perfective verb","body":"«узнав» (having learned) is a perfective gerund marking the prior act before «позабыл» (forgot). The pairing — learning then at once forgetting — is rendered by the perfective sequence, two quick completed events. «позабыть» is a slightly folksy doublet of «забыть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в их городишке","title":"Pejorative «городишко» again","body":"Here the narrator picks the scornful diminutive «городишко» (-ишк-, 'paltry little town') rather than the fond «городок» of earlier — coloring the remark about Rakitin knowing 'absolutely everything' with a touch of small-town disdain."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельстве","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"последнем","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельстве","gloss":"this last"},{"surface":"обстоятельстве","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had learned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying узнал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случайно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying узнал","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to друга","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of городишке","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"городишке","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause on друга","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on позабыл","gloss":"having learned it"},{"surface":"позабыл","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying позабыл","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыл","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c3-s44","source":"Но, поравнявшись теперь с садом соседки, он вдруг вспомнил именно про этот хвост, быстро поднял понуренную и задумавшуюся свою голову и... наткнулся вдруг на самую неожиданную встречу.","translation":"But now, drawing level with the neighbor's garden, he suddenly remembered that very train, raised his hung and brooding head sharply, and... ran all at once into the most unexpected of meetings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поравнявшись … с садом","title":"Perfective gerund «поравнявшись» + instrumental","body":"«поравнявшись» (perfective gerund of «поравняться», to draw level) takes «с садом» in the instrumental after «с»: 'having drawn level with the garden'. The gerund sets the exact moment that triggers his sudden memory and the encounter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понуренную и задумавшуюся свою голову","title":"Two participles as one attribute","body":"«понуренную» (past passive, 'hung/drooped') and «задумавшуюся» (past active reflexive, 'fallen to brooding') both agree with «голову» (feminine accusative): 'his drooping, brooding head'. A passive and an active participle yoked to a single noun, dense literary modification."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наткнулся … на … встречу","title":"«наткнуться на» — to run smack into","body":"«наткнуться на» (+ accusative) literally 'to bump/stumble against', figuratively 'to run unexpectedly into'. «наткнулся… на самую неожиданную встречу» = 'ran into the most unexpected of meetings' — the verb's bodily jolt mirrors the surprise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"поравнявшись","lemma":"поравняться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспомнил","gloss":"drawing level"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поравнявшись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking садом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"садом","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поравнявшись","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"соседки","lemma":"соседка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies садом","gloss":"the neighbor's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хвост","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хвост","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хвост","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хвост","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнил","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомнил","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"понуренную","lemma":"понуренный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голову","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задумавшуюся","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"coordinated with понуренную","gloss":"brooding"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наткнулся","lemma":"наткнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомнил","gloss":"ran into"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наткнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встречу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неожиданную","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"неожиданную","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встречу","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"встречу","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наткнулся","gloss":"meeting"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c3-s45","source":"За плетнем в соседском саду, взмостясь на что-то, стоял, высунувшись по грудь, брат его Дмитрий Федорович и изо всех сил делал ему руками знаки, звал его и манил, видимо боясь не только крикнуть, но даже сказать вслух слово, чтобы не услышали.","translation":"Beyond the fence in the neighbor's garden, having clambered up onto something and leaning out as far as his chest, stood his brother Dmitri Fyodorovich, making signs to him with his hands with all his might, beckoning and summoning him, plainly afraid not only to shout but even to speak a word aloud, for fear of being overheard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взмостясь … высунувшись … боясь","title":"Three gerunds staging Dmitri","body":"«взмостясь» (having clambered up), «высунувшись» (having leaned out) are perfective gerunds giving prior positions; «боясь» is an imperfective gerund of attendant fear. Together they hold Dmitri in a single charged, gesturing tableau around the finite verb «стоял»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За плетнём … стоял … брат его Дмитрий","title":"Locative-first inversion, subject last","body":"The sentence opens with place («За плетнём в соседском саду…»), keeps the verb «стоял» before the subject, and reveals «брат его Дмитрий Фёдорович» last. This stage-direction word order delays and so dramatizes who is standing there."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не услышали","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы не услышали» = 'so that [people] would not overhear'. After «чтобы» with a different (here unnamed, impersonal) subject, the verb stands in the past form «услышали» (the irrealis built into «чтобы»), not an infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетнем","gloss":"Beyond"},{"surface":"плетнем","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседском","lemma":"соседский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies саду","gloss":"the neighbor's"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"взмостясь","lemma":"взмоститься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"having clambered up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of взмостясь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"высунувшись","lemma":"высунуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"leaning out"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высунувшись","gloss":"the chest","note":"Idiom «по грудь» = \"up to the chest\", using accusative after по."},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of делал","gloss":"might","note":"«изо всех сил» = \"with all his might\"."},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"was making"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of делал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of делал","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"звал","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"манил","lemma":"манить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"beckoned"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on манил","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крикнуть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"крикнуть","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боясь","gloss":"to shout"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнуть","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of услышали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"услышали","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"would hear"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c3-s46","source":"Алеша тотчас подбежал к плетню.","translation":"Alyosha ran up to the fence at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас подбежал к плетню","title":"Perfective prefixed motion «подбежать» + dative","body":"«подбежал» is the perfective of «подбегать» (to run up to), the prefix под- giving 'approach to' a goal in the dative: «к плетню» ('to the fence'). The single completed dash is captured by the perfective; «тотчас» ('at once') underscores its instantaneity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подбежал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подбежал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"подбежал","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"плетню","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подбежал","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c3-s47","source":"— Хорошо, что ты сам оглянулся, а то я чуть было тебе не крикнул, — радостно и торопливо прошептал ему Дмитрий Федорович. — Полезай сюда! Быстро!","translation":"\"A good thing you looked round of your own accord, or I'd nearly have shouted to you,\" Dmitri Fyodorovich whispered to him, joyful and hurried. \"Climb over here! Quick!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я чуть было тебе не крикнул","title":"Idiomatic «чуть было не» — almost did","body":"«чуть было не» + perfective past = 'all but / very nearly did': «чуть было не крикнул» = 'I almost shouted'. The fossilized «было» marks an action on the verge of happening but averted — a near-miss, very common in lively speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Полезай сюда!","title":"Imperative «полезай» — climb over!","body":"«полезай» is a colloquial imperative ('climb up/over, get in here'), with the directional adverb «сюда» ('to here'). Dmitri's clipped commands — «Полезай! Быстро!» — give his eager, headlong manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, clausal complement introduced by что","gloss":"Good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оглянулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оглянулся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оглянулся","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"оглянулся","lemma":"оглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"looked round"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of крикнул,","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of крикнул,","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул,","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крикнул,","gloss":"nearly","note":"«чуть было не + verb» is an idiom for an action narrowly avoided."},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул,","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крикнул,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"крикнул,","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а-то clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торопливо","lemma":"торопливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прошептал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович.","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Полезай","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Climb"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Полезай","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Quick"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c3-s48","source":"Ах, как славно, что ты пришел.","translation":"Ah, how splendid that you've come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как славно, что ты пришел","title":"Exclamatory «как славно, что…»","body":"«как славно» ('how splendid/lovely') is an exclamatory predicate followed by a «что»-clause of the reason: 'how splendid that you've come'. «пришёл» is perfective past, the completed arrival now standing as a happy fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"славно","title":"«славно» — splendid, grand","body":"A warm colloquial 'splendidly, fine, grand' (from «слава», glory). In Dmitri's mouth it bursts with his characteristic, slightly theatrical enthusiasm — everything is 'славно' to a passionate heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to славно","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of славно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"славно","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of славно","gloss":"have come"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c3-s49","source":"Я только что о тебе думал...","translation":"I was just this moment thinking about you...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я только что о тебе думал","title":"Imperfective «думал» + «только что»","body":"Imperfective past «думал» ('was thinking') with «только что» ('just now') renders an action freshly ongoing a moment ago: 'I was just thinking about you'. «о тебе» is prepositional after «о» (about). The imperfective keeps the thought in process, not finished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c3-s50","source":"Алеша и сам был рад и недоумевал только, как перелезть через плетень.","translation":"Alyosha himself was glad too, and was only at a loss how to get over the fence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недоумевал только, как перелезть","title":"Indirect question «как перелезть»","body":"«недоумевал… как перелезть» = 'was at a loss [as to] how to climb over', an embedded question with the perfective infinitive «перелезть». The infinitive after an interrogative «как» expresses 'how [one is] to do' something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и сам был рад","title":"Intensifier «сам» + short adjective «рад»","body":"«сам» here is the intensifier 'himself/too, for his part'; «рад» is a short adjective that exists only predicatively ('glad'). «и сам был рад» = 'was glad himself as well', echoing Dmitri's joy back onto Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недоумевал","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рад","gloss":"was puzzled"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недоумевал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перелезть","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"перелезть","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of недоумевал","gloss":"to get over"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетень","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"плетень","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелезть","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c3-s51","source":"Но «Митя» богатырскою рукой подхватил его локоть и помог скачку.","translation":"But \"Mitya\" caught his elbow in a hero's grip and helped him with the leap.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"богатырскою рукой подхватил его локоть","title":"Instrumental of means + archaic «-ою»","body":"«богатырскою рукой» is the instrumental of means ('with a hero's hand/grip'), the long old -ою ending instead of -ой. The instrumental answers 'by what means' he caught the elbow — a textbook instrument case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«Митя»","title":"«Митя» — the affectionate Dmitri","body":"«Митя» is the warm diminutive of Дмитрий. The narrator sets it in quotation marks, half-adopting the family's intimate name for him; the affectionate ladder runs Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька, each rung a degree of tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"\"Mitya\""},{"surface":"богатырскою","lemma":"богатырский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"with a hero's"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватил","gloss":"grip"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of локоть","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"локоть","lemma":"локоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подхватил","gloss":"elbow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помог","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подхватил","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"скачку","lemma":"скачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помог","gloss":"with the leap"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c3-s52","source":"Подобрав подрясник, Алеша перескочил с ловкостью босоногого городского мальчишки.","translation":"Tucking up his cassock, Alyosha vaulted over with the agility of a barefoot town urchin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подобрав подрясник","title":"Perfective gerund «подобрав»","body":"«подобрав» (perfective gerund of «подобрать», to gather/tuck up) sets the prior action: 'having tucked up his cassock, he vaulted over'. A neat instance of the gerund framing a quick preparatory motion before the main leap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ловкостью босоногого городского мальчишки","title":"Manner: «с ловкостью» + genitive chain","body":"«с ловкостью» (instrumental after «с») = 'with the agility'; it governs a genitive chain «босоногого городского мальчишки» ('of a barefoot town urchin'), all agreeing in masculine genitive. «мальчишка» itself carries a slightly rough/affectionate -ишк- suffix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подобрав","lemma":"подобрать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перескочил","gloss":"tucking up"},{"surface":"подрясник","lemma":"подрясник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Подобрав","gloss":"his cassock"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перескочил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"перескочил","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vaulted over"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ловкостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ловкостью","lemma":"ловкость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочил","gloss":"the agility"},{"surface":"босоногого","lemma":"босоногий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишки","gloss":"barefoot"},{"surface":"городского","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишки","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ловкостью","gloss":"an urchin"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c3-s53","source":"— Ну и гуляй, идем! — восторженным шепотом вырвалось у Мити.","translation":"\"Well then, come along!\" burst from Mitya in an ecstatic whisper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и гуляй, идем!","title":"Imperatives «гуляй» and «идём»","body":"«гуляй» is the imperative of «гулять» (lit. 'stroll/be off'), here an exuberant 'off we go / come on'; «идём» is the 1st-person-plural present used hortatively, 'let's go'. Dmitri's rush of imperatives matches his ecstatic mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восторженным шепотом вырвалось у Мити","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» + instrumental of manner","body":"«вырвалось» (-ся perfective of «вырваться', to burst out) is impersonal here — the words 'burst out of Mitya'. «восторженным шёпотом» is the instrumental of manner ('in an ecstatic whisper'), and «у Мити» locates the source with «у» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to гуляй","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гуляй","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"гуляй","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"off you go"},{"surface":"идем!","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гуляй","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"восторженным","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"an ecstatic"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c3-s54","source":"— Куда же, — шептал и Алеша, озираясь во все стороны и видя себя в совершенно пустом саду, в котором никого, кроме их обоих, не было.","translation":"\"Where to?\" Alyosha whispered as well, glancing about him on every side and finding himself in a garden completely empty, in which there was no one but the two of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озираясь … и видя себя","title":"Two imperfective gerunds + reflexive «себя»","body":"«озираясь» (looking about) and «видя» (seeing) are imperfective gerunds of simultaneous action while Alyosha whispers. «видя себя в… саду» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» — 'seeing himself [to be] in a garden'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого, кроме их обоих, не было","title":"Genitive of negation in existential «не было»","body":"In a negated existential, what is absent stands in the genitive: «никого… не было» = 'there was no one'. «никого» (genitive of «никто») in negative concord with «не было», and «кроме их обоих» ('except the two of them') carves out the exception."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"же,","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"шептал","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шептал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"озираясь","lemma":"озираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шептал","gloss":"glancing about"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of озираясь","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with озираясь","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустом","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"пустом","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies саду","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видя","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обоих","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обоих","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"two of them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the который-clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c3-s55","source":"Сад был маленький, но хозяйский домишко все-таки стоял от них не менее как шагах в пятидесяти.","translation":"The garden was small, but the owner's little house stood at least fifty paces from them all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не менее как шагах в пятидесяти","title":"Approximate measure: «шагах в пятидесяти»","body":"Distance is given by «в» + numeral in the prepositional ('at [a remove of] fifty paces'), with «шагах» fronted before «в пятидесяти» — a colloquial inversion that itself signals approximation, reinforced by «не менее как» ('no less than, at least')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хозяйский домишко","title":"«хозяйский» — the owner's; with «домишко»","body":"«хозяйский» is the possessive adjective from «хозяин» ('the owner's/master's house'), paired again with the pitying diminutive «домишко». The repeated little-house word keeps the poor cottage vivid and slightly forlorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of маленький","gloss":"The garden"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to маленький","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хозяйский","lemma":"хозяйский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домишко","gloss":"the owner's"},{"surface":"домишко","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагах","gloss":"less than"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase менее","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятидесяти","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пятидесяти","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"modifies шагах","gloss":"fifty"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c3-s56","source":"— Да тут никого нет, чего ты шепчешь?","translation":"\"There's no one here — why are you whispering?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да тут никого нет, чего ты шепчешь?","title":"Particle «да» + genitive «никого нет»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» is here an emphatic, slightly impatient discourse particle ('why, there's…'), not 'yes'. «никого нет» is the genitive-of-negation existential ('there's no one'), and «чего» is a colloquial accusative/genitive of «что» = 'why / what for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well","note":"«Да» here is the same discourse particle glossed \"well\" at b3-c3-s58-w11 (\"да чего же я шепчу\"); \"Why\" duplicates the meaning already carried by «чего» later in this same sentence and is inconsistent with the gloss agent's own treatment of «да» elsewhere in the batch."},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is not"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шепчешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шепчешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"шепчешь","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чего-clause","gloss":"are whispering","note":"«чего» here means colloquial \"why\", not \"what\"."}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c3-s57","source":"— Чего шепчу?","translation":"\"Why am I whispering?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего шепчу?","title":"Colloquial «чего» for «почему/что»","body":"«Чего шепчу?» echoes Alyosha's question — 'Why am I whispering?'. «чего» (genitive of «что») used adverbially for 'why / what for' is markedly colloquial, capturing Dmitri's flustered, off-balance speech as he repeats the question back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шепчу","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"шепчу","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I whispering"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c3-s58","source":"Ах, черт возьми, — крикнул вдруг Дмитрий Федорович самым полным голосом, — да чего же я шепчу? Ну, вот сам видишь, как может выйти вдруг сумбур природы.","translation":"Ah, the devil take it,\" Dmitri Fyodorovich suddenly cried out at the top of his voice, \"why on earth am I whispering? There, you see for yourself how a man can suddenly fall into a muddle of nature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да чего же я шепчу?","title":"Stacked particles «да… же»","body":"«да» (emphatic) plus «же» (insistent) pile onto the question: 'why on earth am I whispering?'. «же» throws exasperated stress onto «чего», exactly the kind of particle-laden outburst that gives Dmitri's voice its heat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как может выйти вдруг сумбур природы","title":"Perfective future «выйти» of result","body":"«может выйти» = 'can come about/result', with the perfective infinitive «выйти» ('to come out, turn out'). The whole exclaims at how a «сумбур природы» (a muddle of [one's] nature) can suddenly arise — Dmitri half-philosophizing on his own impulsiveness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сумбур природы","title":"«сумбур» — chaos, muddle","body":"«сумбур» is confusion, jumble, a chaotic muddle. «сумбур природы» ('a muddle of nature') is Dmitri's own grandiose phrase for the way his impulsive temperament suddenly seizes him — characteristically he dignifies a silly whisper with cosmic language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to черт","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"возьми,","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"idiom with черт","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полным","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом,","gloss":"fullest"},{"surface":"голосом,","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шепчу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шепчу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шепчу","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the да-clause","gloss":"am whispering"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to видишь","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видишь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видишь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видишь","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come about"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сумбур","lemma":"сумбур","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a muddle"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сумбур","gloss":"of nature"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c3-s59","source":"Я здесь на секрете и стерегу секрет.","translation":"I'm here in secret and guarding a secret.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я здесь на секрете и стерегу секрет.","title":"Imperfective «стеречь» — to be guarding","body":"«стерегу» is the 1sg present of imperfective «стеречь» (to guard, keep watch over), an ongoing state: 'I'm guarding a secret'. The idiom «на секрете» ('here on a secret [mission]') plus the cognate object «секрет» gives a playful, repetitive ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, predicate на секрете","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies секрете","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"секрете","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a secret errand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стерегу","lemma":"стеречь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with на секрете","gloss":"guarding"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of стерегу","gloss":"a secret"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c3-s60","source":"Объяснение впредь, но, понимая, что секрет, я вдруг и говорить стал секретно, и шепчу как дурак, тогда как не надо.","translation":"The explanation comes later, but, knowing there's a secret, I suddenly began to speak secretly too, and I'm whispering like a fool, when there's no need.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понимая, что секрет","title":"Imperfective gerund «понимая»","body":"«понимая» is an imperfective present gerund of attendant cause ('knowing/since I know that [it's] a secret'). The «что секрет» clause drops the copula — present-tense 'it is a secret' needs no verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вдруг и говорить стал секретно","title":"Inchoative «стал» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стал говорить» = 'began to speak', «стать» + imperfective infinitive expressing the onset of an ongoing action. The particle «и» before «говорить» ('began to speak too') links it to the secrecy, and «вдруг» ('suddenly') marks the abrupt slide into whispering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как не надо","title":"Concessive «тогда как» + impersonal «не надо»","body":"«тогда как» is a bookish 'whereas / when in fact', drawing the contrast; «не надо» is impersonal 'there's no need / one shouldn't'. Together: 'whispering like a fool, when there's no need' — Dmitri catching himself in the absurdity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause","gloss":"The explanation"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Объяснение","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"realizing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of понимая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"секретно","lemma":"секретно","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шепчу","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"am whispering"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies шепчу","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"тогда как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c3-s61","source":"Идем!","translation":"Come along!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идем!","title":"First-person exhortation","body":"Here the present-tense «идём» ('we are going') is used as a 'let's go!' command — Russian readily turns a 1st-person plural present or perfective future into an exhortation. Compare the explicit «давай(те) пойдём»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Come along"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c3-s62","source":"Вон куда!","translation":"Over there!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вон куда!","title":"«вон» as a pointing word","body":"«вон» here is the deictic 'over there / yonder' (distinct from the homonym «вон» = 'out!'). With «куда» ('to where') it gestures at a destination: 'That's where!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"Over"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c3-s63","source":"До тех пор молчи.","translation":"Until then, keep quiet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"До тех пор","title":"«до тех пор» — until then","body":"A fixed correlative phrase: «до тех пор» ('up to that point/time') with the demonstrative «тех» in the genitive after «до». It usually anticipates a «пока» clause ('until...')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчи","title":"Imperfective imperative «молчи»","body":"The imperative «молчи» ('be quiet / stay silent') is built from the present stem of «молчать» with stressed -и. The imperfective aspect frames it as an ongoing state to maintain, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom \"до тех пор\")","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of До","gloss":"time","note":"Fixed idiom \"до тех пор\" = \"until then\"."