{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c5","title":{"source":"V. Исповедь горячего сердца. «Вверх пятами»","translated":"The Confession of a Passionate Heart- \"Heels Up\""},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c5","lines":223},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c5-s1","source":"— Теперь, — сказал Алеша, — я первую половину этого дела знаю.","translation":"\"So now,\" said Alyosha, \"I know the first half of this affair.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"первую половину этого дела знаю","title":"Object fronted for emphasis","body":"The accusative object «первую половину этого дела» is placed before the verb «знаю» rather than after it; Russian's free word order lets Alyosha lead with the topic — the half he now grasps — and keep the verb as the stressed comment at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дела","title":"«дело» — affair, matter, business","body":"«дело» (here genitive «дела») ranges from 'deed' to 'matter, affair, case'. Our English 'this affair' catches the sense of an entangled personal episode rather than mere 'business'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause (said Alyosha)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c5-s2","source":"— Первую половину ты понимаешь: это драма, и произошла она там.","translation":"\"The first half you understand: it is a drama, and it played out over there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это драма","title":"Zero copula: «это драма»","body":"There is no verb for 'is' in the present tense; «это драма» simply juxtaposes pronoun and predicate noun, both nominative. Russian dispenses with a present-tense copula entirely."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошла она","title":"Perfective past «произошла»","body":"«произошла» (perfective, feminine to agree with «драма») presents the drama's playing-out as one completed event, sealed in the past — against the imperfective «понимаешь» just before, which is an ongoing state of understanding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"The first"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of драма","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"драма","lemma":"драма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with понимаешь","gloss":"a drama"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the это-clause","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошла","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c5-s3","source":"Вторая же половина есть трагедия, и произойдет она здесь.","translation":"\"But the second half is a tragedy, and it will play out here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вторая же половина","title":"Contrastive particle «же»","body":"«же» here is not the word 'same' but the modal particle that marks contrast with what came before: 'the second half, by contrast'. It leans on «вторая» and pivots the two clauses against each other."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произойдет она здесь","title":"Perfective future «произойдёт»","body":"A perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings yields a simple future: «произойдёт» = 'it will play out', a single completed event still to come — mirroring the past «произошла» of the first half."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вторая","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"The second"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive particle, modifies половина","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a tragedy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произойдет","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c5-s4","source":"— Изо второй половины я до сих пор ничего не понимаю, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"Of the second half I have so far understood nothing,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не понимаю","title":"Negative concord and genitive «ничего»","body":"The ни-word «ничего» co-occurs obligatorily with the verbal negator «не» — two negatives, one meaning. «ничего» is also the genitive of «ничто», the genitive of negation that a negated object naturally takes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Изо второй половины","title":"«изо» — euphonic variant of «из»","body":"«изо» is the form «из» ('out of, of') takes before certain consonant clusters for ease of pronunciation, as before «второй». It governs the genitive «второй половины»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половины","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаю","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (до сих пор = until now)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now","note":"«до сих пор» is a fixed idiom for \"until now / so far\"."},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c5-s5","source":"— А я-то? Я-то разве понимаю?","translation":"\"And what about me? Do I understand it, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» pins emphasis on a known topic — «я-то» = 'I, for one', 'me, of all people'. Dmitri turns Alyosha's bafflement back on himself: as if HE understands it any better. Distinct from indefinite «-то» in «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве понимаю","title":"Rhetorical «разве»","body":"«разве» frames an incredulous rhetorical question expecting the answer 'no' — 'do I really understand it?' (implying: of course not). It colours the whole utterance with self-mocking doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"elliptical predicate (what about me?)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Я","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c5-s6","source":"— Постой, Дмитрий, тут есть одно главное слово.","translation":"\"Wait, Dmitri, there is one crucial word here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постой","title":"Perfective imperative «постой»","body":"«постой» ('wait!', 'hold on') is the singular imperative of perfective «постоять», built on the future stem with stressed «-и». The perfective gives it the punctual sense of a single 'stop right there'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрий","title":"Direct address (vocative function)","body":"«Дмитрий» stands outside the clause's grammar as a name in direct address. Modern Russian uses the nominative for this, the old vocative case having faded except in church forms like «Боже», «отче»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative address to Дмитрий","gloss":"Wait"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential there is)","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"crucial"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c5-s7","source":"Скажи мне: ведь ты жених, жених и теперь?","translation":"\"Tell me: you are her betrothed — her betrothed even now, are you not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь ты жених","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared, already-known knowledge — 'after all', 'you know', 'aren't you'. Our 'are you not?' captures how Alyosha presses Dmitri to confirm what both understand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жених","title":"«жених» — betrothed / suitor / bridegroom","body":"«жених» means a man who is engaged or courting — 'fiancé, betrothed' — and at the wedding 'bridegroom'. Its pair is «невеста» (bride-to-be). The repeated «жених, жених» insists on the still-binding engagement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, introduces the following clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жених","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жених","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты (elliptical copula)","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"жених","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with жених","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with жених","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c5-s8","source":"— Женихом я стал не сейчас, а всего три месяца лишь спустя после тогдашнего-то.","translation":"\"I did not become her betrothed at once, but only some three months after what happened back then.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Женихом я стал","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать»","body":"After «стать» ('to become') the predicate noun goes in the instrumental: «женихом», not nominative «жених». The case frames the role as one assumed at a point in time — and it is fronted for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогдашнего-то","title":"Adjectival noun «тогдашнее» + «-то»","body":"«тогдашнего» is the genitive of «тогдашнее», an adjective ('of that time, then-current') used substantively for 'what happened back then'. The clitic «-то» marks it as the loaded, understood event both men have in mind."