{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Исповедь горячего сердца. В анекдотах","translated":"The Confession of a Passionate Heart- In Anecdote"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c4","lines":174},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c4-s1","source":"Я там кутил.","translation":"I caroused there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутил","title":"«кутить» — to carouse","body":"«Кутить» means to go on a spree — to drink, revel, and spend money recklessly, the very signature of a Karamazov debauch. The imperfective past «кутил» views it as a habitual, ongoing way of life there, not a single binge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кутил","title":"Imperfective past for habit","body":"The -л ending agrees in gender (masculine, «я» Dmitri) rather than person, the relic of an old participle. Its imperfective aspect frames the carousing as a recurring background state, not one finished event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"кутил","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caroused"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c4-s2","source":"Давеча отец говорил, что я по нескольку тысяч платил за обольщение девиц.","translation":"Just now Father was saying that I paid several thousand each to seduce young girls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — a while ago","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, folksy adverb meaning 'a little while ago, just now, earlier today.' It sounds homely and slightly old-fashioned, exactly suiting Dmitri's heated, unbuttoned speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по нескольку тысяч","title":"Distributive «по»","body":"«По» with a quantity expresses distribution — 'several thousand apiece, each time.' Here «по нескольку тысяч платил» means he supposedly paid thousands per girl, a recurring sum, reinforced by the imperfective «платил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольщение девиц","title":"«обольщение девиц» — seduction of maidens","body":"«Обольщение» is bookish, elevated 'seduction, beguilement'; «девица» is an archaic, slightly solemn word for an unmarried girl/maiden. The genitive «девиц» ('of maidens') depends on «обольщение» — a lofty noun phrase that mocks the father's florid accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of платил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of платил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нескольку","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of платил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"платил","lemma":"платить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обольщение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обольщение","lemma":"обольщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of платил","gloss":"seducing"},{"surface":"девиц","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies обольщение","gloss":"young girls"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c4-s3","source":"Это свинский фантом, и никогда того не бывало, а что было, то собственно на «это» денег не требовало.","translation":"That is a swinish phantom, and it never happened at all; and what did happen never needed money for \"это\" — for “that.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свинский фантом","title":"«свинский фантом» — a swinish phantom","body":"«Свинский» ('piggish, swinish') is a coarse pejorative adjective from «свинья» (pig), here yoked to the learned loanword «фантом» (phantom) — a typically Dostoevskian collision of gutter and bookish registers in one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда того не бывало","title":"Negative concord with «никогда … не»","body":"Russian piles up its negatives: «никогда» (never) still requires «не» on the verb. «Бывало» is the iterative-frequentative of «быть» ('used to happen'), so the whole reads 'it never used to happen at all.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег не требовало","title":"Genitive of negation: «денег»","body":"Under negation the object of «требовать» (to require) shifts from accusative to genitive: «денег» (gen.) not «деньги». 'What happened did not require money' — the genitive is the regular signal of a negated, non-specific object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а что было, то … на «это» денег не требовало","title":"Correlative «что … то»","body":"The bookish correlative pairs the relative «что» ('that which') with the demonstrative «то' that picks it up in the main clause: 'and as for what happened, that…'. It is a hallmark of literary, period-elevated syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of фантом","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"свинский","lemma":"свинский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фантом","gloss":"swinish"},{"surface":"фантом","lemma":"фантом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это (elided copula)","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывало (genitive under negation)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of требовало, correlate of что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"strictly speaking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of требовало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of требовало (genitive under negation)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies требовало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"требовало","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бывало","gloss":"required"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c4-s4","source":"У меня деньги — аксессуар, жар души, обстановка.","translation":"With me money is an accessory, a fever of the soul, a setting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня деньги — аксессуар","title":"«у меня» possessive + zero copula","body":"«У меня» (lit. 'at me', genitive after «у») is Russia's normal way to say 'I have'. The dash after «деньги» stands in for the dropped present-tense 'to be': 'money [is] an accessory' — three nominative predicates strung after the missing verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жар души","title":"«жар души» — a fever of the soul","body":"«Жар» is heat, fever, ardour; «жар души» ('the soul's heat') is exactly Dmitri's romantic self-image — money not as wealth but as the fuel of passion. «Обстановка» that follows means the 'setting, surroundings, trappings' of a scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique adjunct of the sentence","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the sentence (elided есть)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"аксессуар","lemma":"аксессуар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of деньги","gloss":"an accessory"},{"surface":"жар","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with аксессуар","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жар","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"обстановка","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with аксессуар","gloss":"a setting"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c4-s5","source":"Ныне вот она моя дама, завтра на ее месте уличная девчоночка.","translation":"Today she is my fine lady; tomorrow a streetwalking little wench takes her place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ныне","title":"«ныне» — today, nowadays","body":"«Ныне» is an elevated, archaic-flavoured 'now/today', set in deliberate antithesis to plain «завтра» (tomorrow). The high word for 'today' lends his boast a mock-solemn, almost liturgical swing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уличная девчоночка","title":"Double diminutive «девчоночка»","body":"«Девчоночка» heaps diminutive on diminutive (девка → девчонка → девчоночка) — a streetwalking 'little wench'. The suffix here is dismissive and pitying at once, the affectionate-contemptuous tone Dmitri uses for the women he ruins."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на ее месте","title":"Word order: comment fronting","body":"Russian's free word order lets him front the adverbials «Ныне» and «завтра на её месте» for rhetorical antithesis, leaving the new information at the rhythmic close. Cases keep the sense clear however the words are arranged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дама (temporal)","gloss":"Today"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes она","gloss":"there","note":"Emphatic particle, roughly \"there, see\" — points at the present state of affairs."},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дама","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дама","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fine lady"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девчоночка (temporal)","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of девчоночка","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"уличная","lemma":"уличный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девчоночка","gloss":"streetwalking"},{"surface":"девчоночка","lemma":"девчоночка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel predicate to дама","gloss":"little wench"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c4-s6","source":"И ту и другую веселю, деньги бросаю пригоршнями, музыка, гам, цыганки.","translation":"I amuse both the one and the other, I fling money about by the fistful — music, uproar, gypsy girls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ту и другую веселю","title":"Accusative objects «ту … другую»","body":"«И ту и другую» ('both the one and the other') are accusative feminine objects of «веселю» (I amuse), the demonstrative «та» and «другая» declined together. The verb is present imperfective — his habitual practice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пригоршнями","title":"«пригоршнями» — by the fistful","body":"«Пригоршня» is a handful/cupped-hands measure; the instrumental plural «пригоршнями' means 'by the handful, in fistfuls'. The case here carries a manner sense — how the money is flung."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative и...и, links ту and другую","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of веселю","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ту, direct object of веселю","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"веселю","lemma":"веселить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I amuse"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of бросаю","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"бросаю","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веселю","gloss":"I fling"},{"surface":"пригоршнями","lemma":"пригоршня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросаю","gloss":"by the fistful"},{"surface":"музыка","lemma":"музыка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory list, coordinated with гам","gloss":"music"},{"surface":"гам","lemma":"гам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with музыка","gloss":"uproar"},{"surface":"цыганки","lemma":"цыганка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with музыка","gloss":"gypsy girls"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c4-s7","source":"Коли надо, и ей даю, потому что берут, берут с азартом, в этом надо признаться, и довольны, и благодарны.","translation":"And if need be I give to her too, because they take it — they take it greedily, that has to be admitted — and they are content, and they are grateful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Коли","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial, rustic equivalent of «если» ('if, when'). Dmitri's speech is shot through with such peasant-flavoured words, marking his deliberately earthy, unbuttoned manner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с азартом","title":"«с азартом» — with greedy zeal","body":"«Азарт» is heated, gambling passion — fervour bordering on frenzy. «Брать с азартом» means to seize on something avidly, with a gambler's hunger; the instrumental «с азартом» states the manner of taking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"берут, берут с азартом","title":"Indefinite 3rd-person plural «берут»","body":"«Берут» ('they take') has no stated subject — an indefinite 'they/people', a very common Russian way to generalise about unnamed agents. The doubling «берут, берут» is emphatic insistence, typical of Dmitri's breathless rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of надо","gloss":"If","note":"Colloquial/archaic form of «если» (if)."},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the conditional clause","gloss":"need be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ей","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of даю","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I give"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"берут","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on даю","gloss":"they take"},{"surface":"берут","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with берут","gloss":"they take"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азартом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"азартом","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of берут","gloss":"gusto"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признаться","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, governs признаться","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"признаться","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольны","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate parallel to берут","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благодарны","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with довольны","gloss":"grateful"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c4-s8","source":"Барыньки меня любили, не все, а случалось, случалось; но я всегда переулочки любил, глухие и темные закоулочки, за площадью, — там приключения, там неожиданности, там самородки в грязи.","translation":"Fine ladies loved me — not all of them, but it happened, it happened; only I always loved the back alleys, the blind, dark little byways behind the square — there lie adventures, there lie the unexpected, there lie the nuggets of gold in the mire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Барыньки","title":"«барынька» — a fine little lady","body":"«Барынька» is the diminutive of «барыня» (a lady, a gentlewoman, mistress of serfs). The suffix half-endears, half-condescends — these are the genteel ladies of his world, viewed with fond mockery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переулочки … закоулочки","title":"Diminutive 'little byways'","body":"«Переулочки» (little side-streets) and «закоулочки» (little back-alleys, blind nooks) are diminutives of «переулок» and «закоулок». The cooing suffixes lend a tender, intimate relish to the seedy places he loves — soon turned allegorical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"случалось, случалось","title":"Impersonal «случалось»","body":"«Случалось» ('it happened') is a subjectless, neuter impersonal verb — there is no nominative actor, just the bare 'it used to happen.' The imperfective doubling stresses an intermittent, recurring fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"там приключения, там неожиданности, там самородки","title":"Anaphoric «там» with zero copula","body":"Three verbless clauses, each opening with «там» ('there [are]…'), build an incantatory triad. The present 'to be' is simply absent, and the threefold «там» drives the rhetorical rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самородки в грязи","title":"«самородок» — a nugget of native gold","body":"«Самородок» is a raw nugget of native metal (and, figuratively, an untutored natural genius). «Самородки в грязи» — gold nuggets in the mire — is Dmitri's image for unspoiled beauty found in low places, the romantic core of his confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Барыньки","lemma":"барынька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"Fine ladies"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Барыньки, subject of elided любили","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"impersonal predicate, coordinated with любили","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with случалось","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"переулочки","lemma":"переулочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"back alleys"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любили","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"глухие","lemma":"глухой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies закоулочки","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with глухие","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"закоулочки","lemma":"закоулочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with переулочки, direct object of любил","gloss":"little byways"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площадью","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"площадью","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of elliptical clause with приключения","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"приключения","lemma":"приключение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of elliptical там-clause","gloss":"adventures"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of elliptical clause with неожиданности","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"неожиданности","lemma":"неожиданность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of elliptical там-clause, coordinated with приключения","gloss":"the unexpected"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of elliptical clause with самородки","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"самородки","lemma":"самородок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of elliptical там-clause, coordinated with приключения","gloss":"nuggets"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грязи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грязи","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies самородки","gloss":"the mire"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c4-s9","source":"Я, брат, аллегорически говорю.","translation":"I am speaking allegorically, brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат","title":"«брат» as direct address","body":"Throughout the monologue Dmitri calls Alyosha «брат» — both literally 'brother' and as a warm, buttonholing term of address ('old chap, my friend'). It is the intimate register in which the whole confession is pitched."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"аллегорически","lemma":"аллегорически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"allegorically"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am speaking"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c4-s10","source":"У нас в городишке таких переулков вещественных не было, но нравственные были.","translation":"In our little town there were no such alleys in the literal sense, but there were moral ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городишке","title":"Pejorative «городишко»","body":"«Городишко» is «город» (town) with the belittling suffix -ишк-: a wretched, paltry little town. The suffix conveys contempt rather than mere smallness — exactly Dmitri's view of the provincial backwater of his garrison days."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переулков … не было","title":"Genitive subject of «не было»","body":"The negated existential «не было» ('there were not') forces its subject into the genitive: «таких переулков вещественных не было». The neuter singular «было» stays invariant — the absent thing cannot be the grammatical nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вещественных … нравственные","title":"«вещественный» vs «нравственный»","body":"He opposes «вещественный» (material, physical, literal) to «нравственный» (moral). The pivot from physical alleys to 'moral' ones is the allegory he just announced — the corruption is inward, not on any map."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"In","note":"Idiom «у нас» = \"at our place, in our town\"."},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городишке","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of переулков","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"переулков","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"alleys"},{"surface":"вещественных","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies переулков","gloss":"literal"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нравственные","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"moral ones"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause, existential","gloss":"there were"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c4-s11","source":"Но если бы ты был то, что я, ты понял бы, что эти значат.","translation":"But if you were what I am, you would understand what these mean.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты был … ты понял бы","title":"Counterfactual with «бы»","body":"A textbook contrary-to-fact conditional: «если бы» + past «был» in the if-clause, past «понял» + «бы» in the main clause — 'if you were…, you would understand…'. The particle «бы» makes both verbs irrealis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что я","title":"Correlative «то, что» — 'what'","body":"«То, что я» means 'that which I [am]', the demonstrative «то» plus relative «что» functioning together as 'what'. The copula is dropped, so it reads literally 'that which I'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker on был","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to то","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula in relative clause modifying то","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"would understand"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker on понял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of значат","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of значат","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"значат","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"mean"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c4-s12","source":"Любил разврат, любил и срам разврата.","translation":"I loved debauchery; I loved the shame of debauchery too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любил разврат, любил и срам разврата","title":"Dropped pronoun + topic-fronted verb","body":"The subject «я» is omitted — the past «любил» already signals masculine singular. Beginning successive clauses with the bare verb «Любил» gives a hammering, confessional anaphora; the «и» means 'also' ('loved the shame too')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"срам разврата","title":"«срам» — shame, disgrace","body":"«Срам» is a strong, old word for shame/disgrace (also coarsely for the genitals). «Срам разврата» — 'the shame of debauchery' — captures the perverse twist that Dmitri loved not just the vice but its very shamefulness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I loved"},{"surface":"разврат","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Любил","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любил","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes срам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"срам","lemma":"срам","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"the shame"},{"surface":"разврата","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срам","gloss":"of debauchery"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c4-s13","source":"Любил жестокость: разве я не клоп, не злое насекомое?","translation":"I loved cruelty: am I not a bedbug, a malicious insect?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве я не клоп, не злое насекомое?","title":"Rhetorical «разве … не»","body":"«Разве» introduces an incredulous rhetorical question expecting agreement: 'am I not, after all…?'. Combined with negated predicate nouns «не клоп, не насекомое» it presses Alyosha to concede the self-accusation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клоп … насекомое","title":"«клоп» — the bedbug self-image","body":"«Клоп» (bedbug) and «насекомое» (insect) become Dmitri's recurring emblem for the lustful, parasitic 'insect' inside him — an image he returns to across this chapter and that echoes the Karamazov 'voluptuousness' («сладострастие»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I loved"},{"surface":"жестокость","lemma":"жестокость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Любил","gloss":"cruelty"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies клоп (interrogative)","gloss":"am I not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula, predicate клоп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies клоп","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"клоп","lemma":"клоп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (я не клоп)","gloss":"a bedbug"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies насекомое","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"насекомое","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with клоп","gloss":"insect"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c4-s14","source":"Сказано — Карамазов!","translation":"It is said and done — a Karamazov!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сказано — Карамазов!","title":"Short passive participle «сказано»","body":"«Сказано» is the short (predicative) neuter past passive participle of «сказать» — 'it is said / it has been said', used impersonally. The clipped, verbless punch 'Said — a Karamazov!' lands like a verdict on the family nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular","role":"impersonal predicate, head of the exclamation","gloss":"Said and done","note":"Echoes the saying «сказано — сделано» (no sooner said than done); here it means \"that settles it\"."},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory apposition","gloss":"a Karamazov"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c4-s15","source":"Раз пикник всем городом был, поехали на семи тройках; в темноте, зимой, в санях, стал я жать одну соседскую девичью ручку и принудил к поцелуям эту девочку, дочку чиновника, бедную, милую, кроткую, безответную.","translation":"Once the whole town went on a picnic, we drove out in seven troikas; in the dark, in winter, in the sleigh, I began to press a certain neighbor girl's young hand and forced this little girl to kiss me — a clerk's daughter, poor, sweet, meek, defenseless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на семи тройках","title":"Numeral «семи» + genitive plural","body":"After numerals five and above the counted noun stands in the genitive plural: «семь троек». Here the preposition «на» pulls the whole phrase into the prepositional, so «семи тройках» — the numeral and noun re-decline together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девичью ручку","title":"Tender diminutive «ручка»","body":"«Ручка» is the diminutive of «рука» (hand) — a 'little hand', here a girl's. The caressing suffix, paired with «девичью» (maidenly), softens and sentimentalises the predatory act he is describing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кроткую, безответную","title":"«кроткая, безответная» — meek and defenceless","body":"«Кроткий» (meek, gentle) and «безответный» (uncomplaining, unable to answer back, defenceless) are key Dostoevskian moral words. They mark the girl as one of the suffering, submissive innocents the novel sets against Karamazov violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был/поехали (temporal, \"once\")","gloss":"Once"},{"surface":"пикник","lemma":"пикник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a picnic"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies городом","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городом","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of был","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking пикник to городом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поехали","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with был","gloss":"we drove out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"семи","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тройках","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"тройках","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поехали","gloss":"troikas","note":"A troika — a traditional Russian sleigh or carriage drawn by three horses abreast."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"зимой","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with темноте","gloss":"in winter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking санях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"санях","lemma":"сани","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with темноте","gloss":"the sleigh"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жать","lemma":"жать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to press"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ручку","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"соседскую","lemma":"соседский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"neighbor"},{"surface":"девичью","lemma":"девичий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жать","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принудил","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поцелуям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поцелуям","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of принудил","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девочку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"девочку","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принудил","gloss":"little girl"},{"surface":"дочку","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девочку","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дочку","gloss":"of a clerk"},{"surface":"бедную","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку (apposition)","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"милую","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку (apposition)","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"кроткую","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку (apposition)","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"безответную","lemma":"безответный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку (apposition)","gloss":"defenseless"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c4-s16","source":"Позволила, многое позволила в темноте.","translation":"She allowed it, allowed a great deal in the dark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позволила, многое позволила","title":"Subjectless feminine past «позволила»","body":"The pronoun «она» is dropped; the feminine -ла ending alone tells us the girl is the subject. The emphatic repetition «Позволила, многое позволила» ('allowed, allowed a great deal') is Dmitri's insistent, self-incriminating cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позволила","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis before позволила","gloss":"She allowed"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of позволила","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"позволила","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволила","gloss":"the dark"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c4-s17","source":"Думала, бедняжка, что я завтра за ней приеду и предложение сделаю (меня ведь, главное, за жениха ценили); а я с ней после того ни слова, пять месяцев ни полслова.","translation":"She thought, poor thing, that the next day I would come for her and make my proposal (for above all I was prized as a bridegroom); yet after that I never said a word to her, not half a word for five months.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бедняжка","title":"«бедняжка» — poor little thing","body":"«Бедняжка» is a pitying diminutive, 'poor little thing/dear', from «бедный» (poor). It drips with the sentimental compassion Dmitri feels even as he recounts wronging her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приеду … сделаю","title":"Perfective future inside reported thought","body":"«Приеду» (will come, prefixed perfective of motion) and «сделаю» (will make) are perfective verbs conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future act — 'I would come and make a proposal', as she imagined it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня ведь, главное, за жениха ценили","title":"Particle «ведь» + indefinite «ценили»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'for, you see, after all'. The subjectless plural «ценили» ('they prized') again generalises about the townsfolk, and «за жениха» ('as a bridegroom') uses «за» + accusative for 'in the capacity of'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни слова … ни полслова","title":"Emphatic «ни … ни»","body":"«Ни слова, ни полслова» ('not a word, not half a word') uses «ни» to intensify the negation begun by «не» in «ни слова не [сказал]». «Полслова' (half a word) caps the escalation — the genitive after «ни» marks the utterly absent object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"She thought"},{"surface":"бедняжка","lemma":"бедняжка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the implied subject (she)","gloss":"poor thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приеду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приеду","gloss":"the next day"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приеду","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"приеду","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Думала","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"my proposal"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приеду","gloss":"would make"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ценили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ценили","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ценили","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жениха","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ценили","gloss":"a bridegroom"},{"surface":"ценили","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"was prized"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb, governs ни слова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of elided verb (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies месяцев","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with слова (temporal parallel)","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полслова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полслова","lemma":"полслова","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слова","gloss":"half a word"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c4-s18","source":"Видел, как следили за мной из угла залы, когда, бывало, танцуют (а у нас то и дело что танцуют), ее глазки, видел, как горели огоньком — огоньком кроткого негодования.","translation":"I saw how her eyes used to follow me from the corner of the hall whenever there was dancing (and at our place there was dancing all the time) — I saw how they burned with a little flame, the little flame of meek indignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следили за мной","title":"«следить за» + instrumental","body":"«Следить за» ('to watch, keep one's eyes on') governs the instrumental: «за мной» (after me, with the instrumental of «я»). The verb is imperfective, and «бывало» reinforces the habitual sense — her eyes used to follow him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазки … огоньком","title":"Diminutives «глазки», «огонёк»","body":"«Глазки» (little eyes) and «огонёк» (a little flame, the diminutive of «огонь») soften and intensify at once. The repeated «огоньком — огоньком кроткого негодования» turns the diminutive into a lyrical refrain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывало, танцуют","title":"«бывало» as habitual marker","body":"«Бывало» ('it used to be, would happen'), set off by commas, is an adverbial frequentative that turns the present «танцуют» into a recollected habit — 'whenever there used to be dancing'. A common device for nostalgic narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"следили","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видел","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной (idiom следить за)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of следили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угла","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следили","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угла","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of танцуют","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to танцуют","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"танцуют","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on следили","gloss":"dancing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of танцуют","gloss":"our place"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom «то и дело», modifying танцуют","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom «то и дело»","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то, idiom «то и дело»","gloss":"time","note":"Idiom «то и дело» = \"constantly, all the time\"."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces танцуют within the idiom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"танцуют","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to танцуют","gloss":"dancing"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of следили","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"second main verb, parallel to Видел","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of горели","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"горели","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"огоньком","lemma":"огонёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горели","gloss":"with a flame"},{"surface":"огоньком","lemma":"огонёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to огоньком","gloss":"the flame"},{"surface":"кроткого","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодования","gloss":"of meek"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies огоньком","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c4-s19","source":"Забавляла эта игра только мое сладострастие насекомого, которое я в себе кормил.","translation":"That game only tickled the insect's voluptuousness in me, the one I was feeding in myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое я в себе кормил","title":"Relative «которое» + reflexive «в себе»","body":"«Которое» (neuter, agreeing with «сладострастие») heads a relative clause but takes accusative as the object of «кормил» (I fed). «В себе» ('in myself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» referring back to the subject «я»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастие","title":"«сладострастие» — voluptuousness","body":"«Сладострастие» (lit. 'sweet-passion') is bookish 'voluptuousness, sensuality' — one of the novel's master-words for the carnal Karamazov drive. He calls it 'the insect's voluptuousness', the appetite he deliberately «кормил» (fed) in himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Забавляла","lemma":"забавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tickled"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of игра","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"игра","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Забавляла","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сладострастие","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сладострастие","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сладострастие","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Забавляла","gloss":"voluptuousness"},{"surface":"насекомого","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сладострастие","gloss":"of the insect"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кормил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кормил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of кормил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"кормил","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сладострастие (via которое)","gloss":"was feeding"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c4-s20","source":"Чрез пять месяцев она за чиновника вышла и уехала… сердясь и всё еще любя, может быть.","translation":"Five months later she married the clerk and went away… still angry, and perhaps still loving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чрез","title":"«чрез» — archaic «через»","body":"«Чрез» is the contracted, bookish/Church-Slavonic form of «через» ('after, across, through'), here 'after five months'. The full-vowel/short doublet is a period-elevated touch typical of the novel's prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за чиновника вышла","title":"«выйти за» — to marry (of a woman)","body":"«Выйти замуж за» + accusative is the idiom for a woman marrying someone: «за чиновника вышла» — 'she married the clerk'. «Вышла» is the perfective of motion («выйти»), and «уехала» that follows is likewise perfective — two completed events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердясь и всё еще любя","title":"Imperfective gerunds «сердясь … любя»","body":"«Сердясь» (being angry) and «любя» (loving) are present (imperfective) деепричастия in -я — adverbial participles giving the attendant circumstance of «уехала»: 'she went away [while] still angry and still loving'. They share the main subject, the girl."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяцев","gloss":"After","note":"Archaic/literary form of «через» (after, in)."