},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep quiet"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c3-s64","source":"Поцеловать тебя хочу!","translation":"I want to kiss you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поцеловать тебя хочу!","title":"Object-first word order","body":"Neutral order would be «Хочу тебя поцеловать»; fronting the infinitive «поцеловать» throws all emotional weight onto the act of kissing — Mitya's impulsiveness made audible through word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Поцеловать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c3-s65","source":"Слава Высшему на свете, \nСлава Высшему во мне!..","translation":"Glory to the Highest in the world, \nGlory to the Highest in me!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слава Высшему","title":"Dative of dedication","body":"In the formula «слава + dative» ('glory to...'), «Высшему» is the dative of the substantivized adjective «высший» ('the Highest'). The same dative dedicates praise in «слава Богу»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Glory"},{"surface":"Высшему","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Слава","gloss":"to the Highest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слава","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Слава","gloss":"Glory"},{"surface":"Высшему","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of second Слава","gloss":"to the Highest"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of second Слава","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c3-s66","source":"Я это сейчас только пред тобой, сидя здесь, повторял...","translation":"That I was just repeating to myself only now, sitting here in front of you...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидя здесь","title":"Present gerund «сидя»","body":"«сидя» ('[while] sitting') is the imperfective present деепричастие of «сидеть», naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «повторял» and sharing its subject — 'I, sitting here, kept repeating'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял","title":"Imperfective past for repeated action","body":"«повторял» ('was repeating / kept repeating') is imperfective past, capturing iteration — fitting, since the verb itself means 'repeat'. Reinforced by «сейчас только» ('just now')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред тобой","title":"Bookish «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред» is the elevated, truncated variant of the preposition «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «тобой». It lends a solemn, poetic cast suited to the verse he is quoting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторял","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторял","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was repeating"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c3-s67","source":"Сад был величиной с десятину или немногим более, но обсажен деревьями лишь кругом, вдоль по всем четырем заборам, — яблонями, кленом, липой, березой.","translation":"The garden was about a desyatina in size, or a little more, but it was planted with trees only around the edges, all along the four fences — apple trees, a maple, a linden, a birch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"величиной с десятину","title":"Instrumental of measure + «с» of approximation","body":"«величиной» is the instrumental of «величина» ('in size'), and «с + accusative» («с десятину») means 'about, roughly the size of'. Together: 'about a desyatina in size'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обсажен деревьями","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«обсажен» is the short-form past passive participle of «обсадить» ('planted around'); the agent/means «деревьями» ('with trees') stands in the instrumental, the regular partner of the passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яблонями, кленом, липой, березой","title":"The trees of the garden","body":"«яблоня» apple tree, «клён» maple, «липа» linden/lime, «берёза» birch — all in the instrumental as the kinds the garden was planted with. The birch and linden are emblematically Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"The garden"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to величиной","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"величиной","lemma":"величина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"in size"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десятину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"десятину","lemma":"десятина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies величиной","gloss":"a desyatina","note":"A desyatina is a pre-revolutionary Russian land unit (~1.09 hectares)."},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"немногим","lemma":"немного","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies более","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with величиной","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обсажен","lemma":"обсадить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был (second predicate)","gloss":"planted"},{"surface":"деревьями","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обсажен","gloss":"with trees"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кругом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"круг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обсажен","gloss":"around the edges"},{"surface":"вдоль","lemma":"вдоль","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборам,","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четырем (reinforces вдоль)","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of четырем","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четырем","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies заборам,","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"заборам,","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обсажен","gloss":"the fences"},{"surface":"яблонями","lemma":"яблоня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with деревьями (enumerates them)","gloss":"apple trees"},{"surface":"кленом","lemma":"клён","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with яблонями","gloss":"a maple"},{"surface":"липой","lemma":"липа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with яблонями","gloss":"a linden"},{"surface":"березой","lemma":"берёза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with яблонями","gloss":"a birch"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c3-s68","source":"Средина сада была пустая, под лужайкой, на которой накашивалось в лето несколько пудов сена.","translation":"The middle of the garden was empty, given over to a meadow on which several poods of hay were mown in the course of a summer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"накашивалось","title":"Reflexive-passive «накашивалось»","body":"The -ся verb «накашивалось» ('was mown / would be mown') is an imperfective reflexive passive: the hay is the patient, the mower unnamed. The neuter ending agrees with the impersonal/quantity subject «несколько пудов»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько пудов","title":"Genitive plural after «несколько»","body":"The quantifier «несколько» ('several') governs the genitive plural, hence «пудов» rather than «пуды» — the same rule that makes 'five' and up take the genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Средина","lemma":"средина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пустая","gloss":"The middle"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Средина","gloss":"of the garden"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пустая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пустая","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лужайкой","gloss":"given over to"},{"surface":"лужайкой","lemma":"лужайка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустая","gloss":"a meadow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накашивалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"накашивалось","lemma":"накашиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on лужайкой","gloss":"were mown"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лето","gloss":"in the course of"},{"surface":"лето","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накашивалось","gloss":"a summer"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on пудов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"пудов","lemma":"пуд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of накашивалось","gloss":"poods","note":"A pood is an old Russian unit of weight (~16.4 kg)."},{"surface":"сена","lemma":"сено","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пудов","gloss":"of hay"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c3-s69","source":"Сад отдавался хозяйкой с весны внаем за несколько рублей.","translation":"The garden was let out by the landlady from spring on, for a few rubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдавался хозяйкой","title":"Reflexive passive with instrumental agent","body":"«отдавался» ('was let out') is an imperfective reflexive passive; here the agent IS named, in the instrumental — «хозяйкой» ('by the landlady') — the regular way Russian marks the doer in a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"внаём","title":"«внаём» — out for rent","body":"The adverb «внаём» (also «внаймы») means 'for hire, on lease'. «отдавать внаём» is the set phrase 'to let out, rent out' — distinct from «нанимать», to rent from someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдавался","gloss":"The garden"},{"surface":"отдавался","lemma":"отдаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was let out"},{"surface":"хозяйкой","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent complement of отдавался","gloss":"by the landlady"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking весны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"весны","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отдавался","gloss":"spring"},{"surface":"внаем","lemma":"внаём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдавался","gloss":"for rent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of за","gloss":"rubles"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c3-s70","source":"Были и гряды с малиной, крыжовником, смородиной, тоже всё около заборов; грядки с овощами близ самого дома, заведенные, впрочем, недавно.","translation":"There were beds, too, with raspberries, gooseberries, and currants, all of them likewise along the fences; and vegetable plots close to the house itself, laid out only recently, however.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Были и гряды","title":"Existential «были» fronted","body":"Verb-first «были» ('there were') is the existential-presentational pattern, introducing new items into the scene; the particle «и» here means 'also, too'. Word order, not a separate construction, signals 'there existed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гряды ... грядки","title":"«гряда» vs diminutive «грядка»","body":"«гряда» is a raised garden bed/ridge; «грядки» is its everyday diminutive ('little beds, plots'). Dostoevsky uses both in one sentence — the larger berry ridges, then the small vegetable plots."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заведенные ... недавно","title":"Past passive participle «заведённые»","body":"«заведённые» ('laid out, established') is a long-form past passive participle from perfective «завести», agreeing with «грядки» in the plural — a compact participial tail describing the recently-made plots."}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гряды","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"гряды","lemma":"гряда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малиной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"малиной","lemma":"малина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гряды","gloss":"raspberries"},{"surface":"крыжовником","lemma":"крыжовник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with малиной","gloss":"gooseberries"},{"surface":"смородиной","lemma":"смородина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with малиной","gloss":"currants"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to гряды","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборов","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"заборов","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of около","gloss":"the fences"},{"surface":"грядки","lemma":"грядка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Были (elided)","gloss":"plots"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking овощами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"овощами","lemma":"овощ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies грядки","gloss":"vegetables"},{"surface":"близ","lemma":"близ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"close to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of близ","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"заведенные","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying грядки","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying недавно","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заведенные","gloss":"recently"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c3-s71","source":"Дмитрий Федорович вел гостя в один самый отдаленный от дома угол сада.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich led his guest to one corner of the garden, the farthest of all from the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вел гостя","title":"Unidirectional motion verb «вёл»","body":"«вёл» is the past of «вести», the unidirectional 'to lead/be leading' (one trajectory, in progress), as opposed to multidirectional «водить». It paints the walk to the corner as a single ongoing movement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый отдаленный от дома угол","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«самый отдалённый» ('the most remote') is the periphrastic superlative: «самый» declines with the adjective «отдалённый». «от дома» ('from the house') takes the genitive after «от»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вел","gloss":"his guest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies угол","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отдаленный (superlative marker)","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"отдаленный","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угол","gloss":"farthest"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдаленный","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вел","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угол","gloss":"of the garden"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c3-s72","source":"Там вдруг, среди густо стоявших лип и старых кустов смородины и бузины, калины и сирени, открылось что-то вроде развалин стариннейшей зеленой беседки, почерневшей и покривившейся, с решетчатыми стенками, но с крытым верхом и в которой еще можно было укрыться от дождя.","translation":"There, all at once, amid densely clustered lindens and old bushes of currant and elder, guelder rose and lilac, there came into view something like the ruins of a very old green arbor, blackened and warped out of shape, with latticed walls but a roofed top, in which one could still take shelter from the rain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"среди густо стоявших лип","title":"Past active participle «стоявших»","body":"«стоявших» ('standing') is the past active participle of «стоять», agreeing with «лип» in the genitive plural after «среди» ('amid'). It packs a whole 'which were standing' clause into one modifier — a hallmark of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"открылось что-то","title":"Reflexive «открылось» (middle)","body":"«открылось» ('came into view, opened up') is the intransitive/middle -ся form: the arbor 'revealed itself' rather than being opened by anyone. The neuter agrees with the indefinite «что-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стариннейшей","title":"Bookish superlative suffix -ейш-","body":"«стариннейшей» ('most ancient, very old') uses the literary synthetic superlative in -ейш-, rather than «самый старинный». This high-style suffix suits the elaborate, period-elevated description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почерневшей и покривившейся","title":"Past active participles of state","body":"«почерневшей» ('blackened') and «покривившейся» ('warped, gone crooked') are past active participles agreeing with «беседки» — «почерневшей» from the non-reflexive «почернеть», «покривившейся» from the -ся verb «покривиться». They name the completed changes the arbor has undergone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беседки ... калины и сирени","title":"Arbor and the shrubs","body":"«беседка» is a garden arbor or summerhouse; «бузина» elder, «калина» guelder rose (viburnum), «сирень» lilac — the tangle of overgrown shrubbery framing the ruin where the brothers will talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открылось","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открылось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лип","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"густо","lemma":"густо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявших","gloss":"densely"},{"surface":"стоявших","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies лип","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"лип","lemma":"липа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of среди","gloss":"lindens"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старых","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кустов","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"кустов","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лип (object of среди)","gloss":"bushes"},{"surface":"смородины","lemma":"смородина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кустов","gloss":"currant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бузины","lemma":"бузина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смородины","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"калины","lemma":"калина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смородины","gloss":"guelder rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сирени","lemma":"сирень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смородины","gloss":"lilac"},{"surface":"открылось","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came into view"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part of что-то), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что-то, subject of открылось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of что-то)","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking развалин","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"развалин","lemma":"развалина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of вроде","gloss":"ruins"},{"surface":"стариннейшей","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies беседки","gloss":"very old"},{"surface":"зеленой","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседки","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"беседки","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies развалин","gloss":"arbor"},{"surface":"почерневшей","lemma":"почернеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies беседки","gloss":"blackened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покривившейся","lemma":"покривиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почерневшей","gloss":"warped"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"решетчатыми","lemma":"решетчатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies стенками","gloss":"latticed"},{"surface":"стенками","lemma":"стенка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies беседки","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верхом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"крытым","lemma":"крытый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верхом","gloss":"roofed"},{"surface":"верхом","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беседки","gloss":"top"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укрыться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal)","role":"relative clause on беседки","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"укрыться","lemma":"укрыться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"take shelter"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дождя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дождя","lemma":"дождь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"the rain"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c3-s73","source":"Беседка строена была бог весть когда, по преданию лет пятьдесят назад, каким-то тогдашним владельцем домика, Александром Карловичем фон Шмидтом, отставным подполковником.","translation":"The arbor had been built goodness knows when — fifty years ago, by tradition — by some former owner of the little house, a certain Alexander Karlovich von Schmidt, a retired lieutenant colonel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Беседка строена была","title":"Archaic short passive «строена была»","body":"«строена была» ('had been built') is a short-form past passive participle plus past «была» — an older, bookish passive (note also the inverted order). Modern Russian would more often say «была построена»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бог весть когда","title":"«бог весть» — goodness knows","body":"«бог весть» is a frozen idiom, 'God knows / goodness knows', preserving the archaic «весть» (= 'knows', from «ведать»). Here: 'built goodness knows when'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то ... владельцем","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + instrumental agent","body":"«каким-то тогдашним владельцем» ('by some owner of the time') is the instrumental agent of the passive, with «какой-то» marking a specific-but-unknown builder. The whole phrase agrees in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Беседка","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of строена","gloss":"The arbor"},{"surface":"строена","lemma":"строить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been built"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to строена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun (part of idiom бог весть), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom бог весть, modifies когда","gloss":"God","note":"\"Бог весть когда\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"goodness knows when.\""},{"surface":"весть","lemma":"весть","morphology":"particle (archaic verb form, part of idiom бог весть)","role":"part of the idiom бог весть, modifies когда","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строена (idiom бог весть когда)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преданию","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"преданию","lemma":"предание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies строена","gloss":"tradition"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пятьдесят (approximation)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies назад","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строена","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner (part of каким-то), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase каким-то, modifies владельцем","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (part of каким-то)","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"тогдашним","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies владельцем","gloss":"then-current"},{"surface":"владельцем","lemma":"владелец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of строена","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"домика","lemma":"домик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies владельцем","gloss":"of the little house"},{"surface":"Александром","lemma":"александр","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to владельцем","gloss":"Alexander"},{"surface":"Карловичем","lemma":"карлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Александром","gloss":"Karlovich"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"depends on Александром","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Шмидтом","lemma":"шмидт","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on фон","gloss":"Schmidt"},{"surface":"отставным","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подполковником","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"подполковником","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to владельцем","gloss":"lieutenant colonel"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c3-s74","source":"Но всё уже истлело, пол сгнил, все половицы шатались, от дерева пахло сыростью.","translation":"But everything had already rotted away: the floor had decayed, all the floorboards were loose, and the wood smelled of damp.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"истлело ... сгнил ... шатались","title":"Mixed aspect: result vs ongoing state","body":"Perfective «истлело» ('had rotted away') and «сгнил» ('had decayed') give completed results; imperfective «шатались» ('were loose, kept wobbling') gives a continuing state. The contrast is the engine of Russian narrative texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от дерева пахло сыростью","title":"Impersonal «пахло» of smell","body":"«пахло сыростью» ('it smelled of damp') is impersonal: no nominative subject, neuter verb «пахло», and the smell-source «сыростью» in the instrumental. A classic subjectless sensory construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of истлело","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истлело","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"истлело","lemma":"истлеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had rotted away"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сгнил","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"сгнил","lemma":"сгнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with истлело","gloss":"had decayed"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of половицы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"половицы","lemma":"половица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of шатались","gloss":"the floorboards"},{"surface":"шатались","lemma":"шататься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with истлело","gloss":"were loose"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерева","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дерева","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахло","gloss":"the wood"},{"surface":"пахло","lemma":"пахнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with истлело","gloss":"smelled"},{"surface":"сыростью","lemma":"сырость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахло","gloss":"of damp"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c3-s75","source":"В беседке стоял деревянный зеленый стол, врытый в землю, а кругом шли лавки, тоже зеленые, на которых еще можно было сидеть.","translation":"In the arbor stood a green wooden table, sunk into the ground, and benches ran around it, green as well, on which one could still sit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял ... стол ... шли лавки","title":"Verb-first existential framing","body":"Both clauses front the verb («стоял стол» 'there stood a table'; «шли лавки» 'benches ran [around]'), the presentational order that introduces objects into a described scene. «шли» here is a figurative 'ran/went' for the line of benches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"врытый в землю","title":"Past passive participle «врытый»","body":"«врытый» ('dug/sunk into') is a long-form past passive participle (-тый type) from «врыть», agreeing with «стол». «в землю» takes the accusative for motion/direction into."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседке","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"беседке","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the arbor"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"деревянный","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"зеленый","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"a table"},{"surface":"врытый","lemma":"врыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стол","gloss":"sunk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of врытый","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шли","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"шли","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of шли","gloss":"benches"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зеленые","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"зеленые","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лавки","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal)","role":"relative clause on лавки","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"sit"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c3-s76","source":"Алеша сейчас же заметил восторженное состояние брата, но, войдя в беседку, увидал на столике полбутылки коньяку и рюмочку.","translation":"Alyosha noticed his brother's ecstatic state at once, but, on entering the arbor, he saw on the little table a half-bottle of cognac and a small glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдя в беседку","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя»","body":"«войдя» ('on entering, having entered') is the perfective past деепричастие of «войти», marking an action completed just before the main verb «увидал» and sharing Alyosha as subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полбутылки коньяку","title":"Partitive genitive in -у","body":"«коньяку» is the old partitive/quantitative genitive in -у (beside the standard «коньяка»), surviving with mass nouns after amounts — here 'a half-bottle OF cognac'. «полбутылки» itself contains a genitive «бутылки»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столике ... рюмочку","title":"Diminutives «столик», «рюмочка»","body":"«столик» ('little table') and «рюмочка» ('little glass', from «рюмка», a small stemmed glass for spirits) are diminutives — they miniaturize the still life and add a tender, intimate touch to the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас же","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom сейчас же)","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"сейчас же","morphology":"particle (part of idiom сейчас же)","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"восторженное","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"ecstatic"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"his brother's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидал","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беседку","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"the arbor"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столике","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столике","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"the little table"},{"surface":"полбутылки","lemma":"полбутылки","morphology":"noun (пол- compound), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"a half-bottle"},{"surface":"коньяку","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полбутылки","gloss":"of cognac"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рюмочку","lemma":"рюмочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with полбутылки","gloss":"a small glass"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c3-s77","source":"— Это коньяк! — захохотал Митя, — а ты уж смотришь: «опять пьянствует»?","translation":"\"It's cognac!\" Mitya burst out laughing. \"And there you are, already looking at me: 'drinking again,' eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захохотал","title":"Inceptive «захохотал»","body":"The prefix за- on «хохотать» ('to roar with laughter') gives «захохотать» the inceptive sense 'to burst out laughing'. Stronger and more bodily than «засмеяться» — pure Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты уж смотришь","title":"Particle «уж»","body":"«уж» is the emphatic, reproachful cousin of «уже» ('already'): 'and there you are, already...'. It colours the line with Mitya's mock-indignant anticipation of Alyosha's silent judgement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пьянствует","title":"«пьянствовать» — to be a drunkard","body":"Not just «пить» ('to drink') but «пьянствовать» — to drink habitually, to be on a binge, with a censorious ring. Alyosha's imagined verdict, which Mitya throws back at him in quotation marks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of nominal predicate коньяк","gloss":"This","note":"Surface includes a stray HTML entity fragment (\" \") from the source markup."},{"surface":"коньяк!","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Это","gloss":"cognac"},{"surface":"захохотал","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"Митя,","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захохотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотришь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захохотал","gloss":"are looking"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьянствует","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пьянствует","lemma":"пьянствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause, object of смотришь","gloss":"he's drinking","note":"Quoted imagined thought (\"опять пьянствует\") that Mitya reads on Alyosha's face."