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всего три месяца лишь спустя","title":"Layered limiting words «всего… лишь»","body":"«всего» ('only, in all'), «лишь» ('only, merely'), and «спустя» ('after, later') pile up to stress how short the interval was. «спустя» follows its noun: «три месяца спустя» = 'three months later'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Женихом","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"her betrothed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition governing месяца","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тогдашнего","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тогдашнего","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition после, elliptical for that time","gloss":"what happened then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тогдашнего","gloss":"(emphasis)"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c5-s9","source":"На другой же день, как это тогда случилось, я сказал себе, что случай исчерпан и кончен, продолжения не будет.","translation":"\"The very next day, after it had happened then, I told myself that the matter was exhausted and finished, that there would be no sequel.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На другой же день","title":"Insistent «же» on a time phrase","body":"«же» here intensifies the immediacy: «на другой же день» = 'the very next day'. Attached to a time expression, the particle sharpens 'next' into 'the very next', no delay at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сказал себе","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себе»","body":"«себе» (dative of «себя») points back to the subject — 'I said to myself'. The full reflexive pronoun, distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся», has no nominative and serves for any person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжения не будет","title":"Genitive of negation with «не будет»","body":"The absent subject of a negated existential stands in the genitive: «продолжения не будет» = 'there will be no continuation'. With «нет / не было / не будет» the genitive is obligatory."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies другой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying день","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчерпан","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive исчерпан","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"исчерпан","lemma":"исчерпать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"exhausted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончен","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with исчерпан","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"продолжения","lemma":"продолжение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a sequel"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with исчерпан, second predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"there will be"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c5-s10","source":"Прийти с предложением руки казалось мне низостью.","translation":"\"To go and offer her my hand seemed to me a baseness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"казалось мне низостью","title":"Dative experiencer + instrumental predicate","body":"Twin case-points: «мне» is the dative experiencer ('to me it seemed'), while «низостью» takes the instrumental as the predicate complement of «казаться» — to seem to be something is framed in the instrumental, like «быть» and «стать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предложением руки","title":"«предложение руки» — offer of marriage","body":"«предложить руку (и сердце)» — 'to offer one's hand (and heart)' — is the set idiom for a marriage proposal. «низость» ('baseness, a low act') marks Dmitri's sense that proposing then would have been mercenary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on казалось","gloss":"To come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предложением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"предложением","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прийти","gloss":"an offer"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предложением","gloss":"of my hand"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"низостью","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of казалось","gloss":"a baseness"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c5-s11","source":"С своей стороны и она все шесть недель потом как у нас в городе прожила — ни словечком о себе знать не дала.","translation":"\"And for her part, all those six weeks she went on living in our town afterward, she gave no sign of herself, not by a single little word.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни словечком о себе знать не дала","title":"Negative concord with instrumental «ни словечком»","body":"«ни… не» is double negation: 'not by even a single little word'. «словечком» is instrumental (means: gave no sign BY a word), and the whole frame «знать не дала» = 'gave no sign, let nothing be known'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечком","title":"Diminutive «словечко» — a little word","body":"«словечко» is the affectionate-emphatic diminutive of «слово» ('word'). Here it sharpens the negation: not so much as one tiny word. The suffix carries feeling, not literal smallness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"С своей стороны","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своей» refers back to the clause's own subject (she) — 'for her own part'. The set phrase «со своей стороны» means 'for one's part, on one's side'. Note the older «С своей» without the modern euphonic «Со»."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying the whole clause (for her part)","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прожила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of шесть","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недель","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"недель","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прожила","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прожила","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прожила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прожила","gloss":"our place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожила","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"прожила","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the embedded clause introduced by как","gloss":"she lived"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"negative particle, ни словечком = not even a word","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"словечком","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of дала (means: not even by a word)","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"object of preposition о, modifies знать","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"direct object of дала (дать знать = to let know)","gloss":"let know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (дать знать = to let know)","gloss":"did give","note":"«дать знать» is a fixed idiom for \"to let someone know / give a sign\"."}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c5-s12","source":"Кроме одного, вправду, случая: на другой день после ее посещения прошмыгнула ко мне их горничная и, ни слова не говоря, пакет передала.","translation":"\"Except for one instance, truly: the day after her visit their maid slipped in to me and, without a word, handed over a packet.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни слова не говоря","title":"Gerund «говоря» with negation","body":"«говоря» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «говорить», naming the simultaneous manner of «прошмыгнула… передала» — 'saying not a word, she…'. It shares the maid's subject and condenses an adverbial clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прошмыгнула","title":"«прошмыгнуть» — to slip / dart in","body":"An expressive, semi-colloquial verb for a quick, furtive movement — to slip, scurry, or dart through unnoticed. The «про-» prefix adds the sense of passing right in, and the «-ну-» a single swift action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случая","gloss":"except for"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случая","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies случая","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition Кроме","gloss":"instance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошмыгнула","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посещения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of посещения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"прошмыгнула","lemma":"прошмыгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slipped in"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошмыгнула","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of горничная","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"горничная","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошмыгнула","gloss":"maid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic negation with слова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоря","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on передала","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передала","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"передала","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошмыгнула","gloss":"handed over"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c5-s13","source":"На пакете адрес: такому-то.","translation":"\"On the packet was the address: to so-and-so.