},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies месяцев","gloss":"Five"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition Чрез, adverbial on вышла","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновника","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уехала","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышла","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"сердясь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уехала","gloss":"still angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сердясь and любя","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любя (intensifier)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любя","gloss":"even now"},{"surface":"любя","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уехала, coordinated with сердясь","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical predicate, governs быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c4-s21","source":"Теперь они счастливо живут.","translation":"Now they live happily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"счастливо живут","title":"Present imperfective «живут»","body":"«Живут» ('they live') is the 3rd-person plural present of imperfective «жить» — a present state, here a bare, almost rueful coda. The adverb «счастливо» (happily) does the emotional work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of живут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"счастливо","lemma":"счастливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"happily"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c4-s22","source":"Заметь, что я никому не сказал, не ославил; я хоть и низок желаниями и низость люблю, но я не бесчестен.","translation":"Note that I told no one, that I did not disgrace her; for though I am base in my desires and love baseness, I am not dishonorable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметь","title":"Imperative «заметь»","body":"«Заметь» is the singular imperative of perfective «заметить» (to note, notice) — 'mark this'. Built on the present/future stem with the soft sign, it is the familiar ты-command he keeps throwing at Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому не сказал","title":"Negative concord «никому … не»","body":"«Никому» ('to no one', dative of «никто») still demands «не» on the verb: 'I told no one'. The dative «никому» is the indirect object of «сказал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и низок … но я не бесчестен","title":"Short adjectives «низок», «бесчестен»","body":"«Низок» (base) and «бесчестен» (dishonourable) are short (predicative) adjective forms of «низкий» and «бесчестный». The short form, bookish and absolute, states a defining moral quality — 'I am base… but I am not dishonourable.' The «хоть… но» frames the concession."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ославил","title":"«ославить» — to defame, expose","body":"«Ославить» means to spread shameful talk about someone, to blacken their name. Dmitri's point of honour: he debauched but never «ославил» — never made the affair public to ruin the woman. The word recurs in s29."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative), introduces object clause via что","gloss":"Note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Заметь","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ославил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ославил","lemma":"ославить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал (object clause of Заметь)","gloss":"disgraced her"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of низок","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies низок","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies низок","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"низок","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я (concessive clause)","gloss":"am base"},{"surface":"желаниями","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of низок","gloss":"in my desires"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"низость","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with низок","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бесчестен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бесчестен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бесчестен","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я, contrastive main clause","gloss":"dishonorable"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c4-s23","source":"Ты краснеешь, у тебя глаза сверкнули.","translation":"You are blushing, your eyes have flashed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глаза сверкнули","title":"Semelfactive perfective «сверкнули»","body":"«Сверкнули» (flashed) is the perfective past of «сверкнуть», whose -ну- suffix marks a single instantaneous flash, against imperfective «краснеешь» (are blushing, an ongoing process) in the same breath — a neat aspect contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of краснеешь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"краснеешь","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are blushing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя (possessive idiom)","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of глаза (у + genitive construction)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with краснеешь","gloss":"have flashed"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c4-s24","source":"Довольно с тебя этой грязи.","translation":"Enough of this filth for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Довольно с тебя этой грязи","title":"«довольно с тебя» + genitive","body":"«Довольно» ('enough') governs the genitive of the thing one has had enough of: «этой грязи» (gen., 'this filth'). «С тебя» ('for/of you', genitive after «с») adds the person — an idiomatic, verbless 'enough of this filth for you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя (idiom «с тебя»)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Довольно (idiom с + genitive)","gloss":"you","note":"Idiom «довольно с тебя» = \"that's enough for you\"."},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of грязи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"грязи","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"partitive complement of Довольно","gloss":"filth"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c4-s25","source":"И всё это еще только так, цветочки польдекоковские, хотя жестокое насекомое уже росло, уже разрасталось в душе.","translation":"And all this is still only so much — little Paul de Kock blossoms — though the cruel insect was already growing, already spreading wider within my soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цветочки … ягодки","title":"«цветочки» — only the flowers (worse to come)","body":"«Цветочки» (little flowers) leans on the proverb «это ещё цветочки, а ягодки впереди» — 'these are only the blossoms, the berries are yet to come', i.e. the real, worse thing lies ahead. The diminutive belittles what he has confessed so far."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже росло, уже разрасталось","title":"Imperfective past of growth","body":"«Росло» (was growing) and «разрасталось» (was spreading out) are imperfective neuter pasts agreeing with «насекомое». The pair pictures a continuing, swelling process — the insect within steadily enlarging, not a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"цветочки","lemma":"цветочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to это/так","gloss":"blossoms"},{"surface":"польдекоковские","lemma":"польдекоковский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies цветочки","gloss":"Paul de Kock","note":"Refers to Paul de Kock, a 19th-century French novelist known for racy, lightweight romances — used here to mean frivolous, risqué escapades."},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of росло","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"жестокое","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies насекомое","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"насекомое","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of росло","gloss":"insect"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies росло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"росло","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause (хотя-clause)","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрасталось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"разрасталось","lemma":"разрастаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with росло","gloss":"spreading wider"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрасталось","gloss":"my soul"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c4-s26","source":"Тут, брат, целый альбом воспоминаний.","translation":"There is a whole album of memories here, brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целый альбом воспоминаний","title":"Zero copula + genitive «воспоминаний»","body":"Verbless present: 'here [is] a whole album of memories.' «Воспоминаний» is the genitive plural ('of memories') governed by «альбом» — the 'of' relation that the genitive carries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical existential clause","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies альбом","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"альбом","lemma":"альбом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical existential clause (Тут)","gloss":"album"},{"surface":"воспоминаний","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies альбом","gloss":"of memories"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c4-s27","source":"Пусть им бог, миленьким, здоровья пошлет.","translation":"May God grant them health, the dear little things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть им бог … здоровья пошлет","title":"3rd-person imperative «пусть … пошлет»","body":"«Пусть» + a perfective future («пошлёт») forms a third-person command/wish — 'may God send them…'. «Им» is dative (to them), «здоровья» partitive genitive (some health) — a folk-prayer construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"миленьким","title":"«миленькие» — the dear little ones","body":"«Миленький» heaps the affectionate suffix -еньк- on «милый» (dear): 'dear little ones'. In the dative «миленьким», it tenderly names the women he ruined, the sentimentality that coexists in Dmitri with his cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"forms hortative with пошлет","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пошлет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошлет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"миленьким","lemma":"миленький","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies им","gloss":"the dear little things"},{"surface":"здоровья","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пошлет","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"пошлет","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will send"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c4-s28","source":"Я, разрывая, любил не ссориться.","translation":"When I broke things off, I liked not to quarrel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я, разрывая, любил не ссориться","title":"Gerund «разрывая»","body":"«Разрывая» (breaking off, severing) is the imperfective present деепричастие of «разрывать» — 'while breaking [relations] off'. It shares the subject «я» and frames the circumstance: in breaking up, he liked «не ссориться» (not to quarrel)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разрывая","lemma":"разрывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"breaking things off"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ссориться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ссориться","lemma":"ссориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to quarrel"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c4-s29","source":"И никогда не выдавал, никогда ни одну не ославил.","translation":"And I never betrayed any of them, never disgraced a single one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда ни одну не ославил","title":"Triple negative concord","body":"«Никогда… ни одну… не» piles three negatives for one meaning: 'never disgraced a single one.' «Ни одну» (not a single, accusative feminine) and «никогда» both still require «не» on «ославил' — Russian's obligatory negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдавал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдавал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдавал","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ославил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ославил","gloss":"a single one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ославил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ославил","lemma":"ославить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдавал","gloss":"disgraced"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c4-s30","source":"Но довольно.","translation":"But enough.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c4-s31","source":"Неужели ты думал, что я тебя для этой только дряни зазвал сюда?","translation":"Did you really think I called you here only for this rubbish?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели ты думал","title":"Particle «неужели»","body":"«Неужели» is an emphatic interrogative particle of astonished disbelief — 'surely not…?, you don't mean…?, did you really…?'. It loads the question with incredulity rather than asking for plain information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для этой только дряни зазвал","title":"«для» + genitive of purpose","body":"«Для этой дряни» ('for this rubbish') uses «для» + genitive to give the purpose. «Зазвал» is the perfective of «зазывать» (to call/lure someone over) — he summoned Alyosha here for a reason far beyond this 'rubbish'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дряни","title":"«дрянь» — trash, rubbish","body":"«Дрянь» is a dismissive word for worthless trash, rot, rubbish — also used of a contemptible person. Here Dmitri brushes aside his own lurid confessions as mere «дрянь» before turning to the real matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"did you really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зазвал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зазвал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зазвал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дряни","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дряни","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дряни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дряни","lemma":"дрянь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвал","gloss":"rubbish"},{"surface":"зазвал","lemma":"зазвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зазвал","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c4-s32","source":"Нет, я тебе любопытнее вещь расскажу; но не удивляйся, что не стыжусь тебя, а как будто даже и рад.","translation":"No, I will tell you a more curious thing; only do not be surprised that I am not ashamed before you, but seem almost even glad of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стыжусь тебя","title":"Reflexive «стыдиться» + genitive","body":"«Стыдиться» ('to be ashamed') is an inherently reflexive -ся verb that governs the genitive of whom one is ashamed before: «стыжусь тебя» — 'ashamed before you'. The «-сь» (after the vowel) is the reflexive clitic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удивляйся","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не удивляйся»","body":"A prohibition uses «не» + the imperfective imperative: «не удивляйся» ('don't be surprised'), from reflexive «удивляться». Negative commands strongly prefer the imperfective aspect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to расскажу","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любопытнее","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"more curious"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расскажу","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивляйся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удивляйся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расскажу","gloss":"be surprised"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыжусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивляйся","gloss":"am ashamed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"genitive complement of стыжусь","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стыжусь","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c4-s33","source":"— Это ты оттого, что я покраснел, — вдруг заметил Алеша.","translation":"— That is because I blushed, — Alyosha suddenly remarked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ты оттого, что я покраснел","title":"Correlative «оттого, что»","body":"«Оттого, что» ('because of the fact that') is a causal correlative — the demonstrative «оттого» pointing forward to the «что»-clause that supplies the reason: 'that is because I blushed.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заметил","title":"«заметить» — to remark","body":"Beside its sense 'to notice', «заметить» means 'to remark, observe (aloud)' — the narrator's verb for Alyosha's quiet interjection. The perfective marks a single completed utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оттого","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, is because","gloss":"is because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покраснел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"blushed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c4-s34","source":"— Я не от твоих речей покраснел и не за твои дела, а за то, что я то же самое, что и ты.","translation":"— I did not blush at your words, nor for your deeds, but because I am the very same as you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от твоих речей … а за то, что","title":"Contrastive «не … а»","body":"«Не… а…» is the corrective 'not X but rather Y'. Alyosha distinguishes three causes with shifting prepositions: «от речей» (from your words), «за дела» (for your deeds), «за то, что…» (because…) — a careful, scrupulous denial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то же самое, что и ты","title":"«тот же самый» — the very same","body":"«То же самое, что и ты» means 'the very same thing as you'. «Тот же самый» (the identical) is reinforced by «же», and «что и» introduces the standard of comparison — 'as you [are].'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of речей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"речей","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of покраснел","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of покраснел","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покраснел","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"compared with я","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c4-s35","source":"— Ты-то? Ну, хватил немного далеко.","translation":"— You? Well, that's reaching a bit far.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты-то?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «ты» singles out and stresses a known topic — 'You, of all people?'. It is distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it marks incredulous focus on Alyosha himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хватил немного далеко","title":"«хватить далеко» — to go too far","body":"Colloquial «хватить (далеко)» here means 'to overshoot, exaggerate, go too far'. Dmitri's wry 'you've reached a bit far' gently mocks Alyosha for equating himself with him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Ты","gloss":"of all people"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"хватил","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хватил","gloss":"far"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c4-s36","source":"— Нет, не далеко, — с жаром проговорил Алеша.","translation":"— No, not far, — Alyosha said fervently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с жаром проговорил","title":"«с жаром» — instrumental of manner","body":"«С жаром» ('with heat/fervour', instrumental of «жар» after «с») states the manner of «проговорил» — said fervently. «Проговорить» is a perfective of speech, marking the single ardent utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to далеко","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"fervor"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c4-s37","source":"(Видимо, эта мысль давно уже в нем была).","translation":"(Evidently this thought had long been in him.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта мысль давно уже в нем была","title":"Existential «в нём была»","body":"'This thought had long been in him' — «в нём» (prepositional after «в», with н- prefixed to the pronoun) plus past «была» agreeing with feminine «мысль». «Давно уже» ('long since already') sets the lasting duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c4-s38","source":"— Всё одни и те же ступеньки.","translation":"— They are all the same steps.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ступеньки","title":"«ступеньки» — the steps (of the ladder)","body":"«Ступенька» is the diminutive of «ступень» (step, rung). The image of identical «ступеньки» of a single staircase of sin frames Dmitri's argument that he and Alyosha stand on the same ladder, only at different heights."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё одни и те же ступеньки","title":"«один и тот же» — one and the same","body":"«Одни и те же» is the set phrase for 'the very same (ones)', plural here to agree with «ступеньки». Both «один» and «тот» decline and agree; «всё» adverbially means 'all, entirely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ступеньки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the idiom одни и те же","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ступеньки","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"steps"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c4-s39","source":"Я на самой низшей, а ты вверху, где-нибудь на тринадцатой.","translation":"I am on the very lowest, and you are up above, somewhere around the thirteenth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на самой низшей","title":"Superlative «низший» + «самый»","body":"«Самой низшей» ('on the very lowest') doubles the superlative: «низший» is itself a bookish superlative of «низкий» (low), reinforced by «самый» (very). Both agree in feminine prepositional with the understood «ступеньке»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где-нибудь на тринадцатой","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"«Где-нибудь» ('somewhere or other, anywhere') with the non-specific particle «-нибудь» leaves the exact rung vague — 'up somewhere around the thirteenth'. «Тринадцатой» is the ordinal in feminine prepositional, agreeing with «ступеньке»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of низшей","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низшей","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies низшей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"низшей","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lowest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вверху","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вверху","lemma":"вверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with низшей","gloss":"up above"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тринадцатой","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тринадцатой","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"тринадцатой","lemma":"тринадцатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вверху","gloss":"the thirteenth"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c4-s40","source":"Я так смотрю на это дело, но это всё одно и то же, совершенно однородное.","translation":"That is how I look at this matter, but it is all one and the same, entirely of one kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это всё одно и то же, совершенно однородное","title":"«одно и то же» — one and the same","body":"«Одно и то же» (neuter) is the fixed 'one and the same thing'; «совершенно однородное» ('entirely of one kind, homogeneous') restates it as a verbless predicate after the dropped copula. The whole insists on the moral identity of high and low sins."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрю","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom одно и то же","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies однородное","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"однородное","lemma":"однородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"of one kind"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c4-s41","source":"Кто ступил на нижнюю ступеньку, тот всё равно непременно вступит и на верхнюю.","translation":"Whoever has set foot on the bottom step will, all the same, inevitably mount the top one as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто ступил … тот … вступит","title":"Correlative «кто … тот»","body":"The correlative «кто… тот…» means 'whoever… (that one)…': 'whoever has set foot on the bottom step, he will inevitably mount the top one too.' «Кто» heads the condition, «тот» resumes it as subject of the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступил … вступит","title":"Aspect: past «ступил» vs future «вступит»","body":"«Ступил» is perfective past (a single completed step taken); «вступит» is perfective future (a single completed step to come). The aspectual pairing — one foot already set, the other certain to follow — drives the determinism of his claim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail","body":"«Непременно» means 'inevitably, without fail, certainly'. Paired with «всё равно» ('all the same, anyway'), it hammers home the fatalism: once on the ladder, one is bound to climb it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ступил","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"ступил","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has stepped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступеньку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нижнюю","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ступеньку","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"ступеньку","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступил","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступит","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"вступит","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ступил","gloss":"will step"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верхнюю","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верхнюю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"верхнюю","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступит","gloss":"the top one"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c4-s42","source":"— Стало быть, совсем не вступать?","translation":"— Then one should not step on at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть, совсем не вступать?","title":"Infinitive of deliberation","body":"The bare infinitive «не вступать?» asks 'is one [then] not to step on at all?' — a deliberative/normative infinitive question with no subject, very common in Russian for 'should one…?'. «Стало быть» ('so, therefore') marks the inference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вступать","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Стало","gloss":"to step on"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c4-s43","source":"— Кому можно — совсем не вступать.","translation":"— Whoever can — should not step on at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кому можно — совсем не вступать","title":"Dative «кому» + «можно»","body":"«Кому можно» ('to whom it is possible/permitted') is the impersonal modal «можно» with a dative experiencer — 'whoever is able/allowed'. The construction has no nominative subject; the person stands in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вступать","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"step on"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c4-s44","source":"— А тебе — можно?","translation":"— And you — can you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А тебе — можно?","title":"Dative «тебе» + «можно»","body":"Elliptical for 'and for you, is it possible (to not step on)?' — «тебе» (dative) is the experiencer of impersonal «можно», the verb left understood. The contrastive «а» opens with a gentle shift back to Dmitri himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c4-s45","source":"— Кажется, нет.","translation":"— It seems not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кажется, нет","title":"Impersonal «кажется»","body":"«Кажется» ('it seems') is an impersonal parenthetical with no subject — Dmitri's wry, self-aware 'it seems not.' The bare «нет» negates the elided 'I can.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c4-s46","source":"— Молчи, Алеша, молчи, милый, хочется мне ручку твою поцеловать, так, из умиления.","translation":"— Hush, Alyosha, hush, dear boy; I feel like kissing your hand, just so, out of tenderness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи … молчи, милый","title":"Imperative «молчи» + vocative «милый»","body":"«Молчи» is the singular imperative of imperfective «молчать» (to be silent) — 'hush, stay quiet'. «Милый» ('dear one') is direct address to Alyosha, set off as the addressee of the command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочется мне ручку твою поцеловать","title":"Impersonal «хочется» + dative","body":"«Хочется мне» ('I feel like, there is a longing in me') is the impersonal reflexive «хотеться» with a dative experiencer «мне' — the urge happens to him rather than being willed. «Ручку» is the diminutive 'little hand', accusative object of «поцеловать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из умиления","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«Умиление» is a soft, melting tenderness — being moved to gentle, almost tearful affection. «Из умиления» ('out of tenderness') names the impulse behind kissing Alyosha's hand, a characteristically Russian devotional warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated imperative","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear boy"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I feel like"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хочется","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловать","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловать","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умиления","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловать","gloss":"tenderness"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c4-s47","source":"Эта шельма Грушенька знаток в человеках, она мне говорила однажды, что она когда-нибудь тебя съест.","translation":"That rogue Grushenka is a connoisseur of people; she told me once that someday she would devour you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шельма","title":"«шельма» — rogue, sly creature","body":"«Шельма» (from German Schelm) is an affectionate-abusive 'rogue, rascal, sly thing'. Applied to Grushenka, «эта шельма» mingles exasperation and admiration — the volatile fascination she holds for Dmitri."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаток в человеках","title":"Archaic «в человеках»","body":"«В человеках» ('in [judging] people') uses an old, bookish/Church-Slavonic prepositional plural of «человек» — the modern form would lean on «в людях». The phrase 'a connoisseur of human beings' carries a faintly scriptural ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда-нибудь тебя съест","title":"Perfective future «съест»","body":"«Съест» is the perfective future of «съесть» (to eat up, devour) — a single completed future act, here figurative ('she'd devour you'). «Когда-нибудь» ('someday or other') with «-нибудь» keeps the time non-specific."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шельма","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знаток","gloss":"rogue"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to шельма","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"знаток","lemma":"знаток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of шельма","gloss":"connoisseur"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеках","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"человеках","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies знаток","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of съест","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of съест","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies съест","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of съест","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"съест","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорила","gloss":"would devour"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c4-s48","source":"Молчу, молчу!","translation":"I'm hushing, I'm hushing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчу, молчу!","title":"Present «молчу» as self-command","body":"He answers his own 'hush!' with the 1st-person present «молчу, молчу» ('I'm silent, I'm silent!') — the imperfective present used performatively, almost comically, as a promise to stop talking. Even his vow to be quiet is doubled and excitable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчу","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm hushing"},{"surface":"молчу","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated, coordinated with Молчу","gloss":"I'm hushing"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c4-s49","source":"Из мерзостей, с поля, загаженного мухами, перейдем на мою трагедию, тоже на поле, загаженное мухами, то есть всякою низостью.","translation":"From these vile things, from a field befouled with flies, let us pass on to my tragedy — also a field befouled with flies, that is, with every kind of baseness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с поля, загаженного мухами","title":"Past passive participle «загаженного»","body":"«Загаженного мухами» is a past passive participle ('befouled, fly-blown') in the genitive agreeing with «поля». The agent that did the fouling, «мухами» (flies), stands in the instrumental — the regular passive pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перейдем на мою трагедию","title":"Hortative perfective future «перейдём»","body":"«Перейдём» (let us pass over) is a 1st-person-plural perfective future used as an exhortation — Russian's bare conjugated form for 'let's…'. «Перейти на» + accusative means to move/turn to a new subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерзостей … низостью","title":"«мерзость», «низость» — vileness, baseness","body":"«Мерзость» (abomination, vileness) and «низость» (baseness, meanness) are the abstract moral nouns Dmitri heaps up. The «-ость» suffix turns adjectives into named qualities — the bookish vocabulary of his self-disgust."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мерзостей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мерзостей","lemma":"мерзость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перейдем","gloss":"vile things"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поля","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"поля","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейдем","gloss":"a field"},{"surface":"загаженного","lemma":"загадить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying поля","gloss":"befouled"},{"surface":"мухами","lemma":"муха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"agent of загаженного","gloss":"with flies"},{"surface":"перейдем","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us move on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трагедию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трагедию","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"трагедию","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейдем","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поле","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поле","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейдем","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"загаженное","lemma":"загадить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying поле","gloss":"befouled"},{"surface":"мухами","lemma":"муха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"agent of загаженное","gloss":"with flies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"всякою","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies низостью","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"низостью","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мухами","gloss":"baseness"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c4-s50","source":"Дело-то ведь в том, что старикашка хоть и соврал об обольщении невинностей, но в сущности, в трагедии моей, это так ведь и было, хотя раз только было, да и то не состоялось.","translation":"For the thing is, you see, that although the old man lied about my seducing innocents, in essence, in my tragedy, that is just how it was — though it happened only once, and even then it never came to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело-то ведь в том, что","title":"«дело в том, что» + «-то» + «ведь»","body":"«Дело в том, что» is the set frame 'the thing is that…', with «в том» (prepositional) pointing ahead to the «что»-clause. The clitic «-то» on «дело» and the particle «ведь» ('you see, after all') together press his confiding emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соврал … небылицей","title":"«соврать», «небылица» — to lie, a fable","body":"«Соврать» is colloquial 'to fib, tell a lie'; «небылица» (lit. 'a thing that wasn't') is a tall tale, fabrication. Dmitri concedes his father «соврал» about the seductions, yet in essence the charge held true."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя раз только было, да и то не состоялось","title":"Concessive «хотя … да и то»","body":"«Хотя» (although) opens the concession; «да и то» ('and even that, and then only') further qualifies. «Не состоялось» (didn't take place, fell through) is impersonal perfective — 'and even then it never came off.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Дело","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соврал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старикашка","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соврал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies соврал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соврал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обольщении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"обольщении","lemma":"обольщение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соврал","gloss":"seducing"},{"surface":"невинностей","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies обольщении","gloss":"of innocents"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with том","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трагедии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трагедии","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with том","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трагедии","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоялось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоялось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"состоялось","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"came to pass"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c4-s51","source":"Старик, который меня же корил небылицей, этой-то штуки и не знает: я никому никогда не рассказывал, тебе первому сейчас расскажу, конечно Ивана исключая, Иван всё знает.","translation":"The old man, who reproached me with that very fiction, knows nothing of this part of it: I have never told anyone, you are the first I shall tell it to now — excepting Ivan, of course; Ivan knows everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старикашка","title":"Pejorative «старикашка»","body":"«Старикашка» is «старик» (old man) with the contemptuous suffix -ашк-: a mean, despicable little old man. It drips Dmitri's scorn for his father Fyodor — the affectionate-pejorative suffix-play that colours all his family feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который меня же корил небылицей","title":"Relative «который» + particle «же»","body":"«Который… меня же корил» — the relative «который» (who) heads the clause; «меня же» uses «же» to insist 'me, of all people'. «Корить» (to reproach) takes the instrumental of the thing reproached with, «небылицей' (with a fiction)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому никогда не рассказывал","title":"Stacked negatives with «не»","body":"«Никому никогда не рассказывал' — 'never told anyone, ever': dative «никому» (to no one) and «никогда» (never) both require the «не» on the verb, three negatives for one negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивана исключая","title":"Gerund «исключая»","body":"«Исключая» (excepting), the present gerund of «исключать», governs the accusative «Ивана» — 'excepting Ivan.' Here it has hardened into a quasi-preposition meaning 'except for', a common fate of frequent gerunds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of корил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of корил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"of all people"},{"surface":"корил","lemma":"корить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Старик","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"небылицей","lemma":"небылица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of корил","gloss":"with a fabrication"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штуки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этой","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"штуки","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"have told"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывал","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ивана","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of исключая","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"исключая","lemma":"исключать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies расскажу","gloss":"excepting"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c4-s52","source":"Раньше тебя давно знает.","translation":"He has known it long before you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раньше тебя давно знает","title":"Comparative «раньше» + genitive","body":"«Раньше тебя» ('earlier than you') is the predicative comparative «раньше» followed by the genitive of comparison «тебя' — Russian can express 'than' simply by putting the standard in the genitive. «Давно» adds 'long [since].'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Раньше","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Раньше","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has known"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c4-s53","source":"Но Иван — могила.","translation":"But Ivan — a tomb.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Иван — могила","title":"«могила» = utterly discreet","body":"Calling someone a «могила» (grave/tomb) is the idiom 'silent as the grave' — they keep a secret absolutely. The dash carries the dropped present-tense 'to be': «Иван — могила» reads 'Ivan [is] a tomb.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of могила","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"могила","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a tomb"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c4-s54","source":"— Иван — могила?","translation":"— Ivan — a tomb?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван — могила?","title":"Echo question, zero copula","body":"Alyosha simply repeats the clause as a question — same dash for the missing 'is', now with rising intonation. Russian needs no auxiliary or word-order change to turn the verbless statement into a query."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of могила","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"могила","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a tomb"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c4-s55","source":"— Да.","translation":"— Yes.