}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c3-s78","source":"Не верь фантому.","translation":"Put no faith in the phantom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не верь фантому","title":"Negated imperative + dative object","body":"«верь» is the imperative of «верить»; «не верь» = 'do not trust'. The verb governs the dative, so «фантому» ('the phantom') is dative, not accusative — «верить кому/чему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"фантому","lemma":"фантом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верь","gloss":"the phantom"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c3-s79","source":"Не верь толпе пустой и лживой, \nЗабудь сомнения свои...","translation":"Trust not the empty, lying crowd, \nLay all your doubts aside...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не верь толпе пустой и лживой","title":"Dative object of «верь»","body":"«толпе пустой и лживой» ('the empty and lying crowd') stands in the dative as the object of «верь»; the adjectives, in poetic post-position, agree in the dative. Another Schilleresque verse couplet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Забудь сомнения свои","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"«свои» ('one's own') refers back to the (imperative) addressee — 'YOUR own doubts'. Using «твои» would be possible but «свои» is the idiomatic reflexive possessive tied to the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of верь","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"пустой","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies толпе","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лживой","lemma":"лживый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пустой","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"Забудь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of Забудь","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сомнения","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c3-s80","source":"Не пьянствую я, а лишь «лакомствую», как говорит твой свинья Ракитин, который будет статским советником и всё будет говорить «лакомствую».","translation":"I'm not drinking — I'm only 'indulging,' as your swine Rakitin puts it, who'll one day be a state councillor and will still be saying 'indulging.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пьянствую я, а лишь «лакомствую»","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«а» pivots from the rejected term to the corrected one: 'I'm not carousing, BUT merely indulging'. This mild contrastive «а» (with «лишь» = 'only') is the natural Russian hinge of self-correction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакомствую","title":"Rakitin's coinage «лакомствую»","body":"A mock-genteel nonce-word from «лакомство» ('a delicacy, treat'): 'I'm having a little treat' instead of plainly 'drinking'. Mitya mimics Rakitin's pretentious euphemism, hence the quotation marks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который будет статским советником","title":"Relative «который» + compound future","body":"«который» ('who') opens a relative clause, here taking the nominative as its subject; «будет ... говорить» is the imperfective compound future ('will keep saying'). The future of «быть» plus an imperfective infinitive names an ongoing future habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьянствую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьянствую","lemma":"пьянствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am drinking"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пьянствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лакомствую","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лакомствую","lemma":"лакомствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьянствую","gloss":"indulge","note":"Mitya's invented mock-genteel verb, echoing Rakitin's euphemism for drinking."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свинья","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"свинья","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"swine"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to свинья","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет советником","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to советником","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"статским","lemma":"статский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советником","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"советником","lemma":"советник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on Ракитин","gloss":"councillor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with советником (relative clause on Ракитин)","gloss":"be saying"},{"surface":"лакомствую","lemma":"лакомствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective (quoted)","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"'indulging'"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c3-s81","source":"Садись.","translation":"Sit down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Садись","title":"Reflexive imperative «садись»","body":"«садись» ('sit down') is the imperative of the -ся verb «садиться»; the -ся here marks the action as done to oneself (lowering oneself). The familiar singular form fits brother addressing brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Sit down"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c3-s82","source":"Я бы взял тебя, Алешка, и прижал к груди, да так, чтобы раздавить, ибо на всем свете... по-настоящему... по-на-сто-яще-му... (вникни! вникни!) люблю только одного тебя!","translation":"I'd seize you, Alyoshka, and press you to my breast hard enough to crush you, because in all the world... truly... tru-ly (mark it! mark it!) I love you and you alone!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы взял тебя ... и прижал","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"«бы» plus the past-form verbs «взял ... прижал» builds the irrealis: 'I would seize and press you' — a hypothetical impulse, not a real past act. One «бы» governs both verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы раздавить","title":"«чтобы» of purpose","body":"«чтобы» here introduces purpose/result with an infinitive: 'so as to crush [you]'. The «что + бы» fusion makes this the willed-outcome conjunction, distinct from plain reported «что»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"Bookish «ибо» — for, because","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, slightly archaic conjunction 'for, because', with a scriptural/literary flavour. In Mitya's mouth it inflates his rhapsody to a near-biblical pitch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка ... вникни","title":"Familiar «Алёшка» and «вникни»","body":"«Алёшка», the -ка form of Alyosha's name, is rough-affectionate, even coarse-tender — the intimacy of a drunken elder brother. «вникни!» is the imperative of «вникнуть», 'grasp it deeply, take it in' — repeated for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of взял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прижал","lemma":"прижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижал","gloss":"my breast"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links да так, чтобы to прижал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with чтобы, modifies прижал","gloss":"so hard"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздавить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раздавить","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"result clause on так","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of по-настоящему)","role":"first part of по-настоящему, modifies люблю","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of по-настоящему)","role":"second part of по-настоящему","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (fragment, syllable 1 of stammered по-на-сто-яще-му)","role":"syllable of the stammered repetition of по-настоящему, modifies люблю","gloss":"truly","note":"Dostoevsky spells \"truly\" out syllable by syllable (по-на-сто-яще-му) to show Mitya's overwrought emphasis; each fragment glosses the whole word."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (fragment, syllable 2)","role":"syllable of the stammered по-на-сто-яще-му","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (fragment, syllable 3)","role":"syllable of the stammered по-на-сто-яще-му","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"яще","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (fragment, syllable 4)","role":"syllable of the stammered по-на-сто-яще-му","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"му","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (fragment, syllable 5)","role":"syllable of the stammered по-на-сто-яще-му","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"вникни","lemma":"вникнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"mark it!"},{"surface":"вникни","lemma":"вникнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"repeated parenthetical imperative, coordinated with previous вникни","gloss":"mark it!"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies тебя","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c3-s83","source":"Он проговорил последнюю строчку в каком-то почти исступлении.","translation":"He pronounced the last line almost in a kind of frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каком-то почти исступлении","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» softening","body":"«в каком-то ... исступлении» ('in a kind of frenzy') uses «какой-то» to blur and qualify the noun — 'some sort of'. It is the narrator's hedge, declined in the prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy","body":"A strong bookish noun for ecstatic frenzy, transport, a state beside oneself — a signature Dostoevskian word for the heightened, near-pathological emotional pitch his characters reach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies строчку","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"строчку","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner (part of каком-то), locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase каком-то, modifies исступлении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (part of каком-то)","role":"part of the phrase каком-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c3-s84","source":"— Одного тебя, да еще одну «подлую», в которую влюбился, да с тем и пропал.","translation":"\"You alone, and one more — a 'vile creature' — with whom I've fallen in love, and on that I'm done for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которую влюбился","title":"Relative «которую» (accusative)","body":"«в которую» ('with whom') agrees in gender/number with «подлую» but takes the case its own clause demands — accusative after «в» as governed by «влюбиться в кого» ('fall in love with')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлую","title":"«подлая» — vile creature","body":"The feminine substantivized adjective «подлая» ('the vile/base one') stands for Grushenka — at once an insult and, in Mitya's mouth, a term of helpless passion. The quotation marks flag it as a label he half-disavows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"да с тем и пропал","title":"«пропал» — done for","body":"«пропасть» here = 'to be lost, ruined, done for'. The idiom «да с тем и пропал» means 'and with that I was finished/undone' — «да» links, «с тем» = 'and so', a colloquial seal on the confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебя (\"alone\")","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"head of the phrase (object of implied verb)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подлую","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"подлую","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective (substantival), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тебя","gloss":"vile creature"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of влюбился (relative)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on подлую","gloss":"fell in love"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes пропал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влюбился","gloss":"am done for"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c3-s85","source":"Но влюбиться не значит любить.","translation":"But to be in love is not the same as to love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"влюбиться не значит любить","title":"Two aspects, two meanings","body":"Mitya's aphorism turns on aspect and verb choice: perfective «влюбиться» (to fall in love, a single event) versus imperfective «любить» (to love, an enduring state). The infinitives oppose a momentary 'falling' to a lasting 'loving'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"влюбиться","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"to be in love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of значит","gloss":"to love"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c3-s86","source":"Влюбиться можно и ненавидя.","translation":"One can be in love and hating all the while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Влюбиться можно и ненавидя","title":"Gerund «ненавидя» + impersonal «можно»","body":"«можно» ('one can') is an impersonal predicate with no subject. «ненавидя» ('[while] hating') is the present gerund of «ненавидеть», an attendant circumstance: 'one can fall in love even while hating'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Влюбиться","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"to be in love"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавидя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ненавидя","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of можно","gloss":"while hating"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c3-s87","source":"Запомни!","translation":"Remember that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Запомни!","title":"Perfective imperative «запомни»","body":"«запомни» is the perfective imperative of «запомнить» ('commit to memory, remember once and for all'), commanding a single act of fixing-in-mind — sharper than imperfective «помни» ('keep remembering')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомни","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c3-s88","source":"Теперь, пока весело, говорю!","translation":"I'm telling you now, while it's still merry!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока весело","title":"Impersonal «весело» + «пока»","body":"«весело» is a predicative adverb in an impersonal clause ('[while] it is merry'); «пока» = 'while, as long as'. No subject — the mood itself is the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of весело","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the пока-clause","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm telling you"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c3-s89","source":"Садись вот здесь за стол, а я подле сбоку, и буду смотреть на тебя, и всё говорить.","translation":"Sit down here at the table, and I'll be beside you, at your side, and I'll look at you and keep talking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду смотреть ... всё говорить","title":"Imperfective compound future","body":"«буду смотреть» and «буду ... говорить» ('I'll be looking ... I'll keep talking') are imperfective compound futures — «буду» plus imperfective infinitives — stressing ongoing, drawn-out action, reinforced by «всё» ('continually')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подле сбоку","title":"«подле» — beside","body":"«подле» is a bookish/old preposition 'beside, next to' (governing the genitive), doubled here with «сбоку» ('at the side') for cozy emphasis: 'right beside you, at your very side'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Садись","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Садись","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical подле-clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate, parallel to Садись","gloss":"will be close"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подле","gloss":"at your side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смотреть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подле","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"keep on"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотреть","gloss":"talking"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c3-s90","source":"Ты будешь всё молчать, а я буду всё говорить, потому что срок пришел.","translation":"You'll keep silent the whole time and I'll keep talking the whole time, because the hour has come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты будешь всё молчать, а я буду всё говорить","title":"Paired compound futures + contrastive «а»","body":"Two imperfective compound futures balanced by «а»: 'you will keep silent, while I will keep talking'. The «а» marks the contrast of roles, «всё» the unbroken continuation of each."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что срок пришел","title":"«потому что» + perfective «пришёл»","body":"«потому что» ('because') opens a causal clause; perfective «пришёл» ('has come') reports a single completed event — 'the appointed time HAS arrived'. «срок» = the set term, the due hour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of молчать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчать","gloss":"keep on"},{"surface":"молчать","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"being silent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"keep on"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчать","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"has come"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c3-s91","source":"А впрочем, знаешь, я рассудил, что надо говорить действительно тихо, потому что здесь... здесь... могут открыться самые неожиданные уши.","translation":"And besides, you know, I've reckoned that we really must speak quietly, because here... here... the most unexpected ears might open up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я рассудил, что надо говорить","title":"Reported «что» + impersonal «надо»","body":"«что» here is the plain reporting conjunction ('that'), introducing a fact, not a wish — contrast «чтобы». Inside, «надо говорить» ('one must speak') is an impersonal necessity construction with no subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могут открыться ... уши","title":"Reflexive «открыться» (middle)","body":"«открыться» ('to open up [of themselves]') is the intransitive -ся form; the ears 'might open up' on their own. «могут» ('may, might') governs the perfective infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самые неожиданные уши","title":"Superlative intensifier «самые»","body":"«самые неожиданные» ('the most unexpected') uses «самый» not for a true superlative degree but as an intensifier — 'the most unexpected ears imaginable'. A vivid, half-comic exaggeration."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to рассудил","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to рассудил","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассудил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рассудил","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have reckoned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"clausal complement of рассудил","gloss":"we must"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихо","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical, trails off before repeated здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"открыться","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"open up"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective (superlative marker), nominative, plural","role":"modifies неожиданные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"неожиданные","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies уши","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"ears"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c3-s92","source":"Всё объясню, сказано: продолжение впредь.","translation":"I'll explain everything; as the saying goes: to be continued.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё объясню","title":"Perfective future «объясню»","body":"«объясню» ('I will explain [it all]') is a perfective verb conjugated like a present — the simple future, naming one completed future act, with no auxiliary. Object «всё» fronted for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"продолжение впредь","title":"«продолжение впредь» — to be continued","body":"A set serial-publishing tag, 'continuation to follow / to be continued', with «впредь» = 'henceforth, in future'. Mitya jokingly quotes the formula of a magazine novel — fitting in a novel that ran in installments."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объясню","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"объясню","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll explain"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical (impersonal passive)","gloss":"as they say","note":"Impersonal passive used like the idiom 'as the saying goes.'"},{"surface":"продолжение","lemma":"продолжение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical, \"to be continued\")","gloss":"continuation"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжение","gloss":"henceforth"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c3-s93","source":"Почему рвался к тебе, жаждал сейчас тебя, все эти дни, и сейчас?","translation":"Why have I been straining toward you, thirsting for you these last days, and now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рвался к тебе","title":"Reflexive «рвался» of striving","body":"«рвался» (-ся past of «рваться») means 'strained, tore toward, longed to reach' — an intransitive middle. «к тебе» takes the dative after «к» ('toward'). The image is of being pulled bodily toward Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждал ... тебя","title":"Genitive object of «жаждать»","body":"«жаждать» ('to thirst for, crave') governs the genitive; here «тебя» is genitive (= accusative for this animate pronoun), 'thirsted for you'. A high-style verb amplifying Mitya's longing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рвался","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"рвался","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have I strained"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвался","gloss":"thirsted"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаждал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement (temporal) of рвался/жаждал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with дни (temporal)","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c3-s94","source":"(Я здесь уже пять дней как бросил якорь). Все эти дни?","translation":"(I've been lying here at anchor five days already.) All these days?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бросил якорь","title":"«бросить якорь» — to cast anchor","body":"A nautical idiom, 'to drop anchor', here figurative: 'I've been holed up / settled here five days'. Mitya's flair for grand metaphor turns a stay in town into a ship at rest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пять дней","title":"Genitive plural after «пять»","body":"After «пять» ('five') the noun takes the genitive plural, hence «дней» (irregular gen. pl. of «день»). Numerals five and above govern the genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дней","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement (duration) of бросил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросил (\"since\")","gloss":"since","note":"Here как means \"since,\" not \"how\": \"five days since I dropped anchor.\""},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"якорь","lemma":"якорь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"anchor"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c3-s95","source":"Потому что тебе одному всё скажу, потому что нужно, потому что ты нужен, потому что завтра лечу с облаков, потому что завтра жизнь кончится и начнется.","translation":"Because to you alone will I tell everything, because it's needful, because you're needed, because tomorrow I plunge down from the clouds, because tomorrow life will end and begin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что ... потому что ... потому что","title":"Anaphoric «потому что»","body":"The fivefold «потому что» ('because... because...') is rhetorical anaphora, each clause a fresh subordinating reason. The piling-up of causal clauses mimics Mitya's breathless, mounting urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лечу с облаков","title":"Unidirectional «лечу» + genitive after «с»","body":"«лечу» ('I am flying/plunging') is the unidirectional present of «лететь», one trajectory now. «с облаков» ('down from the clouds') uses «с» + genitive for motion off/down from a surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жизнь кончится и начнется","title":"Perfective futures «кончится / начнётся»","body":"Both -ся verbs are perfective simple futures naming single completed turns: 'life will end and [will] begin'. The paradoxical pairing — ending and beginning at once — is Mitya's whole crisis in two verbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"adverbial clause on скажу","gloss":"it's needful"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on нужно","gloss":"are needed"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"лечу","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нужен","gloss":"I plunge down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking облаков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"облаков","lemma":"облако","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of лечу","gloss":"the clouds"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончится","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончится","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лечу","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начнется","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончится","gloss":"will begin"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c3-s96","source":"Испытывал ты, видал ты во сне, как в яму с горы падают?","translation":"Have you ever felt, have you ever seen in a dream how people fall into a pit from a mountain?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Испытывал ты, видал ты во сне","title":"Inversion as yes/no question","body":"Fronting the verb before the pronoun («Испытывал ты...?», «видал ты...?») marks a yes/no question by word order and intonation — 'Have you ever felt...?'. «видал» is the colloquial multidirectional past of «видеть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в яму с горы падают","title":"Prepositions of direction: «в» + acc., «с» + gen.","body":"«в яму» ('into a pit') is accusative for motion-into; «с горы» ('down from a mountain') is genitive after «с» for motion-off. The impersonal «падают» ('[people] fall') has an unexpressed generic subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Испытывал","lemma":"испытывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you felt"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Испытывал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Испытывал","gloss":"have you seen"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of падают","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking яму","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"яму","lemma":"яма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падают","gloss":"a pit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падают","gloss":"a mountain"},{"surface":"падают","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видал","gloss":"people fall"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c3-s97","source":"Ну, так я теперь не во сне лечу.","translation":"Well, that's how I'm falling now — and not in a dream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не во сне лечу","title":"«не» negating a phrase, not the verb","body":"«не» here negates the adverbial «во сне» ('in a dream'), not «лечу»: 'I am falling — but NOT in a dream'. Placing «не» before the phrase rather than the verb sharpens the contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечу","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лечу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сне","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лечу","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"лечу","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am falling"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c3-s98","source":"И не боюсь, и ты не бойся.","translation":"And I'm not afraid, and don't you be afraid either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не боюсь, и ты не бойся","title":"Reflexive «бояться» + negated imperative","body":"«боюсь» and the imperative «бойся» are forms of «бояться», a verb that exists only in the -ся form ('to fear'). «не бойся» ('don't be afraid') uses the imperfective imperative under negation — the natural choice for prohibitions of a state."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бойся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"be afraid"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c3-s99","source":"То есть боюсь, но мне сладко.","translation":"That is, I am afraid, but it's sweet to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне сладко","title":"Dative-subject feeling","body":"«мне сладко» ('it is sweet to me, I find it sweet') is the classic impersonal: the experiencer in the dative («мне»), no nominative, the predicative «сладко». «То есть» ('that is') flags Mitya correcting himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that","note":"\"То есть\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"that is.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am afraid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сладко","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сладко","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"is sweet"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c3-s100","source":"То есть не сладко, а восторг...","translation":"That is, not sweet, but rapture...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сладко, а восторг","title":"Correction with «не... а»","body":"The «не X, а Y» frame replaces one term with another: 'not sweet, BUT rapture'. «а» is the corrective contrastive; «восторг» ('rapture, ecstasy') is a nominative noun, a leap from adverb to thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сладко","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сладко","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сладко","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c3-s101","source":"Ну да черт, всё равно, что бы ни было.","translation":"Ah well, the devil, it's all the same, whatever it may be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы ни было","title":"Concessive «что бы ни» — whatever","body":"«что бы ни было» ('whatever it may be') is the universal-concessive: interrogative «что» + irrealis «бы» + the negative-concord particle «ни» + verb. The «ни» here builds the 'no matter what' meaning, not a simple negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну да черт, всё равно","title":"«всё равно» — it's all the same","body":"«всё равно» is the fixed phrase 'it makes no difference, never mind, all the same'. With «ну да чёрт» ('ah, the devil') it's a shrug of reckless resignation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, links to черт","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, depends on да","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"is all the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks concessive mood of было","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (concessive \"-ever\")","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of всё равно","gloss":"it may be"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c3-s102","source":"Сильный дух, слабый дух, бабий дух, — что бы ни было!","translation":"A strong spirit, a weak spirit, a womanish spirit — whatever it may be!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабий дух","title":"«бабий» — womanish","body":"«бабий» is the rough/colloquial adjective from «баба» ('peasant woman, wench'), here 'womanish, a woman's'. In the triad strong/weak/womanish 'spirit' it carries a dismissive, earthy ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы ни было","title":"Concessive «что бы ни» again","body":"The refrain repeats the 'whatever it may be' construction (interrogative + «бы» + «ни» + verb), now as an exclamation sealing the catalogue of spirits — a defiant 'no matter what!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сильный","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the list, subject of было","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дух","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"бабий","lemma":"бабий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух,","gloss":"womanish"},{"surface":"дух,","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дух","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks concessive mood of было","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (concessive \"-ever\")","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it may be"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c3-s103","source":"Восхвалим природу: видишь, солнца сколько, небо-то как чисто, листья все зелены, совсем еще лето, час четвертый пополудни, тишина!","translation":"Let us praise nature: look, how much sun there is, how clear the sky is, the leaves all green, it's full summer still, four in the afternoon, all stillness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Восхвалим природу","title":"Hortative perfective «восхвалим»","body":"«восхвалим» ('let us praise') is a 1st-person plural perfective future used as an exhortation — the standard way to say 'let us X'. «восхвалить» is an elevated, almost liturgical 'to extol'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"солнца сколько","title":"Genitive of quantity + «сколько»","body":"«солнца сколько» ('how much sun there is') puts «солнца» in the partitive genitive governed by «сколько» ('how much'), with the quantity word postposed for exclamatory effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"небо-то как чисто","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» + short adjective","body":"«небо-то» tags the topic with the emphatic clitic «-то» ('the sky now / as for the sky'); «чисто» is a short-form predicative adjective ('is clear'). The short form is the bookish, exclamatory choice here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Восхвалим","lemma":"восхвалить","morphology":"verb, future/hortative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us praise"},{"surface":"природу","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Восхвалим","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantified by сколько","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb/pronoun (quantifier)","role":"quantifier of солнца","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чисто","gloss":"the sky"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial, enclitic)","role":"emphasizes небо","gloss":"(emphatic particle, no independent meaning)","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle \"-то\" attached to небо; not separately translated."