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такому-то","title":"Indefinite «такой-то» — so-and-so","body":"«такому-то» (dative) is «такой» + indefinite «-то», meaning 'such-and-such, so-and-so' — a placeholder for a name Dmitri does not spell out. The dative marks the addressee on the packet ('to so-and-so')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"На пакете адрес","title":"Zero copula, locative-first","body":"A verbless existential: 'On the packet [there was] an address'. The prepositional phrase «на пакете» fronts the location, and «адрес» follows as the new information — no verb 'to be' needed in the present-narrated frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"location modifier of адрес","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"адрес","lemma":"адрес","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the address"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to адрес, part of такому-то","gloss":"to so-and-so","note":"такому-то is a fixed idiom for an unnamed addressee, 'to so-and-so'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle forming такому-то with такому","gloss":"-so"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c5-s14","source":"Вскрываю — сдача с билета в пять тысяч.","translation":"\"I tear it open — it was the change from the five-thousand note.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вскрываю","title":"Historical present «вскрываю»","body":"The imperfective present «вскрываю» ('I tear open') is used for vivid narration of a past event — the 'historical present' that pulls the listener into the moment. Russian leans on it to dramatize storytelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сдача с билета","title":"«сдача» — change; «билет» — banknote","body":"«сдача» is the change returned from a payment; «билет» here is not a 'ticket' but a banknote / treasury note (cf. «кредитный билет»). So 'the change from the five-thousand note'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вскрываю","lemma":"вскрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tear it open"},{"surface":"сдача","lemma":"сдача","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the second clause","gloss":"the change"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking билета","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"билета","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сдача","gloss":"the note"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies билета","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c5-s15","source":"Надо было всего четыре тысячи пятьсот, да на продаже пятитысячного билета потеря рублей в двести с лишком произошла.","translation":"\"Only four thousand five hundred had been needed, but in cashing the five-thousand note a loss of some two hundred-odd roubles had occurred.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо было всего четыре тысячи пятьсот","title":"Impersonal «надо было»","body":"«надо было» ('it was necessary, was needed') is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject — the quintessential subjectless construction. Here it governs the sum that 'had to be' covered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потеря рублей в двести с лишком","title":"Approximative inversion «рублей в двести»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «рублей в двести» instead of «в двести рублей» — signals an approximate amount: 'a loss of some two hundred-odd roubles'. «с лишком» ('and a bit over') reinforces the rounding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"quantified by четыре, subject of Надо","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral","role":"coordinated with тысячи, subject of Надо","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking продаже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"продаже","lemma":"продажа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"cashing"},{"surface":"пятитысячного","lemma":"пятитысячный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies билета","gloss":"five-thousand-ruble"},{"surface":"билета","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies продаже","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"потеря","lemma":"потеря","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"a loss"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies потеря","gloss":"of roubles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двести","gloss":"of about"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies рублей, approximate quantity","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лишком","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишком","lemma":"лишек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двести","gloss":"some","note":"с лишком is an idiom meaning 'and then some, -odd'"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Надо (main verb)","gloss":"occurred"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c5-s16","source":"Прислала мне всего двести шестьдесят, кажется, рубликов, не помню хорошенько, и только одни деньги — ни записки, ни словечка, ни объяснения.","translation":"\"She sent me, I think, only two hundred sixty roubles in all — I do not quite remember — and only the money: no note, not a little word, no explanation.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни записки, ни словечка, ни объяснения","title":"Triple «ни… ни… ни» in the genitive","body":"A rhetorical chain of «ни» negations, each noun in the genitive of negation ('not a note, not a little word, not an explanation'). The repeated «ни» heaps up the absence into an accusing silence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рубликов","title":"Diminutive «рублик» — a poor little rouble","body":"«рублик» is the diminutive of «рубль». Coupled with «двести шестьдесят… кажется» the tender suffix gives a rueful, throwaway tone — the small, bare sum she sent, and nothing else."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хорошенько","title":"«хорошенько» — well, properly","body":"An adverb from the diminutive of «хороший», «хорошенько» means 'thoroughly, properly, well' — here in «не помню хорошенько» = 'I don't quite/properly remember'. The diminutive softens it into casual speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прислала","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she sent"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Прислала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двести","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"combines with шестьдесят to quantify рубликов","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"шестьдесят","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рубликов, coordinated with двести","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"рубликов","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Прислала, quantified by двести шестьдесят","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"хорошенько","lemma":"хорошенько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"just the"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Прислала, coordinated with рубликов","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"записки","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with деньги, negated object","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"словечка","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with записки","gloss":"a little word"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"объяснения","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with записки","gloss":"an explanation"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c5-s17","source":"Я в пакете искал знака какого-нибудь карандашом — н-ничего!","translation":"\"I searched the packet for some mark in pencil — n-nothing!