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c4-s56","source":"Алеша слушал чрезвычайно внимательно.","translation":"Alyosha was listening with extreme attention.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал чрезвычайно внимательно","title":"Imperfective «слушал» for ongoing attention","body":"«Слушал» (was listening), imperfective past, paints a continuous background state, against which the dialogue's perfective verbs move. «Чрезвычайно внимательно» ('extraordinarily attentively') is an adverb of degree plus manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was listening"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внимательно","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"attentively"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c4-s57","source":"— Я ведь в этом баталионе, в линейном, хоть и прапорщиком состоял, но всё равно как бы под надзором, вроде как ссыльный какой.","translation":"— You see, in that battalion, in the line regiment, though I held the rank of ensign, I was all the same as if under surveillance, like some sort of exile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прапорщиком состоял","title":"Instrumental of the predicate «прапорщиком»","body":"«Состоять» ('to serve, hold a post') takes the instrumental of the role: «прапорщиком состоял» — 'served as / held the rank of ensign'. The instrumental frames the role as a held capacity, as with «быть» and «стать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вроде как ссыльный","title":"«ссыльный» — an exile","body":"«Ссыльный» is one banished into internal exile («ссылка»), a punishment central to 19th-century Russia. «Вроде как ссыльный какой» ('like some sort of exile') conveys Dmitri's sense of being half-disgraced and watched within his own regiment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (main verb elided)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle marking the whole clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баталионе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of баталионе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"баталионе","lemma":"баталион","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative adjunct of the sentence","gloss":"battalion","note":"Older 19th-c. spelling variant of батальон (battalion)."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking линейном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"линейном","lemma":"линейный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to баталионе (describes its type)","gloss":"the line [regiment]"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with состоял","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces хоть (concessive)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прапорщиком","lemma":"прапорщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of состоял","gloss":"as an ensign"},{"surface":"состоял","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"I served"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase всё равно ('all the same')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with всё (fixed phrase 'nevertheless')","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison как бы ('as if')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы ('as if')","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надзором","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"надзором","lemma":"надзор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of под (predicate of the implied verb)","gloss":"surveillance"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison вроде как ('like')","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase вроде как","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"ссыльный","lemma":"ссыльный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, in apposition with Я","gloss":"an exile"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"postposed indefinite determiner of ссыльный ('some sort of')","gloss":"some sort of"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c4-s58","source":"А городишко принимал меня страшно хорошо.","translation":"And yet the little town received me terribly well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"городишко принимал меня страшно хорошо","title":"Intensifier «страшно»","body":"«Страшно» literally 'frighteningly', but colloquially an intensifier 'terribly, awfully' = 'extremely well'. «Принимал» is imperfective past — the town habitually received him warmly. «Городишко» keeps its scornful suffix even as he praises the welcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"городишко","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принимал","gloss":"the little town"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимал","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c4-s59","source":"Денег я бросал много, верили, что я богат, я и сам тому верил.","translation":"I threw a great deal of money about; they believed I was rich, and I believed it myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Денег я бросал много","title":"Fronted partitive genitive «денег»","body":"«Денег» (genitive of «деньги») is fronted for emphasis — a partitive genitive object 'of money', much of it, with «много». Russian's free order lets the object lead the clause as topic while «много» weights the quantity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верили, что я богат, я и сам тому верил","title":"«верить» + dative «тому»","body":"«Верить» ('to believe') governs the dative of what is believed: «тому верил» ('believed that'). «Богат» is a short adjective ('[I am] rich'), and «я и сам» ('I myself too') uses the intensifier «сам»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of бросал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бросал","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw about"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросал","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"верили","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросал","gloss":"they believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of богат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of богат","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"богат","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of верили","gloss":"[was] rich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic: 'myself')","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросал (parallel main clause)","gloss":"believed"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c4-s60","source":"А впрочем, чем-то и другим я им, должно быть, угодил.","translation":"But besides, I must have pleased them in some other way too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем-то и другим","title":"Indefinite «чем-то»","body":"«Чем-то» (instrumental of «что-то», 'by something or other') uses the specific-but-unknown «-то» — he pleased them 'by something' he cannot quite name. «Угодить» + dative («им») means 'to please, gratify someone.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть, угодил","title":"Modal «должно быть» — must have","body":"«Должно быть» ('must be, probably'), an impersonal parenthetical, expresses inference: 'I must have pleased them.' It floats free of the sentence's grammar, a hedging aside typical of Dmitri's musing self-analysis."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying угодил","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of угодил ('with something')","gloss":"with something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with чем to form indefinite чем-то","gloss":"[indefinite marker]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies другим","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, singular, neuter","role":"coordinated with чем (forms чем-то другим, 'something else')","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of угодил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of угодил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase должно быть ('must have')","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"угодил","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c4-s61","source":"Хоть и головами покивали, а, право, любили.","translation":"Though they shook their heads, they really did love me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть и головами покивали, а … любили","title":"«Хоть … а» — concessive frame","body":"«Хоть(я)» opens a concessive ('even though') and is answered by the contrastive «а» rather than «но» — a softer, idiomatic 'and yet'. The «а» pivots the topic from their head-shaking to their real affection."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"головами покивали","title":"«покивать головой» — a quick shake of the head","body":"The prefix «по-» on «кивать» gives a brief, limited action — they 'gave their heads a shake'. «Головами» is instrumental, the means of the gesture; here it conveys disapproval, not assent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"право","title":"«право» — 'really, honestly'","body":"A parenthetical particle (literally 'rightly') asserting the speaker's sincerity — 'really, truly'. It belongs to the warm, confiding voice Mitya uses throughout this confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of покивали","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покивали (reinforces хоть)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"головами","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of покивали ('shook [their] heads')","gloss":"[their] heads"},{"surface":"покивали","lemma":"покивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by Хоть","gloss":"they shook"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любили (parenthetical: 'really')","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they loved [me]"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c4-s62","source":"Мой подполковник, старик уже, невзлюбил меня вдруг.","translation":"My lieutenant colonel, an old man by then, suddenly took a dislike to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невзлюбил меня вдруг","title":"Perfective «невзлюбить» — conceiving a dislike","body":"The perfective «невзлюбить» names a single completed event — the moment a dislike took hold — paired with «вдруг» ('suddenly'). It moves the narrative forward against the imperfective background, as perfective past tends to in storytelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подполковник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of невзлюбил","gloss":"lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to подполковник","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"невзлюбил","lemma":"невзлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took a dislike to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of невзлюбил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невзлюбил","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c4-s63","source":"Придирался ко мне; да рука у меня была, к тому же весь город за меня стоял, придраться нельзя было очень-то.","translation":"He kept finding fault with me; but I had a pull, and besides the whole town stood behind me, so it was not easy to find much fault.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рука у меня была","title":"«рука» — pull, connections","body":"Idiomatic «иметь руку» / «рука была» means to have an influential protector or 'pull'. Literally 'a hand', it figures patronage — someone highly placed who could shield him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придраться нельзя было очень-то","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было» + dative-less infinitive","body":"«нельзя было» ('it was not possible') is an impersonal predicate governing the infinitive «придраться» — a subjectless construction stating an external impossibility, with no nominative agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"очень-то","title":"The clitic «-то» softening 'much'","body":"The emphatic clitic «-то» attaches to «очень» to give a hedged 'not much, not really' — colloquial texture marking it as known, qualified information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Придирался","lemma":"придираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he kept finding fault"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Придирался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"рука","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a pull [influence]"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Придирался","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Придирался","gloss":"stood [behind]"},{"surface":"придраться","lemma":"придраться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to find fault"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Придирался","gloss":"was not possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"[it] was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle attached to очень","gloss":"[emphatic]"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c4-s64","source":"Виноват был я и сам, сам нарочно почтения не отдавал надлежащего.","translation":"I was at fault myself too — I deliberately withheld the proper respect.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Виноват был я и сам","title":"Short adjective «виноват» as predicate","body":"«виноват» is the short (predicative) form of «виноватый» — 'at fault, guilty'. Short adjectives can only predicate, never attribute, and carry the bookish, absolute flavour typical of confession. The fronted «виноват» also throws rhetorical weight onto the admission."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтения не отдавал надлежащего","title":"Genitive of negation + split phrase","body":"Under negation the object «почтение» shifts to genitive «почтения» ('did not render the respect'). Its adjective «надлежащего» ('proper, due') is stranded after the verb — a deliberate inversion that throws the emphasis onto 'proper'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of был","gloss":"at fault"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Виноват","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject я of отдавал (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдавал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"почтения","lemma":"почтение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отдавал","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдавал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдавал","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Виноват","gloss":"did not show"},{"surface":"надлежащего","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies почтения","gloss":"due"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c4-s65","source":"Гордился.","translation":"I was proud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гордился","title":"A one-word sentence: «-ся» verb, dropped subject","body":"«гордился» ('I was proud') is the reflexive «гордиться» in past tense; the «-ся» here is the lexical kind — the verb exists only in this form. The subject «я» is dropped, leaving a single charged word standing alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гордился","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was proud"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c4-s66","source":"У этого старого упрямца, недурного очень человека и добродушнейшего хлебосола, были когда-то две жены, обе померли.","translation":"This old stubborn fellow — not at all a bad man, and the most good-natured of hosts — had once had two wives, both of whom had died.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упрямца","title":"«упрямец» — a stubborn fellow","body":"An animate masculine noun from «упрямый» ('stubborn'); in genitive «упрямца» after «у этого … были». The whole phrase «у … были две жены» is the standard 'have' construction with «у» + genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добродушнейшего хлебосола","title":"«хлебосол» + superlative «-ейш-»","body":"«хлебосол» (literally 'bread-salt') is a warmly hospitable host, from the Russian custom of greeting guests with bread and salt. «добродушнейшего» is the bookish superlative in «-ейш-», 'most good-natured'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обе померли","title":"Perfective «помереть» — both died","body":"«померли» is the perfective past of folksy «помереть» (a colloquial variant of «умереть»), reporting the completed fact of both wives' deaths. «обе» is the feminine 'both'."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упрямца","gloss":"[possessive] of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of упрямца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упрямца","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"упрямца","lemma":"упрямец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у (possessor in the у...были construction)","gloss":"stubborn fellow"},{"surface":"недурного","lemma":"недурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"not at all bad"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недурного","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to упрямца (describes him)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добродушнейшего","lemma":"добродушный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлебосола","gloss":"most good-natured"},{"surface":"хлебосола","lemma":"хлебосол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человека","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to жены","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies были (part of когда-то)","gloss":"[indefinite marker]"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on жены","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"modifies жены, subject of померли","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"померли","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c4-s67","source":"Одна, первая, была из каких-то простых и оставила ему дочь, тоже простую.","translation":"The first one was from some simple folk and left him a daughter, also simple.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из каких-то простых","title":"«из» + genitive of origin","body":"«из» governs the genitive to mark social origin — 'from some simple folk'. «каких-то» (indefinite «-то») leaves the family vague; «простых» is a substantivized adjective meaning common, non-gentry people."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставила ему дочь","title":"Dative of the indirect object «ему»","body":"«оставила ему дочь» — 'left him a daughter': «ему» is dative (the recipient), «дочь» the accusative direct object. The perfective «оставила» marks a single completed bequest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была (and of оставила)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Одна","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to простых","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of простых","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"determiner of простых (part of каких-то)","gloss":"[indefinite marker]"},{"surface":"простых","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with Одна","gloss":"simple folk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оставила","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with была (second main verb)","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставила","gloss":"a daughter"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простую","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"простую","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"simple"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c4-s68","source":"Была уже при мне девою лет двадцати четырех и жила с отцом вместе с теткой, сестрой покойной матери.","translation":"In my time she was already a maiden of twenty-four and lived with her father, together with her aunt, the sister of her late mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девою","title":"«дева» — maiden (bookish/archaic)","body":"«дева» is an elevated, somewhat archaic word for an unmarried young woman, here in the instrumental «девою» (the older «-ою» ending) as predicate of «была». More solemn than everyday «девушка»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет двадцати четырех","title":"Genitive of age with inverted numeral","body":"Age is given with «лет» + genitive numeral: «двадцати четырех» is genitive, and placing «лет» first («лет двадцати») signals approximation — 'about twenty-four'. The whole phrase modifies «девою»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойной матери","title":"«покойный» — the late, deceased","body":"«покойная мать» means 'late/deceased mother' (root «покой», rest/repose). A standard respectful epithet for the dead, recurring through this passage («покойница» below)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to девою","gloss":"she was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Была","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of девою","gloss":"my time"},{"surface":"девою","lemma":"дева","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Была","gloss":"a maiden","note":"Archaic instrumental form of дева ('maiden'); modern Russian would use девушкой."},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies девою","gloss":"years [of age]"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies четырех","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with девою","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жила","gloss":"her father"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жила","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теткой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"теткой","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"her aunt"},{"surface":"сестрой","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to теткой","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"покойной","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестрой","gloss":"of her mother"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c4-s69","source":"Тетка — бессловесная простота, а племянница, старшая дочь подполковника, — бойкая простота.","translation":"The aunt was speechless simplicity, while the niece, the lieutenant colonel's elder daughter, was a brisk, lively simplicity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тетка — … а племянница … —","title":"Zero copula + contrastive «а»","body":"Both halves drop the verb 'to be' (zero copula in the present), so the dash carries it: 'The aunt [is] …, while the niece [is] …'. The «а» sets the two simplicities against each other — the contrastive 'and/while' that has no real English equivalent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бессловесная … бойкая простота","title":"«простота» as a character label","body":"Mitya labels each woman as a kind of «простота» — 'simplicity' used almost as a person. «бессловесная» = wordless, mute; «бойкая» = brisk, pert, quick. The parallel turns an abstract noun into vivid characterization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тетка","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простота","gloss":"the aunt"},{"surface":"бессловесная","lemma":"бессловесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies простота","gloss":"speechless"},{"surface":"простота","lemma":"простота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes Тетка","gloss":"simplicity"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"племянница","lemma":"племянница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with простота","gloss":"the niece"},{"surface":"старшая","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to племянница","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"подполковника","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"of the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"бойкая","lemma":"бойкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies простота","gloss":"brisk"},{"surface":"простота","lemma":"простота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes племянница","gloss":"simplicity"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c4-s70","source":"Люблю, вспоминая, хорошее слово сказать: никогда-то, голубчик, я прелестнее характера женского не знал, как этой девицы, Агафьей звали ее, представь себе, Агафьей Ивановной, Да и недурна она вовсе была, в русском вкусе — высокая, дебелая, полнотелая, с глазами прекрасными, лицо, положим, грубоватое.","translation":"I love, when I remember, to put in a kind word: never, my dear fellow, did I know a more charming feminine character than that girl's — Agafya she was called, just imagine, Agafya Ivanovna; and she was not bad-looking at all, in the Russian taste — tall, full-figured, plump-bodied, with beautiful eyes, the face, let us say, rather coarse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспоминая","title":"Gerund «вспоминая» — 'while remembering'","body":"«вспоминая» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «вспоминать», expressing an action simultaneous with the main verb: 'I love, when I remember, to say…'. It must share the subject of «люблю»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear' (diminutive of 'dove')","body":"An affectionate term of address from «голубь» ('dove') plus the endearing «-чик» suffix. Mitya scatters such endearments through his confession to his listener Alyosha, an intimate, expressive register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прелестнее характера … не знал","title":"Comparative «прелестнее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«прелестнее» is the predicative comparative ('more charming'), and «как этой девицы» supplies the standard of comparison. The negated «не знал» pulls «характера» into the genitive of negation — 'I knew no more charming character'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в русском вкусе — высокая, дебелая, полнотелая","title":"«дебелая, полнотелая» — full-bodied beauty","body":"«дебелая» (buxom, plump) and «полнотелая» (full-bodied) describe a fleshy, robust ideal 'in the Russian taste'. Both are now archaic-flavoured; here they praise rather than disparage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грубоватое","title":"«грубоватое» — the softening suffix «-оват-»","body":"From «грубый» ('coarse'), the suffix «-оват-» means 'somewhat, rather' — 'a bit coarse'. It tempers the judgment, matching «положим» ('let's say') just before it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"вспоминая","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказать","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"a good"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Люблю","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies никогда (emphatic particle)","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прелестнее","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"more charming"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прелестнее","gloss":"a character"},{"surface":"женского","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"feminine"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"did I know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"comparison marker after прелестнее ('than')","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девицы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"девицы","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement in the comparison (understood: her character)","gloss":"girl's"},{"surface":"Агафьей","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate instrumental complement of звали","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"звали","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause explaining девицы ('she was called')","gloss":"she was called"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of звали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative clause","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"Агафьей","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition, restating Агафьей with patronymic","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Агафьей","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies недурна","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"недурна","lemma":"недурной","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, linked to была","gloss":"not bad-looking"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of недурна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недурна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вкусе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русском","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вкусе","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"вкусе","lemma":"вкус","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies была (descriptive adjunct: 'in the Russian style')","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"высокая","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недурна (predicate adjective describing она)","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"дебелая","lemma":"дебелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокая","gloss":"full-figured"},{"surface":"полнотелая","lemma":"полнотелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокая","gloss":"plump-bodied"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прекрасными","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"прекрасными","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (грубоватое [было])","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical ('let's say')","gloss":"let's say"},{"surface":"грубоватое","lemma":"грубоватый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of лицо (implied было)","gloss":"rather coarse"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c4-s71","source":"Не выходила замуж, хотя двое сватались, отказала и веселости не теряла.","translation":"She did not marry, though two men courted her; she refused them, and lost none of her cheerfulness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двое сватались","title":"«сватался» — courted, sought in marriage","body":"«свататься» (reflexive) is to court formally, to propose marriage — from «сват», the matchmaker. The collective numeral «двое» ('two men') is used for groups of people."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"веселости не теряла","title":"Genitive of negation: «веселости»","body":"The negated verb «не теряла» takes its object «веселость» in the genitive — «веселости». Abstract objects under negation regularly go genitive, here yielding 'lost none of her cheerfulness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выходила","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did marry"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходила","gloss":"[in marriage]"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сватались","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of сватались","gloss":"two men"},{"surface":"сватались","lemma":"свататься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"courted her"},{"surface":"отказала","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выходила (second main clause)","gloss":"she refused [them]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселости","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of теряла","gloss":"cheerfulness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теряла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теряла","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходила/отказала (third main clause)","gloss":"did lose"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c4-s72","source":"Сошелся я с ней — не этаким образом, нет, тут было чисто, а так, по-дружески.","translation":"I became close with her — not in that fashion, no, here it was pure — but just so, in a friendly way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сошелся я с ней","title":"«сойтись с» + instrumental — became close","body":"«сойтись с кем-то» ('to become close, take up with') is a «-ся» verb governing «с» + instrumental «с ней». The inverted word order «Сошелся я» fronts the verb for narrative momentum."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не этаким образом","title":"«этакий» — 'that sort of' (colloquial)","body":"«этакий» is a colloquial, expressive variant of «такой» ('such, that kind'). «не этаким образом» — 'not in that fashion' — delicately disclaims a sexual liaison; the euphemism is the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сошелся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I became close"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Сошелся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сошелся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этаким","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"этаким","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"that sort of"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Сошелся ('in that way')","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чисто","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чисто","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Сошелся","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial phrase, coordinated with чисто ('just so')","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-дружески","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms compound adverb with дружески","gloss":"in a","note":"по-дружески ('in a friendly way') is one compound adverb; the tokenizer split it into по + дружески."},{"surface":"дружески","lemma":"по-дружески","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with чисто (predicate: 'in a friendly way')","gloss":"friendly way"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c4-s73","source":"Я ведь часто с женщинами сходился совершенно безгрешно, по-дружески.","translation":"For I often became close with women quite sinlessly, in a friendly way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь часто … сходился","title":"Particle «ведь» + imperfective of habit","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'for, you see'. The imperfective «сходился» with «часто» reports a habitual pattern, not a single event: 'I often used to take up with women'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безгрешно","title":"«безгрешно» — sinlessly","body":"Adverb from «безгрешный» ('sinless'), prefix «без-» ('without') + «грех» ('sin'). The religious vocabulary of sin runs through the whole confession, here applied half-ironically to Mitya's 'pure' friendships."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сходился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сходился","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходился","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщинами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"женщинами","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сходился","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"сходился","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became close"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безгрешно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"безгрешно","lemma":"безгрешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходился","gloss":"sinlessly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-дружески","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms compound adverb with дружески","gloss":"in a","note":"по-дружески ('in a friendly way') is one compound adverb; the tokenizer split it into по + дружески."},{"surface":"дружески","lemma":"по-дружески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходился, coordinated with безгрешно ('in a friendly way')","gloss":"friendly way"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c4-s74","source":"Болтаю с ней такие откровенные вещи, что ух! — а она только смеется.","translation":"I would chatter such frank things to her — phew! — and she would only laugh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Болтаю … а она только смеется","title":"Narrative present + contrastive «а»","body":"Mitya switches to the vivid historical present («болтаю» — I chatter, «смеется» — she laughs) to make the scene immediate. The «а» again hinges two simultaneous actions: he talks, she laughs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ух!","title":"«ух!» — an exclamation of intensity","body":"An interjection conveying a rush of feeling — here, 'phew!', the daring frankness of what he said. Such bursts of unstructured emotion punctuate Mitya's speech throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Болтаю","lemma":"болтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I chatter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Болтаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"откровенные","lemma":"откровенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"frank"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Болтаю","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation ух (degree result: 'such that...')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"phew"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Болтаю (second main clause)","gloss":"laughs"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c4-s75","source":"Многие женщины откровенности любят, заметь себе, а она к тому же была девушка, что очень меня веселило.","translation":"Many women love frankness, mind you, and besides she was a virgin, which amused me greatly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметь себе","title":"Imperative «заметь» + ethical «себе»","body":"«заметь» is the singular imperative of «заметить» ('note'); the dative reflexive «себе» is an 'ethical dative', adding 'mind you, take note for yourself'. A buttonholing aside to the listener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что очень меня веселило","title":"Relative «что» summing up the clause","body":"Here «что» is a relative pronoun referring not to a single noun but to the whole preceding fact — 'which amused me'. This sentential «что» is common in flowing 19th-century narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"откровенности","lemma":"откровенность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"frankness"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative ('mind you')","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of заметь","gloss":"[to] yourself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of девушка","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to девушка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a virgin"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веселило","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселило","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of веселило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"веселило","lemma":"веселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause, refers back to the whole preceding statement","gloss":"amused"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c4-s76","source":"И вот еще что: никак бы ее барышней нельзя было назвать.","translation":"And here is another thing: one could in no way have called her a young lady.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак бы … нельзя было назвать","title":"Conditional «бы» in an impersonal frame","body":"«бы» with «нельзя было» makes the impossibility hypothetical — 'one could in no way have called'. «никак» ('in no way') reinforces it. The whole is subjectless, with «бы» leaning on the first stressed word «никак»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барышней","title":"«барышня» — a young lady (gentry)","body":"«барышня» is an unmarried young woman of the gentry/genteel class — a 'miss'. In instrumental «барышней» after «назвать». The point is precisely that Agafya, though a colonel's daughter, did not carry herself as one."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional particle, part of никак бы...нельзя было construction","gloss":"[conditional marker]"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"барышней","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of назвать (instrumental predicate: 'as a young lady')","gloss":"a young lady"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"could not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"have called"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c4-s77","source":"Жили они у отца с теткой, как-то добровольно принижая себя, со всем другим обществом не равняясь.","translation":"They lived with the father and the aunt, somehow voluntarily abasing themselves, not setting themselves on a level with the rest of society.