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чисто","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чисто","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of небо-то clause","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"листья","lemma":"лист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of зелены","gloss":"the leaves"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of листья","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"зелены","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"predicate of листья","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лето","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лето","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of its own clause","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of its own clause","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"пополудни","lemma":"пополудни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"in the afternoon"},{"surface":"тишина","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of its own clause","gloss":"stillness"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c3-s104","source":"Куда шел?","translation":"Where were you going?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Куда шел?","title":"«куда» of destination + unidirectional «шёл»","body":"«куда» asks 'to where?' (direction), distinct from «где» ('where, location'). «шёл» is the unidirectional past of «идти», 'were you walking/going [somewhere]' — one trajectory in progress. Subject «ты» dropped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were you going"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c3-s105","source":"— Шел к отцу, а сначала хотел зайти к Катерине Ивановне.","translation":"\"I was going to Father's, but first I wanted to call on Katerina Ivanovna.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел зайти к Катерине Ивановне","title":"Prefixed motion «зайти» + «к» + dative","body":"«зайти» (perfective, prefix за-) means 'to drop in, call on' — a prefixed motion verb that is now an ordinary perfective. «к Катерине Ивановне» ('to Katerina Ivanovna') is dative after «к», the case for 'going to see a person'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Шел","gloss":"Father's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Шел","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to call on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun (patronymic), dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c3-s106","source":"— К ней и к отцу!","translation":"\"To her and to Father!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К ней и к отцу","title":"«к» + dative, repeated","body":"Both «к ней» ('to her') and «к отцу» ('to Father') are dative after «к», the destination-toward-a-person case. «ней» shows the н- that the 3rd-person pronoun takes after a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elliptical verb (шёл)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ней","gloss":"Father"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c3-s107","source":"Ух!","translation":"Ah!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c3-s108","source":"Совпадение!","translation":"What a coincidence!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Совпадение","title":"«совпадение» — coincidence","body":"A bookish noun in -ение from «совпадать» ('to coincide'): 'a coincidence, a concurrence'. Mitya seizes on the chance overlap of his plan and Alyosha's errand as something fated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совпадение","lemma":"совпадение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"coincidence"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c3-s109","source":"Да ведь я тебя для чего же и звал-то, для чего и желал, для чего алкал и жаждал всеми изгибами души и даже ребрами?","translation":"Why, what was it I called you for, what did I desire you for, what did I crave and thirst for with every fiber of my soul and even with my ribs?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь ... же ... звал-то","title":"Particles «ведь», «же», «-то» stacked","body":"Three particles colour this line: «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all'), «же» insists, and the clitic «-то» on «звал-то» emphasizes the verb. Together they give Mitya's question its urgent, confiding texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"алкал и жаждал","title":"Archaic «алкать» — to hunger","body":"«алкать» is a high, archaic/Church-Slavonic 'to hunger, crave', paired with «жаждать» 'to thirst' — the biblical doublet 'hunger and thirst' (as in 'hunger and thirst after righteousness'). Mitya's diction soars to scripture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всеми изгибами души","title":"«изгибы души» — every fold of the soul","body":"«изгиб» is a bend, curve, convolution; «всеми изгибами души» ('with every twist/fold of the soul') is Mitya's overwrought figure, the instrumental of means. He outdoes it with «и даже рёбрами» ('and even my ribs')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the sentence","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of звал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of звал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of звал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes звал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"звал","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I call"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (colloquial, enclitic)","role":"emphasizes звал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of желал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with звал","gloss":"did I desire"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of алкал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"алкал","lemma":"алкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желал","gloss":"did I crave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with алкал","gloss":"thirsted"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of изгибами","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"изгибами","lemma":"изгиб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of жаждал (and алкал)","gloss":"fiber"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies изгибами","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ребрами","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ребрами","lemma":"ребро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with изгибами","gloss":"ribs"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c3-s110","source":"Чтобы послать тебя именно к отцу от меня, а потом и к ней, к Катерине Ивановне, да тем и покончить и с ней, и с отцом.","translation":"To send you precisely to Father on my behalf, and then to her, to Katerina Ivanovna, and so to have done with it, both with her and with Father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтобы послать тебя","title":"«чтобы» of purpose with infinitive","body":"The sentence answers the prior 'why?' with «чтобы» + infinitive «послать» ('in order to send you'). Because the subject is the same, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да тем и покончить ... с ней, и с отцом","title":"«покончить с» + instrumental","body":"«покончить с кем/чем» ('to finish with, have done with') governs «с» + instrumental: «с ней, и с отцом» ('with her and with Father'). «да тем и» = 'and so thereby', a colloquial linker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical послать (with ней)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ней","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отцу (elliptical послать)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to ней","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun (patronymic), dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончить","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes покончить","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ней","gloss":"Father"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c3-s111","source":"Послать ангела.","translation":"To send an angel.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"ангела","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Послать","gloss":"an angel"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c3-s112","source":"Я мог бы послать всякого, но мне надо было послать ангела.","translation":"I could have sent anyone, but I had to send an angel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я мог бы послать всякого","title":"Conditional «мог бы»","body":"«мог бы» (past «мог» + «бы») is the conditional 'I could have / I might'. It frames an unrealized possibility against the «но мне надо было» ('but I had to') that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне надо было послать","title":"Dative + «надо было» of necessity","body":"«мне надо было послать» ('I had to send') is an impersonal necessity: experiencer «мне» in the dative, no nominative subject, neuter «было» as the past of «надо». The contrast with «мог бы» pits compulsion against mere ability."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of мог","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"ангела","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"an angel"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c3-s113","source":"И вот ты сам к ней и к отцу.","translation":"And here you are yourself, on your way to her and to Father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам к ней и к отцу","title":"Intensifier «сам» + verbless motion","body":"«сам» ('[you] yourself') intensifies the subject — 'you of your own accord'. The verb of motion is omitted entirely, leaving just «к ней и к отцу» ('to her and to Father'); the motion is understood from the destinations."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elliptical идёшь (with сам)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ней","gloss":"Father"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c3-s114","source":"— Неужто ты меня хотел послать? — с болезненным выражением в лице вырвалось у Алеши.","translation":"\"Did you really mean to send me?\" broke from Alyosha, a pained expression on his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто ты меня хотел послать?","title":"Particle «неужто» — surely not?","body":"«неужто» is the colloquial/old variant of «неужели», a particle of incredulous surprise: 'can it really be that...? you don't mean to say...?'. It frames Alyosha's pained disbelief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось у Алеши","title":"Reflexive «вырвалось» + «у» of source","body":"«вырвалось» ('broke/burst out', neuter -ся past) is an impersonal middle: the words escaped him involuntarily. «у Алёши» ('from Alyosha') uses «у» + genitive to mark the person from whom they broke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question, modifies хотел","gloss":"Did you really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did want"},{"surface":"послать?","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"болезненным","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"pained"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out","note":"literally 'tore itself out' — idiomatic for words escaping someone involuntarily"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c3-s115","source":"— Стой, ты это знал.","translation":"\"Wait — you knew it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой","title":"Imperative «стой» — wait/stop","body":"«стой» (imperative of «стоять») literally 'stand!', used as 'wait! stop!'. A clipped interjection-imperative halting Alyosha mid-thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"stands alone, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"Wait"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c3-s116","source":"И вижу, что ты всё сразу понял.","translation":"And I see that you've understood everything at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты всё сразу понял","title":"Perfective «понял» — grasped at once","body":"«понял» is the perfective past of «понять» ('to understand, grasp'), a single completed act of comprehension — reinforced by «сразу» ('all at once'). Imperfective «понимал» would mean a gradual or repeated understanding."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"have understood"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c3-s117","source":"Но молчи, пока молчи.","translation":"But keep quiet, keep quiet for now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчи, пока молчи","title":"Imperfective imperative + «пока»","body":"«молчи» ('keep quiet') repeated, the second time with «пока» ('for now, for the time being'). The imperfective imperative suits a continuing state to be maintained, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep quiet"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second молчи","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first молчи","gloss":"keep quiet"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c3-s118","source":"Не жалей и не плачь!","translation":"Don't pity me and don't weep!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не жалей и не плачь","title":"Negated imperfective imperatives","body":"«не жалей» ('don't pity') and «не плачь» ('don't weep') are negated imperfective imperatives — the standard form for prohibitions ('don't be doing X'). «плачь» comes from «плакать», «жалей» from «жалеть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалей","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"жалей","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pity me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалей","gloss":"weep"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c3-s119","source":"Дмитрий Федорович встал, задумался и приложил палец ко лбу:","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich rose, fell to thinking, and laid a finger to his brow:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал, задумался и приложил","title":"Chain of perfective pasts","body":"Three perfective past verbs — «встал» (rose), «задумался» (fell to thinking), «приложил» (laid) — narrate the action as a sequence of discrete completed events, the perfective's job of moving the story forward step by step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приложил палец ко лбу","title":"«ко лбу» — dative with fill-vowel «ко»","body":"«ко лбу» ('to his brow') is dative after «к», which becomes «ко» before the awkward consonant cluster of «лбу» (from «лоб», whose o drops in the oblique cases). A small phonetic and declensional wrinkle in one phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"fell to thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложил","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приложил","gloss":"a finger"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложил","gloss":"his brow"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c3-s120","source":"— Она тебя сама позвала, она тебе письмо написала, или что-нибудь, оттого ты к ней и пошел, а то разве бы ты пошел?","translation":"\"She summoned you herself, she wrote you a letter, or something of the sort — that's why you set off to her; otherwise, would you ever have gone?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она тебе письмо написала","title":"Dative indirect object «тебе»","body":"«тебе» ('to you') is the dative indirect object of «написала» — 'she wrote a letter TO you'. The direct object «письмо» is accusative (= nominative, inanimate neuter)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь","title":"Non-specific «что-нибудь»","body":"«что-нибудь» ('something or other, anything') uses the -нибудь series for a vague, non-specific 'or some such thing' — Mitya guessing at the unknown summons, where «что-то» would mean a specific unknown."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то разве бы ты пошел?","title":"Counterfactual «бы» + «разве»","body":"«разве бы ты пошёл?» ('would you ever have gone?') is a counterfactual: «бы» + past «пошёл», introduced by skeptical «разве» and «а то» ('otherwise'). It implies Alyosha would NOT have gone unbidden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позвала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of позвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"позвала","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of написала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of написала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написала","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"написала","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with позвала","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with письмо as alternative object of написала","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms что-нибудь with что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies пошел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with позвала","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, forms а то","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а то","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second пошел","gloss":"would...really"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional with пошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the second пошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"have gone"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c3-s121","source":"— Вот записка, — вынул ее из кармана Алеша.","translation":"\"Here is the note,\" said Alyosha, drawing it from his pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынул ее из кармана Алеша","title":"Inverted dialogue tag","body":"The narrative tag follows the quoted speech with verb-before-subject order: «вынул… Алеша» (\"drew it out… Alyosha\"). Russian routinely puts the verb first in such attributions, and the free word order — licensed by the case endings — lets the new information, the name, land last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из кармана","title":"«из» + genitive for motion out of","body":"The preposition «из» (\"out of\") governs the genitive: «карман» becomes «кармана». It pairs with the perfective «вынул» (\"drew out\") to picture a single completed extraction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Here is"},{"surface":"записка,","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Вот","gloss":"the note"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c3-s122","source":"Митя быстро пробежал ее.","translation":"Mitya ran his eyes over it quickly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробежал","title":"«пробежать (глазами)» — to skim","body":"Literally \"ran through,\" the prefixed perfective «пробежал» is the idiomatic verb for skimming a text — running one's eyes over it. The adverb «быстро» (\"quickly\") reinforces the haste already built into the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробежал","title":"Perfective for a single quick act","body":"«пробежал» is perfective past: it views the skimming as one completed event that moves the scene forward, against the imperfective's drawn-out background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробежал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробежал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"пробежал","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran his eyes over"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пробежал","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c3-s123","source":"— И ты пошел по задам!","translation":"\"So you went round by the back ways!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по задам","title":"«по задам» — by the back ways","body":"«зады» (plural of «зад», \"the rear\") here means the back lanes and yards behind the houses — the way one slips through unseen. «по задам» is the colloquial \"round the back ways,\" a recurring phrase in this scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел по задам","title":"«по» + dative of route","body":"The preposition «по» governs the dative and here marks the path taken — \"along/by the back ways.\" Paired with the perfective «пошел» (\"set off\"), it names a single, decisive setting-out."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задам","gloss":"round by"},{"surface":"задам","lemma":"зад","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the back ways"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c3-s124","source":"О боги!","translation":"O ye gods!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О боги!","title":"Vocative-style exclamation with «о»","body":"«О боги!» (\"O gods!\") is a mock-solemn apostrophe — direct address set off from the clause by the interjection «о». Modern Russian uses the plain nominative plural «боги» here, but the rhetorical «о» gives it an antique, almost classical-theatrical ring suited to Mitya's effusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before боги","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"боги","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, vocative","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c3-s125","source":"Благодарю вас, что направили его по задам и он попался ко мне, как золотая рыбка старому дурню рыбаку в сказке.","translation":"I thank you for steering him round by the back ways, so that he landed in my hands like the golden fish to the old fool of a fisherman in the fairy tale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старому дурню рыбаку","title":"Dative of the recipient","body":"\"To the old fool of a fisherman\" stands in the dative — «старому дурню рыбаку» — marking the one to whom the fish came. The adjective «старому», the noun «дурню», and the appositive «рыбаку» all agree in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурню","title":"«дурень» — fool, simpleton","body":"«дурень» is a folksy, affectionate-contemptuous word for a fool (a coarser cousin of «дурак»), at home in fairy-tale diction. Here it deepens the storybook colour Mitya is borrowing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Благодарю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of направили","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"направили","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Благодарю","gloss":"steered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of направили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задам","gloss":"round by"},{"surface":"задам","lemma":"зад","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of направили","gloss":"the back ways"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"попался","lemma":"попасться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with направили","gloss":"landed"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of попался","gloss":"my hands"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with рыбка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"золотая","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыбка","gloss":"the golden"},{"surface":"рыбка","lemma":"рыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the comparison clause","gloss":"fish","note":"alludes to Pushkin's Tale of the Fisherman and the Golden Fish"},{"surface":"старому","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дурню","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"дурню","lemma":"дурень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to рыбаку","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"рыбаку","lemma":"рыбак","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of the comparison with рыбка","gloss":"of a fisherman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сказке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сказке","lemma":"сказка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыбка","gloss":"the fairy tale"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-c3-s126","source":"Слушай, Алеша, слушай, брат.","translation":"Listen, Alyosha, listen, brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слушай","title":"Imperative «слушай»","body":"«Слушай» is the singular imperative of «слушать» (\"to listen\"), formed by adding -й to the present stem. Its repetition, with the familiar vocatives «Алеша… брат», gives the urgent, intimate tone of Mitya's appeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with Слушай","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слушай","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with Слушай","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-c3-s127","source":"Теперь я намерен уже всё говорить. Ибо хоть кому-нибудь надо же сказать.","translation":"Now I mean to tell you everything at last. For I simply have to tell it to somebody.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо","title":"«Ибо» — bookish \"for, because\"","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, elevated subordinating conjunction meaning \"for / because.\" In Mitya's mouth it lends a scriptural, oratorical loftiness — a register-jump typical of the 19th-century literary and Church-Slavonic layer of the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо же сказать","title":"Impersonal «надо» + the particle «же»","body":"«надо сказать» is an impersonal construction — \"one has to tell\" — with no nominative subject; the experiencer would stand in the dative. The particle «же» inserts insistence (\"I simply must\"), one of the modal particles that carry Russian's emotional emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кому-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» — anyone at all","body":"«кому-нибудь» is the dative of «кто-нибудь», built with the particle «-нибудь», which marks a non-specific \"anyone at all.\" Mitya needs to confess to someone, no matter who — exactly the \"any\" sense «-нибудь» supplies (versus the specific-but-unknown «-то»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of намерен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому-нибудь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms кому-нибудь with кому","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"I must"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"tell it"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-c3-s128","source":"Ангелу в небе я уже сказал, но надо сказать и ангелу на земле.","translation":"I have already told the angel in heaven, but I must tell the angel on earth as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ангелу в небе… ангелу на земле","title":"Dative object of «сказать»","body":"Both \"angels\" stand in the dative — «ангелу» — as the recipients of the telling: \"I told [to] the angel.\" The parallel «в небе… на земле» (prepositional of location) frames the heavenly and earthly listeners in matched phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ангелу","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"To the angel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Ангелу","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have told"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"I must"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ангелу","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ангелу","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"the angel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ангелу","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-c3-s129","source":"Ты ангел на земле.","translation":"You are the angel on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты ангел на земле.","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"\"You are the angel on earth\" has no verb \"to be\": present-tense Russian drops the copula, so «ты» and the nominative predicate «ангел» simply stand side by side. The blunt juxtaposition gives the line its declarative force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ангел","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"are the angel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b3-c3-s130","source":"Ты выслушаешь, ты рассудишь, и ты простишь...","translation":"You will hear me out, you will judge, and you will forgive...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушаешь… рассудишь… простишь","title":"Perfective futures in a rising triad","body":"Three perfective verbs conjugated like the present yield future meaning: «выслушаешь» (you will hear out), «рассудишь» (you will judge), «простишь» (you will forgive). Each names a single completed act, and the chain builds Mitya's certainty toward absolution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выслушаешь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"выслушаешь","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will hear me out"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассудишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассудишь","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушаешь","gloss":"will judge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of простишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"простишь","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушаешь","gloss":"will forgive"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b3-c3-s131","source":"А мне того и надо, чтобы меня кто-нибудь высший простил.","translation":"And that is just what I need — to be forgiven by someone higher than myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А мне того и надо","title":"Dative experiencer + contrastive «А»","body":"The clause is impersonal: «мне… надо» — \"to me it is needful,\" the wanter in the dative with no nominative subject. The opening «А» is the mild contrastive conjunction that swivels the topic (\"And as for me…\"), and «того… и» fronts and emphasizes exactly what he needs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы меня кто-нибудь высший простил","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы… простил» uses the conjunction «чтобы», which always takes a past-tense verb form to express a willed or desired outcome — here \"so that someone higher might forgive me.\" The past-form «простил» is not a real past but the irrealis required after «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of надо","gloss":"just that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies надо","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of простил","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms кто-нибудь with кто","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто-нибудь","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"forgive"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b3-c3-s132","source":"Слушай: если два существа вдруг отрываются от всего земного и летят в необычайное, или по крайней мере один из них, и пред тем, улетая или погибая, приходит к другому и говорит: сделай мне то и то, такое, о чем никогда никого не просят, но о чем можно просить лишь на смертном одре, — то неужели же тот не исполнит... если друг, если брат?","translation":"Listen: if two beings should suddenly break free of everything earthly and fly off into the extraordinary, or at least one of the two, and before that — flying up or going to his ruin — he comes to the other and says, do this for me, this one thing, the kind of thing one never asks of anyone, but may ask only on one's deathbed — then surely the other will not refuse... if he is a friend, if he is a brother?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отрываются… летят… приходит и говорит","title":"Present-tense verbs in a vivid hypothesis","body":"After «если» (\"if\"), Mitya runs a string of imperfective present-tense verbs — «отрываются» (break free), «летят» (fly), «приходит» (comes), «говорит» (says) — to paint the supposed scene as if unfolding now. The reflexive «-ся» on «отрываются» makes it intransitive: the beings tear themselves loose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улетая или погибая","title":"Imperfective gerunds «улетая… погибая»","body":"These are present adverbial participles (деепричастия) in -я, naming circumstances simultaneous with the main verb: \"flying up or perishing.\" They share the subject of «приходит» and pack two attendant actions into one literary breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели же тот не исполнит","title":"«неужели же» — incredulous rhetorical force","body":"«неужели» (\"surely not…?\", \"can it really be…?