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знака какого-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «какой-нибудь» — any at all","body":"«какой-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'some… or other, any at all': he searched for any mark whatever. Contrast «-то» (a specific but unknown one). The noun «знака» is genitive after the negated search and as a non-specific object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"н-ничего","title":"Stammered «н-ничего»","body":"The repeated initial «н-» renders Dmitri's emotional stammer in print — 'n-nothing!' Dostoevsky often spells out the broken, agitated delivery of speech, a hallmark of his characters' inner turmoil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of искал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искал","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"искал","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"searched"},{"surface":"знака","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of искал","gloss":"for a mark"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of знака, part of какого-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какого to modify знака","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"карандашом","lemma":"карандаш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искал","gloss":"in pencil"},{"surface":"н","lemma":"н","morphology":"interjection","role":"stuttered lead-in to ничего","gloss":"n-"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c5-s18","source":"Что ж, я закутил пока на мои остальные рубли, так что и новый майор мне выговор наконец принужден был сделать.","translation":"\"Well, I went on a spree for a while on my remaining roubles, so that even the new major was at last obliged to give me a reprimand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принужден был сделать","title":"Short passive participle «принуждён»","body":"«принуждён» is the short-form past passive participle of «принудить» ('to compel'), joined to «был» to form a passive predicate: 'was obliged/compelled to'. The short form agrees in gender and number and predicates a state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закутил","title":"«закутить» — to go on a binge","body":"«закутить» (perfective, «за-» inceptive: 'to fall to carousing') is to launch into a spree of drinking and dissipation — «кутить» being the verb of riotous revelry. It paints Dmitri's reckless, self-spiting reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical exclamation, part of Что ж","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"закутил","lemma":"закутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on a spree"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закутил","gloss":"for a while"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубли","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of рубли","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies рубли","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"рубли","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закутил","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces так что clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies новый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies майор","gloss":"the new"},{"surface":"майор","lemma":"майор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive принужден","gloss":"major"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выговор","lemma":"выговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"a reprimand"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принужден","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the так что clause","gloss":"was obliged"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to принужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принужден","gloss":"to give"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c5-s19","source":"Ну, а подполковник казенную сумму сдал — благополучно и всем на удивленье, потому что никто уже у него денег в целости не предполагал.","translation":"\"Well, and the lieutenant-colonel handed over the government sum — safely and to everyone's amazement, for no one had supposed the money was still intact with him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто уже у него денег в целости не предполагал","title":"Negative concord + genitive object «денег»","body":"«никто… не предполагал» is the obligatory ни-word/«не» pairing ('no one supposed'), and the object «денег» stands in the genitive under negation. The whole reads: 'no one supposed the money to be still intact with him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдал","gloss":"the lieutenant-colonel"},{"surface":"казенную","lemma":"казённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сумму","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сдал","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"сдал","lemma":"сдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handed over"},{"surface":"благополучно","lemma":"благополучно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдал","gloss":"safely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with благополучно, part of idiom всем на удивленье","gloss":"everyone's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивленье","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивленье","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдал","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces причинную clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of предполагал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предполагал","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предполагал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of предполагал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целости","lemma":"целость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предполагал","gloss":"intact"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предполагал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предполагал","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"had supposed"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c5-s20","source":"Сдал, да и захворал, слег, лежал недели три, затем вдруг размягчение в мозгу произошло, и в пять дней скончался.","translation":"\"He handed it over and then fell ill, took to his bed, lay there some three weeks; then suddenly a softening of the brain set in, and within five days he was dead.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захворал, слег, лежал недели три, … скончался","title":"Perfective chain with one imperfective","body":"A rapid sequence of perfectives — «захворал, слёг, … скончался» — drives the narrative event by event toward death, while the lone imperfective «лежал недели три» pauses on the duration of his lying ill. Aspect choreographs the pacing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скончался","title":"«скончаться» — to pass away","body":"«скончаться» is the dignified, elevated verb for dying ('to pass away, decease'), set against blunter «умереть». Its solemn register fits the formal note of a soldier's death and burial that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сдал","lemma":"сдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he handed it over"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"захворал","lemma":"захворать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сдал","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"слег","lemma":"слечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сдал","gloss":"took to his bed"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сдал","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by три, duration complement of лежал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies недели","gloss":"some three"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"размягчение","lemma":"размягчение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"a softening"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies размягчение","gloss":"the brain"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сдал","gloss":"set in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скончался","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"скончался","lemma":"скончаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сдал","gloss":"he died"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c5-s21","source":"Похоронили с воинскими почестями, еще не успел отставку получить.","translation":"\"They buried him with military honors, for he had not yet managed to obtain his discharge.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Похоронили с воинскими почестями","title":"Subjectless «они»-plural «похоронили»","body":"A bare 3rd-person plural perfective with no stated subject — 'they buried [him]' — is Russian's regular way of saying 'he was buried', leaving the agents indefinite. The result is an impersonal-passive feel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не успел отставку получить","title":"«успеть» + infinitive; «отставка» — discharge","body":"«успеть» means 'to manage (to do something) in time'; «не успел получить отставку» = 'hadn't managed to get his discharge'. «отставка» is retirement/discharge from service — so he died still on the army's rolls, hence the military honors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Похоронили","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they buried him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почестями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"воинскими","lemma":"воинский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies почестями","gloss":"military"},{"surface":"почестями","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Похоронили","gloss":"honors"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Похоронили","gloss":"he had managed"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"his discharge"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to obtain"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c5-s22","source":"Катерина Ивановна, сестра и тетка, только что похоронив отца, дней через десять двинулись в Москву.","translation":"\"Katerina Ivanovna, her sister, and the aunt, having only just buried the father, set off for Moscow some ten days later.