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принижая себя … не равняясь","title":"Two gerunds with reflexive «себя» and «-ся»","body":"Two imperfective gerunds describe attendant circumstance: «принижая себя» ('lowering themselves', with the full reflexive pronoun «себя») and «не равняясь» ('not setting themselves level', with the «-ся» verb «равняться»). Both share the subject of «жили»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добровольно принижая себя","title":"«принижать себя» — to abase oneself","body":"«принижать себя» is to humble or lower oneself in status. The detail that they did so «добровольно» ('voluntarily') is part of Mitya's portrait of these women as humble 'angels'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жили","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they lived"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Жили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Жили","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теткой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"теткой","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Жили, coordinated with отца","gloss":"the aunt"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принижая","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принижая (part of как-то)","gloss":"[indefinite marker]"},{"surface":"добровольно","lemma":"добровольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принижая","gloss":"voluntarily"},{"surface":"принижая","lemma":"принижать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Жили","gloss":"abasing"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of принижая","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обществом","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществом","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"обществом","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of равняясь","gloss":"of society"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies равняясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"равняясь","lemma":"равняться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Жили","gloss":"setting themselves on a level"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c4-s78","source":"Ее все любили и нуждались в ней, потому что портниха была знатная: был талант, денег за услуги не требовала, делала из любезности, но когда дарили — не отказывалась принять.","translation":"Everyone loved her and had need of her, because she was a distinguished seamstress: there was a talent, she demanded no money for her services, she did it out of kindness, but when she was given a gift — she did not refuse to accept it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"портниха была знатная","title":"«знатный» here = first-rate, not 'noble'","body":"«знатная портниха» means a 'distinguished, first-rate dressmaker'. Note that «знатный» elsewhere in this chapter means 'of noble birth' — a single word doing double duty, so context decides. «портниха» is the feminine of «портной», tailor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег … не требовала","title":"Genitive of negation: «денег»","body":"«не требовала денег» — the negated object «деньги» appears in the genitive «денег». A textbook genitive of negation: she 'demanded no money'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из любезности","title":"«из любезности» — out of kindness","body":"«из» + genitive here gives motive — 'out of courtesy/graciousness'. «любезность» is amiable kindness; the idiom «из любезности» means doing something as a favour, not for pay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нуждались","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любили","gloss":"had need"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нуждались","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"портниха","lemma":"портниха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знатная","gloss":"a seamstress"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знатная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"знатная","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of портниха","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause был талант","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"талант","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a talent"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of требовала","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking услуги","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"услуги","lemma":"услуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of требовала","gloss":"her services"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies требовала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"требовала","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause, subject портниха (implied)","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"делала","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with требовала","gloss":"did it"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любезности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"любезности","lemma":"любезность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делала","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дарили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"дарили","lemma":"дарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отказывалась","gloss":"she was given a gift"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отказывалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отказывалась","lemma":"отказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause, subject портниха (implied)","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отказывалась","gloss":"to accept"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c4-s79","source":"Подполковник же, тот — куда!","translation":"But the lieutenant colonel — he was another matter altogether!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подполковник же, тот — куда!","title":"Emphatic «же» + resumptive «тот»","body":"The particle «же» insists and singles out the colonel; the demonstrative «тот» ('that one') resumes him as topic before the comment lands. This topic-then-comment staging, with the verb left unspoken, is pure spoken Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"куда!","title":"«куда!» — 'no comparison!'","body":"Literally 'where!', this exclamatory «куда!» dismisses any comparison — 'he was something else altogether, far beyond that'. An idiomatic burst marking the colonel as on a wholly different level."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Подполковник","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Подполковник","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicate of тот","gloss":"was another matter","note":"An elliptical exclamation ('куда!') implying an enormous, unstated difference — roughly 'not to be compared.'"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c4-s80","source":"Подполковник был одно из самых первых лиц по нашему месту.","translation":"The lieutenant colonel was one of the foremost persons in our parts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одно из самых первых лиц","title":"Superlative «самых первых» + partitive genitive","body":"«самых первых лиц» — 'of the foremost persons': «самый» forms the superlative and declines with «первых», while «из … лиц» is a partitive genitive ('one of the…'). «лицо» here means 'person, personage', not 'face'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по нашему месту","title":"«по нашему месту» — in our parts","body":"«по» + dative «месту» here means 'in our locality / parts'. A colloquial, slightly provincial turn for the small town where the action unfolds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одно","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месту","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"месту","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"parts"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c4-s81","source":"Жил широко, принимал весь город, ужины, танцы.","translation":"He lived on a grand scale, received the whole town, suppers, dances.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Жил широко","title":"«жить широко» — to live on a grand scale","body":"The idiom «жить широко» ('to live broadly/wide') means to live lavishly, openhandedly, beyond modest means — a telling detail, since the colonel in fact has no money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимал весь город","title":"Imperfective of habit + animate accusative","body":"«принимал» (imperfective past) describes a recurring habit of entertaining. «весь город» ('the whole town') stands as accusative object — here the town's people as guests. The bare nouns «ужины, танцы» follow as vivid asyndeton."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject он (implied)","gloss":"he lived"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Жил","gloss":"on a grand scale"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Жил","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"ужины","lemma":"ужин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with город","gloss":"suppers"},{"surface":"танцы","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with город","gloss":"dances"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c4-s82","source":"Когда я приехал и в баталион поступил, заговорили во всем городишке, что вскоре пожалует к нам, из столицы, вторая дочь подполковника, раскрасавица из красавиц, а теперь только что-де вышла из аристократического столичного одного института.","translation":"When I arrived and joined the battalion, the talk went all through the little town that the lieutenant colonel's second daughter would soon be coming to us from the capital — a beauty among beauties — and that she had only just, so they said, left some aristocratic institute in the capital.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожалует к нам","title":"Perfective future «пожалует» — bookish 'will deign to come'","body":"«пожалует» is the perfective (simple) future of «пожаловать», an elevated, slightly ironic verb for an honoured arrival — 'will be pleased to come'. The future sits entirely in the ending, with no auxiliary."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городишке","title":"«городишко» — the belittling «-ишк-»","body":"«городишко» is «город» with the pejorative diminutive «-ишк-»: a wretched, paltry little town. It conveys Mitya's contempt for the provincial backwater, and recurs in this passage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскрасавица из красавиц","title":"«раскрасавица из красавиц» — beauty of beauties","body":"The intensive prefix «рас-» on «красавица» yields «раскрасавица», a stunning beauty; «из красавиц» ('among beauties') is the superlative-by-genitive idiom — 'a beauty even among beauties'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что-де вышла","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"The clitic «-де» marks reported speech — 'so they said, allegedly'. Attached here to «что» (with «только что» = 'just now'), it distances Mitya from the rumour he is relaying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заговорили","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates приехал and поступил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баталион","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"баталион","lemma":"баталион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступил","gloss":"the battalion"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехал","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"заговорили","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"the talk began"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городишке","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городишке","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городишке","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорили","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожалует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалует","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"пожалует","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заговорили","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пожалует","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столицы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"столицы","lemma":"столица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожалует","gloss":"the capital"},{"surface":"вторая","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пожалует","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"подполковника","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel's"},{"surface":"раскрасавица","lemma":"раскрасавица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дочь","gloss":"a great beauty"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красавиц","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"красавиц","lemma":"красавица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies раскрасавица","gloss":"beauties"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"only just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"so they said"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пожалует, subject дочь","gloss":"had left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking института","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"аристократического","lemma":"аристократический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies института","gloss":"aristocratic"},{"surface":"столичного","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies института","gloss":"capital-city"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies института","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"института","lemma":"институт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"institute"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c4-s83","source":"Эта вторая дочь — вот эта самая Катерина Ивановна и есть, и уже от второй жены подполковника.","translation":"This second daughter is the very same Katerina Ivanovna, and she was by the lieutenant colonel's second wife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот эта самая Катерина Ивановна и есть","title":"Emphatic «вот … и есть» with «самая»","body":"«эта самая» ('this very') plus the emphatic frame «вот … и есть» identifies her insistently — 'this is the very same Katerina Ivanovna'. «и» here is the emphatic particle, not 'and'; «есть» is the rare overt present of 'to be', used for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вторая","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Катерина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерина","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дочь","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жены","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"подполковника","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel's"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c4-s84","source":"А вторая эта жена, уже покойница, была из знатного, какого-то большого генеральского дома, хотя, впрочем, как мне достоверно известно, денег подполковнику тоже никаких не принесла.","translation":"And this second wife, by then deceased, came of a noble line, of some great general's house, though, however, as I know for certain, she too brought the lieutenant colonel no money whatsoever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была из знатного … генеральского дома","title":"«из» + genitive of family origin","body":"«из знатного … дома» ('of a noble house') uses «из» + genitive to state lineage, with the adjectives «знатного», «большого», «генеральского» all agreeing in genitive. Here «знатный» does mean 'noble, high-born'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег … никаких не принесла","title":"Double negation + genitive of negation","body":"«никаких … не принесла» pairs the «ни»-word «никаких» with the verbal «не» — Russian negative concord, two negatives for one meaning. The object «деньги» goes genitive «денег»: 'brought no money whatsoever'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как мне достоверно известно","title":"«мне … известно» — impersonal 'as I know'","body":"An impersonal construction: «известно» ('it is known') with the dative experiencer «мне» — 'as is known to me'. «достоверно» ('reliably, for certain') vouches for the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вторая","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жена","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принесла","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покойница","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"покойница","lemma":"покойница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to жена","gloss":"deceased"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знатного","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"знатного","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"a noble"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom какого-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom какого-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"генеральского","lemma":"генеральский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"general's"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of известно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to известно","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"достоверно","lemma":"достоверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical clause modifying the sentence","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принесла","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"подполковнику","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принесла","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесла","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принесла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принесла","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c4-s85","source":"Значит, была с родней, да и только, разве там какие надежды, а в наличности ничего.","translation":"So there was kin, and that was all — some expectations, perhaps, but in ready cash, nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Значит, была с родней, да и только","title":"Elliptical speech: «да и только»","body":"Subjectless, clipped narration — «была с родней» ('she came with relatives', i.e. connections) followed by the idiom «да и только» ('and that's that'). The whole sentence reads as Mitya thinking aloud."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в наличности ничего","title":"«в наличности» — in ready cash","body":"«наличность» is cash actually on hand (from «налицо», 'present, in evidence'). «в наличности ничего» — 'in ready money, nothing' — opposed to «надежды» ('expectations'), the merely prospective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, introduces была","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"родней","lemma":"родня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"kin"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom да и только","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom да и только","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надежды","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надежды","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of надежды","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"elliptical predicate, coordinated with родней","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наличности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наличности","lemma":"наличность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with родней","gloss":"ready cash"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"elliptical predicate of наличности","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c4-s86","source":"И однако, когда приехала институтка (погостить, а не навсегда), весь городишко у нас точно обновился, самые знатные наши дамы — две превосходительные, одна полковница, да и все, все за ними, тотчас же приняли участие, расхватали ее, веселить начали, царица балов, пикников, живые картины состряпали в пользу каких-то гувернанток.","translation":"And yet, when the institute girl arrived (to stay a while, not for good), our whole little town fairly came alive: our most distinguished ladies — two of them wives of Excellencies, one a colonel's wife, and all the rest, all of them after these — at once took an interest, snatched her up, began to fête her — the queen of the balls, of the picnics; they got up tableaux vivants for the benefit of some governesses or other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"институтка","title":"«институтка» — the institute girl","body":"The feminine noun for a graduate of an aristocratic «институт» (see s82), carrying a faint stereotype of sheltered refinement. Mitya uses it half-mockingly for Katerina."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"живые картины состряпали","title":"«живые картины» + dismissive «состряпать»","body":"«живые картины» are tableaux vivants, fashionable amateur theatricals where guests pose as a painting. «состряпать» literally means to 'cook up' and adds a contemptuous, slapdash flavour — they 'threw together' the show."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расхватали ее, веселить начали","title":"Chained perfectives driving the action","body":"A rapid sequence of perfectives — «приняли участие», «расхватали», «начали» — fires off the events one after another, the perfective's job of advancing narrative. «расхватали» ('snatched up') vividly conveys the ladies competing over her."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to обновился","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"приехала","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обновился","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"институтка","lemma":"институтка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приехала","gloss":"the institute girl"},{"surface":"погостить","lemma":"погостить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on приехала","gloss":"to stay a while"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies навсегда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with погостить","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городишко","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городишко","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обновился","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of обновился","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обновился","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"обновился","lemma":"обновиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came alive"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies знатные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"знатные","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of приняли","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"modifies дамы, coordinated with превосходительные","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"превосходительные","lemma":"превосходительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to дамы","gloss":"wives of Excellencies"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies полковница","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"полковница","lemma":"полковница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дамы","gloss":"a colonel's wife"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to дамы","gloss":"all the rest"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to previous все","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of за, modifies все","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приняли","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"приняли","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приняли","gloss":"an interest"},{"surface":"расхватали","lemma":"расхватать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приняли","gloss":"snatched her up"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расхватали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"веселить","lemma":"веселить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to fête her"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приняли","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"царица","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to институтка","gloss":"the queen"},{"surface":"балов","lemma":"бал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies царица","gloss":"of balls"},{"surface":"пикников","lemma":"пикник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with балов","gloss":"picnics"},{"surface":"живые","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies картины","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"картины","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of состряпали","gloss":"tableaux"},{"surface":"состряпали","lemma":"состряпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приняли","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состряпали","gloss":"the benefit"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom каких-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom каких-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"гувернанток","lemma":"гувернантка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"governesses"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c4-s87","source":"Я молчу, я кучу, я одну штуку именно тогда удрал такую, что весь город тогда загалдел.","translation":"I keep silent, I carouse, and just at that time I pulled off a certain stunt that set the whole town clamoring.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я молчу, я кучу","title":"Historical present, staccato","body":"Three present-tense verbs ('I keep silent, I carouse, I pulled…') drop into the narrative present for immediacy, then snap to perfective past «удрал». The repeated «я» drums the self-portrait."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кучу","title":"«кутить» — to carouse","body":"«кучу» is 1st-person of «кутить», to go on a spree, drink and revel wildly. The noun «кутёж» ('carousal') recurs below — a keynote of Mitya's reckless youth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штуку … удрал","title":"«удрать штуку» — to pull a stunt","body":"«штука» is a trick or prank; «удрать штуку» (literally 'to make off with a trick') is the idiom 'to pull a stunt, play a prank'. «загалдел» ('set up a clamour') captures the town's uproar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"молчу","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep silent"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кучу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кучу","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчу","gloss":"carouse"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удрал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies штуку","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удрал","gloss":"a stunt"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удрал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"удрал","lemma":"удрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчу","gloss":"pulled off"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штуку","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of загалдел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загалдел","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загалдел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"загалдел","lemma":"загалдеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of удрал","gloss":"went clamoring"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c4-s88","source":"Вижу, она меня раз обмерила взглядом, у батарейного командира это было, да я тогда не подошел: пренебрегаю, дескать, знакомиться.","translation":"I see her once measure me with a glance — it was at the battery commander's — but I did not go up to her then: I scorn, I implied, to make her acquaintance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обмерила взглядом","title":"«обмерить взглядом» — to size up with a look","body":"Literally 'measured me with a glance', the idiom «обмерить взглядом» means to look someone up and down appraisingly. «взглядом» is instrumental, the means of the measuring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пренебрегаю, дескать","title":"Reportative «дескать» framing his own pose","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle ('as if to say, supposedly') that here flags Mitya's affected attitude — 'I scorn, as I implied, to make her acquaintance'. It quotes the pose he was striking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to обмерила","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обмерила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обмерила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмерила","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"обмерила","lemma":"обмерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"measured"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмерила","gloss":"with a glance"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking командира","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"батарейного","lemma":"батарейный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies командира","gloss":"battery"},{"surface":"командира","lemma":"командир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"commander's"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обмерила","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обмерила","gloss":"went up to her"},{"surface":"пренебрегаю","lemma":"пренебрегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to подошел","gloss":"I scorn"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пренебрегаю","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"знакомиться","lemma":"знакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пренебрегаю","gloss":"to make her acquaintance"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c4-s89","source":"Подошел я к ней уже несколько спустя, тоже на вечере, заговорил, еле поглядела, презрительные губки сложила, а, думаю, подожди, отмщу!","translation":"I went up to her only some while later, also at an evening party, struck up a conversation, she barely looked at me, set her lips contemptuously — and, I think, wait, I'll have my revenge!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подошел я к ней","title":"Prefixed motion verb «подойти к»","body":"«подошел» is the perfective of «подходить/подойти», 'to approach', built from «идти» with the prefix «под-» (toward). It governs «к» + dative «к ней» — approaching toward her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презрительные губки сложила","title":"«губки» — diminutive 'little lips'","body":"«губки» is the diminutive of «губы» ('lips'); «сложить губки» is to purse the lips. The diminutive sharpens the picture of a delicate, contemptuous little mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подожди, отмщу!","title":"Imperative «подожди» + bookish «отмщу»","body":"«подожди» is the singular imperative 'wait'; «отмщу» is the perfective future 'I will avenge' from the elevated «отмстить» (a Church-Slavonic-flavoured doublet of «отомстить»). The solemn verb gives his threat a grandiose ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Подошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подошел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on спустя","gloss":"some time"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies Подошел","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вечере","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вечере","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подошел","gloss":"an evening party"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подошел","gloss":"struck up a conversation"},{"surface":"еле","lemma":"еле","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поглядела","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"поглядела","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подошел","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"презрительные","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies губки","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"губки","lemma":"губка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сложила","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"сложила","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подошел","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to подожди","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отмщу","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"отмщу","lemma":"отомстить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подожди","gloss":"I'll have my revenge"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c4-s90","source":"Бурбон я был ужаснейший в большинстве тогдашних случаев, и сам это чувствовал.","translation":"A most frightful boor I was in most cases back then, and I felt it myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бурбон я был ужаснейший","title":"«бурбон» — a coarse martinet","body":"«бурбон» (from the Bourbon dynasty, via French army slang) meant a rude, ignorant officer risen from the ranks — a boor in uniform. «ужаснейший» is the bookish superlative 'most frightful'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам это чувствовал","title":"Intensifier «сам» — 'myself'","body":"«сам» intensifies the subject — 'I felt it myself'. Distinct from the reflexive «себя», «сам» stresses that the agent personally, of his own awareness, registered it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бурбон","lemma":"бурбон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был, fronted","gloss":"a boor"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Бурбон","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ужаснейший","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Бурбон","gloss":"most frightful"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking большинстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большинстве","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ужаснейший","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"тогдашних","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies случаев","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"случаев","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies большинстве","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the implied subject of чувствовал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"felt"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c4-s91","source":"Главное, то чувствовал, что «Катенька» не то чтобы невинная институтка такая, а особа с характером, гордая и в самом деле добродетельная, а пуще всего с умом и образованием, а у меня ни того, ни другого.","translation":"Above all, I felt that this \"Катенька\" was not exactly the kind of innocent institute girl one imagines, but a person of character — proud and genuinely virtuous, and, more than anything, with intelligence and education, while I had neither the one nor the other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтобы … а","title":"«не то чтобы … а» — 'not exactly … but'","body":"A correlative construction qualifying a claim: «не то чтобы X, а Y» means 'not so much X as rather Y'. Here it nuances Katerina — not the naive institute girl, but a person of real character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а у меня ни того, ни другого","title":"«ни … ни» — neither … nor","body":"«ни того, ни другого» ('neither the one nor the other') uses paired «ни» for emphatic negation; the genitive forms follow from an implied 'I had none of'. The clause is elliptical — the verb 'have' is left out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще всего","title":"«пуще всего» — 'most of all' (folk)","body":"«пуще» is an archaic/folk comparative of «много/сильно» ('more, worse'); «пуще всего» means 'above all, most of all'. A homely, popular turn amid the analysis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to чувствовал","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Главное","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Катенька","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Катенька","lemma":"Катенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of институтка","gloss":"Katenka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы, introduces институтка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"невинная","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies институтка","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"институтка","lemma":"институтка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Катенька","gloss":"institute girl"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies институтка","gloss":"that sort of"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with институтка","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характером","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа, coordinated with добродетельная","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"добродетельная","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа, coordinated with гордая","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom пуще всего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom пуще всего","gloss":"than anything"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"intelligence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"образованием","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with умом","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive construction (у меня = 'I had')","gloss":"I had"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"referring to ум, object of у меня","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with того, referring to образование","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c4-s92","source":"Ты думаешь, я предложение хотел сделать?","translation":"You think I wanted to make a proposal?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предложение хотел сделать","title":"«сделать предложение» — to propose marriage","body":"«сделать предложение» is the fixed idiom 'to make a marriage proposal'. The perfective infinitive «сделать» after «хотел» frames it as a single contemplated act; the inverted word order fronts «предложение» for focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотел","gloss":"a proposal"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to make"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c4-s93","source":"Нимало, просто отмстить хотел за то, что я такой молодец, а она не чувствует.","translation":"Not in the least — I simply wanted to take revenge for the fact that I was such a fine fellow and she did not feel it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что я такой молодец","title":"«за то, что» — 'for the fact that'","body":"«за то, что» is a causal subordinator, 'because / on account of the fact that'. The correlative «то» is governed by «за» + accusative and points forward to the «что»-clause naming the offence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодец","title":"«молодец» — a fine, dashing fellow","body":"«молодец» is a term of admiration — a brave, capable, dashing fellow. Mitya applies it to himself ironically, the boast undercut by the very revenge he is plotting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"stand-alone negation, modifies хотел","gloss":"Not in the least","note":"Colloquial standalone answer, 'not at all' — not a verb."},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отмстить","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"отмстить","lemma":"отмстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"take revenge"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отмстить","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молодец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of молодец","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause modifying то","gloss":"fine fellow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а","gloss":"feels (it)"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c4-s94","source":"А пока кутеж и погром.","translation":"And meanwhile carousing and havoc.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А пока кутеж и погром","title":"«кутеж и погром» — carousing and havoc","body":"A verbless exclamation. «кутёж» is a wild drinking spree; «погром» here means riotous destruction, mayhem (not yet the later sense of an organized pogrom). «а пока» = 'and meanwhile'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"кутеж","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical sentence","gloss":"carousing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погром","lemma":"погром","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кутеж","gloss":"havoc"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c4-s95","source":"Меня наконец подполковник на три дня под арест посадил.","translation":"In the end the lieutenant colonel put me under arrest for three days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посадил","title":"Perfective «посадить» — completed event","body":"«посадил» (perfective past of «посадить») reports the single completed act of putting him under arrest, with «наконец» ('at last') marking it as the culmination of the colonel's mounting irritation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посадил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посадил","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посадил","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, temporal modifier of посадил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking арест","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"арест","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадил","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"посадил","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c4-s96","source":"Вот к этому-то времени как раз отец мне шесть тысяч прислал, после того как я послал ему форменное отречение от всех и вся, то есть мы, дескать, «в расчете», и требовать больше ничего не буду.","translation":"Just about that time Father happened to send me six thousand, after I had sent him a formal renunciation of all claims whatsoever — that is, that we were, so to speak, \"square,\" and that I would demand nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"форменное отречение от всех и вся","title":"«отречение от всех и вся» — a formal renunciation","body":"«отречение» is a (legal/solemn) renunciation; «форменное» means 'formal, proper'. The fossilized idiom «от всех и вся» ('from each and every', mixing genitive and an old neuter «вся») means 'of every claim whatsoever'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в расчете","title":"«в расчёте» — square, quits","body":"«мы в расчёте» is the set phrase 'we are square / even, all accounts settled'. Set in quotation marks, Mitya cites the very words of his renunciation to his father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic suffix)","role":"emphatic particle attached to этому","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The suffixed particle -то adds emphasis to 'этому'; not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom как раз)","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies прислал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom как раз)","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies прислал","gloss":"exactly","note":"'Как раз' is a fixed phrase meaning 'exactly/just'."},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прислал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom после того как, modifies прислал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послал, part of idiom после того как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the temporal clause modifying того","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"форменное","lemma":"форменный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отречение","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"отречение","lemma":"отречение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"renunciation"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отречение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"everything","note":"'Всех и вся' is a fixed idiom, 'all and everyone/everything'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of idiom то есть)","role":"introduces the explanatory parenthetical, part of phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"'То есть' together means 'that is / i.e.'"