\") opens an incredulous rhetorical question, reinforced by the emphatic particle «же». Together with the negated future «не исполнит» they expect the answer \"of course he will\" — Mitya rhetorically guarantees the friend's compliance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на смертном одре","title":"«на смертном одре» — on one's deathbed","body":"«одр» is an archaic, bookish word for a bed or bier; «смертный одр» is the fixed elevated phrase \"deathbed.\" The lofty diction matches the solemn, all-or-nothing register of Mitya's hypothetical plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"stands alone, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отрываются","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отрываются","gloss":"beings"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрываются","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отрываются","lemma":"отрываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приходит","gloss":"break away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of земного","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"земного","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрываются","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"летят","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрываются","gloss":"fly off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking необычайное","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of летят","gloss":"the extraordinary"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with существа as alternative subject","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"улетая","lemma":"улетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying приходит","gloss":"flying up"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"погибая","lemma":"погибать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with улетая","gloss":"perishing"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective used as noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходит","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"сделай","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"direct speech introduced by говорит","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделай","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links то и то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the first то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"this one thing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просят","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of просят","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"never...of"},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такое","gloss":"one asks"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with просят","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на смертном одре","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"смертном","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies одре","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"одре,","lemma":"одр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative introducing the consequent clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исполнит","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies неужели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исполнит","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исполнит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исполнит","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequent clause","gloss":"fulfill it"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of друг","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"he is a friend"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of брат","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with друг","gloss":"he is a brother"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b3-c3-s133","source":"— Я исполню, но скажи, что такое, и скажи поскорей, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"I will do it; but tell me what it is, and tell me quickly,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я исполню… скажи… скажи поскорей","title":"Perfective future answered by imperatives","body":"Alyosha matches Mitya's grandeur with a perfective future of assent, «исполню» (\"I will do it\"), then two perfective imperatives «скажи… скажи» (\"tell… tell\"). The perfective imperative urges a specific, complete act — say it, and be done."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поскорей","title":"«поскорей» — quicker, and quick about it","body":"A colloquial comparative adverb from «скоро», with the prefix «по-» adding \"a bit / as soon as possible\" and the shortened ending -ей for -ее. It conveys impatient urging: \"and be quick about it.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of исполню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"исполню","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to исполню","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first скажи","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"поскорей,","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second скажи","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b3-c3-s134","source":"— Поскорей... Гм.","translation":"\"Quickly... Hm.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Quickly"},{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Hm"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b3-c3-s135","source":"Не торопись, Алеша: ты торопишься и беспокоишься.","translation":"Don't be in such a hurry, Alyosha: you are hurrying and fretting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не торопись","title":"Negated imperative of a «-ся» verb","body":"«Не торопись» is the negative imperative of the reflexive «торопиться» (\"to hurry\"), with -сь after the vowel. A negated imperative is normally imperfective — \"don't be hurrying\" — telling Alyosha to stop an activity rather than to perform a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"торопишься и беспокоишься","title":"Present-tense reflexives describing a state","body":"«торопишься» (you are hurrying) and «беспокоишься» (you are fretting) are 2nd-person present imperfectives, both reflexive in «-ся». The imperfective present captures Alyosha's ongoing agitation, which Mitya gently names back to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies торопись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"торопись","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be in a hurry"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of торопишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"торопишься","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"are hurrying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспокоишься","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торопишься","gloss":"fretting"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b3-c3-s136","source":"Теперь спешить нечего.","translation":"There's no need to rush now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спешить нечего","title":"«нечего» + infinitive — there's no point","body":"«нечего спешить» is an impersonal negative construction: «нечего» (\"there is nothing / no need\") plus the infinitive «спешить» means \"there's no point hurrying.\" Such subjectless, infinitive-headed negations are a Russian staple, and the experiencer, if expressed, would go in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"спешить","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to rush"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there's no need"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b3-c3-s137","source":"Теперь мир на новую улицу вышел.","translation":"Now the world has turned out onto a new street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на новую улицу вышел","title":"«на» + accusative for motion onto","body":"Motion \"onto a new street\" puts «улица» in the accusative after «на» — «на новую улицу» — the construction Russian reserves for direction-toward (versus «на улице», prepositional, for location). The perfective «вышел» frames the world's turning as a single decisive step."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has turned out"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b3-c3-s138","source":"Эх, Алеша, жаль, что ты до восторга не додумывался!","translation":"Ah, Alyosha, what a pity you never thought your way through to rapture!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до восторга не додумывался","title":"Genitive after «до» + imperfective of attempt","body":"«до восторга» puts «восторг» (\"rapture\") in the genitive governed by «до» (\"up to\"). The imperfective «не додумывался» — \"never thought your way through\" — reads as a repeated, never-achieved attempt, the imperfective's flavour of process and failure to reach the endpoint."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эх","title":"«Эх» — a sigh of regret","body":"The interjection «Эх» voices wistful regret or rueful resignation — \"ah, what a pity.\" It is a small but characteristic marker of Mitya's heart-on-sleeve emotional register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone before the sentence","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"what a pity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of додумывался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of додумывался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"through to"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of додумывался","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies додумывался","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"додумывался","lemma":"додумываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of жаль","gloss":"thought your way"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b3-c3-s139","source":"А впрочем, что ж я ему говорю?","translation":"But there — what am I saying to him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж я ему говорю","title":"Self-interrupting «А впрочем… что ж»","body":"«А впрочем» (\"but then again\") plus «что ж» (a softened «что же», \"what on earth\") stages Mitya catching and correcting himself mid-thought. The particle «ж/же» gives the self-rebuke its exasperated colour, while «ему говорю» uses the dative «ему» for the person addressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am saying"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b3-c3-s140","source":"Это ты-то не додумывался!","translation":"You, of all people, never thought your way through to it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"«ты-то» attaches the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» to «ты»: \"you, of all people.\" This is the separate, hyphenated «-то» that underlines a known referent (distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»), giving the line its incredulous stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle before ты-то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of додумывался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on ты","gloss":"of all people"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies додумывался","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"додумывался","lemma":"додумываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought your way through"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b3-c3-s141","source":"Что ж я, балбесина, говорю:","translation":"What am I saying, oaf that I am:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"балбесина","title":"«балбесина» — great blockhead","body":"«балбес» is a slangy \"dolt, oaf\"; the suffix «-ина» here is augmentative-expressive, swelling it to \"great big blockhead.\" Mitya hurls the word at himself in self-mockery — an expressive suffix doing emotional, not merely descriptive, work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"балбесина","lemma":"балбесина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"oaf that I am"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am saying"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b3-c3-s142","source":"Будь, человек, благороден!","translation":"Be noble, O man!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будь, человек, благороден!","title":"Imperative «будь» + short adjective predicate","body":"«Будь» is the imperative of «быть» (\"be!\"), and the predicate is the short masculine adjective «благороден» (\"noble\"). Short-form adjectives serve only as predicates and carry a bookish, solemn flavour — exactly the elevated tone of this poetic apostrophe to \"man.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Be"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to the addressee","gloss":"O man"},{"surface":"благороден","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Будь","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b3-c3-s143","source":"Чей это стих?","translation":"Whose line is that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чей это стих?","title":"Interrogative «чей» — whose","body":"«чей» (\"whose\") is the possessive interrogative, agreeing like an adjective with «стих» (masculine, \"line / verse\"). The little «это» fills the predicate slot in the copula-less present: \"Whose [is] this line?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Чей","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стих","gloss":"Whose"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стих","gloss":"is that"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"line"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b3-c3-s144","source":"Алеша решился ждать.","translation":"Alyosha made up his mind to wait.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решился ждать","title":"Reflexive «решиться» + infinitive","body":"«решился» is the perfective reflexive «решиться» (\"to make up one's mind, resolve\"), followed by the imperfective infinitive «ждать» (\"to wait\"). The «-ся» here marks an inner, intransitive resolve; the imperfective complement names an ongoing state of waiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up his mind"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to wait"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b3-c3-s145","source":"Он понял, что все дела его действительно, может быть, теперь только здесь.","translation":"He understood that, in truth, all of his business perhaps lay only here now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что все дела его… может быть, теперь только здесь","title":"«что»-clause with zero copula","body":"«понял, что…» opens a reported-fact clause with «что» (\"that\"). Inside it there is no verb \"to be\": «все дела его… теперь только здесь» means \"all his affairs are now only here,\" the copula dropped in the present, with «может быть» (\"perhaps\") hedging the whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of здесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"his business"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying the clause","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, forms может быть with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b3-c3-s146","source":"Митя на минуту задумался, опершись локтем на стол и склонив голову на ладонь.","translation":"Mitya fell to thinking for a moment, propping his elbow on the table and resting his head in his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опершись локтем… склонив голову","title":"Perfective past gerunds «опершись… склонив»","body":"Two perfective adverbial participles describe the posture Mitya assumes before falling silent: «опершись» (\"having propped\") and «склонив» (\"having bowed/rested\"). Perfective gerunds in -в/-вши mark prior, completed actions; chained like this, they are a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"локтем… на ладонь","title":"Instrumental of means «локтем»","body":"«локтем» (\"with his elbow\") is the instrumental, naming the body part by which he props himself. «склонив голову на ладонь» then uses «на» + accusative for motion onto the palm — the head sinking to rest in the hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задумался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell to thinking"},{"surface":"опершись","lemma":"опереться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on задумался","gloss":"propping"},{"surface":"локтем","lemma":"локоть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опершись","gloss":"his elbow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опершись","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"склонив","lemma":"склонить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with опершись","gloss":"resting"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of склонив","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ладонь","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонив","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b3-c3-s147","source":"Оба помолчали.","translation":"The two of them were silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оба помолчали.","title":"Inceptive «по-» perfective «помолчали»","body":"«помолчали» is the perfective of «молчать» (\"to be silent\") with the delimitative prefix «по-», meaning \"were silent for a while.\" «Оба» (\"both, the two of them\") takes the masculine form for the two brothers, and the past «помолчали» agrees in the plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of помолчали","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"помолчали","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were silent"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b3-c3-s148","source":"— Леша, — сказал Митя, — ты один не засмеешься!","translation":"\"Lyosha,\" said Mitya, \"you alone will not laugh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Леша","title":"«Леша» — a shortened pet form","body":"Mitya clips «Алеша» to «Леша», an even more intimate diminutive of Alexei. The naming itself is characterization: the tenderest possible form for the brother he loves and trusts, in contrast to the formal name-and-patronymic used elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты один не засмеешься","title":"Perfective future «не засмеешься»","body":"«засмеешься» is the perfective future of «засмеяться» (\"to burst out laughing\"), with «за-» marking the onset of the action; negated, it means \"you will not laugh.\" «ты один» — \"you alone\" — singles Alyosha out as the one who won't mock him."}],"words":[{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя,","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of засмеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (predicative, 'alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засмеешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"засмеешься","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will laugh"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b3-c3-s149","source":"Я хотел бы начать... мою исповедь... гимном к радости Шиллера. An die Freude!","translation":"I should like to begin... my confession... with Schiller's hymn to joy. An die Freude!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хотел бы начать","title":"Conditional «хотел бы» — softened wish","body":"«хотел бы» is the conditional/subjunctive: the past form «хотел» plus the particle «бы» yields a polite, tentative \"I should like.\" It softens the bold declaration of confession into a wish, the irrealis «бы» doing the hedging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks хотел as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of исповедь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"исповедь","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"гимном","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начать","gloss":"with a hymn"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гимном","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"Шиллера","lemma":"Шиллер","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гимном","gloss":"Schiller's"},{"surface":"An","lemma":"an","morphology":"word (German)","role":"head of the German title","gloss":"To","note":"German title of Schiller's ode, quoted untranslated: 'An die Freude' = 'To Joy.'"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"word (German)","role":"depends on An","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Freude","lemma":"Freude","morphology":"word (German)","role":"depends on An","gloss":"Joy"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b3-c3-s150","source":"Но я по-немецки не знаю, знаю только, что an die Freude.","translation":"But I don't know any German — all I know is that an die Freude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-немецки не знаю","title":"Adverb «по-немецки» — in German","body":"«по-немецки» is the adverb \"in German / German-ly,\" built with the «по-…-и» pattern used for languages and manners. Mitya \"doesn't know in German\" — a colloquial way of saying he can't read it, comically undercutting his Schiller-quoting pretensions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-немецки","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of compound)","role":"modifies знаю, with немецки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"немецки","lemma":"по-немецки","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of compound)","role":"modifies знаю, with по","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю (w6), main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю (w7)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of an","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"an","lemma":"an","morphology":"word (German)","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"word (German)","role":"depends on an","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Freude","lemma":"Freude","morphology":"word (German)","role":"depends on an","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b3-c3-s151","source":"Не думай тоже, что я спьяну болтаю.","translation":"And don't go thinking I'm babbling because I'm drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не думай тоже, что я спьяну болтаю.","title":"Negative imperative + «что»-clause","body":"«Не думай» is the imperfective negative imperative (\"don't go thinking\"), opening a «что»-clause of reported content. The pairing — command plus subordinate clause — lets Mitya forbid a particular interpretation of his words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спьяну","title":"«спьяну» — out of drunkenness","body":"«спьяну» is a fused colloquial adverb (from «с пьяну») meaning \"in a drunken state, because of drink.\" It belongs to a small set of «с-» adverbs of cause/manner (спросонья, сдуру) that carry an earthy, spoken flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"думай","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думай","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болтаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of болтаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спьяну","lemma":"спьяну","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болтаю","gloss":"out of drunkenness"},{"surface":"болтаю","lemma":"болтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думай","gloss":"am babbling"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b3-c3-s152","source":"Я совсем не спьяну.","translation":"I'm not the least bit drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я совсем не спьяну.","title":"Elliptical negation «совсем не»","body":"The verb is dropped — \"I'm not [babbling] from drink at all.\" «совсем не» intensifies the negation «не» to \"not in the least,\" and the whole clause leans on the «не…спьяну» echo of the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спьяну","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спьяну","lemma":"спьяну","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"drunk","note":"Elliptical: 'I am not at all [talking] out of drunkenness,' echoing the same word from the previous line."}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b3-c3-s153","source":"Коньяк есть коньяк, но мне нужно две бутылки, чтоб опьянеть, —","translation":"Cognac is cognac, but I need two bottles to get drunk —","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коньяк есть коньяк","title":"Emphatic copula «есть»","body":"Normally Russian drops the present \"to be,\" but here «есть» is kept for emphasis in the tautology «Коньяк есть коньяк» — \"cognac is cognac.\" This explicit «есть» survives mainly in such gnomic, definitional statements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"две бутылки, чтоб опьянеть","title":"Numeral «две» + genitive singular, and purpose «чтоб»","body":"After «две» the noun takes the genitive singular: «две бутылки» (\"two bottles\"). «чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») plus the perfective infinitive «опьянеть» (\"to get drunk\") expresses purpose — the amount needed to reach the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"cognac"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"cognac"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бутылки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужно","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of опьянеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"опьянеть,","lemma":"опьянеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on нужно","gloss":"to get drunk"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b3-c3-s154","source":"И Силен румянорожий \nНа споткнувшемся осле, —","translation":"And ruddy-faced Silenus \nUpon his stumbling ass —","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На споткнувшемся осле","title":"Past active participle «споткнувшемся»","body":"«споткнувшемся» is the past active participle of «споткнуться» (\"to stumble\"), declined in the prepositional after «на» to agree with «осле» (\"ass\"): \"on the [having-]stumbled ass.\" Such participial modifiers, condensing a whole relative clause, give the verse its compact, bookish texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"румянорожий","title":"«румянорожий» — ruddy-faced","body":"A compound coinage from «румяный» (\"rosy, ruddy\") and «рожа» (a coarse word for \"mug, face\"), so \"red-mugged.\" The slangy second element keeps the epithet earthy and faintly comic, fitting the drunken demigod."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Силен","lemma":"Силен","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Silenus"},{"surface":"румянорожий","lemma":"румянорожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Силен","gloss":"ruddy-faced"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking осле","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"споткнувшемся","lemma":"споткнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies осле","gloss":"stumbling"},{"surface":"осле,","lemma":"осёл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Силен","gloss":"his ass"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b3-c3-s155","source":"а я и четверти бутылки не выпил и не Силен.","translation":"and I haven't drunk so much as a quarter of a bottle, and I'm no Silenus.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и четверти бутылки не выпил","title":"Genitive of negation «четверти бутылки»","body":"Under the negation «не выпил» the object slides into the genitive: «(и) четверти бутылки» — \"not [even] a quarter of a bottle.\" The fronted «и» means \"not so much as,\" and the chain of genitives («четверти бутылки», a quarter of a bottle) is itself a partitive of measure."}],"words":[{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies четверти (emphatic, 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"четверти","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпил (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies четверти","gloss":"of a bottle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Силен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Силен","lemma":"Силен","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of elided 'am'","gloss":"Silenus"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b3-c3-s156","source":"Не Силен, а силён, потому что решение навеки взял.","translation":"No Silenus, but a strong one [silyón], because I've made my decision for all time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Силен / силён","title":"A pun: Silenus vs. \"strong\"","body":"Mitya plays on two near-homophones: «Силен» (Silén), the drunken companion of Bacchus from the Schiller verse, and «силён» (silyón), the short masculine form of «сильный», \"strong.\" He literally says «Не Силен, а силён» — \"not Silenus, but strong.\" The wordplay works only in Russian, so we render it \"No Silenus, but a strong one [silyón]\" and keep the original in brackets."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"силён","title":"Short adjective «силён» as predicate","body":"«силён» is the short masculine form of «сильный» (\"strong\"), and a short adjective can stand only as a predicate — \"[I am] strong.\" Its bookish, terse force is exactly what lets it land the pun against the proper name «Силен»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решение навеки взял","title":"Idiom «взять решение» + emphatic word order","body":"«решение… взял» (\"took a decision\") is an idiom for resolving; «навеки» (\"for ever, for all time\") is fronted before the verb for weight. The object-before-verb order throws the stress onto the irrevocability of his choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Силен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Силен","lemma":"Силен","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Silenus"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"силён","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Силен","gloss":"strong","note":"Pun on stress: 'Си́лен' (Silenus) vs 'силён' (strong) — homographs distinguished only by accent."},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of взял, with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a decision"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"for all time"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"have made"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b3-c3-s157","source":"Ты каламбур мне прости, ты многое мне сегодня должен простить, не то что каламбур.","translation":"Forgive me the pun — you'll have a great deal more than a pun to forgive me today.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты многое мне сегодня должен простить","title":"Dative «мне» with «должен» + infinitive","body":"«должен… простить» means \"must forgive,\" and the one to be forgiven by stands as «ты» (nom.), the forgiver, while «мне» is the dative of the person whose faults are forgiven — \"forgive [to] me.\" «многое» (\"much, a great deal\") is the substantivized neuter adjective serving as object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каламбур","title":"«каламбур» — pun, play on words","body":"«каламбур» (from French calembour) is the literary term for a pun. Mitya names his own «Силен/силён» joke with this slightly highfalutin word, half apologizing for the wit even as he savours it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"implied subject, addressee of прости","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"каламбур","lemma":"каламбур","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прости","gloss":"the pun"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прости","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"than","note":"'не то что каламбур' is an idiom meaning 'let alone/not to mention a pun.'"},{"surface":"каламбур","lemma":"каламбур","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement in the idiom не то что","gloss":"a pun"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b3-c3-s158","source":"Не беспокойся, я не размазываю, я дело говорю и к делу вмиг приду.","translation":"Don't worry, I'm not smearing it out; I'm talking sense and I'll get to the point in a flash.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"размазываю","title":"«размазывать» — to smear out, drag on","body":"Literally \"to smear/spread out\" (as paint), «размазывать» is used figuratively for drawing a story out, padding it, dwelling tediously. Mitya promises he won't \"smear it out\" but get to the point — an earthy, vivid metaphor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к делу вмиг приду","title":"Prefixed perfective future «приду» + dative «к делу»","body":"«приду» is the perfective future of «прийти» (\"to come, arrive\"), a prefixed verb of motion; «к делу» uses «к» + dative for the goal — \"I'll get to the point.\" «вмиг» (\"in an instant\") underlines the promised speed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойся","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of размазываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies размазываю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"размазываю","lemma":"размазывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"am smearing it out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with размазываю","gloss":"am talking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"вмиг","lemma":"вмиг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"will get"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b3-c3-s159","source":"Не стану жида из души тянуть.","translation":"I won't drag it out of my soul like a Jew haggling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не стану жида из души тянуть.","title":"An antisemitic idiom of the period","body":"«тянуть жида из души» — literally \"to drag the Jew out of one's soul\" — is a coarse 19th-century idiom for haggling, niggling, or stringing something out stingily, leaning on the era's antisemitic stereotype of the haggling Jew. We render the sense (\"drag it out like a Jew haggling\") rather than soften it away; the slur belongs to Mitya's reckless, unpolished speech and to its time, not to the narrator's endorsement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стану… тянуть","title":"Negated «стану» + infinitive for refusal","body":"«не стану тянуть» uses the perfective future «стану» (\"I will [not] begin/be about to\") plus the imperfective infinitive «тянуть» to express a flat refusal to do something henceforth — \"I won't go dragging it out.