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что похоронив отца","title":"Perfective past gerund «похоронив»","body":"«похоронив» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «похоронить» — 'having (just) buried' — naming a completed action prior to «двинулись». It shares the subject (Katerina, sister, aunt) of the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дней через десять","title":"Approximative «дней через десять»","body":"Inverting noun and numeral — «дней через десять» rather than «через десять дней» — signals approximation: 'some ten days later'. The same trick that gives «рублей в двести» its 'about two hundred'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of двинулись","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Катерина, part of the compound subject","gloss":"her sister"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тетка","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Катерина","gloss":"the aunt"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоронив, part of только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"похоронив","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on двинулись","gloss":"having buried"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of похоронив","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by десять, temporal modifier of двинулись","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десять","gloss":"in about"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дней","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"двинулись","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of двинулись","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c5-s23","source":"И вот пред отъездом только, в самый тот день, когда уехали (я их не видал и не провожал), получаю крошечный пакетик, синенький, кружевная бумажка, а на ней одна только строчка карандашом: «Я вам напишу, ждите. К.»","translation":"\"And then, just before their departure, on the very day they left (I did not see them and did not see them off), I received a tiny little packet, a pale-blue one, of lace-edged paper, and on it a single line in pencil: 'I will write to you, wait. K.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в самый тот день, когда уехали","title":"Emphatic «самый» + relative «когда»","body":"«самый» intensifies the demonstrative — «в самый тот день» = 'on the very day' — and «когда уехали» is the relative clause pinning it down. «самый» also forms superlatives, but here it means 'the very, precise'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крошечный пакетик, синенький","title":"Diminutive cluster: «пакетик, синенький, бумажка, строчка»","body":"A tender pile-up of diminutives — «пакетик» (little packet), «синенький» (pale-blue, dear-little-blue), «бумажка» (slip of paper), «строчка» (a little line) — wraps the note in fragile affection, contrasting its weight in Dmitri's life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"получаю","title":"Historical present amid past narration","body":"Again the imperfective present «получаю» ('I receive') breaks into the past-tense story for immediacy — 'and then I receive…' — a vivid narrative device very characteristic of spoken Russian storytelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause, modifies получаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъездом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"отъездом","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получаю","gloss":"the departure"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пред отъездом","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получаю","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of уехали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уехали","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on день","gloss":"they left"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies провожал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"провожал","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видал","gloss":"saw off"},{"surface":"получаю","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I received"},{"surface":"крошечный","lemma":"крошечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пакетик","gloss":"a tiny"},{"surface":"пакетик","lemma":"пакетик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получаю","gloss":"little packet"},{"surface":"синенький","lemma":"синенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пакетик","gloss":"pale-blue"},{"surface":"кружевная","lemma":"кружевной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумажка","gloss":"lace-edged"},{"surface":"бумажка","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to пакетик, describing its paper","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies строчка","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies строчка","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"строчка","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (there was)","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"карандашом","lemma":"карандаш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies строчка","gloss":"in pencil"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напишу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of напишу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"напишу","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted note","gloss":"will write"},{"surface":"ждите","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with напишу","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"К.","lemma":"К.","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, signature","gloss":"K.","note":"initial signature, presumably Katerina's own"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c5-s24","source":"Вот и всё.","translation":"\"And that was all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот и всё","title":"Summative «вот и всё»","body":"The deictic particle «вот» ('here, there') with «и всё» rounds off a narration: 'and that's all, that's the whole of it'. A compact, verbless closing formula common in speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that was all"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c5-s25","source":"Поясню тебе теперь в двух словах.","translation":"\"Let me explain the rest to you now in a couple of words.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поясню тебе теперь в двух словах","title":"Perfective future «поясню» + dative «тебе»","body":"«поясню» (perfective future, 'I'll explain') promises one complete act of explanation; «тебе» is the dative of the person addressed. The idiom «в двух словах» = 'in a couple of words, briefly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поясню","lemma":"пояснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will explain"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Поясню","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поясню","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies словах","gloss":"a couple of"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Поясню","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c5-s26","source":"В Москве у них дела обернулись с быстротою молнии и с неожиданностью арабских сказок.","translation":"\"In Moscow their affairs took a turn with the speed of lightning and the unexpectedness of an Arabian tale.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с быстротою молнии и с неожиданностью арабских сказок","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"Twin «с» + instrumental phrases describe the manner: «с быстротою молнии» (with the speed of lightning), «с неожиданностью…» (with the unexpectedness of…). The preposition «с» governs the instrumental for accompaniment and manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулись","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of обернулись","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of обернулись","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"обернулись","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took a turn"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking быстротою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"быстротою","lemma":"быстрота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулись","gloss":"the speed"},{"surface":"молнии","lemma":"молния","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies быстротою","gloss":"of lightning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неожиданностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неожиданностью","lemma":"неожиданность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with быстротою","gloss":"the unexpectedness"},{"surface":"арабских","lemma":"арабский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сказок","gloss":"Arabian"},{"surface":"сказок","lemma":"сказка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies неожиданностью","gloss":"of tales"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c5-s27","source":"Эта генеральша, ее главная родственница, вдруг разом лишается своих двух ближайших наследниц, своих двух ближайших племянниц — обе на одной и той же неделе помирают от оспы.","translation":"\"This general's widow, her chief relation, suddenly and all at once lost her two nearest heiresses, her two nearest nieces — both died of smallpox in one and the same week.