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elliptical copula (в расчете)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported speech marker)","role":"parenthetical particle, modifies the clause в расчете","gloss":"so to speak","note":"Marks the words as reported/quoted speech, roughly 'as it were'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"расчете","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elliptical быть) of мы","gloss":"square","note":"Idiom 'быть в расчёте' = to be even/square (financially)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"требовать","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"depends on ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of требовать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of требовать","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c4-s97","source":"Не понимал я тогда ничего: я, брат, до самого сюда приезда, и даже до самых последних теперешних дней, и даже, может быть, до сегодня, не понимал ничего об этих всех наших с отцом денежных пререканиях.","translation":"I understood nothing then: I, brother, right up to my arrival here, and even up to these very latest days, and even, perhaps, up to today, have understood nothing about all these money quarrels of ours with Father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не понимал ничего","title":"Negative concord + genitive object","body":"«ничего … не понимал» pairs the «ни»-word «ничего» with verbal «не» (negative concord). «ничего» is itself the genitive of «ничто», doubling as the genitive-of-negation object: 'understood nothing at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самого сюда приезда … до самых последних … дней … до сегодня","title":"Anaphoric «до самого…» piling up time","body":"Three «до» + genitive phrases stack to push the moment of (non-)understanding ever closer to now — 'right up to … even up to … even, perhaps, up to today'. The repetition and «даже» enact Mitya's groping self-examination."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пререканиях","title":"«пререкания» — wrangles, squabbles","body":"«пререкание» is a bickering dispute, a wrangle — here the chronic 'money quarrels' between Mitya and his father, central to the whole novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (restated for emphasis)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address inserted parenthetically","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезда","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до, temporal modifier of понимал","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies последних","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"теперешних","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of до, coordinated with приезда","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"'Может быть' together is the parenthetical 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of до, coordinated with дней","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пререканиях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of всех","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of наших","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of пререканиях","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пререканиях (in the phrase с отцом)","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"денежных","lemma":"денежный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies пререканиях","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"пререканиях","lemma":"пререкание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of понимал","gloss":"quarrels"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c4-s98","source":"Но это к черту, это потом.","translation":"But to the devil with that — that comes later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"это к черту, это потом","title":"«к чёрту» — 'to the devil with it'","body":"«к чёрту» (to the devil) is a dismissive idiom waving a topic aside. The clipped, verbless «это потом» ('that's for later') shows Mitya brushing off the painful money question to keep his story moving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical predicate (к черту)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elliptical), object of к","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical predicate (потом)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb of the second elliptical clause","gloss":"comes later"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c4-s99","source":"А тогда, получив эти шесть, узнал я вдруг заведомо по одному письмецу от приятеля про одну любопытнейшую вещь для себя, именно что подполковником нашим недовольны, что подозревают его не в порядке, одним словом, что враги его готовят ему закуску.","translation":"But back then, having received these six thousand, I suddenly learned for certain, from a letter sent by a friend, about a most curious matter for me — namely, that our lieutenant colonel was in disfavor, that he was suspected of irregularity — in a word, that his enemies were preparing a nasty surprise for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получив эти шесть","title":"Past gerund «получив» — 'having received'","body":"«получив» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «получить», marking a completed prior action — 'having received'. It shares the subject of «узнал» and sets the temporal frame for the discovery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмецу","title":"«письмецо» — diminutive 'little letter'","body":"«письмецо» is the diminutive of «письмо» ('letter'), suggesting a small, casual, confidential note. The «-ецо» suffix softens and familiarizes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"готовят ему закуску","title":"«готовить закуску» — 'cooking up a nasty surprise'","body":"Literally 'preparing a snack/appetizer for him', «закуска» is used ironically/idiomatically here for an unpleasant trap or surprise his enemies are readying — a savoury menace, not food."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"получив","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on узнал","gloss":"having received"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of шесть","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of получив","gloss":"six thousand"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заведомо","lemma":"заведомо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмецу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies письмецу","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"письмецу","lemma":"письмецо","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приятеля","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"приятеля","lemma":"приятель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмецу","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещь","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies вещь","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"любопытнейшую","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"most curious"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the appositive clause explaining вещь","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of недовольны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подполковником","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недовольны","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подполковником","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"недовольны","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"predicate (impersonal, subject omitted) of clause explaining вещь","gloss":"were in disfavor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of подозревают, coordinated with previous что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подозревают","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of coordinate clause appositive to вещь (impersonal)","gloss":"were suspected"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подозревают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порядке","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подозревают","gloss":"order","note":"Idiom 'не в порядке' = irregular, up to something shady."},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical idiom (одним словом), modifies the following clause","gloss":"in a word","note":"'Одним словом' is a fixed phrase meaning 'in short'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готовят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of готовят","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of готовят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"готовят","lemma":"готовить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of clause introduced by что","gloss":"were preparing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of готовят","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"закуску","lemma":"закуска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of готовят","gloss":"a nasty surprise","note":"Idiom 'готовить закуску' (lit. 'prepare a snack') = to prepare a nasty surprise."}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c4-s100","source":"И впрямь приехал начальник дивизии и распек на чем свет стоит.","translation":"And sure enough, the division commander arrived and gave him a dressing-down for all he was worth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"распек на чем свет стоит","title":"«на чём свет стоит» — for all he was worth","body":"«распечь» is to scold severely; the vivid idiom «на чём свет стоит» (literally 'on what the world stands') intensifies any verb to 'like anything, for all one is worth' — here, a thorough tongue-lashing."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"sure enough"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"начальник","lemma":"начальник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"the commander"},{"surface":"дивизии","lemma":"дивизия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начальник","gloss":"of the division"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"распек","lemma":"распечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехал, main verb of second clause","gloss":"gave a dressing-down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of idiomatic clause modifying распек","gloss":"stands","note":"'На чём свет стоит' = 'for all one is worth', lit. 'as the world stands'."}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c4-s101","source":"Затем немного спустя велено в отставку подать.","translation":"Then, a little while afterward, he was ordered to send in his resignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велено в отставку подать","title":"Short passive participle «велено» (impersonal)","body":"«велено» is the short neuter passive participle of «велеть» ('to order'), used impersonally — 'it was ordered [that he] submit his resignation'. No agent or subject is named; the command simply comes down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велено","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"a little while"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"adverb (temporal, postposed)","role":"modifies велено, forms idiom немного спустя with немного","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"велено","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he was ordered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подать","gloss":"resignation"},{"surface":"подать","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on велено","gloss":"to submit"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c4-s102","source":"Я тебе рассказывать не буду, как это всё вышло в подробности, были у него враги действительно, только вдруг в городе чрезмерное охлаждение к нему и ко всей фамилии, все вдруг точно отхлынули.","translation":"I will not relate to you in detail how it all came about — he really did have enemies — only suddenly there was an extreme cooling in the town toward him and his whole family; everyone all at once seemed to ebb away from them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это всё вышло в подробности","title":"Compound future «не буду рассказывать»","body":"Earlier «рассказывать не буду» is the imperfective compound future — «буду» + imperfective infinitive — declining to narrate the ongoing detail. Here «вышло» (perfective) reports how it all 'came out' as a finished result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точно отхлынули","title":"«отхлынуть» — to ebb away","body":"«отхлынуть» is to surge back, recede like a wave — a striking metaphor for the townspeople withdrawing their warmth all at once. «точно» here means 'as if', softening it to a simile."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ко всей фамилии","title":"«фамилия» — family (older sense)","body":"Here «фамилия» means 'family, household' (its older, Latin-derived sense), not 'surname' as in modern Russian. A period usage a reader of Dostoevsky meets often."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"relate"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of рассказывать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказывать","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new clause (existential 'there were')","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охлаждение (elliptical было)","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elliptical было, modifies охлаждение clause","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"чрезмерное","lemma":"чрезмерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies охлаждение","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"охлаждение","lemma":"охлаждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical было (existential)","gloss":"a cooling"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies охлаждение","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фамилии","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фамилии","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"фамилии","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нему","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отхлынули","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отхлынули","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отхлынули","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"отхлынули","lemma":"отхлынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"ebbed away"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c4-s103","source":"Вот и вышла тогда первая моя штука: встречаю я Агафью Ивановну, с которой всегда дружбу хранил, и говорю: «А ведь у папаши казенных-то денег четырех тысяч пятисот рублей нет».","translation":"And here then my first stunt came off: I meet Agafya Ivanovna, with whom I had always kept up a friendship, and I say: \"You know, Papa is short by four thousand five hundred rubles of the government's money.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встречаю я … и говорю","title":"Historical present in a relative frame","body":"Mitya stages the scene in the present («встречаю», «говорю») for immediacy, while «с которой … хранил» is a relative clause: «который» in instrumental «с которой» ('with whom') takes its case from «хранить дружбу с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"казенных-то денег … нет","title":"«нет» + genitive of absence","body":"«денег … нет» is the existential negative: «нет» governs the genitive «денег» to state absence — 'there is none of the government's money'. The clitic «-то» on «казённых» foregrounds the known topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"казенных денег","title":"«казённый» — belonging to the treasury","body":"«казённый» means 'state-owned, of the treasury' (from «казна», the public purse). «казённые деньги» are government funds — embezzling them is the colonel's looming crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"And here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came off"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штука","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штука","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"stunt"},{"surface":"встречаю","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of new clause (historical present)","gloss":"I meet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встречаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Агафью","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of встречаю","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Агафью","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хранил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хранил","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"дружбу","lemma":"дружба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хранил","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"хранил","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Ивановну","gloss":"had kept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречаю","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"You know"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папаши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"папаши","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"казенных","lemma":"казённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic suffix)","role":"emphatic particle attached to казенных","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Suffixed -то adds emphasis to 'казенных', not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пятисот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to денег, specifying the amount","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word (existential negation)","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"is short"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c4-s104","source":"— «Что вы это, почему говорите? Недавно генерал был, все налицо были…»","translation":"— \"What are you saying, why do you say that? The general was here recently, it was all on hand…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вы это, почему говорите?","title":"Polite «вы» of address","body":"Agafya addresses Mitya with «вы», the polite/formal second person, throughout — appropriate to their friendly-but-not-intimate footing and to her social deference. The «это» is an emphatic 'what is this you're saying?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"все налицо были","title":"«налицо» — present, on hand","body":"«налицо» means 'present, in evidence, accounted for' — here the funds were all 'on hand' when the general inspected. It is the root behind «наличность» (ready cash) seen earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Что, reinforces direct object of говорите","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you saying"},{"surface":"Недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"Recently"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of налицо","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"налицо","lemma":"налицо","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of были","gloss":"on hand"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to налицо","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c4-s105","source":"— «Тогда были, а теперь нет».","translation":"— \"Then it was, but now it is not.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда были, а теперь нет","title":"Terse antithesis on «а»","body":"A minimal exchange: «были» (existed then) set against «нет» (none now) by the contrastive «а». Both clauses drop the subject «деньги», which the case-free zero leaves understood — maximally compressed dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word (existential negation)","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"is not"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c4-s106","source":"Испугалась ужасно: «Не пугайте, пожалуйста, от кого вы слышали?»","translation":"She was dreadfully frightened: \"Don't frighten me, please, from whom did you hear it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пугайте, пожалуйста","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не пугайте»","body":"«не пугайте» is the polite (plural «-те») imperative of imperfective «пугать» — a request to stop/desist, 'don't frighten me'. Negative commands in Russian normally take the imperfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от кого вы слышали?","title":"Interrogative «кто» in genitive after «от»","body":"«от кого» — 'from whom': the interrogative «кто» declines to genitive «кого», governed by «от» (which always takes the genitive). «кто» takes masculine agreement regardless of the actual referent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Испугалась","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got frightened"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Испугалась","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугайте","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"пугайте","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"frighten (me)"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугайте","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question clause","gloss":"did you hear"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c4-s107","source":"— «Не беспокойтесь, говорю, никому не скажу, а вы знаете, что я на сей счет могила, а вот что хотел я вам только на сей счет тоже в виде, так сказать, „всякого случая“ присовокупить: когда потребуют у папаши четыре-то тысячки пятьсот, а у него не окажется, так чем под суд-то, а потом в солдаты на старости лет угодить, пришлите мне тогда лучше вашу институтку секретно, мне как раз деньги выслали, я ей четыре-то тысячки, пожалуй, и отвалю и в святости секрет сохраню».","translation":"— \"Don't worry,\" I say, \"I'll tell no one, and you know that on this score I am a tomb; but here is what I only wanted to add to you on this score too, by way, so to speak, of „just in case“: when they demand of Papa the four-odd thousand five hundred, and it turns out he hasn't got it, then — rather than face a court-martial and afterward be sent down to the ranks as a common soldier in his old age — send me your institute girl in secret; money has just been remitted to me, and I'll fork over the four-odd thousand to her, perhaps, and keep the secret in all sanctity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я на сей счет могила","title":"«я могила» — 'I am a tomb' (I'll keep mum)","body":"The metaphor «я могила» ('I'm a tomb / a grave') promises absolute silence — to be as silent as the grave. «на сей счёт» ('on this score', with archaic «сей') frames it; the image is darkly apt in this novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на сей счет","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сей» ('this') is the bookish, 19th-century demonstrative, surviving in set phrases like «на сей счёт» ('on this score') and «по сей день'. It marks the elevated, slightly formal register Mitya slips into when being arch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"четыре-то тысячки","title":"«тысячки» — diminutive of the sum","body":"«тысячки» is the diminutive of «тысяча» ('thousand'); the «-то» clitic foregrounds it. The diminutive makes the colossal embezzled sum sound breezy and trifling — a 'mere four-odd thousand' — heightening Mitya's cynical ease."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отвалю","title":"«отвалить» — to fork over (slang)","body":"«отвалю» (perfective future of «отвалить») is coarse, jaunty slang for handing over a large sum — 'I'll fork over'. The vulgar verb matches the cynicism of the whole proposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, attribution of the quote","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могила","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"могила","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"a tomb"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хотел","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies счет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"way of"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случая","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of присовокупить","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"присовокупить","lemma":"присовокупить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to add"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потребуют","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"потребуют","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to присовокупить","gloss":"they demand"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папаши","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"папаши","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потребуют","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячки","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to четыре","gloss":"-odd"},{"surface":"тысячки","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of потребуют","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тысячки","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окажется","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окажется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"окажется","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потребуют","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the чем...так correlative","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of угодить","gloss":"rather than"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угодить (elided)","gloss":"a court-martial"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to суд","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угодить","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солдаты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"солдаты","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of угодить","gloss":"a soldier"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старости","lemma":"старость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угодить","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies старости","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"угодить","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with окажется","gloss":"be sent"},{"surface":"пришлите","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main clause imperative","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлите","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пришлите","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of институтку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"институтку","lemma":"институтка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пришлите","gloss":"institute girl"},{"surface":"секретно","lemma":"секретно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлите","gloss":"in secret"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of выслали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies выслали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выслали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"выслали","lemma":"выслать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пришлите","gloss":"has been remitted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвалю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвалю","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячки","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тысячки","gloss":"-odd"},{"surface":"тысячки","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвалю","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвалю","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвалю","lemma":"отвалить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потребуют","gloss":"I'll fork over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"святости","lemma":"святость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохраню","gloss":"sanctity"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сохраню","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"сохраню","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвалю","gloss":"I'll keep"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c4-s108","source":"— «Ах, какой вы, говорит, подлец (так и сказала)! какой вы злой, говорит, подлец! Да как вы смеете!»","translation":"— \"Ah, what a scoundrel you are,\" she says (that is just what she said), \"what a wicked scoundrel you are! How dare you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, villain","body":"«подлец» is a strong word of contempt — a base, dishonourable scoundrel. Agafya's repetition («какой вы подлец … какой вы злой подлец») measures her outrage; it is among the harshest everyday insults."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да как вы смеете!","title":"Particle «да» + «как смеете» — 'How dare you!'","body":"The initial «да» is not 'yes' but an emphatic, indignant particle launching the outburst. «как вы смеете» ('how dare you') uses «сметь» ('to dare') — the indignant idiom of affronted virtue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the quote","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вы","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, attribution of the quote","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"she said"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вы","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of злой","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, attribution of the quote","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle opening the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеете","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c4-s109","source":"Ушла в негодовании страшном, а я ей вслед еще раз крикнул, что секрет сохранен будет свято и нерушимо.","translation":"She went off in dreadful indignation, and I shouted once more after her that the secret would be kept holy and inviolable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"секрет сохранен будет","title":"Periphrastic passive: «сохранён будет»","body":"«сохранён … будет» is the future passive — short past-passive participle «сохранён» joined to the future of «быть»: 'the secret will be kept'. The bookish inversion (participle before «будет») gives the vow a solemn ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свято и нерушимо","title":"«свято и нерушимо» — holy and inviolable","body":"«свято» ('sacredly') and «нерушимо» ('inviolably, unbreakably') are solemn, near-liturgical adverbs. Mitya's mock-sacred oath over a blackmail offer is bitterly ironic, weaponizing the language of the holy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ушла","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she went off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ушла","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies негодовании","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"after her"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ушла","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сохранен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive сохранен","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"сохранен","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the что-clause, passive with будет","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сохранен","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"свято","lemma":"свято","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранен","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нерушимо","lemma":"нерушимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with свято","gloss":"inviolable"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c4-s110","source":"Эти обе бабы, то есть Агафья и тетка ее, скажу вперед, оказались во всей этой истории чистыми ангелами, а сестру эту, гордячку, Катю, воистину обожали, принижали себя пред нею, горничными ее были…","translation":"These two women, that is, Agafya and her aunt — I'll say it in advance — proved in this whole story to be pure angels, while this sister of theirs, the proud one, Katya, they truly adored, abasing themselves before her, were her very chambermaids…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эти обе бабы","title":"«баба» — woman (homely/coarse)","body":"«баба» is a plain, folksy, sometimes dismissive word for a woman (especially a peasant or simple one). Mitya uses it affectionately-roughly of Agafya and her aunt, whom he then calls «чистыми ангелами»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гордячку","title":"«гордячка» — a proud one (pejorative)","body":"«гордячка» is the feminine of «гордец», a haughty, proud person, with a faintly disapproving ring. Set against the humble «ангелы», it marks Katya's proud aloofness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину обожали","title":"«воистину» — verily (Church-Slavonic)","body":"«воистину» ('verily, truly') is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-tinged adverb, famous from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе» ('He is risen indeed'). It lends near-religious force to how the women 'adored' Katya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горничными ее были","title":"Predicate instrumental «горничными»","body":"«были … горничными» — 'were her chambermaids': the predicate noun after «быть» (past tense) takes the instrumental «горничными», framing the role as one they assumed. A textbook predicate instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of обе","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бабы","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of то есть (i.e.) construction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to бабы","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тетка","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Агафья","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of тетка","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истории","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истории","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истории","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказались","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"чистыми","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ангелами","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"ангелами","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of оказались","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сестру","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of обожали","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сестру","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"гордячку","lemma":"гордячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to сестру","gloss":"the proud one"},{"surface":"Катю","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to сестру","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обожали","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"обожали","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оказались","gloss":"adored"},{"surface":"принижали","lemma":"принижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обожали","gloss":"abasing"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of принижали","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принижали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"горничными","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"chambermaids"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of горничными","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula with горничными, coordinated with обожали","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c4-s111","source":"Только Агафья эту штуку, то есть разговор-то наш, ей тогда и передай.","translation":"Only Agafya went and passed this stunt on to her then, that is, our whole conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Агафья … ей тогда и передай","title":"Imperative form as expressive past","body":"«передай» looks like an imperative but here is the 'dramatic imperative' standing for an unexpected past action — 'Agafya up and passed it on to her'. The particle «и» reinforces the sudden, vexing turn. A lively colloquial idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разговор-то наш","title":"Topic clitic «-то» on «разговор»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «разговор» foregrounds it as the known topic — 'our conversation, that is'. This emphatic «-то» (distinct from indefinite «кто-то») is a hallmark of spoken, folksy Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Агафья","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of передай","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штуку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передай","gloss":"stunt"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of то есть (i.e.) construction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to штуку","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to разговор","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передай","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying передай","gloss":"went and"},{"surface":"передай","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed on"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c4-s112","source":"Я это потом всё как пять пальцев узнал.","translation":"I learned all this afterward as plainly as the five fingers of my hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как пять пальцев узнал","title":"«как пять пальцев» — clear as the five fingers","body":"The idiom «знать как пять пальцев» ('to know like one's five fingers') means to know something inside out, perfectly. English prefers 'like the back of my hand'; the Russian counts the fingers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это (intensifier)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison modifying узнал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on пальцев","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"пальцев","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c4-s113","source":"Не скрыла, ну а мне, разумеется, того было и надо.","translation":"She did not hide it — well, and that, of course, was exactly what I needed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"того было и надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» + genitive «того»","body":"«мне … того было и надо» is an impersonal necessity construction: the experiencer «мне» is dative, «надо» the predicate of need, and «того» genitive — 'that was just what I needed'. The «и» emphasizes 'exactly that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрыла","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"скрыла","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hide it"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies надо","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying надо","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, complement того","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c4-s114","source":"Вдруг приезжает новый майор принимать баталион.","translation":"Suddenly a new major arrives to take over the battalion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вдруг приезжает новый майор","title":"Narrative present «приезжает» + «вдруг»","body":"The historical present «приезжает» ('arrives') with «вдруг» ('suddenly') drops the reader into the moment. «приезжать/приехать» is the prefixed motion verb for arriving by vehicle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезжает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приезжает","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies майор","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"майор","lemma":"майор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приезжает","gloss":"major"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying приезжает","gloss":"to take over"},{"surface":"баталион","lemma":"баталион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"the battalion"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c4-s115","source":"Принимает.","translation":"He takes it over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Принимает","title":"One-word present: «принимает»","body":"A single imperfective present verb forms a whole sentence ('He takes it over'), subject dropped. The terse, clipped staging mimics the brisk, inexorable handover of command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Принимает","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes it over"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c4-s116","source":"Старый подполковник вдруг заболевает, двинуться не может, двое суток дома сидит, суммы казенной не сдает.","translation":"The old lieutenant colonel suddenly falls ill, cannot stir, sits at home two whole days, does not hand over the government funds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заболевает … двинуться не может … сидит … не сдает","title":"Chain of imperfective presents","body":"A string of present-tense imperfectives («заболевает», «может», «сидит», «сдаёт») paints the unfolding situation as a continuous tableau. «двинуться не может» — perfective infinitive under «не может» — denies even a single movement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двое суток","title":"«сутки» — a 24-hour day (plurale tantum)","body":"«сутки» means a full day-and-night (24 hours) and exists only in the plural, so it counts with collective numerals: «двое суток» — 'two full days'. There is no singular form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подполковник","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболевает","gloss":"lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заболевает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заболевает","lemma":"заболевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls ill"},{"surface":"двинуться","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"stir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заболевает","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on суток","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"суток","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"duration adverbial modifying сидит","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заболевает","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сдает","gloss":"the funds"},{"surface":"казенной","lemma":"казённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суммы","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сдает","gloss":"does not"},{"surface":"сдает","lemma":"сдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заболевает","gloss":"hand over"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c4-s117","source":"Доктор наш Кравченко уверял, что действительно болен был.","translation":"Our doctor Kravchenko assured everyone that he really was ill.