\" «стать» + infinitive is the common way to negate a future activity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't start"},{"surface":"жида","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тянуть","gloss":"a Jew","note":"'тянуть жида' is a period slur-idiom meaning to haggle/stall like a stereotyped Jewish trader; the translation renders it as 'like a Jew haggling.'"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тянуть","gloss":"my soul"},{"surface":"тянуть","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"drag out"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b3-c3-s160","source":"Постой, как это...","translation":"Wait — how does it go...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постой","title":"Imperative «постой» — wait, hold on","body":"«Постой» is the perfective imperative of «постоять» / colloquially \"wait a moment, hold on.\" The delimitative «по-» gives it the sense of a brief pause, fitting Mitya's groping to recall the verse: \"Wait — how does it go…\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"it goes"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b3-c3-s161","source":"Он поднял голову, задумался и вдруг восторженно начал:","translation":"He raised his head, fell to thinking, and suddenly, in rapture, began:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял… задумался… начал","title":"Chain of perfectives moving the action","body":"Three perfective pasts — «поднял» (raised), «задумался» (fell to thinking), «начал» (began) — advance the narrative event by event. «задумался» is reflexive in «-ся», marking the inward turn into thought; «вдруг» (\"suddenly\") punctuates the shift."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"fell to thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"in rapture"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"began"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b3-c3-s162","source":"Робок, наг и дик скрывался \nТроглодит в пещерах скал, \nПо полям номад скитался \nИ поля опустошал. \nЗверолов, с копьем, стрелами, \nГрозен бегал по лесам... \nГоре брошенным волнами \nК неприютным берегам!\n\nС Олимпийския вершины \nСходит мать Церера вслед \nПохищенной Прозерпины: \nДик лежит пред нею свет. \nНи угла, ни угощенья \nНет нигде богине там; \nИ нигде богопочтенья \nНе свидетельствует храм.\n\nПлод полей и грозды сладки \nНе блистают на пирах; \nЛишь дымятся тел остатки \nНа кровавых алтарях. \nИ куда печальным оком \nТам Церера ни глядит — \nВ унижении глубоком \nЧеловека всюду зрит!","translation":"Timid, naked, and wild, the Troglodyte \nWould hide himself in the cliffs' caverns; \nAcross the fields the nomad wandered \nAnd laid the fields to waste. \nThe hunter, with his spear and arrows, \nRan fearsome through the woods... \nWoe to those flung by the waves \nOnto inhospitable shores!\n\nDown from the Olympian summit \nMother Ceres comes, in search \nOf ravished Proserpina: \nWild lies the world before her. \nNo shelter and no welcome \nDoes the goddess find anywhere; \nAnd nowhere does a temple \nBear witness to reverence of the gods.\n\nThe fruit of the fields and the sweet clusters \nGleam at no feast; \nOnly the remnants of carcasses smoke \nUpon the bloodied altars. \nAnd wherever Ceres turns \nHer mournful eye — \nIn deep abasement \nShe beholds man everywhere!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С Олимпийския вершины","title":"Archaic genitive ending «-ия»","body":"«Олимпийския» shows the old Church-Slavonic/poetic feminine genitive singular in «-ия» where modern Russian has «-ой» («Олимпийской»). Zhukovsky's diction keeps such solemn archaic endings, marking the verse as elevated, scriptural in tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зрит","title":"«зрит» — Church-Slavonic \"beholds\"","body":"«зрит» (and «оком», \"with her eye\") are elevated Church-Slavonic forms for «видит» (\"sees\") and «глазом». «Троглодит», «номад», «зверолов», «грозды» (clusters), «богопочтенье» all belong to the same high poetic register, raising the diction above everyday Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Похищенной Прозерпины","title":"Past passive participle «похищенной»","body":"«похищенной» is the past passive participle of «похитить» (\"to abduct, ravish\"), declined in the genitive to agree with «Прозерпины»: \"of ravished Proserpina.\" Such -нн- passive participles, naming the one acted upon, are a core resource of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни угла, ни угощенья / Нет нигде","title":"Negative concord «ни… ни… нет нигде»","body":"The verse piles up negatives that all point one way: «ни… ни» (\"neither… nor\"), the existential «нет» (\"there is not\"), and «нигде» (\"nowhere\"). Russian requires this negative concord — multiple negatives reinforcing a single negation — and the genitives «угла, угощенья» after «нет» are the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Робок","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing Троглодит","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"наг","lemma":"нагой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Робок","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дик","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Робок","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"скрывался","lemma":"скрываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would hide himself"},{"surface":"Троглодит","lemma":"троглодит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скрывался","gloss":"the Troglodyte"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пещерах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пещерах","lemma":"пещера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрывался","gloss":"the caverns"},{"surface":"скал","lemma":"скала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пещерах","gloss":"of the cliffs"},{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полям","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"полям","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of скитался","gloss":"the fields"},{"surface":"номад","lemma":"номад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скитался","gloss":"the nomad"},{"surface":"скитался","lemma":"скитаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрывался","gloss":"wandered"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поля","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of опустошал","gloss":"the fields"},{"surface":"опустошал","lemma":"опустошать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скитался","gloss":"laid waste"},{"surface":"Зверолов","lemma":"зверолов","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бегал","gloss":"the hunter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking копьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"копьем","lemma":"копьё","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Зверолов","gloss":"a spear"},{"surface":"стрелами","lemma":"стрела","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with копьем","gloss":"arrows"},{"surface":"Грозен","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Зверолов (predicate)","gloss":"fearsome"},{"surface":"бегал","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"лесам","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бегал","gloss":"the woods"},{"surface":"Горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"woe"},{"surface":"брошенным","lemma":"брошенный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, dative, plural, perfective","role":"indirect object of Горе","gloss":"to those flung"},{"surface":"волнами","lemma":"волна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"agent complement of брошенным","gloss":"by the waves"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking берегам","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"неприютным","lemma":"неприютный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies берегам","gloss":"inhospitable"},{"surface":"берегам","lemma":"берег","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of брошенным","gloss":"shores"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вершины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Олимпийския","lemma":"олимпийский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular, archaic","role":"modifies вершины","gloss":"Olympian"},{"surface":"вершины","lemma":"вершина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of С","gloss":"the summit"},{"surface":"Сходит","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes down"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Сходит","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"Церера","lemma":"Церера","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мать","gloss":"Ceres"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"preposition/adverb","role":"modifies Сходит, governs Прозерпины","gloss":"in search of"},{"surface":"Похищенной","lemma":"похищенный","morphology":"adjective (participle), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Прозерпины","gloss":"ravished"},{"surface":"Прозерпины","lemma":"Прозерпина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"Proserpina"},{"surface":"Дик","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of лежит, describing свет","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Сходит","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Нет","gloss":"shelter"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"угощенья","lemma":"угощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with угла","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb (negative existential), present, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"нигде","lemma":"нигде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"богине","lemma":"богиня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Нет","gloss":"for the goddess"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нигде","lemma":"нигде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетельствует","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"богопочтенья","lemma":"богопочтение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of свидетельствует (genitive under negation)","gloss":"reverence for the gods"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидетельствует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"свидетельствует","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bears witness"},{"surface":"храм","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствует","gloss":"a temple"},{"surface":"Плод","lemma":"плод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of блистают","gloss":"the fruit"},{"surface":"полей","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies Плод","gloss":"of the fields"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грозды","lemma":"гроздь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Плод","gloss":"clusters"},{"surface":"сладки","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement describing Плод and грозды","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies блистают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"блистают","lemma":"блистать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gleam"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пирах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пирах","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of блистают","gloss":"feasts"},{"surface":"Лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дымятся","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дымятся","lemma":"дымиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with блистают","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"тел","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies остатки","gloss":"of bodies"},{"surface":"остатки","lemma":"остаток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дымятся","gloss":"remnants"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking алтарях","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"кровавых","lemma":"кровавый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies алтарях","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"алтарях","lemma":"алтарь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дымятся","gloss":"altars"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"печальным","lemma":"печальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оком","gloss":"mournful"},{"surface":"оком","lemma":"око","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Церера","lemma":"Церера","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глядит","gloss":"Ceres"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"correlate with куда, forming 'wherever...may look'","gloss":"e'er"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on зрит","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"унижении","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зрит","gloss":"abasement"},{"surface":"глубоком","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies унижении","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"Человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зрит","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"всюду","lemma":"всюду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зрит","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"зрит","lemma":"зреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to оком","gloss":"beholds"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b3-c3-s163","source":"Рыдания вырвались вдруг из груди Мити.","translation":"Sobs broke suddenly from Mitya's breast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рыдания вырвались… из груди","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» + «из» + genitive","body":"«вырвались» is the perfective reflexive «вырваться» (\"to break/tear free\"), with «-ся» giving the intransitive \"burst out\"; the source is «из груди» — «из» + genitive, \"from the breast.\" Sobs are made the grammatical subject, as if acting on their own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рыдания","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of вырвались","gloss":"sobs"},{"surface":"вырвались","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke forth"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвались","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвались","gloss":"the breast"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b3-c3-s164","source":"Он схватил Алешу за руку.","translation":"He seized Alyosha by the hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил Алешу за руку","title":"«за» + accusative — seized by the hand","body":"The construction «схватить кого за что» — \"to seize someone by some part\" — puts both the person («Алешу», the regular first-declension accusative singular (-у ending; its genitive would be «Алёши» — the acc=gen animacy rule does not apply to -а/-я nouns)) and the body part («за руку», «за» + accusative) in the accusative. It is the fixed Russian way to say one grabbed another by the hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the hand"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b3-c3-s165","source":"— Друг, друг, в унижении, в унижении и теперь.","translation":"\"My friend, my friend — in abasement, in abasement even now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в унижении, в унижении и теперь","title":"«в» + prepositional for a state","body":"«в унижении» (\"in abasement\") uses «в» + the prepositional to name the state man is in. The doubling and the verbless, broken syntax — no copula, just the repeated phrase — render Mitya's choked, sobbing delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (vocative)","gloss":"my friend"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with  Друг","gloss":"my friend"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"унижении","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"abasement"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"унижении","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with унижении (w4)","gloss":"abasement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унижении (w6)","gloss":"even now"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b3-c3-s166","source":"Страшно много человеку на земле терпеть, страшно много ему бед!","translation":"There is a fearful deal for man to endure on earth, a fearful deal of misery!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшно много человеку… терпеть","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «человеку терпеть»","body":"This is a classic impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer «человеку» in the dative, and an infinitive «терпеть» (\"to endure\") — \"there is a fearful deal for man to endure.\" «Страшно много» (\"fearfully much\") heads the predicate; the bare dative-plus-infinitive frames suffering as man's lot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много ему бед","title":"Genitive plural after «много»","body":"«много бед» — \"much misery / many woes\" — takes the genitive plural «бед» (from «беда») after the quantifier «много». The dative «ему» again marks the man it falls upon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"fearfully"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies терпеть","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of терпеть","gloss":"for man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of терпеть","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"терпеть","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of много","gloss":"to endure"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много (w8)","gloss":"fearfully"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with много (w2)","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies много (w8), parallel to человеку","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"бед","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"depends on много (w8)","gloss":"of misery"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b3-c3-s167","source":"Не думай, что я всего только хам в офицерском чине, который пьет коньяк и развратничает.","translation":"Don't think I'm nothing but a boor with an officer's rank, who drinks cognac and lives in debauchery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хам… который пьет коньяк и развратничает","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«который» introduces a relative clause modifying «хам» (\"boor\"), here nominative as the subject of «пьет… развратничает». The two imperfective present verbs describe habitual behaviour — the steady drinking and debauchery Mitya insists he is more than."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хам в офицерском чине","title":"«хам» and «чин» — boor and rank","body":"«хам» is a loaded word for a coarse, insolent lout (with biblical roots in Ham, son of Noah). «чин» is one's official rank in the Imperial Table of Ranks; «в офицерском чине» means \"holding an officer's rank.\" Mitya, a retired lieutenant, mocks the gap between his rank and his conduct."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"думай","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хам","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хам (elliptical 'am')","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"хам","lemma":"хам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думай","gloss":"a boor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чине","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"офицерском","lemma":"офицерский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чине","gloss":"officer's"},{"surface":"чине","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хам","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"пьет","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying хам","gloss":"drinks"},{"surface":"коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пьет","gloss":"cognac"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развратничает","lemma":"развратничать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьет","gloss":"lives in debauchery"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b3-c3-s168","source":"Я, брат, почти только об этом и думаю, об этом униженном человеке, если только не вру.","translation":"I, brother, think of almost nothing but this — this abased man — that is, if I'm not lying.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти только об этом и думаю","title":"«об этом» — «о» + prepositional of topic","body":"«об этом… человеке» uses «о(б)» + the prepositional to name the topic of thought — \"about this man.\" The emphatic frame «только… и» (\"of nothing but\") with «почти» (\"almost\") concedes that this is nearly his sole preoccupation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только не вру","title":"Conditional aside «если только не вру»","body":"«если только не вру» — \"if only I'm not lying\" — is a real (indicative) conditional with the present «вру» (from «врать», \"to lie\"). The self-undercutting aside, hedging his own sincerity, is quintessential Mitya, and «врать» is the blunt colloquial verb for telling lies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Я (address)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes думаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"униженном","lemma":"униженный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеке","gloss":"abased"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to этом (w6)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вру","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вру","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вру","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вру","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on думаю","gloss":"am lying"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b3-c3-s169","source":"Дай бог мне теперь не врать и себя не хвалить.","translation":"God grant me now not to lie and not to praise myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дай бог мне теперь не врать","title":"«Дай бог» — God grant (optative imperative)","body":"«Дай бог» is a fossilized blessing-formula — the imperative «дай» (\"give\") with «бог» as subject, \"may God grant.\" It governs a dative experiencer «мне» and infinitives «не врать… не хвалить»: \"God grant me not to lie, not to praise myself.\" Such pious set-phrases pepper everyday Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Дай","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Дай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies врать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"врать","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Дай","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of хвалить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хвалить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хвалить","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with врать","gloss":"to praise"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b3-c3-s170","source":"Потому мыслю об этом человеке, что я сам такой человек.","translation":"I think about this man because I am that kind of man myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому мыслю… что я сам такой человек","title":"«Потому… что» split for emphasis","body":"The causal conjunction «потому что» (\"because\") is here split — «Потому мыслю… что…» — fronting «потому» to stress the reason. «мыслю» is the bookish, elevated verb for «думаю» (\"I think\"), and «сам» (\"myself\") intensifies the self-identification."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мыслю","title":"«мыслить» — to think (elevated)","body":"«мыслить» is the loftier, more abstract counterpart to «думать», closer to \"to cogitate, conceive.\" Choosing it here lifts Mitya's confession into a philosophical key, as if he reflects rather than merely muses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (потому...что = because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслю","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with Потому (потому...что = because), introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"because","note":"Потому...что together form one word 'because', split across two tokens."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause (я...человек)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"that kind of"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я (copula omitted)","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b3-c3-s171","source":"Чтоб из низости душою \nМог подняться человек, \nС древней матерью-землею \nОн вступи в союз навек.","translation":"That man might rise out of his baseness in his soul, \nLet him enter into an everlasting bond \nWith the ancient mother — earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтоб из низости душою / Мог подняться человек","title":"«Чтоб… мог» — purpose with past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтоб(ы)… мог подняться» expresses purpose: \"so that man might rise.\" «чтобы» requires the past-form irrealis, here «мог» (\"could / might\") plus the perfective infinitive «подняться». «душою» is the instrumental — \"in his soul,\" the means or sphere of the rising."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он вступи в союз навек","title":"Archaic short imperative «вступи»","body":"«вступи» reads as an elevated imperative \"let him enter,\" with the subject «он» — a poetic, almost biblical construction (\"man, enter thou into a bond\"). «в союз» is «в» + accusative (motion into a state); «навек» (\"for ever\") is the archaic clipped form of «навеки»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause (Мог подняться человек)","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"душою","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of подняться (rise in soul)","gloss":"in soul"},{"surface":"Мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modal verb governing подняться, main verb of the clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"подняться","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Мог","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Мог подняться","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"древней","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies матерью","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition С, part of the compound матерью-землею, modifies союз","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"землею","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to матерью, completing матерью-землею","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступи","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вступи","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered","note":"Poetic apocope of вступил (final л dropped for meter)."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking союз","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"союз","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступи","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"навек","lemma":"навек","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступи","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b3-c3-s172","source":"Но только вот в чем дело: как я вступлю в союз с землею навек?","translation":"But here's the whole trouble: how am I to enter into an everlasting bond with the earth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот в чем дело","title":"Idiom «вот в чём дело»","body":"«вот в чём дело» — literally \"here is in what the matter [lies]\" — is the set phrase \"here's the thing / that's the trouble.\" «в чём» is «в» + prepositional of the interrogative «что», and the copula is dropped in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я вступлю в союз с землею","title":"Perfective future «вступлю» + instrumental «с землею»","body":"«вступлю» is the perfective future of «вступить» (\"to enter into\"); «с землею» is «с» (\"with\") + instrumental, \"with the earth.\" The whole question — \"how am I to enter an everlasting bond with the earth?\" — turns the poem's command back into Mitya's anxious doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот в чём дело","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition в (idiom вот в чём дело)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause вот в чём дело","gloss":"the trouble"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступлю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вступлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вступлю","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"am I to enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking союз","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"союз","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступлю","gloss":"bond"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"землею","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступлю","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"навек","lemma":"навек","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступлю","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b3-c3-s173","source":"Я не целую землю, не взрезаю ей грудь; что ж мне мужиком сделаться аль пастушком?","translation":"I don't kiss the earth, I don't cut open her breast; am I to make myself a peasant, or a shepherd boy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не взрезаю ей грудь","title":"Dative of the possessor «ей грудь»","body":"\"I don't cut open her breast\": the breast «грудь» is the object, and «ей» (\"her,\" dative) is the dative of the affected possessor — Russian often marks the owner of a body part with a bare dative rather than a possessive. The negated imperfectives «не целую… не взрезаю» state habitual non-doing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужиком… пастушком? аль","title":"«мужик», diminutive «пастушок», folksy «аль»","body":"«мужик» is the peasant (here in the instrumental of the predicate after «сделаться», \"become\"); «пастушок» is the affectionate diminutive of «пастух», \"a little shepherd boy.\" «аль» is a folksy, dialectal variant of «или» (\"or\"), coloring the line with peasant speech as Mitya half-mocks the romantic ideal of going back to the soil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне мужиком сделаться","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «сделаться»","body":"«сделаться мужиком» — \"to make oneself / become a peasant\" — puts the predicate noun in the instrumental «мужиком», as «стать», «быть», «сделаться» regularly do. The dative «мне» plus infinitive frames it impersonally: \"am I to become…?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of целую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целую","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целую","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взрезаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"взрезаю","lemma":"взрезать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целую","gloss":"cut open"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of взрезаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взрезаю","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, part of что ж","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of сделаться","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"мужиком","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделаться","gloss":"a peasant"},{"surface":"сделаться","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the что ж clause","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links мужиком and пастушком","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"пастушком","lemma":"пастушок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделаться","gloss":"a shepherd boy"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b3-c3-s174","source":"Я иду и не знаю: в вонь ли я попал и позор или в свет и радость.","translation":"I go on and I don't know: have I fallen into stench and disgrace, or into light and joy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в вонь ли я попал… или в свет","title":"Disjunctive question with «ли… или»","body":"The particle «ли» fronts the focus and, paired with «или», sets up an either/or question: «в вонь ли я попал… или в свет» — \"have I fallen into stench… or into light?\" «попал» is the perfective \"landed/fell into,\" and both «в вонь» and «в свет» are «в» + accusative for motion into a condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вонь","title":"«вонь» — stench","body":"«вонь» is a strong, unpleasant word for a stink or reek (not neutral \"smell\"). Set against «свет и радость» (\"light and joy\"), it sharpens Mitya's stark moral antithesis between filth and grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with иду","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вонь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вонь","lemma":"вонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"stench"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle attaching to попал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"fell into"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links вонь and позор","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вонь","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel object of попал, coordinated by или with вонь/позор","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свет","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b3-c3-s175","source":"Вот ведь где беда, ибо всё на свете загадка!","translation":"There, you see, is where the misery lies, for everything in the world is a riddle!