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишается своих двух ближайших наследниц","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb + genitive of loss","body":"«лишаться» (with «-ся») governs the genitive of what is lost: «лишается… наследниц» = 'is deprived of / loses her heiresses'. The «-ся» here makes the verb a middle 'come to lose', and «лишиться» always takes the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на одной и той же неделе","title":"«один и тот же» — one and the same","body":"The set correlative «один и тот же» ('one and the same') stresses identity; in the prepositional «на… неделе» it locates both deaths in a single week. The pairing «один… тот же» is fixed and inseparable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of генеральша","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лишается","gloss":"general's widow"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of родственница","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies родственница","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"родственница","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to генеральша","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишается","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишается","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"лишается","lemma":"лишаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies наследниц","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies наследниц","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ближайших","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies наследниц","gloss":"nearest"},{"surface":"наследниц","lemma":"наследница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of лишается","gloss":"heiresses"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies племянниц","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies племянниц","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ближайших","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies племянниц","gloss":"nearest"},{"surface":"племянниц","lemma":"племянница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with наследниц","gloss":"nieces"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"subject of помирают","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделе","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of одной, emphatic","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"неделе","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помирают","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"помирают","lemma":"помирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"second main clause, parallel to лишается","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оспы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"оспы","lemma":"оспа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помирают","gloss":"smallpox"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c5-s28","source":"Потрясенная старуха Кате обрадовалась, как родной дочери, как звезде спасения, накинулась на нее, переделала тотчас завещание в ее пользу, но это в будущем, а пока теперь, прямо в руки, — восемьдесят тысяч, вот тебе, мол, приданое, делай с ним что хочешь.","translation":"\"The shaken old woman took to Katya as to a daughter of her own, as to a star of salvation, threw herself upon her, at once rewrote her will in the girl's favor — but that was for the future, while for the present, here and now, straight into her hands, eighty thousand: here is your dowry, do with it what you like.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрадовалась, … накинулась, переделала","title":"Perfective string of sudden actions","body":"A burst of perfectives — «обрадовалась» (took to / was overjoyed), «накинулась» (threw herself upon), «переделала» (rewrote at once) — renders the old woman's impulsive, headlong reaction as a chain of completed acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как родной дочери, как звезде спасения","title":"Dative of comparison after «как»","body":"«обрадоваться» takes a dative of the one rejoiced in, and the «как»-similes keep that case: «как родной дочери», «как звезде спасения» — 'as to a daughter of her own, as to a star of salvation'. Agreement in the dative ties the comparison to «Кате»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мол","title":"Reportative particle «мол»","body":"«мол» flags reported or imagined speech — 'as if to say, says she'. It lets Dmitri voice the old woman's words («вот тебе приданое») while marking them as quoted, not his own. A vivid colloquial device."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потрясенная","lemma":"потрясённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старуха","gloss":"the shaken"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обрадовалась","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"Кате","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of обрадовалась","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"обрадовалась","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took to her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison marking дочери","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочери","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"дочери","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"comparison complement of обрадовалась","gloss":"a daughter"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison marking звезде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"звезде","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дочери, comparison complement","gloss":"a star"},{"surface":"спасения","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies звезде","gloss":"of salvation"},{"surface":"накинулась","lemma":"накинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрадовалась","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накинулась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"переделала","lemma":"переделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрадовалась","gloss":"rewrote"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переделала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"завещание","lemma":"завещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переделала","gloss":"the will"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пользу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies завещание","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"будущем","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause это ... в будущем","gloss":"the future"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"heads the next elliptical clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"восемьдесят","lemma":"восемьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies тысяч, subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"eighty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by восемьдесят","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of address, part of вот тебе","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"мол","lemma":"мол","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative particle, parenthetical","gloss":"she said","note":"colloquial reported-speech marker, roughly 'she said' / 'like'"},{"surface":"приданое","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to тысяч","gloss":"a dowry"},{"surface":"делай","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause addressed to Катя","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делай","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of делай","gloss":"you like"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c5-s29","source":"Истерическая женщина, я ее в Москве потом наблюдал.","translation":"\"A hysterical woman — I observed her later in Moscow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Истерическая женщина","title":"Verbless nominative characterization","body":"A bare nominative noun phrase as a whole 'sentence' — 'A hysterical woman' — with no verb. Russian readily drops the copula to pin a sharp, summary label on someone before adding commentary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ее в Москве потом наблюдал","title":"Imperfective «наблюдал» of repeated observation","body":"«наблюдал» (imperfective past) reports ongoing, repeated observation — 'I kept observing / observed her [over time]' — not a single glance. The imperfective suits a habit of watching her in Moscow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Истерическая","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"A hysterical"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive, resumed by ее","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наблюдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наблюдал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"наблюдал","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c5-s30","source":"Ну вот вдруг я тогда и получаю по почте четыре тысячи пятьсот рублей; разумеется, недоумеваю и удивлен как бессловесный.","translation":"\"Well, and then suddenly I receive by post four thousand five hundred roubles; naturally I am bewildered and astonished, dumb as a post.