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверял, что действительно болен был","title":"Short adjective «болен» as predicate","body":"«болен» is the short (predicative) form of «больной» ('ill'), used after «был» to assert a temporary state — 'he really was ill'. Short adjectives can only predicate; «действительно» insists on its truth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверял","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Доктор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Кравченко","lemma":"кравченко","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Доктор","gloss":"Kravchenko"},{"surface":"уверял","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with был","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to болен","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c4-s118","source":"Только я вот что досконально знал по секрету и даже давно: что сумма, когда отсмотрит ее начальство, каждый раз после того, и это уже года четыре сряду, исчезала на время.","translation":"Only here is what I knew thoroughly, in secret, and indeed had known for a long time: that the funds, each time after his superiors had inspected them — and this had been going on four years running — would vanish for a while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда отсмотрит ее начальство … исчезала","title":"Iterative pairing of aspects","body":"«каждый раз» frames a recurring routine: the perfective «отсмотрит» (each completed inspection) triggers the imperfective «исчезала» (the funds 'would vanish'). Russian uses perfective-in-the-subordinate / imperfective-in-the-main to render English 'would, used to'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"года четыре сряду","title":"«сряду» — running, in a row (archaic)","body":"«сряду» (a colloquial/older variant of «подряд») means 'consecutively, running'. «года четыре сряду» — 'some four years running', with the inverted «года четыре» again signalling approximation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"досконально","lemma":"досконально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрету","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"секрету","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчезала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исчезала","gloss":"the funds"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отсмотрит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отсмотрит","lemma":"отсмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying исчезала","gloss":"inspected"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отсмотрит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отсмотрит","gloss":"his superiors"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исчезала (temporal adverbial)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (parenthetical)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies года","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on четыре","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"сряду","lemma":"сряду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезала (duration adverbial)","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"исчезала","lemma":"исчезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would vanish"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезала","gloss":"a while"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c4-s119","source":"Ссужал ее подполковник вернейшему одному человеку, купцу нашему, старому вдовцу, Трифонову, бородачу в золотых очках.","translation":"The lieutenant colonel would lend it to one most trustworthy man, a merchant of ours, an old widower named Trifonov, a bearded fellow in gold-rimmed spectacles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ссужал ее подполковник вернейшему … человеку","title":"Imperfective of habit + dative recipient","body":"«ссужал» (imperfective past of «ссужать», to lend) describes a repeated practice. «вернейшему … человеку» is the dative recipient ('to a most trustworthy man'), with the bookish superlative «вернейший» in «-ейш-»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бородачу в золотых очках","title":"«бородач» — a bearded fellow","body":"«бородач» is an expressive noun, 'a bearded man', from «борода» ('beard') + the «-ач» suffix that names a person by a salient trait. The detail «в золотых очках» (in gold spectacles) sketches the prosperous merchant Trifonov in a stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ссужал","lemma":"ссужать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would lend"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Ссужал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ссужал","gloss":"the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"вернейшему","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"most trustworthy"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человеку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Ссужал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"купцу","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человеку","gloss":"a merchant"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of купцу","gloss":"of ours"},{"surface":"старому","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вдовцу","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"вдовцу","lemma":"вдовец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купцу","gloss":"widower"},{"surface":"Трифонову","lemma":"трифонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вдовцу","gloss":"Trifonov"},{"surface":"бородачу","lemma":"бородач","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифонову","gloss":"bearded fellow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"золотых","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies очках","gloss":"gold-rimmed"},{"surface":"очках","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of бородачу","gloss":"spectacles"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c4-s120","source":"Тот съездит на ярмарку, сделает какой надо ему там оборот и возвращает тотчас подполковнику деньги в целости, а с тем вместе привозит с ярмарки гостинцу, а с гостинцами и процентики.","translation":"The latter would go off to the fair, turn whatever deal he needed there, and return the money to the lieutenant colonel intact at once, and along with it would bring a present back from the fair, and with the present a little interest besides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"съездит … сделает … возвращает … привозит","title":"Habitual perfective + imperfective mix","body":"Describing Trifonov's recurring routine, perfectives «съездит» (makes the round trip), «сделает» (does the deal) alternate with imperfective «возвращает», «привозит». The perfective-present here is iterative-future, the standard way to narrate a repeated habit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гостинцу … процентики","title":"«гостинец» + diminutive «процентики»","body":"«гостинец» is a present, esp. food or a treat brought back from a trip. «процентики» is the cosy diminutive of «проценты» ('interest, percentage') — a 'nice little bit of interest' slipped in alongside the gift, exposing the cheerful corruption."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съездит","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"съездит","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярмарку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ярмарку","lemma":"ярмарка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездит","gloss":"the fair"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with съездит","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of оборот","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate needed, modifies оборот","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"оборот","lemma":"оборот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возвращает","lemma":"возвращать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with съездит","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращает","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"подполковнику","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвращает","gloss":"to the lieutenant colonel"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of возвращает","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целости","lemma":"целость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвращает","gloss":"intact"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"along with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привозит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привозит","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"привозит","lemma":"привозить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with съездит","gloss":"would bring"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярмарки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ярмарки","lemma":"ярмарка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привозит","gloss":"the fair"},{"surface":"гостинцу","lemma":"гостинец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привозит","gloss":"a present"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостинцами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гостинцами","lemma":"гостинец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with гостинцу","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"процентики","lemma":"процентик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with гостинцу","gloss":"a little interest"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c4-s121","source":"Только в этот раз (я тогда узнал всё это совершенно случайно от подростка, слюнявого сынишки Трифонова, сына и наследника, развратнейшего мальчишки, какого свет производил), в этот раз, говорю, Трифонов, возвратясь с ярмарки, ничего не возвратил.","translation":"Only this time (I learned all of it quite by chance from a youngster — Trifonov's drooling little son, his son and heir, the most depraved boy the world has ever brought forth), this time, I tell you, Trifonov, on returning from the fair, gave nothing back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развратнейшего мальчишки, какого свет производил","title":"Superlative + expressive «мальчишка»","body":"«Развратнейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative in -ейший («the most depraved»), and «мальчишка» is the pejorative-affectionate form of «мальчик» — a brat of a boy. The whole phrase «какого свет производил» («the like of whom the world has produced») is Mitya's hyperbolic, theatrical register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвратясь с ярмарки","title":"Perfective gerund «возвратясь»","body":"«Возвратясь» is the perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») of «возвратиться», naming a completed prior action: \"having returned from the fair, he returned nothing.\" The play «возвратясь… ничего не возвратил» (returned / returned-nothing) is a deliberate pun built on the same root."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сынишки","title":"Diminutive «сынишка»","body":"«Сынишка», from «сын» (son) via the belittling-affectionate suffix -ишк-, casts the boy as a contemptible little nobody — \"a measly little son.\" The suffix here drips disdain rather than tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, resumed by говорю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случайно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подростка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"подростка","lemma":"подросток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"a youngster"},{"surface":"слюнявого","lemma":"слюнявый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сынишки","gloss":"drooling"},{"surface":"сынишки","lemma":"сынишка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to подростка","gloss":"little son","note":"сынишка declines like a feminine noun but is grammatically masculine, referring to a boy."},{"surface":"Трифонова","lemma":"трифонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сынишки","gloss":"Trifonov's"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сынишки","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наследника","lemma":"наследник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сына","gloss":"heir"},{"surface":"развратнейшего","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишки","gloss":"most depraved"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сынишки","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"relative pronoun, direct object of производил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of производил","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"производил","lemma":"производить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying мальчишки","gloss":"has ever produced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, resumptive of the earlier раз","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (I tell you)","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"Трифонов","lemma":"трифонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвратил","gloss":"Trifonov"},{"surface":"возвратясь","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, converb (gerund), reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возвратил","gloss":"on returning"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярмарки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ярмарки","lemma":"ярмарка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратясь","gloss":"the fair"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of возвратил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возвратил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возвратил","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave back"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c4-s122","source":"Подполковник бросился к нему: «Никогда я от вас ничего не получал, да и получать не мог» — вот ответ.","translation":"The lieutenant-colonel flew at him: \"I never received a thing from you, nor could I have\" — that was the answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда я от вас ничего не получал","title":"Negative concord: «никогда… ничего… не»","body":"Russian piles negatives that cancel into a single denial: «никогда» (never) + «ничего» (nothing) + the obligatory «не» on the verb all reinforce one meaning. English forbids this stacking; Russian requires it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не получал, да и получать не мог","title":"Genitive of negation «ничего»","body":"Under negation the object slides to the genitive: «ничего» is the genitive of «ничто», the negated object of «получать». The coordinating «да и» (\"and besides, nor\") then adds a second, intensifying clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"the lieutenant-colonel"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of получал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of получал","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получал","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"получать","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with получал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the closing clause","gloss":"the answer"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c4-s123","source":"Ну, так и сидит наш подполковник дома, голову себе обвязал полотенцем, ему они все три льду к темени прикладывают; вдруг вестовой с книгою и с приказом: «Сдать казенную сумму, тотчас же, немедленно, через два часа».","translation":"Well, so there sits our lieutenant-colonel at home, his head bound up in a towel, all three of them pressing ice to his crown; when suddenly an orderly arrives with the ledger and an order: \"Hand over the government funds at once, immediately, within two hours.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и сидит наш подполковник дома","title":"Vivid present + «так и»","body":"The imperfective present «сидит» is a historical present, dropping us into the scene as though it were unfolding now — a hallmark of Mitya's breathless oral telling. The particle «так и» adds a resigned \"and so there he just sits.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"голову себе обвязал полотенцем","title":"Reflexive «себе» + instrumental «полотенцем»","body":"«Себе» (dative of the reflexive «себя») marks the colonel as the one for whom the binding is done — \"bound his own head.\" «Полотенцем» is the instrumental of means: the towel is the thing he binds it with."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вестовой","title":"«Вестовой» (orderly)","body":"A «вестовой» is a military orderly or dispatch-bearer, a soldier assigned to carry messages and run errands for an officer. He arrives \"с книгою\" — with the official ledger that must be signed for receipt of the order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подполковник","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"lieutenant-colonel"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обвязал","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"reflexive dative complement of обвязал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"обвязал","lemma":"обвязать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"bound up"},{"surface":"полотенцем","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обвязал","gloss":"with a towel"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прикладывают","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прикладывают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"льду","lemma":"лёд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прикладывают","gloss":"ice"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"темени","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикладывают","gloss":"his crown"},{"surface":"прикладывают","lemma":"прикладывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"are pressing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вестовой","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вестовой","lemma":"вестовой","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical arrival)","gloss":"an orderly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"книгою","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вестовой","gloss":"a ledger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приказом","lemma":"приказ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with книгою","gloss":"an order"},{"surface":"Сдать","lemma":"сдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted order, in apposition to приказом","gloss":"hand over"},{"surface":"казенную","lemma":"казённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сумму","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Сдать","gloss":"funds"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Сдать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тотчас","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сдать","gloss":"hours"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c4-s124","source":"Он расписался, я эту подпись в книге потом видел, — встал, сказал, что одеваться в мундир идет, прибежал в свою спальню, взял двухствольное охотничье свое ружье, зарядил, вкатил солдатскую пулю, снял с правой ноги сапог, ружье упер в грудь, а ногой стал курок искать.","translation":"He signed for it — I afterward saw that signature in the ledger myself — rose, said he was going to put on his uniform, ran to his bedroom, took down his double-barreled hunting gun, loaded it, rammed in a soldier's bullet, pulled the boot off his right foot, braced the gun against his chest, and began feeling for the trigger with his toe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расписался, встал, сказал, прибежал, взял, зарядил, вкатил, снял, упёр","title":"Chain of perfective pasts","body":"The sentence is a string of perfective past verbs, each a single completed event clicking the action forward — signed, rose, said, ran, took, loaded, rammed, pulled off, braced. This staccato perfective chain is exactly how Russian narrates rapid sequential action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двухствольное охотничье своё ружьё","title":"Reflexive possessive «своё»","body":"«Своё» means the gun belongs to the subject of the clause — his own hunting gun. Russian prefers «свой» over «его» whenever the possessor is the sentence's subject; «его ружьё» would suggest someone else's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одеваться в мундир идёт","title":"Imperfective infinitive of purpose «одеваться»","body":"«Идёт одеваться» — \"is going to dress\" — pairs a motion verb with an imperfective infinitive naming the process he sets out to do. The imperfective is right here: dressing is viewed as an activity, not a single bounded act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вкатил солдатскую пулю","title":"«Вкатил» — rammed it in","body":"«Вкатить» literally \"to roll in,\" used colloquially for ramming the ball-bullet down the barrel. «Солдатская пуля» is a military-issue round, heavier than birdshot — he means business. The earthy verb fits Mitya's rough, immediate narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расписался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"расписался","lemma":"расписаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подпись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подпись","lemma":"подпись","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"signature"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книге","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"the ledger"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одеваться","lemma":"одеваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of идет","gloss":"to dress"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мундир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мундир","lemma":"мундир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одеваться","gloss":"his uniform"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"прибежал","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спальню","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"спальню","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибежал","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"двухствольное","lemma":"двухствольный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ружье","gloss":"double-barreled"},{"surface":"охотничье","lemma":"охотничий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ружье","gloss":"hunting"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ружье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ружье","lemma":"ружьё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"gun"},{"surface":"зарядил","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"loaded it"},{"surface":"вкатил","lemma":"вкатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"rammed in"},{"surface":"солдатскую","lemma":"солдатский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пулю","gloss":"soldier's"},{"surface":"пулю","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вкатил","gloss":"bullet"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"pulled off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снял","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"сапог","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"boot"},{"surface":"ружье","lemma":"ружьё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упер","gloss":"the gun"},{"surface":"упер","lemma":"упереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"braced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упер","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ногой","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of искать","gloss":"with his foot"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписался","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"курок","lemma":"курок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of искать","gloss":"the trigger"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to feel for"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c4-s125","source":"А Агафья уже подозревала, мои тогдашние слова запомнила, подкралась и во-время подсмотрела: ворвалась, бросилась на него сзади, обняла, ружье выстрелило вверх в потолок; никого не ранило; вбежали остальные, схватили его, отняли ружье, за руки держат…","translation":"But Agafya had already grown suspicious — she had remembered what I had said earlier — and she crept up and peered in just in time: she burst in, threw herself at him from behind, flung her arms around him, the gun went off upward into the ceiling; no one was hurt; the others came running in, seized him, took the gun away, and held him by the arms…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подкралась и во-время подсмотрела: ворвалась, бросилась, обняла","title":"Perfective rush of events","body":"Another volley of perfective pasts — crept up, peered, burst in, threw herself, embraced — each a discrete completed beat. The asyndeton (clauses heaped without conjunctions) speeds the rescue to breakneck pace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ружьё выстрелило… никого не ранило","title":"Impersonal «никого не ранило»","body":"«Ранило» is a neuter, subjectless verb form (\"it wounded no one\") — an impersonal construction where no nominative actor is named, the gun or the shot doing the harm implicitly. «Никого» is the genitive object under negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за руки держат","title":"Historic present «держат»","body":"After a run of pasts the verb flips to the imperfective present «держат» (\"they hold him\"), freezing the final tableau before our eyes — the men still gripping his arms. This switch into the vivid present is a signature of excited oral narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вестовой… Агафья","title":"Agafya, the colonel's daughter","body":"Agafya is Agafya Ivanovna, the lieutenant-colonel's elder daughter (Katerina Ivanovna's plain elder sister), not a hired servant. Her quick wits — remembering Mitya's earlier warning and creeping up to watch — make her the one who actually thwarts the suicide, a small character given a decisive narrative role."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подозревала","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"подозревала","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown suspicious"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тогдашние","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of запомнила","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"запомнила","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подозревала","gloss":"had remembered"},{"surface":"подкралась","lemma":"подкрасться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подозревала","gloss":"crept up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсмотрела","gloss":"time","note":"во время here is the idiom вовремя, \"in time / just in time.\""},{"surface":"подсмотрела","lemma":"подсмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подозревала","gloss":"peered in"},{"surface":"ворвалась","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подозревала","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"обняла","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"embraced him"},{"surface":"ружье","lemma":"ружьё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выстрелило","gloss":"the gun"},{"surface":"выстрелило","lemma":"выстрелить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выстрелило","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потолок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"потолок","lemma":"потолок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выстрелило","gloss":"the ceiling"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ранило","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ранило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ранило","lemma":"ранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"was hurt"},{"surface":"вбежали","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"came running in"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вбежали","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отняли","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"ружье","lemma":"ружьё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отняли","gloss":"the gun"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держат","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"держат","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ворвалась","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-c4-s126","source":"Всё это я потом узнал до черты.","translation":"All of this I learned afterward down to the last detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до черты","title":"«До черты» — down to the last line","body":"«Черта» is a line or boundary-mark; «узнать до черты» means to learn something exhaustively, \"down to the last detail / to the very line.\" The idiom conveys complete, precise knowledge of the whole affair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черты","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"the last detail"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-c4-s127","source":"Сидел я тогда дома, были сумерки, и только что хотел выходить, оделся, причесался, платок надушил, фуражку взял, как вдруг отворяется дверь и — предо мною, у меня на квартире, Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"I was sitting at home then, it was dusk, and I had just meant to go out — I had dressed, combed my hair, scented my handkerchief, and taken up my cap — when all at once the door opens and there before me, in my own lodgings, stands Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оделся, причесался, надушил, взял","title":"Reflexive grooming verbs","body":"«Оделся» (dressed himself) and «причесался» (combed his own hair) carry the reflexive -ся, where the action turns back on the doer. The cluster of quick perfectives sketches his unhurried toilette just before Katerina's sudden arrival shatters it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вдруг отворяется дверь","title":"«как вдруг» + present «отворяется»","body":"«Как вдруг» (\"when all at once\") is the classic narrative pivot to a surprise, and the imperfective present «отворяется» dramatizes the door opening in real time. The reflexive «отворяется» is the middle/intransitive use of -ся: the door opens of itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предо мною","title":"Archaic «предо мною»","body":"«Предо» is the elevated, fuller variant of the preposition «перед» (before, in front of), and «мною» is the bookish long instrumental of «я». Together they raise the register, lending Katerina's apparition a near-theatrical solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Сидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сидел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сидел","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сидел","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"сумерки","lemma":"сумерки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"dusk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сидел","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to go out"},{"surface":"оделся","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сидел","gloss":"had dressed"},{"surface":"причесался","lemma":"причесаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сидел","gloss":"combed his hair"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надушил","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"надушил","lemma":"надушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сидел","gloss":"scented"},{"surface":"фуражку","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сидел","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворяется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворяется","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отворяется","lemma":"отворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как вдруг","gloss":"opens"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворяется","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"before","note":"предо is the archaic elided form of перед, used before мною."},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies квартире","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"квартире","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative complement in the elliptical clause (she stood here)","gloss":"my lodgings"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-c4-s128","source":"Бывают же странности: никто-то не заметил тогда на улице, как она ко мне прошла, так что в городе так это и кануло.","translation":"Strange things do happen: not a soul in the street noticed how she came to me then, so that in the town it simply sank away without a trace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бывают же странности","title":"Iterative «бывают» + particle «же»","body":"«Бывают» is the iterative-habitual of «быть» — \"such oddities do occur, do happen now and then.\" The particle «же» adds a musing emphasis (\"strange things really do happen\"), one of those tiny modal words that carry the speaker's wonder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто-то не заметил","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «никто»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the topic-highlighting clitic (distinct from indefinite «кто-то»), lending an affectionate, marveling stress: \"not a single soul, mind you, noticed.\" «Никто… не» is again negative concord."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так это и кануло","title":"«Кануло» — sank without a trace","body":"«Кануть» (to sink, vanish) survives chiefly in the idiom «кануть в Лету / в вечность» — to disappear utterly, as into oblivion. Here \"in the town it simply sank away\" means the visit left no rumor, no record at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do happen"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Бывают","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"странности","lemma":"странность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Бывают","gloss":"strange things"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"not a soul"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic on никто","gloss":"at all","note":"-то here is an emphatic enclitic (никто-то), intensifying \"not a soul.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the explanatory clause after Бывают странности","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of кануло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кануло","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кануло","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кануло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кануло","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"кануло","lemma":"кануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (так... что)","gloss":"sank away"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-c4-s129","source":"Я же нанимал квартиру у двух чиновниц, древнейших старух, они мне и прислуживали, бабы почтительные, слушались меня во всем и по моему приказу замолчали потом обе, как чугунные тумбы.","translation":"Now I was renting my rooms from two clerks' widows, ancient old women, and they waited on me — deferential old creatures who obeyed me in everything, and at my order they both later fell silent as cast-iron posts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у двух чиновниц, древнейших старух","title":"«Чиновница» and the superlative «древнейших»","body":"«Чиновница» is the wife or widow of a «чиновник», a civil servant — the translation's \"clerks' widows.\" «Древнейших» (\"most ancient\") is a hyperbolic synthetic superlative, comically aging the two landladies."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушались меня во всём","title":"Reflexive «слушались» (obeyed)","body":"«Слушаться» (+ genitive/accusative) is a -ся verb meaning \"to obey,\" distinct from plain «слушать» (\"to listen to\"). The reflexive form has lexicalized into a separate verb — one of the cases where -ся does not mean \"oneself\" at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабы почтительные… как чугунные тумбы","title":"«Бабы» and the simile «как чугунные тумбы»","body":"«Бабы» is a plain, folksy word for peasant women / old women, faintly condescending here. The simile «замолчали… как чугунные тумбы» — \"fell silent like cast-iron posts\" — likens their total, immovable discretion to roadside iron bollards."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нанимал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нанимал","lemma":"нанимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was renting"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нанимал","gloss":"my rooms"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновниц","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies чиновниц","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"чиновниц","lemma":"чиновница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нанимал","gloss":"clerks' widows"},{"surface":"древнейших","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural","role":"modifies старух","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"старух","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to чиновниц","gloss":"old women"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прислуживали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прислуживали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислуживали","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нанимал","gloss":"waited on me"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"old dames"},{"surface":"почтительные","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бабы","gloss":"deferential"},{"surface":"слушались","lemma":"слушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нанимал","gloss":"obeyed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушались","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушались","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приказу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"приказу","lemma":"приказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замолчали","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"замолчали","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with нанимал","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замолчали","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"subject of замолчали","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison тумбы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"чугунные","lemma":"чугунный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies тумбы","gloss":"cast-iron"},{"surface":"тумбы","lemma":"тумба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замолчали","gloss":"posts"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b3-c4-s130","source":"Конечно, я всё тотчас понял.","translation":"Of course I understood everything at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я всё тотчас понял","title":"Perfective «понял» — the click of comprehension","body":"«Понял» is the perfective past: understanding arrives as a single completed event, \"I grasped it all at once.\" The adverb «тотчас» (instantly) reinforces the perfective's sense of an action seized whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b3-c4-s131","source":"Она вошла и прямо глядит на меня, темные глаза смотрят решительно, дерзко даже, но в губах и около губ, вижу, есть нерешительность.","translation":"She came in and looked straight at me, her dark eyes regarding me resolutely, even boldly, but in her lips and about her lips I could see there was irresolution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошла и прямо глядит на меня… смотрят","title":"Perfective entry, imperfective gaze","body":"The aspectual contrast is exact: perfective «вошла» (she came in — one completed step) gives way to imperfective present «глядит / смотрят» (looks / are looking — sustained, ongoing). The shift paints her entrance as done and her stare as held."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дерзко","title":"«Дерзко» — boldly, insolently","body":"«Дерзко» spans \"boldly\" and \"insolently / impudently\"; the related «дерзость» is daring effrontery. Mitya reads her gaze as resolute and almost defiant — even as he notices the irresolution betrayed by her lips."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вошла","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смотрят","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"смотрят","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вошла","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрят","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"дерзко","lemma":"дерзко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with решительно","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дерзко","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"her lips"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губ","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть, coordinated with губах","gloss":"her lips"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb introducing the clause","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"нерешительность","lemma":"нерешительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"irresolution"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b3-c4-s132","source":"— Мне сестра сказала, что вы дадите четыре тысячи пятьсот рублей, если я приду за ними… к вам сама. Я пришла… дайте деньги!..","translation":"\"My sister told me you would give four thousand five hundred rubles if I came for them… to you myself. I have come… give me the money!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы дадите четыре тысячи пятьсот рублей, если я приду","title":"Two perfective futures «дадите… приду»","body":"Both verbs are perfective presents-as-futures: «дадите» (you will give) and «приду» (I come / will come). In the «если» (if) clause Russian simply uses the future, where English slips into a present \"if I came.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"четыре тысячи пятьсот рублей","title":"Case after numerals","body":"Compound numerals govern the noun's case: «четыре тысячи» takes «тысячи» in the genitive singular (after 2–4), while the full sum 4500 \"roubles\" surfaces as «рублей», the genitive plural demanded by the final magnitude. Russian counting forces these case shifts at every step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте деньги","title":"Imperative «дайте»","body":"«Дайте» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «дать» (give), built with the -те ending. The perfective imperative asks for a single, complete handing-over — exactly what the desperate Katerina demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дадите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дадите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дадите","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рублей, with пятьсот","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, genitive, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дадите","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дадите","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes я (understood), meaning 'myself'","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пришла","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of дайте","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b3-c4-s133","source":"— не выдержала, задохлась, испугалась, голос пресекся, а концы губ и линии около губ задрожали.","translation":"— she could not hold out, her breath caught, she took fright, her voice broke off, and the corners of her lips and the lines about her lips trembled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выдержала, задохлась, испугалась, голос пресёкся, задрожали","title":"Perfective collapse","body":"A cascade of perfectives marks the breakdown as a chain of sudden completed events: she couldn't hold out, gasped, took fright, her voice broke off, the lips trembled. Several carry -ся (задохлась, испугалась, пресёкся) as middle/inchoative change-of-state verbs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голос пресёкся","title":"«Пресёкся» — broke off","body":"«Пресечься» (to be cut short, break off) is a somewhat elevated verb; «голос пресёкся» — \"her voice broke off\" — is a fixed literary turn for a voice failing under emotion, sharper and more formal than the everyday «голос сорвался»."