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ведь где беда, ибо","title":"Particle «ведь» + archaic «ибо»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — \"you see, after all\" — coloring the statement with intimacy. The clause is then justified by «ибо» (\"for\"), the elevated, scriptural conjunction; the mix of folksy particle and bookish conjunction is pure Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё на свете загадка","title":"Zero-copula predicate «всё… загадка»","body":"\"Everything in the world is a riddle\": present-tense Russian needs no \"is,\" so the subject «всё» and predicate «загадка» (both nominative) simply abut. «на свете» (\"in the world\") is the locative «на» + prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of беда","gloss":"is where"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"the trouble"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загадка","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique modifier of всё (на свете = in the world)","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of всё (copula omitted)","gloss":"a riddle"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b3-c3-s176","source":"И когда мне случалось погружаться в самый, в самый глубокий позор разврата (а мне только это и случалось), то я всегда это стихотворение о Церере и о человеке читал.","translation":"And whenever I happened to plunge into the very, the very deepest disgrace of debauchery (and that was the only thing that ever happened to me), I would always read that poem about Ceres and about man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда мне случалось погружаться… я всегда… читал","title":"Imperfectives for habitual repetition","body":"The whole sentence runs in the imperfective to mark habit: «случалось… погружаться» (it used to happen that I plunged), «всегда… читал» (I would always read). The imperfective past is exactly the aspect for repeated, customary action over time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне случалось погружаться","title":"Impersonal «случалось» + dative «мне»","body":"«случалось» (\"it happened / it used to befall\") is an impersonal neuter verb with the experiencer in the dative «мне» and an infinitive «погружаться» (reflexive, \"to plunge\"). \"It happened to me to plunge\" — the dative-experiencer pattern that frames so much of Dostoevsky's inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случалось","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of случалось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"погружаться","lemma":"погружаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of случалось","gloss":"to plunge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позор (repeated)","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глубокий","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"глубокий","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"deepest"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погружаться","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"разврата","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"of debauchery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of the second случалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the second случалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before случалось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical (а мне только это и случалось)","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with когда, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стихотворение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стихотворение","lemma":"стихотворение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Церере","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Церере","lemma":"Церера","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стихотворение","gloss":"Ceres"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Церере","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I read"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b3-c3-s177","source":"Исправляло оно меня?","translation":"Did it set me right?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исправляло оно меня?","title":"Imperfective for an attempted, repeated effect","body":"«Исправляло оно меня?» — \"Did it [keep] setting me right?\" The imperfective «исправляло» asks about a repeated, ongoing effect over many readings (paired with the habitual narration above), not a single result. The neuter «исправляло» agrees with «оно» (the poem, «стихотворение»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Исправляло","lemma":"исправлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did set right"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Исправляло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Исправляло","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b3-c3-s178","source":"Никогда!","translation":"Never!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Never"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b3-c3-s179","source":"Потому что я Карамазов.","translation":"Because I am a Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому что я Карамазов.","title":"Zero-copula identity statement","body":"\"Because I am a Karamazov\": «я» and the predicate noun «Карамазов» stand together with no copula in the present. The bare, hammered statement — the family name as a moral fate — gets its force from this stripped-down syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (потому...что = because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я (copula omitted)","gloss":"a Karamazov"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b3-c3-s180","source":"Потому что если уж полечу в бездну, то так-таки прямо, головой вниз и вверх пятами, и даже доволен, что именно в унизительном таком положении падаю и считаю это для себя красотой.","translation":"Because if I do go hurtling into the abyss, I go straight down, head first and heels up, and I am even pleased that I am falling in just such a degrading posture, and I count it a beauty for myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж полечу в бездну, то так-таки прямо","title":"Conditional «если… то» + emphatic «уж… так-таки»","body":"«если… то» frames a real condition; the perfective future «полечу» (from «полететь», \"to go flying\") names the headlong plunge. The particles «уж» (\"once I do\") and «так-таки» (\"so very much so, downright\") pile on emphasis, conveying Mitya's perverse relish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"головой вниз и вверх пятами","title":"Instrumental of manner «головой… пятами»","body":"«головой вниз» (head down) and «вверх пятами» (heels up) use the instrumental — «головой», «пятами» — to express bodily orientation/manner. «пятами» is the instrumental plural of «пята», a slightly archaic, expressive word for \"heel,\" sharpening the picture of a defiant headfirst fall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доволен, что… падаю и считаю это… красотой","title":"Short adjective «доволен» + predicate instrumental «красотой»","body":"«доволен» is the short masculine adjective \"pleased / content,\" a predicate form. In «считаю это… красотой», the verb «считать» (\"to consider\") takes its predicate in the instrumental — «красотой» (\"a beauty\") — \"I count it as a beauty,\" the instrumental marking the role assigned to the falling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (потому...что = because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полечу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полечу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"полечу","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"go hurtling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бездну","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полечу","gloss":"the abyss"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так-таки with таки, modifies прямо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"forms так-таки with так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of manner (head-first), pairs with пятами","gloss":"head-first"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вниз","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"пятами","lemma":"пята","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with головой","gloss":"heels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"I am pleased"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of падаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies положении","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"унизительном","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положении","gloss":"degrading"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of падаю","gloss":"posture"},{"surface":"падаю","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of доволен","gloss":"I am falling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with падаю","gloss":"I count"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of считаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"красотой","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of считаю","gloss":"a beauty"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b3-c3-s181","source":"И вот в самом-то этом позоре я вдруг начинаю гимн.","translation":"And so, in the very depth of that disgrace, I suddenly strike up a hymn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в самом-то этом позоре","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"Here «-то» is the hyphenated emphasising clitic, not the indefinite suffix: it underlines the already-known topic, «in that very disgrace». Stacked with «в самом... этом» («in that very same»), it pins the focus hard on the shame Mitya has just confessed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начинаю гимн","title":"Imperfective present for the sudden act","body":"«начинаю» is imperfective present, here used vividly for a single onrushing action («I suddenly strike up»). The imperfective with «вдруг» («suddenly») heightens the immediacy, as if we watch the hymn break out before us."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гимн","title":"«гимн» — a hymn of praise","body":"Not a national anthem here but a hymn in the old, exalted sense — a song of praise to God or to life. The word elevates the register sharply against the «позор» (disgrace) of the same sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позоре","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies позоре","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to самом","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позоре","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"позоре","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинаю","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начинаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"начинаю","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strike up"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начинаю","gloss":"a hymn"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b3-c3-s182","source":"Пусть я проклят, пусть я низок и подл, но пусть и я целую край той ризы, в которую облекается бог мой; пусть я иду в то же самое время вслед за чертом, но я все-таки и твой сын, господи, и люблю тебя, и ощущаю радость, без которой нельзя миру стоять и быть.","translation":"Let me be cursed, let me be base and vile, but let me too kiss the hem of that robe in which my God is clothed; let me follow at the devil's heels at the very same moment, but I am still your son, O Lord, and I love you, and I feel that joy without which the world cannot stand and be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть я проклят, пусть я... пусть и я целую","title":"«пусть» + verb — the concessive 'let'","body":"The particle «пусть» (literally 'let, allow') builds a third-person/concessive imperative, here repeated four times for incantatory rhythm: «let me be cursed... let me too kiss». With a present verb («целую») it grants a hypothetical permission rather than issuing a command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я проклят, я низок и подл","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«проклят», «низок», «подл» are short (predicative) adjectives — the bookish, more absolute form used only after the verb 'to be'. They state a categorical condition of the self ('I am cursed, base and vile'), heavier and more solemn than the long forms would be."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"край той ризы","title":"«риза» — the sacred robe","body":"«риза» is the ornate liturgical vestment of an Orthodox priest, and by extension the radiant 'robe' of God or a saint. «Целовать край ризы» — to kiss the hem of the robe — is an act of humble veneration; the word itself belongs to the Church-Slavonic sacred register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которую облекается бог мой","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«в которую» agrees with feminine «риза» in gender and number but takes its own case from the clause — accusative after «в» for the garment one 'clothes oneself into'. «облекается» is a reflexive «-ся» verb, 'clothes himself', bookish and elevated."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вслед за чертом","title":"Instrumental after «за»","body":"«за чертом» is instrumental, governed by «вслед за» ('following after, in the wake of'). The instrumental here marks the one behind whom Mitya trails — he walks 'at the devil's heels' even while loving God."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без которой нельзя миру стоять и быть","title":"Dative subject with «нельзя»","body":"An impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, the experiencer «миру» ('to/for the world') stands in the dative, and «нельзя» + infinitive expresses impossibility — 'without which the world cannot stand and be'. «без которой» is genitive after «без»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господи","title":"«господи» — the vocative 'O Lord'","body":"A surviving Church-Slavonic vocative used only in address to God ('O Lord'). It is a frozen form of «Господь», set off from the sentence's grammar as direct, prayerful address — the unmistakable note of Russian devotional speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проклят","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проклят","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"проклят","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"participle, short form, passive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate (я проклят = I am cursed)","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies низок","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of низок","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"низок","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with проклят as parallel predicate","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подл","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with низок","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целую","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of целую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of целую","gloss":"the hem"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ризы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ризы","lemma":"риза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies край","gloss":"of the robe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облекается","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"облекается","lemma":"облекаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ризы","gloss":"is clothed"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive облекается","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бог","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иду","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, forms то же самое (that very same)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иду","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чертом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"чертом","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"the devil's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сын","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"forms всё-таки with таки, modifies the clause","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"forms всё-таки with все","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я, main predicate of the но-clause","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to твой сын","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the clause я...сын, parallel main verb","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ощущаю","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущаю","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on радость","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of стоять/быть (dative construction with нельзя)","gloss":"for the world"},{"surface":"стоять","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоять","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b3-c3-s183","source":"Душу божьего творенья \nРадость вечная поит, \nТайной силою броженья \nКубок жизни пламенит; \nТравку выманила к свету, \nВ солнцы хаос развила \nИ в пространствах, звездочету \nНеподвластных, разлила.\n\nУ груди благой природы \nВсё, что дышит, радость пьет; \nВсе созданья, все народы \nЗа собой она влечет; \nНам друзей дала в несчастье, \nГроздий сок, венки харит, \nНасекомым — сладострастье... \nАнгел — богу предстоит.","translation":"Eternal joy gives drink \nTo the soul of God's creation, \nBy the secret force of fermentation \nIt sets the cup of life ablaze; \nIt coaxed the blade of grass toward the light, \nIt unfurled the suns out of chaos \nAnd poured them through the reaches of space \nBeyond the reckoning of the stargazer.\n\nAt the breast of bounteous nature \nAll that breathes drinks joy; \nAll creatures, all peoples \nShe draws after herself; \nShe gave us friends in misfortune, \nThe juice of the cluster, the garlands of the Graces, \nTo the insect — voluptuous delight... \nThe angel — stands before God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Душу божьего творенья / поит","title":"«поить» — to give to drink","body":"«поит» is the transitive verb 'to give (someone) to drink, to water' — distinct from «пить» ('to drink' oneself). Here «Радость... поит» the soul of God's creation: joy is what nourishes and slakes all that lives, picked up below by «радость пьёт» ('drinks joy')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Травку выманила... развила... разлила","title":"Perfective past chain driving the cosmogony","body":"A run of perfective past verbs ('coaxed out', 'unfurled', 'poured') narrates joy's creative acts as a sequence of completed events, each moving the cosmic story one step on. The feminine «-ла» endings agree with «Радость», their subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Травку","title":"«травка» — the little blade of grass","body":"A diminutive of «трава» (grass): a tender 'little blade', the affectionate suffix lending the cosmic image an intimate, caressing tone — joy coaxes even the smallest green shoot toward the light."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"звездочёту неподвластных","title":"«звездочёт» — the stargazer","body":"«звездочёт» is an archaic, poetic word for an astronomer or astrologer — literally a 'star-reckoner'. The reaches of space lie «неподвластны» ('not subject, beyond the power of') the stargazer's count — beyond all human reckoning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"венки харит","title":"«хариты» — the Graces","body":"«хариты» are the Charites, the Graces of Greek myth (the Roman Gratiae). 'The garlands of the Graces' belongs to Schiller's classicising imagery of joy's gifts — wine («гроздий сок»), friendship, and the crowns of the Graces."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастье","title":"«сладострастие» — voluptuous sensual delight","body":"A key word for Mitya's whole confession: «сладо-» (sweet) + «-страстие» (passion), 'sweet passion', i.e. sensual, voluptuous craving. Here it is joy's gift to the insect; Mitya will seize on the line and apply it to himself and all the Karamazovs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поит","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"божьего","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies творенья","gloss":"of God's"},{"surface":"творенья","lemma":"творение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Душу","gloss":"creation"},{"surface":"Радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поит","gloss":"Joy"},{"surface":"вечная","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Радость","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"поит","lemma":"поить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives drink to"},{"surface":"Тайной","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силою","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"силою","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental adverbial modifier of пламенит","gloss":"by the force"},{"surface":"броженья","lemma":"брожение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies силою","gloss":"of fermentation"},{"surface":"Кубок","lemma":"кубок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пламенит","gloss":"the cup"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Кубок","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"пламенит","lemma":"пламенить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поит (subject Радость continues)","gloss":"sets ablaze"},{"surface":"Травку","lemma":"травка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выманила","gloss":"the blade of grass"},{"surface":"выманила","lemma":"выманить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поит (subject Радость)","gloss":"coaxed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свету","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"свету","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выманила","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солнцы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"солнцы","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of развила (result: into suns)","gloss":"suns"},{"surface":"хаос","lemma":"хаос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развила","gloss":"chaos"},{"surface":"развила","lemma":"развить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поит (subject Радость)","gloss":"unfurled"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пространствах","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"пространствах","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разлила","gloss":"the reaches of space"},{"surface":"звездочету","lemma":"звездочёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of Неподвластных","gloss":"the stargazer"},{"surface":"Неподвластных","lemma":"неподвластный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies пространствах","gloss":"beyond the reckoning of"},{"surface":"разлила","lemma":"разлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поит (subject Радость)","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пьет","gloss":"the breast"},{"surface":"благой","lemma":"благой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природы","gloss":"bounteous"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пьет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дышит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дышит","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Всё","gloss":"breathes"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пьет","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"пьет","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drinks"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of созданья","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"созданья","lemma":"созданье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of влечет (accusative form, syncretic with nominative for this inanimate neuter plural noun) — subject of влечет is она","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of народы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with созданья, direct object of влечет — not a subject; subject of влечет is она","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of влечет (за собой = after her)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влечет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"влечет","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьет","gloss":"draws"},{"surface":"Нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дала","gloss":"us","note":"Нам is dative plural of мы (we), not я — mislemmatized as first-person singular"},{"surface":"друзей","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пьет","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"несчастье","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дала","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"Гроздий","lemma":"гроздь","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сок","gloss":"of the grape-cluster"},{"surface":"сок","lemma":"сок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with друзей (object of дала)","gloss":"the juice"},{"surface":"венки","lemma":"венок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with друзей (object of дала)","gloss":"garlands"},{"surface":"харит","lemma":"харита","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies венки","gloss":"of the Graces"},{"surface":"сладострастье","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun in the elliptical clause (Насекомым — сладострастье)","gloss":"delight","note":"The dative 'Насекомым' (to the insect) that this word pairs with is not tokenized in this parse batch."},{"surface":"Ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предстоит","gloss":"the angel"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстоит","gloss":"before God"},{"surface":"предстоит","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final elliptical clause","gloss":"stands"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b3-c3-s184","source":"Но довольно стихов!","translation":"But enough of verses!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно стихов","title":"«довольно» + genitive — 'enough of'","body":"The quantity word «довольно» ('enough') governs the genitive of what there is enough of: «стихов» is genitive plural of «стих» ('verse, line of poetry'). The whole exclamation is verbless and impersonal — 'enough of verses!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стихов","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"of verses"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b3-c3-s185","source":"Я пролил слезы, и ты дай мне поплакать.","translation":"I have shed tears, and you must let me have my cry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я пролил слезы, и ты дай мне поплакать","title":"Perfective past, then perfective imperative","body":"«пролил» (perfective past, 'I have shed') reports a completed act; «дай» is the perfective imperative of «дать» ('give, let'), here 'let me' + infinitive. «мне» is the dative beneficiary — 'give to me [the chance] to cry'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поплакать","title":"«поплакать» — to have a little cry","body":"The prefix «по-» on «плакать» ('to weep') makes a perfective meaning 'to cry for a while, have a cry' — a bounded, limited bout of weeping. It softens the act into something brief and almost indulged, exactly Mitya's tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пролил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пролил","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shed"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пролил","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролил","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поплакать","lemma":"поплакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дай","gloss":"have a cry"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b3-c3-s186","source":"Пусть это будет глупость, над которою все будут смеяться, но ты нет.","translation":"Let it be foolishness that everyone will laugh at — but not you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть это будет глупость","title":"«пусть» + perfective future — concessive","body":"«пусть... будет» grants a hypothetical: 'let this be / suppose this is foolishness'. «будет» is the simple future of «быть», and «глупость» is the nominative predicate of the future copula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"над которою все будут смеяться","title":"Archaic «которою» and «над» + instrumental","body":"«над которою» is the relative pronoun in the instrumental, governed by «смеяться над» ('to laugh at'). «-ою» is the older, bookish 19th-century instrumental ending (modern «-ой»), and «смеяться» is a «-ся» verb that exists only in this reflexive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to глупость","gloss":"be","note":"будет is the future-tense form of быть, not present"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которою","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеяться (над которою = at which)","gloss":"which","note":"surface form которою was left as its own lemma and tagged as a noun; it is the relative pronoun который (cf. correctly fixed которую at b3-c3-s182-w18)"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеяться","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смеяться","gloss":"will","note":"будут is the future-tense form of быть, not present"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical negation, predicate of ты (=but not you)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b3-c3-s187","source":"Вот и у тебя глазенки горят.","translation":"There, your little eyes are burning too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазенки","title":"«глазёнки» — dear little eyes","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «глаза» (eyes): 'little eyes', warm and tender as Mitya turns to his brother Alyosha. The suffix carries no real sense of size, only intimacy and love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глазенки горят","title":"Plural noun, plural verb «горят»","body":"«горят» is the third-person plural present of «гореть» ('to burn, glow'), agreeing with the plural «глазёнки». The present tense gives the burning as a vivid ongoing state — Alyosha's eyes are alight right now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горят","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of горят (у тебя = your)","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глазенки","lemma":"глазенки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of горят","gloss":"little eyes"},{"surface":"горят","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are burning"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b3-c3-s188","source":"Довольно стихов.","translation":"Enough of verses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Довольно стихов","title":"«довольно» + genitive, repeated","body":"The same 'enough of verses' as before, the genitive plural «стихов» after «довольно». Its bare repetition (now without an exclamation mark) marks Mitya pulling himself back from the song to the matter at hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стихов","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"of verses"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b3-c3-s189","source":"Я тебе хочу сказать теперь о «насекомых», вот о тех, которых бог одарил сладострастьем:","translation":"Now I want to tell you about the \"insects,\" about those whom God endowed with voluptuous delight:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебе хочу сказать","title":"Dative «тебе» — the addressee","body":"«тебе» is the dative of «ты», the person told: 'I want to tell to you'. The verb «сказать» regularly takes a dative addressee, and the pronoun sits before the verb for emphasis on the personal turn to Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тех, которых бог одарил","title":"Correlative «тех... которых», animate accusative","body":"«тех» (demonstrative) sets up the antecedent and «которых» the relative clause — both in the genitive/accusative-animate form, since «одарить» takes a direct object and the insects are treated as animate. The pattern 'those whom God endowed' is the bookish correlative construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одарил сладострастьем","title":"«одарить» + instrumental — to endow with","body":"«одарить» ('to bestow a gift on, endow') governs the instrumental of the gift: «сладострастьем» ('with voluptuous delight'). The verb is solemn and slightly bookish — God 'endowed' these creatures, as with a fateful gift."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хочу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насекомых","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"насекомых","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"insects"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of одарил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одарил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"одарил","lemma":"одарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"endowed"},{"surface":"сладострастьем","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одарил","gloss":"with voluptuous delight"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b3-c3-s190","source":"Насекомым — сладострастье!","translation":"To the insect — voluptuous delight!