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну вот вдруг я тогда и получаю","title":"Particle pile-up «ну вот… и»","body":"Spoken Russian stacks discourse particles: «ну» (well), «вот» (so, here), «вдруг» (suddenly), and the connective «и» before the verb ('and so I receive'). Together they stage the surprise and resume the thread of the tale."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивлен как бессловесный","title":"Short adjective «удивлён»","body":"«удивлён» is the short (predicative) form of «удивлённый» ('astonished'), used after the implied 'I am'. Short forms predicate a state and carry a bookish, momentary flavor — 'I am astonished'. «бессловесный» ('speechless, dumb') extends the simile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получаю","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"получаю","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почте","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"почте","lemma":"почта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получаю","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on пятьсот","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of получаю","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying недоумеваю","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"недоумеваю","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with получаю","gloss":"I am bewildered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивлен","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with недоумеваю","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with бессловесный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бессловесный","lemma":"бессловесный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивлен","gloss":"a speechless creature","note":"idiom: \"dumb as a post,\" literally \"a wordless one.\""}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c5-s31","source":"Три дня спустя приходит и обещанное письмо.","translation":"\"Three days later the promised letter arrives as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходит и обещанное письмо","title":"Historical present + short passive participle attribute","body":"«приходит» is again the vivid historical present ('arrives'). «обещанное» is the past passive participle of «обещать» ('promised') used attributively — 'the promised letter' — agreeing with «письмо» like an adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"Three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходит","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition marking дня","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обещанное","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"обещанное","lemma":"обещанный","morphology":"adjective (participle), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"letter"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c5-s32","source":"Оно и теперь у меня, оно всегда со мной, и умру я с ним — хочешь, покажу?","translation":"\"I have it even now, it is always with me, and I shall die with it — do you want me to show it to you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умру я с ним","title":"Perfective future «умру»","body":"«умру» is the simple (perfective) future of «умереть» — 'I shall die' — its present-form ending carrying future meaning. The vow 'I shall die with it' frames death as a single completed certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочешь, покажу?","title":"Asyndeton: «хочешь, покажу?»","body":"Two clauses with no conjunction — 'want [me to], I'll show?' — a colloquial conditional where «хочешь» stands in for 'if you like'. «покажу» is the perfective future offering one act of showing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject; predicate is у меня (I have it)","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies у меня","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of у, predicate of Оно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate is со мной)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies со мной","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of со, predicate of оно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I shall die"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умру","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the offer, main verb of the question","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of хочешь","gloss":"shall I show it"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c5-s33","source":"Непременно прочти: предлагается в невесты, сама себя предлагает, «люблю, дескать, безумно, пусть вы меня не любите — всё равно, будьте только моим мужем. Не пугайтесь — ни в чем вас стеснять не буду, буду ваша мебель, буду тот ковер, по которому вы ходите… Хочу любить вас вечно, хочу спасти вас от самого себя…»","translation":"\"You must read it: she offers herself as my bride, offers her own self, 'I love you,' she says, 'madly; even if you do not love me — it makes no difference, only be my husband. Do not be afraid — I shall constrain you in nothing, I shall be your furniture, I shall be the carpet you walk upon… I want to love you forever, I want to save you from your own self…'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Непременно прочти","title":"Perfective imperative «прочти»","body":"«прочти» is the perfective imperative of «прочитать» ('read [it through]!'), urging one complete reading. «непременно» ('without fail, you absolutely must') heightens the command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пугайтесь … стеснять не буду","title":"Negative imperative + compound future","body":"«Не пугайтесь» is a negated imperative (politely plural «-те», reflexive «-сь») — 'don't be afraid'. «стеснять не буду» is the imperfective compound future («буду» + infinitive): 'I shall not constrain'. The imperfective fits an ongoing promise of restraint."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» (like «мол») marks the words as reported speech — 'she says, quoth she'. It lets Dmitri quote Katerina Ivanovna's letter while keeping a slight ironic distance, here woven into 'I love you, she says, madly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ковер, по которому вы ходите","title":"Relative «который» governed by «по»","body":"«который» agrees with «ковёр» in gender/number but takes the case its own clause demands — here dative after «по»: «по которому вы ходите» = 'which you walk upon'. A clear instance of the relative's case being set by its role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасти вас от самого себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» in «от самого себя»","body":"«от самого себя» = 'from your very own self'. «себя» refers back to the addressee (you), intensified by «самого». The phrase distills the novel's theme of being saved from one's own ruinous nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочти","gloss":"You must"},{"surface":"прочти","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"предлагается","lemma":"предлагаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"she offers herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"невесты","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of предлагается","gloss":"a bride"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the subject, intensifies предлагает","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of предлагает","gloss":"her own self"},{"surface":"предлагает","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предлагается","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I love you"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"безумно","lemma":"безумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"madly"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by пусть","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мужем","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моим","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужем","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мужем","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будьте","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугайтесь","gloss":"Do