}],"words":[{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержала","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"задохлась","lemma":"задохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"her breath caught"},{"surface":"испугалась","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пресекся","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"пресекся","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"концы","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of задрожали","gloss":"the ends"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies концы","gloss":"of the lips"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"линии","lemma":"линия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with концы, subject of задрожали","gloss":"the lines"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губ","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of задрожали","gloss":"the lips"},{"surface":"задрожали","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"trembled"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b3-c4-s134","source":"— Алешка, слушаешь или спишь?","translation":"\"Alyoshka, are you listening, or are you asleep?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алёшка","title":"The form «Алёшка»","body":"«Алёшка», from Алексей via the -ка suffix, is the rough-familiar diminutive — affectionate between brothers but a notch coarser than the gentle «Алёша». Mitya's choice of «Алёшка» catches his intimate, jostling, big-brother tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушаешь или спишь","title":"Imperfective present for ongoing states","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present — «слушаешь» (are you listening) and «спишь» (are you sleeping) — naming states in progress. With the ending alone marking 2nd-person singular, the pronoun «ты» is freely dropped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"слушаешь","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you listening"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"спишь","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушаешь","gloss":"are you asleep"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b3-c4-s135","source":"— Митя, я знаю, что ты всю правду скажешь, — произнес в волнении Алеша.","translation":"\"Mitya, I know you will tell the whole truth,\" said Alyosha in agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты всю правду скажешь","title":"«что» clause + perfective future «скажешь»","body":"The subordinator «что» (that) reports a plain fact, and «скажешь» is the perfective future — \"you will tell\" the whole truth as a single complete act. Contrast «чтобы», which would demand the irrealis past form for a willed or hypothetical outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в волнении","title":"«В волнении» — in agitation","body":"«Волнение» means agitation, emotional turmoil, a stirred-up state of feeling (root «волна», wave — literally a \"waving\" of the soul). The phrase «в волнении» (\"in agitation\") recurs through the chapter to mark the brothers' charged exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажешь","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b3-c4-s136","source":"— Ее самую и скажу.","translation":"\"The whole truth itself is what I'll tell.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Её самую и скажу","title":"Emphatic «её самую» + fronting","body":"«Её самую» is the accusative of «она сама» — \"the very thing (truth) itself.\" Fronting the object before the verb «скажу», with the particle «и» (\"the very truth is what I'll tell\"), throws all the weight onto what is promised — a classic topic–comment reordering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Ее, emphatic ('that very')","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b3-c4-s137","source":"Если всю правду, то вот как было, себя не пощажу.","translation":"If it's to be the whole truth, then here is how it was — I'll not spare myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя не пощажу","title":"Reflexive object «себя»","body":"«Себя» is the reflexive pronoun (no nominative form), object of «не пощажу» — \"I will not spare myself.\" As a full pronoun it can take any case object position, unlike the bound verbal clitic -ся."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если всю правду, то вот как было","title":"Elliptical «если… то»","body":"The conditional verb is simply dropped: «если всю правду» (\"if [it's to be] the whole truth\") leans on the «если… то» correlative frame to carry the sense without a stated predicate — a terse, spoken compression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пощажу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пощажу","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative 'then', resumes the если-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пощажу","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пощажу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пощажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пощажу","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will spare"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b3-c4-s138","source":"Первая мысль была — карамазовская.","translation":"My first thought was a Karamazov thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Первая мысль была — карамазовская","title":"Predicate adjective «карамазовская»","body":"The dash stands in for the absent past copula «была», and «карамазовская» is the long-form predicate adjective derived from the family name — \"a Karamazov thought.\" Coining an adjective from the surname turns it into a moral category, the family's signature impulse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of карамазовская","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to карамазовская","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"карамазовская","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of мысль","gloss":"a Karamazov one"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b3-c4-s139","source":"Раз, брат, меня фаланга укусила, я две недели от нее в жару пролежал; ну так вот и теперь вдруг за сердце, слышу, укусила фаланга, злое-то насекомое, понимаешь?","translation":"Once, brother, a tarantula bit me, and I lay two weeks in a fever from it; well, and now it was just so — suddenly, right at the heart, I felt it, a tarantula had bitten me, a vicious little creature, do you understand?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фаланга","title":"«Фаланга» — the solifuge / \"tarantula\"","body":"«Фаланга» is a solifuge (camel-spider), a fearsome-looking arachnid of southern Russia and the Caucasus, popularly dreaded as venomous. Mitya uses it (and «тарантул» below) loosely for a poisonous biting creature — the governing image of his predatory \"first thought.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"две недели… пролежал","title":"Perfective «пролежал» — duration measured out","body":"The prefix про- on «пролежал» measures a span of time fully spent: \"I lay [the whole] two weeks in a fever.\" This про- of completed duration is a productive perfectivizing pattern, pairing naturally with the accusative time-phrase «две недели»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"злое-то насекомое","title":"Topic clitic «-то» on «злое»","body":"The clitic «-то» attached to «злое» highlights the noun phrase with a knowing, colloquial nudge — \"that nasty little creature, you know.\" It is the emphatic, not the indefinite, «-то», coloring Mitya's confiding tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укусила, temporal ('once')","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of укусила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"фаланга","lemma":"фаланга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of укусила","gloss":"tarantula"},{"surface":"укусила","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пролежал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"duration complement of пролежал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жару","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жару","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролежал","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"пролежал","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with укусила","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the next clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ну так вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ну так вот","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь, emphatic","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышу","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition за","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"укусила","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышу","gloss":"it bit"},{"surface":"фаланга","lemma":"фаланга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of укусила","gloss":"tarantula"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies насекомое","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to злое","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial suffix-particle -то for emphasis; not translated as a separate word."},{"surface":"насекомое","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to фаланга","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical tag question","gloss":"you understand"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b3-c4-s140","source":"Обмерил я ее глазом.","translation":"I measured her with my eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обмерил я ́её глазом","title":"Instrumental «глазом» + verb-first order","body":"«Глазом» is the instrumental of means — he sized her up *with* his eye. Putting the verb «обмерил» first, before the subject «я», is an emphatic narrative inversion that drives the action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Обмерил… глазом","title":"«Обмерить глазом» — to size up","body":"«Обмерить» literally means to measure all round; «обмерить глазом» is the idiom \"to size someone up with a glance, take their measure.\" The appraising, almost predatory verb fits the tarantula image he has just summoned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обмерил","lemma":"обмерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"measured"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Обмерил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Обмерил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глазом","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Обмерил","gloss":"with my eye"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b3-c4-s141","source":"Видел ты ее?","translation":"Have you seen her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видел ты её?","title":"Animate accusative «её» + inversion","body":"«Её» is the accusative of «она» (here animate, so the form is distinct), object of «видел». The verb-subject order «Видел ты» frames a direct, conversational question without the particle «ли» — pure spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Видел","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b3-c4-s142","source":"Ведь красавица.","translation":"She is a beauty, after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь красавица","title":"Appeal particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — \"she's a beauty, after all / you know.\" It takes a fact Mitya assumes Alyosha will grant and leans on it. The copula is again zero: «красавица» stands alone as the present-tense predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies красавица","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"красавица","lemma":"красавица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a beauty"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b3-c4-s143","source":"Да не тем она красива тогда была.","translation":"But it wasn't that which made her beautiful just then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не тем она красива","title":"Instrumental of cause «тем» + short adjective «красива»","body":"«Красива» is the short (predicative) form of «красивый», and «тем» is the instrumental: \"she was not beautiful *by that* / on account of that.\" The instrumental here names the quality or respect in which she was beautiful, setting up the «тем, что…» clause to follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of красива","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of красива","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"красива","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красива","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to красива","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b3-c4-s144","source":"Красива была она тем в ту минуту, что она благородная, а я подлец, что она в величии своего великодушия и жертвы своей за отца, а я клоп.","translation":"What made her beautiful in that moment was that she was noble and I was a scoundrel — that she stood in the grandeur of her own magnanimity and her sacrifice for her father, while I was a bedbug.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Красива была она тем… что она благородная, а я подлец","title":"«тем, что…» + contrastive «а»","body":"«Тем, что» (\"by the fact that…\") names the cause of her beauty, and the conjunction «а» draws the central moral contrast — \"she was noble, *while* I was a scoundrel.\" «А» is the untranslatable Russian hinge of gentle opposition that this whole confession turns on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец… клоп","title":"«Подлец» and «клоп»","body":"«Подлец» is a strong word — a scoundrel, a base and dishonorable man — central to Dostoevsky's moral vocabulary of self-abasement. «Клоп» is a bedbug; calling himself a «клоп» beside her «великодушие» is Mitya's vivid self-disgust."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в величии своего великодушия","title":"Prepositional «в величии» + reflexive «своего»","body":"«В величии» is the prepositional after «в» (location-in: she stood \"in the grandeur\"), and «своего великодушия» uses the reflexive possessive «своё» — *her own* magnanimity, referring back to the subject. The piled abstract nouns in -ие («величие», «великодушие») lift the register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красива","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main clause","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Красива","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Красива","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the что-clauses that follow","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying Красива","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благородная","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of благородная","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"благородная","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective in the что-clause, explains тем","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благородная","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of величии","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided была in this clause","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking величии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"величии","lemma":"величие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate location, oblique complement of the elided была","gloss":"the grandeur"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of великодушия","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"великодушия","lemma":"великодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies величии","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with великодушия","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертвы","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition за, modifies жертвы","gloss":"her father"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of клоп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"клоп","lemma":"клоп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel clause to я подлец","gloss":"a bedbug"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b3-c4-s145","source":"И вот от меня, клопа и подлеца, она вся зависит, вся, вся кругом, и с душой и с телом.","translation":"And there she was, depending entirely on me, a bedbug and a scoundrel — wholly, wholly, every part of her, soul and body alike.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от меня, клопа и подлеца, она вся зависит","title":"«Зависеть от» + genitive","body":"«Зависеть» governs «от» + genitive: «от меня, клопа и подлеца» — \"on me, a bedbug and a scoundrel.\" The appositives «клопа и подлеца» stand in the genitive too, agreeing with «меня». Fronting this phrase before the verb hammers the bitter dependence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся, вся, вся кругом, и с душой и с телом","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment «с душой и с телом»","body":"«С душой и с телом» — \"with soul and with body\" — uses «с» + instrumental for accompaniment. The triple «вся» (whole, all of her) and the repeated «с» build an incantatory, possessive rhythm fitting Mitya's heated avowal."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of preposition от","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"клопа","lemma":"клоп","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"a bedbug"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зависит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"depends"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated emphatic modifier of она","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated emphatic modifier of она, paired with кругом","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies вся, modifies зависит","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависит, paired with телом","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависит, coordinated with душой","gloss":"body"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b3-c4-s146","source":"Очерчена.","translation":"Hemmed in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очерчена","title":"Short passive participle «очерчена»","body":"A one-word sentence: «очерчена» is the short-form past passive participle of «очертить» (to draw a circle around, hem in), feminine to agree with the unspoken \"she.\" It states a result — \"[she is] circled in, hemmed in\" — with magical overtones of a ring drawn round a victim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очерчена","lemma":"очертить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hemmed in"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b3-c4-s147","source":"Я тебе прямо скажу: эта мысль, мысль фаланги, до такой степени захватила мне сердце, что оно чуть не истекло от одного томления.","translation":"I'll tell you straight out: that thought, the tarantula's thought, gripped my heart to such a degree that it nearly bled away from the longing alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до такой степени захватила мне сердце, что","title":"«до такой степени… что» + dative «мне»","body":"The correlative «до такой степени… что» (\"to such a degree that\") sets up a result clause. The dative «мне» is a dative of the affected person — the heart it gripped was *mine* — a quiet possessive dative very natural in Russian where English says \"my heart.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"томления","title":"«Томление» — languishing longing","body":"«Томление» names a sweet, aching languor — a yearning, pining torment of the soul, half pleasure and half pain. It is a key word of Romantic and Dostoevskian inwardness; the heart \"nearly bled away\" from this longing alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of захватила","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мысль, in apposition","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"фаланги","lemma":"фаланга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"of the tarantula"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватила","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"захватила","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of захватила","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of захватила","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of истекло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of истекло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истекло","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies истекло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"истекло","lemma":"истечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"bled away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking томления","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies томления, emphatic","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"томления","lemma":"томление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of истекло","gloss":"longing"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b3-c4-s148","source":"Казалось бы, и борьбы не могло уже быть никакой: именно бы поступить как клопу, как злому тарантулу, безо всякого сожаления…","translation":"It would seem there could no longer be any struggle at all: the thing to do was precisely to act like a bedbug, like a vicious tarantula, without any pity whatsoever…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Казалось бы… именно бы поступить как клопу","title":"The irrealis particle «бы»","body":"«Бы» twice marks the hypothetical: «казалось бы» (\"it would seem\") softens to a supposition, and «именно бы поступить» projects an unreal course of action — \"the thing would be to act…\" The particle is mobile, leaning here on «казалось» and on «именно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поступить как клопу","title":"Dative «как клопу» in an infinitive clause","body":"In the impersonal infinitive construction «поступить как клопу», the implied actor stands in the dative — \"for [one] to act like a bedbug.\" The comparison «как» pulls «клопу» into the same dative as the understood subject of «поступить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"борьбы не могло уже быть никакой","title":"Genitive of negation «борьбы… никакой»","body":"In the negated existential «борьбы… не могло быть никакой», the subject goes obligatorily into the genitive: «борьбы» (gen. of «борьба») and «никакой» (gen. fem.) — \"there could be no struggle of any kind.\" The neuter impersonal «не могло быть» governs this genitive of absence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of Казалось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"борьбы","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Казалось","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to никакой","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of могло, agreeing with борьбы","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional auxiliary of поступить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate infinitive, main clause after the colon","gloss":"to act"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces comparison клопу","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"клопу","lemma":"клоп","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступить","gloss":"a bedbug"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces comparison тарантулу","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"злому","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тарантулу","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"тарантулу","lemma":"тарантул","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступить","gloss":"tarantula"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сожаления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сожаления","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"сожаления","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition безо","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b3-c4-s149","source":"Пересекло у меня дух даже.","translation":"It even cut my breath short.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пересекло у меня дух даже","title":"Impersonal «пересекло»","body":"«Пересекло» is a subjectless neuter verb — \"it cut short my breath\" — with no named agent doing the cutting. The construction «у меня» (\"with me / from me,\" genitive after «у») marks whose breath it is, a typically Russian impersonal framing of an involuntary bodily reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пересекло","lemma":"пересечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, impersonal, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it cut short"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пересекло","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Пересекло","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пересекло","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b3-c4-s150","source":"Слушай: ведь я, разумеется, завтра же приехал бы руки просить, чтобы всё это благороднейшим, так сказать, образом завершить и чтобы никто, стало быть, этого не знал и не мог бы знать.","translation":"Listen: for of course I would have driven over the very next day to ask for her hand, so as to bring the whole thing to a most honorable conclusion, so to speak, and so that no one, accordingly, should know of it or ever be able to know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра же приехал бы руки просить","title":"Conditional «приехал бы» + particle «же»","body":"«Приехал бы» is the conditional — a past-form verb plus «бы» — for the unreal \"I would have driven over.\" The particle «же» fastened to «завтра» insists on the timing: \"the very next day.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы всё это… завершить и чтобы никто… не знал","title":"Purpose «чтобы» with infinitive and past form","body":"«Чтобы» builds two purpose clauses: first with a bare infinitive «завершить» (same subject — to conclude the thing), then with a past-form verb «не знал» (different subject — so that no one *should* know). The past form after «чтобы» is the irrealis required by this conjunction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушай","gloss":"would have come"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of приехал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of просить","gloss":"her hand"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приехал","gloss":"to ask for"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благороднейшим","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of благороднейшим","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"благороднейшим","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"manner adverbial modifying завершить","gloss":"most honorably"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with благороднейшим","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завершить","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"завершить","lemma":"завершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сказать","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть, parenthetical ('accordingly')","gloss":"accordingly"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause, coordinated with мог","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b3-c4-s151","source":"Потому что ведь я человек хоть и низких желаний, но честный.","translation":"Because, you see, for all my base desires I am an honest man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я человек хоть и низких желаний, но честный","title":"«ведь» + concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«Ведь» again appeals to shared understanding (\"you see, after all\"), while «хоть и… но» frames the concession — \"though of base desires, yet honest.\" «Низких желаний» is a genitive of quality describing «человек» (\"a man of base desires\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause (потому что = because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces concessive phrase modifying человек","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"низких","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies желаний","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"желаний","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"честный","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"honest"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b3-c4-s152","source":"И вот вдруг мне тогда в ту же секунду кто-то и шепни на ухо: «Да ведь завтра-то этакая, как приедешь с предложением руки, и не выйдет к тебе, а велит кучеру со двора тебя вытолкать. Ославляй, дескать, по всему городу, не боюсь тебя!»","translation":"And then suddenly, at that very second, someone seemed to whisper in my ear: \"But tomorrow, you know, this same one, when you come with your offer of marriage, won't even come out to you — she'll order her coachman to throw you out of the yard. Slander me, she'll say, through the whole town — I'm not afraid of you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то и шепни на ухо","title":"Imperative «шепни» as sudden past","body":"«Шепни» looks like an imperative of «шепнуть» (whisper) but functions here as the so-called \"dramatic imperative\" — a vivid narrative form meaning \"someone up and whispered.\" With «и» it conveys an abrupt, unbidden action: \"someone just suddenly whispered in my ear.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра-то этакая, как приедешь… и не выйдет","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + colloquial «этакая»","body":"«Завтра-то» fronts and highlights \"tomorrow\" with the emphatic «-то», and «этакая» is the colloquial demonstrative \"this sort of one / this same creature.\" The whole line mimics a sneering inner voice in raw spoken Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ославляй… дескать","title":"«Ославлять» and reportative «дескать»","body":"«Ославлять» is to defame, spread shame about someone — \"slander me all over town.\" «Дескать» is a reportative particle flagging quoted or imagined speech (\"she'd say, as it were\"), here voicing the imagined defiance Mitya attributes to Katerina."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепни","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of шепни","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепни","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of секунду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying шепни","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of кто-то, subject of шепни","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of кто-то, indefinite marker","gloss":"(-one)","note":"Suffix particle -то forms the indefinite pronoun кто-то, 'someone', with кто."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шепни, emphatic","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"шепни","lemma":"шепнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ухо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шепни","gloss":"the ear"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этакая","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет, temporal","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle attached to завтра","gloss":"(topic marker)","note":"Colloquial suffix -то marking завтра as a topic, roughly 'tomorrow, you know'."},{"surface":"этакая","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приедешь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"приедешь","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying выйдет","gloss":"you come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предложением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"предложением","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приедешь","gloss":"an offer"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предложением","gloss":"of marriage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, predicate of этакая","gloss":"will come out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйдет","gloss":"will order"},{"surface":"кучеру","lemma":"кучер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велит","gloss":"the coachman"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытолкать","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вытолкать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вытолкать","lemma":"вытолкать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"to throw out"},{"surface":"Ославляй","lemma":"ославлять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"slander"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle marking reported speech","gloss":"she'll say"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ославляй","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of you"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b3-c4-s153","source":"Взглянул я на девицу, не соврал мой голос: так конечно, так оно и будет.","translation":"I glanced at the girl — my inner voice had not lied: yes, of course, so it would be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не соврал мой голос: так оно и будет","title":"Perfective future «будет» of certainty","body":"«Так оно и будет» — \"so it will be\" — uses the future of «быть» with the confirming particle «и» to assert inevitability. «Оно» is a neutral \"it,\" and the past «не соврал» (didn't lie) sets the inner voice's prophecy against this certain future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девицу","title":"«Девица» — maiden","body":"«Девица» is a somewhat archaic, elevated word for a young unmarried woman (a maiden), more formal than «девушка». Its slightly old-fashioned ring suits both Mitya's heightened narration and Katerina's status as a respectable young lady."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Взглянул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девицу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"девицу","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взглянул","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соврал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взглянул","gloss":"had lied"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"my","note":"голос is the subject here, not соврал's object — corrected from accusative."},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соврал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to будет","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Взглянул","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b3-c4-s154","source":"Меня выгонят в шею, по теперешнему лицу уже судить можно.","translation":"They would throw me out by the scruff of the neck — one could judge as much already from her present face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня выгонят в шею","title":"Indefinite-personal «выгонят»","body":"«Выгонят» is a 3rd-person-plural verb with no stated subject — the \"indefinite-personal\" construction: \"they'll throw [me] out,\" meaning *one* will, people in general. «Меня» is the fronted accusative object. This subjectless plural is Russian's everyday way of saying \"I'll be thrown out.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выгнать в шею","title":"«Выгнать в шею» — throw out by the scruff","body":"«Выгнать в шею» (literally \"drive out by the neck\") is a rough idiom for an ignominious expulsion — to be thrown out on one's ear. It belongs to Mitya's coarse, self-lacerating register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of выгонят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выгонят","lemma":"выгнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll throw out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шею","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выгонят","gloss":"the neck","note":"idiom 'выгнать в шею' = throw out by the scruff of the neck."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"теперешнему","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"her present"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судить","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судить","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to judge"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate governing судить (one could)","gloss":"one could"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b3-c4-s155","source":"Закипела во мне злость, захотелось подлейшую, поросячью, купеческую штучку выкинуть: поглядеть это на нее с насмешкой, и тут же, пока стоит перед тобой, и огорошить ее с интонацией, с какою только купчик умеет сказать:","translation":"Spite boiled up in me, and I wanted to pull off the basest, most swinish, most shopkeeperly trick: to look at her with a sneer, and right there, while she still stood before me, to dumbfound her with the very intonation only a tradesman can manage:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Закипела во мне злость, захотелось… штучку выкинуть","title":"Impersonal «захотелось» (dative-experiencer)","body":"«Захотелось» is the impersonal-reflexive of wanting — literally \"it came to be wanted [to me],\" with the experiencer in the dative (here implied «мне»). This dative-experiencer pattern frames the urge as something that wells up *to* Mitya rather than something he wills, mirroring «закипела… злость» (\"spite boiled up\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поросячью, купеческую штучку… купчик","title":"«Поросячья», «купеческая» — swinish, shopkeeperly","body":"«Поросячий» (piggish, from «поросёнок», piglet) and «купеческий» (merchant-/shopkeeper-like) heap class scorn onto the «штучка» (a nasty \"little trick\"). «Купчик» is the diminutive-contemptuous \"petty tradesman\" — Mitya despises the very vulgarity he is tempted to perform."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огорошить","title":"«Огорошить» — to dumbfound","body":"«Огорошить» means to take someone utterly aback, stun them speechless with something sudden and unexpected. The expressive, faintly comic verb captures the brutal effect Mitya wanted his sneering line to land."}],"words":[{"surface":"Закипела","lemma":"закипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled up"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Закипела","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"злость","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Закипела","gloss":"spite","note":"злость is the subject (nominative), not an accusative object — Закипела agrees with it."},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Закипела","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"подлейшую","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штучку","gloss":"the basest","note":"corrected from a bogus participle tag; it's the superlative of подлый."},{"surface":"поросячью","lemma":"поросячий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлейшую","gloss":"most swinish"},{"surface":"купеческую","lemma":"купеческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штучку","gloss":"most shopkeeperly"},{"surface":"штучку","lemma":"штучка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выкинуть","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"выкинуть","lemma":"выкинуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to pull off"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"in apposition to выкинуть, explaining the trick","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"colloquial filler emphasizing поглядеть","gloss":"just","note":"colloquial filler, not a literal direct object — 'поглядеть это на неё' = 'just to take a look at her'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"насмешкой","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"a sneer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with поглядеть","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on огорошить","gloss":"she stands","note":"lemma corrected: this is стоять (to stand), not стоить (to cost)."},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"огорошить","lemma":"огорошить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядеть","gloss":"to dumbfound"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of огорошить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking интонацией","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"интонацией","lemma":"интонация","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огорошить","gloss":"the intonation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какою","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, relative, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring to интонацией, object of умеет сказать","gloss":"which","note":"corrected from a noun tag; какою is the relative pronoun 'which' referring back to интонацией."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies купчик","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"купчик","lemma":"купчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умеет","gloss":"a shopkeeper"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying интонацией","gloss":"knows how"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умеет","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b3-c4-s156","source":"— Это четыре-то тысячи! Да я пошутил-с, что вы это?","translation":"\"Why, four thousand! But I was only joking, sir — what are you thinking of?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошутил-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» on «пошутил-с» is a contraction of «сударь» (\"sir\"), once appended to words for servile or ironic deference. Mitya assumes it to mimic the smarmy, cringing tone of the shopkeeper he imagines becoming as he crushes Katerina."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это четыре-то тысячи!","title":"Mocking clitic «-то»","body":"«Четыре-то тысячи» drips sarcasm via the emphatic «-то»: \"Four thousand, you say!\" The clitic singles out and derides the very figure Katerina has named, turning her plea into a punchline."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with тысячи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to четыре","gloss":"indeed","note":"colloquial emphatic '-то', not a determiner."},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошутил","lemma":"пошутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was joking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"polite speech particle attached to пошутил","gloss":"sir","note":"'-с' is the archaic deferential particle (from сударь), not the noun 'с'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the question","gloss":"what","note":"interrogative 'what', not a subordinating conjunction here."