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Насекомым — сладострастье","title":"Dative «насекомым» — 'to the insect'","body":"The dashed verbless line, quoted from the poem above, sets a dative recipient against a nominative gift: «насекомым» (dative, 'to the insect[s]') — «сладострастье» (what is given). The dash stands in for the omitted 'is given / belongs'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насекомым","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"To insects"},{"surface":"сладострастье","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical predicate paired with Насекомым","gloss":"voluptuous delight"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b3-c3-s191","source":"Я, брат, это самое насекомое и есть, и это обо мне специально и сказано.","translation":"I, brother, am that very insect, and that line was written about me specifically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это самое насекомое и есть","title":"Emphatic «и есть» — 'am that very...'","body":"Russian normally drops the present 'to be', so the surviving «есть» here is emphatic, reinforced by «и» ('precisely, indeed'): 'I am that very insect and no other'. «самое» ('the very') intensifies the identification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обо мне специально и сказано","title":"Short-form passive participle «сказано»","body":"«сказано» is the neuter short-form past passive participle of «сказать» — an impersonal 'it has been said / written about me'. This periphrastic passive (with «быть» understood) states a result, and «обо мне» is prepositional after «о» ('about')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат","title":"«брат» as direct address","body":"Mitya repeatedly calls Alyosha «брат» ('brother') — both literally (they are brothers) and as the warm, confiding vocative-style address Russians use among intimates. It punctuates his confession with affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Я (vocative address)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of насекомое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies насекомое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"насекомое","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"insect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сказано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказано","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"специально","lemma":"специально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сказано","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"was written"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b3-c3-s192","source":"И мы все, Карамазовы, такие же, и в тебе, ангеле, это насекомое живет и в крови твоей бури родит.","translation":"And all of us Karamazovs are just the same, and in you too, you angel, that insect lives and breeds storms in your blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в тебе, ангеле","title":"Old vocative-like «ангеле»","body":"«ангеле» is the archaic Church-Slavonic vocative of «ангел» ('angel'), used as a tender form of address to Alyosha set inside the sentence ('and in you too, you angel'). It lends the line a sacred, caressing solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в крови твоей бури родит","title":"Locative «в крови» and topic-fronted object","body":"«в крови» is prepositional (location, 'in the blood'), and «бури» ('storms') is the fronted accusative object before the verb «родит» ('breeds, gives birth to') — a marked, poetic word order that throws the weight onto the storms. «твоей» is the possessive agreeing with feminine «кровь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие (elided copula)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Карамазовы","lemma":"Карамазовы","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"Karamazovs"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ангеле","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебе (vocative)","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of насекомое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"насекомое","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"insect"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of родит","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крови","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бури","lemma":"буря","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of родит","gloss":"storms"},{"surface":"родит","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живет","gloss":"breeds","note":"Subject continues to be насекомое; бури is the direct object (storms), not the subject."}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b3-c3-s193","source":"Это — бури, потому что сладострастье буря, больше бури!","translation":"Storms — for voluptuousness is a storm, more than a storm!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что сладострастье буря","title":"Zero copula — 'voluptuousness IS a storm'","body":"Two nouns, no verb: «сладострастье буря» is a present-tense equation with the copula omitted, 'voluptuousness [is] a storm'. Both stand in the nominative, the normal shape of an A-is-B statement in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше бури","title":"Comparative «больше» + genitive","body":"«больше» is the suppletive comparative of «большой/много» ('bigger, more'), and the thing compared against goes in the genitive: «бури» ('than a storm'). The clipped 'more than a storm' caps the line with rising intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бури","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"бури","lemma":"буря","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"storms"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause with что (потому что = because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сладострастье","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of буря","gloss":"voluptuousness"},{"surface":"буря","lemma":"буря","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of сладострастье","gloss":"a storm"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with буря (second predicate)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"бури","lemma":"буря","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of больше","gloss":"than a storm","note":"Genitive of comparison: больше бури = more than a storm."}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b3-c3-s194","source":"Красота — это страшная и ужасная вещь!","translation":"Beauty is a fearful and terrible thing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Красота — это страшная и ужасная вещь","title":"Defining «это» and the dash","body":"When equating two nouns, Russian often inserts «это» as a resumptive 'is' and marks it with a dash: 'Beauty — this is a fearful and terrible thing'. «страшная», «ужасная» are long-form attributive adjectives agreeing with feminine «вещь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вещь","gloss":"Beauty"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copula-like link between Красота and вещь","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасная","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with страшная","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b3-c3-s195","source":"Страшная, потому что неопределимая, а определить нельзя потому, что бог задал одни загадки.","translation":"Fearful, because it cannot be defined, and it cannot be defined because God set us nothing but riddles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"определить нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«определить нельзя» is a subjectless impossibility construction: 'one cannot define [it]'. «нельзя» plus a perfective infinitive states that the thing simply cannot be done — beauty resists all defining."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому, что бог задал одни загадки","title":"«одни» as 'nothing but'","body":"«одни загадки» here means not 'some riddles' but 'nothing but riddles, only riddles' — «один» in the sense of 'sole, exclusively'. «задал» is perfective past of «задать» ('to set, pose'), as one sets a task or riddle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Fearful"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of неопределимая","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неопределимая","lemma":"неопределимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of потому","gloss":"indefinable"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to define"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with неопределимая","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause explaining нельзя","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"задал","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of потому (w8)","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies загадки","gloss":"only","note":"одни here means \"nothing but\" (only riddles), not the numeral \"one.\""},{"surface":"загадки","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of задал","gloss":"riddles"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b3-c3-s196","source":"Тут берега сходятся, тут все противоречия вместе живут.","translation":"Here the shores converge, here all contradictions live together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"берега сходятся... противоречия... живут","title":"Reflexive «сходятся» and present-tense aphorism","body":"«сходятся» is a reciprocal/middle «-ся» verb, 'come together, converge'. Both verbs are imperfective present, giving the line the timeless force of an aphorism — here, always, the shores meet and the contradictions live together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тут... тут...","title":"Anaphoric «тут» — 'here'","body":"«тут» ('here', colloquial twin of «здесь») opens both clauses in parallel, the repetition driving Mitya's vision of beauty as the meeting-point of all opposites. The doubling is rhetorical, not locative — 'here... here...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходятся","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"берега","lemma":"берег","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сходятся","gloss":"shores"},{"surface":"сходятся","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"converge"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of противоречия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"противоречия","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of живут","gloss":"contradictions"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сходятся","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b3-c3-s197","source":"Я, брат, очень необразован, но я много об этом думал.","translation":"I, brother, am very uneducated, but I have thought a great deal about this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я много об этом думал","title":"Imperfective past «думал» — durative reflection","body":"«думал» is imperfective past: not a single thought but a long, repeated brooding — 'I have thought a great deal'. «об этом» is prepositional after «о», and the imperfective is exactly right for accumulated, ongoing meditation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"необразован","title":"«необразован» — uneducated (short form)","body":"A short-form predicate adjective with the negating prefix «не-»: 'I am uneducated, untaught'. Mitya disarmingly admits his lack of formal schooling even as he philosophises — the form is the bookish predicative one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of необразован","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Я (vocative)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необразован","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"необразован","lemma":"необразованный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"uneducated"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with необразован","gloss":"have thought"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b3-c3-s198","source":"Страшно много тайн!","translation":"There is a fearful number of mysteries!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшно много тайн","title":"«страшно» as intensifying adverb + genitive","body":"«страшно» here is not 'terribly/fearfully' in the literal sense but a colloquial intensifier, 'awfully, a fearful lot'. «много тайн» pairs the quantifier «много» with the genitive plural of «тайна» — 'a fearful number of mysteries'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"тайн","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"mysteries"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b3-c3-s199","source":"Слишком много загадок угнетают на земле человека.","translation":"Too many riddles weigh man down on this earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слишком много загадок угнетают","title":"Quantifier subject «много загадок» + plural verb","body":"«много загадок» ('too many riddles') is the subject, with «загадок» in the genitive plural after «много»; the verb «угнетают» is plural by agreement with the many riddles. «человека» is the animate-accusative object, 'weigh man down'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of угнетают","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"загадок","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"riddles"},{"surface":"угнетают","lemma":"угнетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weigh down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угнетают","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of угнетают","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b3-c3-s200","source":"Разгадывай как знаешь и вылезай сух из воды.","translation":"Solve them as best you can, and come out of the water dry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разгадывай... вылезай","title":"Imperfective imperatives, generalised 'you'","body":"«разгадывай» ('keep solving') and «вылезай» ('climb out') are imperfective singular imperatives addressed to a generic 'you' / anyone — the Russian way of stating a general maxim. The imperfective fits the ongoing, do-as-you-can effort."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вылезай сух из воды","title":"«выйти сухим из воды» — to come out unscathed","body":"A set idiom: 'to come out of the water dry', i.e. to escape a scrape without harm or blame. «сух» is the short-form adjective ('dry'); Dostoevsky bends the usual «выйти сухим» into the imperative «вылезай... сух» for Mitya's rough, spoken voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разгадывай","lemma":"разгадывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Solve"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаешь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of Разгадывай","gloss":"you know how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вылезай","lemma":"вылезать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Разгадывай","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"сух","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вылезай (describes the implied ты)","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воды","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылезай","gloss":"the water"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b3-c3-s201","source":"Красота!","translation":"Beauty!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Красота","title":"«красота» — beauty as the obsessive refrain","body":"The one-word exclamation 'Beauty!' is the keystone of Mitya's whole tirade. He circles back to «красота» again and again as the dangerous, undefinable force in which the Madonna and Sodom meet — the riddle God set."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Beauty"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b3-c3-s202","source":"Перенести я притом не могу, что иной, высший даже сердцем человек и с умом высоким, начинает с идеала Мадонны, а кончает идеалом содомским.","translation":"And what is more, I cannot bear that a man — even one higher in heart and lofty in mind — should begin with the ideal of the Madonna and end with the ideal of Sodom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перенести я притом не могу, что...","title":"Fronted infinitive «перенести» for emphasis","body":"The infinitive «перенести» ('to bear, endure') is thrown to the front, before its governing «не могу» ('I cannot') — a marked inversion that lands the weight on what Mitya cannot stand. «что...» then opens the content clause spelling out what it is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начинает с идеала... а кончает идеалом","title":"Imperfective present + contrastive «а»","body":"«начинает... кончает» are imperfective present, framing a general truth about such a man's whole arc. The hinge «а» is the soft contrastive 'and yet / while', setting the noble start against the base end. Note the constructions: «начинать с» + genitive ('begin from'), «кончать» + instrumental ('end with')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"высший... сердцем... с умом высоким","title":"«высший» — higher, loftier","body":"«высший» is the comparative/superlative-flavoured form of «высокий» ('high'), here 'higher in heart'; paired with «с умом высоким» ('with a lofty mind'), inverted for poetic weight. The man is no low creature — which is exactly what makes his fall to 'the ideal of Sodom' unbearable to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перенести","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начинает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, comparative","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высший","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинает","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"высоким","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of могу","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеала","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"идеала","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинает","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"Мадонны","lemma":"мадонна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеала","gloss":"Madonna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кончает","lemma":"кончать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинает","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"идеалом","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончает","gloss":"with the ideal"},{"surface":"содомским","lemma":"содомский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеалом","gloss":"of Sodom"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b3-c3-s203","source":"Еще страшнее, кто уже с идеалом содомским в душе не отрицает и идеала Мадонны, и горит от него сердце его и воистину, воистину горит, как и в юные беспорочные годы.","translation":"More fearful still is the man who, already carrying the ideal of Sodom in his soul, does not renounce the ideal of the Madonna either, and his heart burns for it, and truly, truly it burns, just as in his young and blameless years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще страшнее, кто...","title":"Comparative «страшнее» heading the clause","body":"«страшнее» is the comparative of «страшный» ('fearful'), used predicatively and fronted: 'More fearful still [is he] who...'. The omitted 'is he' is picked up by the relative «кто» introducing the type of man described."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отрицает и идеала Мадонны","title":"Genitive of negation with «не отрицает»","body":"Under negation the object of «отрицать» ('to deny, renounce') shifts to the genitive: «идеала Мадонны» ('the ideal of the Madonna'). The «и» ('either, also') stresses that he does not renounce that ideal too — both ideals coexist in his soul."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину, воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, truly","body":"«воистину» ('truly, verily') is a Church-Slavonic-flavoured intensifier, the very word of the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе!» ('Truly He is risen!'). Its solemn doubling here lifts Mitya's confession to the pitch of religious avowal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспорочные годы","title":"«беспорочный» — blameless, without blemish","body":"«беспорочный» ('without sin/blemish, immaculate', from «порок» — vice) is a bookish, almost liturgical adjective — the same root behind 'the Immaculate' in Marian devotion. It marks the lost purity of youth against which the divided heart still burns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"страшнее","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more fearful"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of отрицает","gloss":"the one who"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрицает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеалом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"идеалом","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"the ideal"},{"surface":"содомским","lemma":"содомский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеалом","gloss":"of Sodom"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеалом","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрицает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отрицает","lemma":"отрицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of страшнее","gloss":"denies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идеала","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"идеала","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отрицает (genitive object under negation)","gloss":"the ideal"},{"surface":"Мадонны","lemma":"мадонна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеала","gloss":"Madonna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрицает","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of горит","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горит (w24)","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горит (w24)","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горит (w16), repeated for emphasis","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with годы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"юные","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"беспорочные","lemma":"беспорочный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of горит","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b3-c3-s204","source":"Нет, широк человек, слишком даже широк, я бы сузил.","translation":"No, man is broad, too broad even — I would narrow him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"широк человек, слишком даже широк","title":"Short adjective «широк» — 'man IS broad'","body":"«широк» is the short (predicative) form of «широкий» ('wide, broad'), here a sweeping diagnosis of humankind: 'man is broad'. The short form's absolute, aphoristic ring is exactly the tone Mitya wants — broad to the point of fault."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы сузил","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'I would narrow'","body":"«бы» plus the past-form verb «сузил» builds the conditional/irrealis: 'I would narrow [him]'. There is no real condition stated — it is a wistful, hypothetical wish, the particle leaning on «я»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to широк","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"широк","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of человек","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of широк","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies широк (w6)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies широк (w6)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"широк","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сузил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of сузил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сузил","lemma":"сузить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with широк (w2)","gloss":"would narrow"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b3-c3-s205","source":"Черт знает что такое даже, вот что!","translation":"The devil only knows what to make of it, that's what!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Черт знает что такое","title":"«чёрт знает что» — 'the devil knows what'","body":"A set colloquial exclamation, '[the] devil knows what [it is]', expressing baffled exasperation at something incomprehensible or outrageous. The tag «даже, вот что!» ('even — that's what!') is Mitya's blustering spoken seal on the thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"The devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"sort of thing"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (w7)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to что (w3), exclamatory tag","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b3-c3-s206","source":"Что уму представляется позором, то сердцу сплошь красотой.","translation":"What seems disgrace to the mind is, through and through, beauty to the heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что уму представляется позором, то сердцу...","title":"Correlative «что... то...» with dative experiencers","body":"A balanced «что... то...» construction ('what... that...'): the relative «что» heads the first arm, the demonstrative «то» the second. Both «уму» ('to the mind') and «сердцу» ('to the heart') are dative experiencers, to whom the same thing appears as disgrace, then as beauty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представляется позором","title":"«представляться» + instrumental","body":"«представляется» is a «-ся» verb ('seems, appears'), and what it seems to be goes in the instrumental: «позором» ('as disgrace'), «красотой» ('as beauty'). The instrumental of the apparent role is paralleled across the two halves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of представляется","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляется","gloss":"to the mind"},{"surface":"представляется","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the Что-clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"позором","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляется","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with Что, pointing to the elided predicate","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided представляется, parallel to уму","gloss":"to the heart"},{"surface":"сплошь","lemma":"сплошь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красотой","gloss":"through and through"},{"surface":"красотой","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided представляется","gloss":"beauty"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b3-c3-s207","source":"В содоме ли красота?","translation":"Is there beauty in Sodom?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В содоме ли красота?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«ли» turns the statement into a focused yes/no question, attaching to the fronted, stressed phrase «в содоме» ('in Sodom'): 'Is it in Sodom that beauty lies?'. The «ли» question is more literary and pointed than mere rising intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking содоме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"содоме","lemma":"содом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies красота (locative predicate)","gloss":"Sodom"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, attached to содоме","gloss":"[question marker]"},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"beauty"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b3-c3-s208","source":"Верь, что в содоме-то она и сидит для огромного большинства людей, — знал ты эту тайну иль нет?","translation":"Believe me, that is exactly where it sits for the vast majority of people — did you know that secret or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в содоме-то она и сидит","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «и» — 'that is exactly where'","body":"The clitic «-то» on «содоме» marks the known topic and, with the focusing «и» before the verb, fixes the emphasis: 'it is precisely in Sodom that it sits'. «сидит» ('sits, is lodged') vividly localises beauty in the very place of vice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал ты эту тайну иль нет?","title":"Tag question «иль нет?» and «знал»","body":"«иль» is a clipped, folksy/poetic form of «или» ('or'), forming the tag 'did you know this secret or not?'. «знал» is imperfective past for the state of knowing; the inverted «знал ты» is a colloquial question word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking содоме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"содоме","lemma":"содом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"Sodom"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes содоме (enclitic -то)","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Верь","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking большинства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"огромного","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies большинства","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"большинства","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"majority"},{"surface":"людей,","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies большинства","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Верь","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links знал and нет (or not)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical alternative to знал ('or not')","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b3-c3-s209","source":"Ужасно то, что красота есть не только страшная, но и таинственная вещь.","translation":"The terrible thing is that beauty is not only a fearful but also a mysterious thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только страшная, но и таинственная","title":"Correlative «не только..., но и...»","body":"The paired conjunction «не только..., но и...» ('not only..., but also...') links the two predicate adjectives, both long forms agreeing with feminine «вещь». It escalates: beauty is fearful, and on top of that mysterious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of то","gloss":"Terrible"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Ужасно","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"красота","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"таинственная","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with страшная","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b3-c3-s210","source":"Тут дьявол с богом борется, а поле битвы — сердца людей.","translation":"Here the devil is wrestling with God, and the battlefield is the hearts of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дьявол с богом борется","title":"«бороться с» + instrumental","body":"«борется» is a «-ся» verb ('struggles, wrestles'), and the adversary takes «с» + instrumental: «с богом» ('with God'). The contrastive «а» then pivots to name the battlefield, with the zero copula in «поле битвы — сердца людей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies борется","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"дьявол","lemma":"дьявол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of борется","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of борется","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"борется","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrestles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with борется (subject of elided есть)","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"битвы","lemma":"битва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поле","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate complement of поле (elided copula)","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b3-c3-s211","source":"А впрочем, что у кого болит, тот о том и говорит.","translation":"But there — whatever a man's sore spot is, that's what he keeps talking about.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что у кого болит, тот о том и говорит","title":"A proverb: 'what aches is what one talks of'","body":"Mitya quotes a folk proverb — literally 'whatever hurts someone, that's what he talks about' — wryly acknowledging that his whole tirade on beauty and Sodom betrays his own sore spot. «А впрочем» ('but anyway, then again') marks his self-deprecating swerve."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что у кого болит, тот о том и говорит","title":"Stacked correlatives «что... кого... тот... о том»","body":"The proverb packs four correlative pronouns: «что» (what) and indefinite «у кого» (in whom) in the first clause, answered by «тот» (that one) and «о том» (about that) in the second. «болит» is the impersonal-feeling verb 'hurts, aches', with «у кого» marking the sufferer."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, head of the phrase","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болит, correlate of тот","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of болит","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"subordinate clause, correlate of тот","gloss":"hurts"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes говорит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talks"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b3-c3-s212","source":"Слушай, теперь к самому делу.","translation":"Listen, now to the matter itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слушай","title":"Imperative «слушай» — 'listen'","body":"«слушай» is the imperfective singular imperative of «слушать» ('to listen'), the «-й» ending added after the vowel stem. As an attention-getter ('listen, now') it signals Mitya turning from his rhapsody to the practical business at hand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к самому делу","title":"«к самому делу» — to the matter itself","body":"«дело» here means 'the business, the real point'; «к самому делу» ('to the very matter') is the spoken formula for 'let's get down to it'. «самому» ('itself, the very') is the intensifier «сам» agreeing with dative «делу» after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слушай (elliptical, turn to the matter)","gloss":"matter"}]}]}