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"filler completing the question (что вы это?)","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b3-c4-s157","source":"Слишком легковерно, сударыня, сосчитали.","translation":"Too credulous of you, madam, to have reckoned on it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слишком легковерно, сударыня, сосчитали","title":"Subjectless 2nd-person past + «сударыня»","body":"«Сосчитали» drops its subject «вы» — \"[you] reckoned too credulously\" — leaving the polite plural to be inferred from the bow of «сударыня». The fronted adverb «слишком легковерно» (too credulously) carries the sneer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легковерно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"легковерно","lemma":"легковерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сосчитали","gloss":"credulously","note":"corrected from adjective to adverb — it modifies the verb сосчитали."},{"surface":"сударыня","lemma":"сударыня","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"сосчитали","lemma":"сосчитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you reckoned"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b3-c4-s158","source":"Сотенки две я, пожалуй, с моим даже удовольствием и охотою, а четыре тысячи — это деньги не такие, барышня, чтоб их на такое легкомыслие кидать.","translation":"A couple of hundred I might, perhaps, even with pleasure and gladness — but four thousand, miss, that is not the kind of money one flings away on such frivolity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сотенки две… барышня","title":"Diminutives «сотенки», «барышня»","body":"«Сотенки» is the diminutive of «сотня» (a hundred) — a dismissive \"a measly couple of hundred.\" «Барышня» is the term for a young unmarried lady of the gentry; in this mouth it turns condescending, a tradesman patronizing his \"betters.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб их… кидать","title":"«чтоб» + infinitive of result","body":"«Чтоб» (colloquial «чтобы») here opens a result/purpose clause with an infinitive «кидать»: \"not the kind of money [such] that one flings it away.\" The imperfective «кидать» views the squandering as a careless, repeatable habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сотенки","lemma":"сотенка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by две, object of an implied verb (give/spend)","gloss":"a couple hundred"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"quantifies Сотенки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the implied verb","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовольствием","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"охотою","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with удовольствием","gloss":"gladness","note":"corrected from a bogus verb tag; охотою is the instrumental of the noun охота."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause (это деньги не такие)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with деньги","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal, modified by такие","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"that kind of"},{"surface":"барышня","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"miss"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кидать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of кидать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслие","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of легкомыслие","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"легкомыслие","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кидать","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"кидать","lemma":"кидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive clause introduced by чтоб","gloss":"to fling"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b3-c4-s159","source":"Обеспокоить себя напрасно изволили.","translation":"You have been pleased to trouble yourself for nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обеспокоить себя напрасно изволили","title":"Archaic polite «изволили» + infinitive","body":"«Изволить» + infinitive is the old deferential auxiliary, \"to be pleased / deign to do\": «обеспокоить себя… изволили» = \"you were pleased to trouble yourself.\" The form is mock-obsequious here, and «себя» is the reflexive object of «обеспокоить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обеспокоить","lemma":"обеспокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to trouble"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of Обеспокоить","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Обеспокоить","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have been pleased"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b3-c4-s160","source":"Видишь, я бы, конечно, всё потерял, она бы убежала, но зато инфернально, мстительно вышло бы, всего остального стоило бы.","translation":"You see, I would of course have lost everything — she would have run off — but it would have come out infernally, vengefully, worth all the rest of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы… всё потерял, она бы убежала… вышло бы… стоило бы","title":"Chain of conditionals with «бы»","body":"Four parallel conditionals in one breath — «потерял бы, убежала бы, вышло бы, стоило бы» — project the whole unreal scenario. Each pairs a past-form verb with the mobile particle «бы», the standard Russian machinery for \"would have…\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инфернально","title":"«Инфернально» — infernally","body":"«Инфернальный» (from Latin infernus, hellish) is a fashionable bookish loanword in Dostoevsky's Russia, used for the diabolically seductive or theatrically wicked. Mitya's relish — \"it would have come out infernally\" — flags the demonic streak he claims for the Karamazov nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical addressing the listener","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of потерял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks потерял as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to потерял","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have lost"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of убежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks убежала as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"убежала","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"would have run off"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"инфернально","lemma":"инфернальный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло, coordinated with мстительно","gloss":"infernally"},{"surface":"мстительно","lemma":"мстительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"vengefully"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"it would have turned out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks вышло as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остального","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остального","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of стоило (worth of)","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"would have been worth"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks стоило as conditional","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b3-c4-s161","source":"Выл бы потом всю жизнь от раскаяния, но только чтобы теперь эту штучку отмочить!","translation":"I'd have howled with remorse for the rest of my life afterward, only to pull off that little trick now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выл бы потом всю жизнь… но только чтобы… отмочить","title":"Conditional «выл бы» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«Выл бы» is the conditional \"I would have howled,\" and «чтобы… отмочить» gives the perverse purpose — \"only so as to pull off that trick now.\" The lifelong remorse is weighed against, and outweighed by, a single relished moment of spite."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отмочить штучку","title":"«Отмочить штучку» — to pull a stunt","body":"«Отмочить» is vivid slang for pulling off some outrageous, unexpected stunt; «отмочить штучку» is \"to pull a fast one, play a wild trick.\" The slangy register marks Mitya's gleeful, self-aware coarseness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выл","lemma":"выть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I would have howled","note":"corrected from a noun tag; Выл is the past tense of выть (to howl)."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks Выл as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Выл","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration on Выл","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раскаяния","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"раскаяния","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выл","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отмочить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отмочить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отмочить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штучку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"штучку","lemma":"штучка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отмочить","gloss":"little trick"},{"surface":"отмочить","lemma":"отмочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying Выл, introduced by чтобы","gloss":"to pull off"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b3-c4-s162","source":"Веришь ли, никогда этого у меня ни с какой не бывало, ни с единою женщиной, чтобы в этакую минуту я на нее глядел с ненавистью, — и вот крест кладу: я на эту глядел тогда секунды три или пять со страшною ненавистью, — с тою самою ненавистью, от которой до любви, до безумнейшей любви — один волосок!","translation":"Would you believe it, never had this happened to me with any woman, not with a single one, that I should look at her at such a moment with hatred — and here I make the sign of the cross: I looked at this one then, for three seconds or five, with a dreadful hatred — the very hatred that is but a hair's breadth from love, from the maddest love!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Веришь ли» fronts the verb and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form the rhetorical \"would you believe it?\" The «ли» question is more literary and emphatic than a plain rising intonation, a favorite of Dostoevsky's heightened narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда… ни с какой… ни с единою женщиной","title":"Stacked «ни» for emphasis","body":"«Никогда… ни с какой… ни с единою» piles «ни»-phrases (\"never… with none… not with a single one\") to drive the denial home, all licensed by the verb's «не бывало». The archaic instrumental «единою» (for «единой») heightens the literary tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тою самою ненавистью, от которой… один волосок","title":"Relative «которой» + archaic «тою самою»","body":"The relative «которой» (genitive after «от») links back to «ненавистью», taking the case its own clause demands while agreeing in gender/number with its antecedent. «Тою самою» is the archaic instrumental of «та самая» (\"that very\"), giving the line its old-bookish gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical addressing the listener","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Веришь","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of negated бывало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with the second ни (с единою)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies elided женщиной, parallel to единою","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"единою","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщиной","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"женщиной","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of бывало","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этакую","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause, complement of бывало","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненавистью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кладу","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"кладу","lemma":"класть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I swear it)","gloss":"I make [the sign of]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел, object of на","gloss":"this one","note":"эту stands alone here as 'this one' (elliptical for 'эту женщину'), object of на, not a determiner of глядел."},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"explanatory clause following кладу","gloss":"I looked"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"секунды","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of глядел","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies секунды","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with три","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страшною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшною","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненавистью","gloss":"a dreadful"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненавистью, coordinated with самою","gloss":"that","note":"corrected from a noun tag; тою is the instrumental of тот (that)."},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненавистью, coordinated with тою","gloss":"very","note":"corrected from a bogus verb tag; самою is the instrumental of emphatic сам (very/itself)."},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head noun modified by тою and самою","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"relative clause on ненавистью","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до, complement of the которой clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"безумнейшей","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"the maddest"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of the second до, parallel to w49","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies волосок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"волосок","lemma":"волосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of an elliptical copula (the distance is one hair's-breadth)","gloss":"a hair's breadth","note":"corrected from accusative; волосок is the nominative predicate of an elided 'есть'."}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b3-c4-s163","source":"Я подошел к окну, приложил лоб к мерзлому стеклу и помню, что мне лоб обожгло льдом, как огнем.","translation":"I went up to the window, pressed my forehead to the frozen pane, and I remember that the ice scorched my forehead like fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне лоб обожгло льдом, как огнём","title":"Impersonal «обожгло» + instrumental «льдом»","body":"«Обожгло» is a subjectless neuter verb (\"it scorched\"), with the affected person in the dative «мне», the body part «лоб» as object, and the instrument «льдом» (ice) in the instrumental — \"the ice scorched my forehead.\" This impersonal-instrumental frame is the natural Russian way to render an elemental force acting on the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"приложил","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приложил","gloss":"my forehead"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стеклу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мерзлому","lemma":"мёрзлый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стеклу","gloss":"the frozen"},{"surface":"стеклу","lemma":"стекло","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложил","gloss":"pane"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обожгло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обожгло","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обожгло","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"обожгло","lemma":"обжечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"scorched"},{"surface":"льдом","lemma":"лёд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обожгло","gloss":"the ice"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition, comparative","role":"preposition marking огнем","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"огнем","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обожгло","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b3-c4-s164","source":"Долго не задержал, не беспокойся, обернулся, подошел к столу, отворил ящик и достал пятитысячный пятипроцентный безыменный билет (в лексиконе французском лежал у меня).","translation":"I didn't keep her long, don't worry — I turned around, went over to the table, opened the drawer, and took out a five-thousand five-percent bearer bond (it had been lying inside my French dictionary).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернулся, подошёл, отворил, достал","title":"Perfective sequence with prefixed motion","body":"«Обернулся, подошёл» are prefixed perfectives of motion (об-, под- on -вернуться, -ойти), each a single completed move toward the table. Strung with «отворил» and «достал», they march the small action forward beat by beat."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в лексиконе французском лежал","title":"«Лексикон» — dictionary","body":"«Лексикон» is a somewhat old-fashioned, bookish word for a dictionary or lexicon. That a bearer bond worth 5,000 roubles lay forgotten inside a French dictionary is a telling Karamazov touch — careless wealth and a veneer of culture both."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задержал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задержал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"задержал","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept [her]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойся","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical addressing the listener","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задержал","gloss":"turned around"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задержал","gloss":"went over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задержал","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the drawer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достал","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задержал","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"пятитысячный","lemma":"пятитысячный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies билет","gloss":"five-thousand-ruble","note":"corrected from a bogus participle tag; it's a compound numeral-adjective."},{"surface":"пятипроцентный","lemma":"пятипроцентный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies билет","gloss":"five-percent"},{"surface":"безыменный","lemma":"безымённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies билет","gloss":"bearer"},{"surface":"билет","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достал","gloss":"bond"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лексиконе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лексиконе","lemma":"лексикон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the dictionary"},{"surface":"французском","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лексиконе","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, subject elided (билет)","gloss":"had been lying"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"my place"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b3-c4-s165","source":"Затем молча ей показал, сложил, отдал, сам отворил ей дверь в сени и, отступя шаг, поклонился ей в пояс почтительнейшим, проникновеннейшим поклоном, верь тому!","translation":"Then in silence I showed it to her, folded it, handed it over, myself opened the door to the hall for her, and, stepping back a pace, bowed to her from the waist in a most respectful, most heartfelt bow — believe that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отступя шаг","title":"Archaic gerund «отступя»","body":"«Отступя» is the perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») of «отступить» — \"having stepped back.\" The -я ending on a perfective is the older, more literary variant (modern usage prefers «отступив»), giving the courtly bow its period flavor. «Шаг» is an accusative of measure (one pace)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтительнейшим, проникновеннейшим поклоном","title":"Superlatives in the instrumental","body":"«Поклонился… поклоном» is a cognate-object construction (\"bowed a bow\") with the instrumental «поклоном» of manner. The two superlatives «почтительнейшим, проникновеннейшим» (most respectful, most heartfelt) agree with it in the instrumental, their -ейш- ending the elevated bookish superlative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"сложил","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"folded it"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"handed it over"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of отворил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворил","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of дверь (object of в)","gloss":"the hall","note":"сени is a plurale tantum; corrected from locative singular to accusative plural (direction 'into the hall')."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отступя","lemma":"отступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying поклонился","gloss":"stepping back","note":"corrected from a noun tag; отступя is the converb (gerund) of отступить."},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"measure complement of отступя","gloss":"a step","note":"corrected from nominative; шаг is the accusative measure object of отступя ('stepping back a pace')."},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояс","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пояс","lemma":"пояс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"the waist"},{"surface":"почтительнейшим","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"most respectful","note":"corrected from a noun tag; it's the superlative of почтительный."},{"surface":"проникновеннейшим","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном, coordinated with почтительнейшим","gloss":"most heartfelt","note":"corrected from a bogus participle tag; superlative of проникновенный."},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of поклонился, modified by почтительнейшим/проникновеннейшим","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"separate imperative clause (believe that)","gloss":"believe","note":"corrected from adverb; верь is the imperative of верить."},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верь","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b3-c4-s166","source":"Она вся вздрогнула, посмотрела пристально секунду, страшно побледнела, ну как скатерть, и вдруг, тоже ни слова не говоря, не с порывом, а мягко так, глубоко, тихо, склонилась вся и прямо мне в ноги — лбом до земли, не по-институтски, по-русски!","translation":"She shuddered all over, gazed at me intently for a second, went terribly pale — white as a tablecloth — and suddenly, again without a word, not with a rush but softly, deeply, quietly, she bowed down completely, right to my feet — her forehead to the ground, not in boarding-school fashion but in the Russian way!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоже ни слова не говоря","title":"Imperfective gerund «не говоря» + genitive «ни слова»","body":"«Не говоря» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of attendant circumstance — \"saying not a word\" while she bows. «Ни слова» is the genitive of negation («слово» in the genitive), intensified by «ни»: not so much as a single word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как скатерть","title":"«Побледнела, как скатерть»","body":"\"She went pale as a tablecloth\" — «скатерть» is a (typically white) tablecloth. The homely simile for deathly pallor is more vivid and oddly domestic than the English \"white as a sheet,\" rooting her terror in everyday objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Она","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"вздрогнула","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"посмотрела","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнула","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрела","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посмотрела","gloss":"for a second"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнела","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"побледнела","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнула","gloss":"went pale"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition, comparative","role":"preposition marking скатерть","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"скатерть","lemma":"скатерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побледнела","gloss":"a tablecloth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоря","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converbial clause modifying склонилась","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порывом","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порывом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"порывом","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner complement of склонилась, contrasted with мягко/так/глубоко/тихо","gloss":"a rush"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонилась, coordinated with так/глубоко/тихо","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонилась, coordinated with мягко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонилась, coordinated with мягко/тихо","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонилась, coordinated with глубоко","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"склонилась","lemma":"склониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнула","gloss":"bowed down"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative determiner modifying subject (completely)","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в ноги","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessive dative on ноги","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of склонилась","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental of manner, modifies склонилась","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лбом","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates по-институтски","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the adverb по-институтски with институтски","gloss":"in the manner of"},{"surface":"институтски","lemma":"институтски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонилась (negated), coordinated with по-русски","gloss":"boarding-school fashion"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the adverb по-русски with русски","gloss":"in the manner of"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"русски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонилась, coordinated with по-институтски","gloss":"Russian fashion"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b3-c4-s167","source":"Вскочила и побежала.","translation":"She sprang up and ran out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вскочила и побежала","title":"Two-word perfective sentence","body":"«Вскочила» (sprang up — prefixed perfective of «вскочить») and «побежала» (the inceptive perfective of «бежать», \"set off running\") compress her flight into two clipped completed acts. The prefix по- on «побежала» marks the *beginning* of motion, a productive perfectivizing pattern with motion verbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up","note":"corrected from a proper-noun tag; it's the past tense of вскочить."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежала","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вскочила","gloss":"ran off"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b3-c4-s168","source":"Когда она выбежала, я был при шпаге; я вынул шпагу и хотел было тут же заколоть себя, для чего — не знаю, глупость была страшная, конечно, но, должно быть, от восторга.","translation":"When she had run out, I was wearing my sword; I drew the sword and meant to stab myself then and there — why, I don't know, it was a frightful piece of folly, of course, but it must have been out of rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было тут же заколоть себя","title":"The particle «было» of the abandoned action","body":"«Хотел было» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or intended but then broken off — \"I made to stab myself [but didn't].\" It is a uniquely Russian device for the almost-done deed, perfectly fitting his aborted suicidal impulse. «Себя» is the reflexive object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause (когда she выбежала)","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выбежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the когда-clause","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, links я to при шпаге","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шпаге","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"шпаге","lemma":"шпага","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition при, complement of был","gloss":"my sword"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with хотел","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"шпагу","lemma":"шпага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"the sword"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, invariant (unrealized-intention marker)","role":"modifies хотел, marking an intention not carried through","gloss":"was about to","note":"«хотел было» is a fixed construction for an intention begun or almost acted on, then not fulfilled — \"meant to, but...\"."},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заколоть (with же: тут же)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тут же","gloss":"there and then"},{"surface":"заколоть","lemma":"заколоть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to stab"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of заколоть","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для (для чего = why)","gloss":"what","note":"«для чего» is the idiom for \"why\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause answering для чего","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была страшная","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking глупость to страшная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying глупость была страшная","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"predicative adjective, neuter, singular","role":"with быть forms the parenthetical должно быть (\"must have been\")","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, alternate predicate for глупость","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b3-c4-s169","source":"Понимаешь ли ты, что от иного восторга можно убить себя; но я не закололся, а только поцеловал шпагу и вложил ее опять в ножны, — о чем, впрочем, мог бы тебе и не упоминать.","translation":"Can you understand that one might kill oneself out of a certain kind of rapture; but I did not run myself through — I only kissed the sword and slid it back into its scabbard — which, by the way, I might just as well not have mentioned to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимаешь ли ты, что от иного восторга можно убить себя","title":"«ли» question + impersonal «можно убить»","body":"«Понимаешь ли ты» is the literary «ли» question (\"can you understand…\"). The subordinate clause is impersonal: «можно убить себя» — \"one can kill oneself,\" with the modal «можно» plus infinitive and no nominative subject, the affected person left general."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы тебе и не упоминать","title":"Conditional «мог бы»","body":"«Мог бы… не упоминать» is the conditional of softened possibility — \"I might just as well not have mentioned it.\" The particle «бы» on «мог» makes it hypothetical/polite, and the dative «тебе» marks Alyosha as the one *to* whom he need not have said it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от иного восторга","title":"«Иной» and «восторг»","body":"«Иной» here means \"a certain (kind of)\" rather than simply \"other\" — \"out of a certain rapture.\" «Восторг» is ecstatic exaltation, rapture; the Karamazov capacity to be killed by sheer rapture is the paradox Mitya presses on his brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do you understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Понимаешь, marks the yes/no question","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторга","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, modifies убить","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закололся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закололся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"закололся","lemma":"заколоться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with поцеловал","gloss":"stabbed myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закололся","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"шпагу","lemma":"шпага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"the sword"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вложил","lemma":"вложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловал","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вложил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вложил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножны","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ножны","lemma":"ножны","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"object of preposition в, complement of вложил","gloss":"the scabbard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies мог бы","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical relative clause introduced by о чем","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мог (упоминать)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies не упоминать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упоминать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упоминать","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"mention"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b3-c4-s170","source":"И даже, кажется, я сейчас-то, рассказывая обо всех борьбах, немножко размазал, чтобы себя похвалить.","translation":"And it even seems to me that just now, in recounting all these struggles, I've laid it on a bit thick, to flatter myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказывая обо всех борьбах","title":"Imperfective gerund «рассказывая»","body":"«Рассказывая» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие»), naming the action going on simultaneously with the main clause — \"in [the course of] recounting…\" It shares the subject «я» and is the bookish way to bind \"while telling\" to \"I laid it on thick.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"размазал","title":"«Размазать» — to lay it on thick","body":"«Размазать» literally \"to smear / spread out,\" used figuratively for overdoing a story, embroidering and dwelling on it self-indulgently. Mitya's self-aware confession — that he has \"laid it on a bit thick\" to flatter himself — turns the very telling into a moral problem."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of размазал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размазал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies сейчас (сейчас-то)","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"рассказывая","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on размазал","gloss":"recounting"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking борьбах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of борьбах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"борьбах","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition обо, complement of рассказывая","gloss":"the struggles"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размазал","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"размазал","lemma":"размазать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid it on thick"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похвалить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of похвалить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"похвалить","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on размазал","gloss":"flatter"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b3-c4-s171","source":"Но пусть, пусть так и будет, и черт дери всех шпионов сердца человеческого!","translation":"But let it be, let it stand so, and the devil take all the spies on the human heart!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть, пусть так и будет","title":"Hortative particle «пусть»","body":"«Пусть» + a finite verb forms a 3rd-person imperative of permission or resignation — \"let it be so.\" Doubled («пусть, пусть»), it conveys weary acceptance: let it stand, never mind. «Так и будет» seals it with the future of «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чёрт дери всех шпионов сердца человеческого","title":"«Чёрт дери» + «сердце человеческое»","body":"«Чёрт дери» (\"the devil take / tear\") is an explosive curse, «дери» an imperative of «драть». «Шпионы сердца человеческого» — \"spies on the human heart\" — is Mitya's contemptuous label for those who pry into one's inmost motives, perhaps the self-analytical voice within."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the optative clause (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces так и будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и будет (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to так","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери (idiom: devil take)","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the curse черт дери","gloss":"take","note":"«черт дери» is a fixed curse, literally \"devil tear/flay\" — idiomatically \"devil take it, damn it\"."},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of шпионов","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"шпионов","lemma":"шпион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"the spies"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шпионов","gloss":"of the heart"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b3-c4-s172","source":"Вот весь мой этот бывший «случай» с Катериной Ивановной.","translation":"There you have the whole of that bygone \"affair\" of mine with Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот весь мой этот бывший «случай»","title":"Stacked determiners «весь мой этот… бывший»","body":"Russian freely piles determiners and adjectives before a noun: «весь» (all/whole), «мой» (my), «этот» (this), «бывший» (former) all agree with «случай» in masculine singular. The presentative «вот» (\"there you have\") frames the whole as a summing-up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"случай","title":"«Случай» in quotation marks","body":"«Случай» means an incident, occurrence, or \"affair.\" Mitya's quotation marks around «случай» — \"that bygone *affair*\" — make the word self-conscious and ironic, flagging that this was no mere incident but the morally fraught episode he has just bared."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle introducing случай","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катериной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b3-c4-s173","source":"Теперь, значит, брат Иван о нем знает да ты — и только!","translation":"So now brother Ivan knows of it, and you — and that's all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат Иван о нём знает да ты — и только","title":"Prepositional «о нём» + folksy «да»","body":"«О нём» is «о» + prepositional, the case of the topic one speaks/knows \"about\" — \"knows *of* it.\" The conjunction «да» here is the colloquial \"and,\" linking «Иван» and «ты», and «и только» caps the list: \"and that's all.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о, complement of знает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ты with брат Иван (joint subject of знает)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знает, coordinated with брат","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical predicate (и только = that's all)","gloss":"that's all"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b3-c4-s174","source":"Дмитрий Федорович встал, в волнении шагнул шаг и другой, вынул платок, обтер со лба пот, затем сел опять, но не на то место, где прежде сидел, а на другое, на скамью напротив, у другой стены, так что Алеша должен был совсем к нему повернуться.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich rose, took a step and another in his agitation, drew out his handkerchief, wiped the sweat from his brow, then sat down again, but not in the place where he had sat before — on another, on the bench opposite, against the other wall, so that Alyosha had to turn fully toward him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал, шагнул, вынул, обтёр, сел","title":"Perfective narration returns","body":"After Mitya's confession the narrator resumes in a calm chain of perfective pasts — rose, took a step, drew out, wiped, sat down — each a single completed gesture. The aspect shift from Mitya's feverish present-tense telling back to measured perfective narration cools the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алёша должен был совсем к нему повернуться","title":"«Должен был» + к + dative «к нему»","body":"«Должен был» (\"had to,\" past of obligation, agreeing with «Алёша») governs the perfective infinitive «повернуться» (to turn). «К нему» is «к» + dative — the case this preposition always takes, marking the person turned *toward*."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object (cognate) of шагнул","gloss":"a step"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шаг","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"his handkerchief"},{"surface":"обтер","lemma":"обтереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"wiped"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лба","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition со, complement of обтер","gloss":"his brow"},{"surface":"пот","lemma":"пот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обтер","gloss":"the sweat"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на то место","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на, modifies сел","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on место","gloss":"he had sat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на, elliptical for другое место","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамью","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамью","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, in apposition to другое","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скамью","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, further locates скамью","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with так forms so that, introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен был","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"predicative adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the result clause, governs повернуться","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернуться","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернуться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"повернуться","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"turn"}]}]}