not"},{"surface":"пугайтесь","lemma":"пугаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not... in any"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стеснять","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of стеснять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стеснять","lemma":"стеснять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду (w31)","gloss":"constrain"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of стеснять","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мебель","gloss":"I shall be"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мебель","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мебель","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду (w32)","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ковер","gloss":"I shall be"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ковер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ковер","lemma":"ковёр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду (w35)","gloss":"carpet"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходите","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ходите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ходите","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ковер","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"Хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Хочу","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хочу","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of спасти","gloss":"self"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c5-s34","source":"Алеша, я недостоин даже пересказывать эти строки моими подлыми словами и моим подлым тоном, всегдашним моим подлым тоном, от которого я никогда не мог исправиться!","translation":"\"Alyosha, I am not even worthy to repeat those lines in my vile words and in my vile tone — that perpetual vile tone of mine, which I have never been able to cure myself of!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недостоин даже пересказывать","title":"Short adjective «недостоин» + infinitive","body":"«недостоин» is the short predicative form of «недостойный» ('unworthy'), governing the infinitive «пересказывать»: 'I am not worthy to retell'. Short forms supply this bookish 'I am X to do Y' frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого я никогда не мог исправиться","title":"Relative «который» after «от» + negation","body":"«от которого» (genitive after «от») heads a relative clause whose verb carries «никогда… не» negative concord — 'from which I could never cure myself'. «исправиться» («-ся») is the reflexive 'to correct/cure oneself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлыми словами … подлым тоном","title":"«подлый» — vile, base, abject","body":"«подлый» means 'vile, base, mean-spirited'. Repeated three times («подлыми… подлым… подлым»), it hammers Dmitri's self-loathing — the 'vile tone' he cannot shed is central to his confession of a 'passionate heart'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of недостоин","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"недостоин","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am not worthy"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пересказывать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пересказывать","lemma":"пересказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of недостоин","gloss":"to repeat"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of строки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"строки","lemma":"строка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пересказывать","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"подлыми","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пересказывать","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тоном","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"подлым","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with словами","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"всегдашним","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном (w18)","gloss":"perpetual"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тоном (w18)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"подлым","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном (w18)","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тоном (w14)","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тоном (w18)","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"исправиться","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to cure myself"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c5-s35","source":"Пронзило это письмо меня до сегодня, и разве мне теперь легко, разве мне сегодня легко?","translation":"\"That letter has pierced me through to this very day — and is it easy for me now, is it easy for me even today?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пронзило это письмо меня","title":"Object-first inversion + perfective «пронзило»","body":"The verb «пронзило» ('pierced', perfective, neuter to agree with «письмо») opens the sentence, with subject «письмо» and object «меня» following — a marked inversion that throws rhetorical weight onto the act of piercing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве мне теперь легко","title":"Rhetorical «разве» + dative experiencer","body":"«разве… легко» is an incredulous rhetorical question, and «мне легко» is the dative-experiencer construction ('is it easy FOR me') with no nominative subject. Together: 'and is it really easy for me now?' — expecting 'no'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пронзило","lemma":"пронзить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Пронзило","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Пронзило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of Пронзило","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легко (w11)","gloss":"is it really"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of легко (w11)","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко (w11)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the first question clause","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легко (w15)","gloss":"is it really"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of легко (w15)","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко (w15)","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the second question clause","gloss":"easy"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c5-s36","source":"Тогда я тотчас же написал ответ (я никак не мог сам приехать в Москву).","translation":"\"At the time I wrote back a reply at once (I could in no way come to Moscow myself).\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я никак не мог сам приехать","title":"Negative «никак не» + intensifier «сам»","body":"«никак не мог» = 'in no way could', the «никак… не» concord intensifying the impossibility. «сам» ('myself, in person') stresses that he personally could not come to Moscow — by contrast he sends a letter, then Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"написал ответ","title":"Perfective «написал» — a completed reply","body":"«написал» (perfective of «писать») views the writing as one finished act with a result — the letter sent. «тотчас же» ('at once') underlines the single, decisive moment of doing it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"a reply"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (myself)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"приехать","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехать","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c5-s37","source":"Слезами писал его; одного стыжусь вечно: упомянул, что она теперь богатая и с приданым, а я только нищий бурбон — про деньги упомянул!","translation":"\"I wrote it with tears; of one thing I am eternally ashamed: I mentioned that she was now rich and with a dowry, while I was only a beggarly clod — I mentioned money!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слезами писал его","title":"Instrumental of means «слезами»","body":"«слезами» (instrumental plural of «слеза') is the instrument with which he wrote — 'I wrote it WITH tears'. Fronted for pathos, the bare instrumental needs no preposition to express the means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одного стыжусь вечно","title":"Reflexive «стыдиться» + genitive","body":"«стыдиться» (reflexive «-ся», 'to be ashamed') governs the genitive of what shames one: «одного стыжусь» = 'of one thing I am ashamed'. The genitive object is built into the verb's government."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нищий бурбон","title":"«бурбон» — a coarse, ignorant officer","body":"«бурбон» (from the Bourbon name) was 19th-century slang for a boorish, uneducated army officer risen from the ranks — a 'clod, lout in uniform'. Dmitri brands himself a «нищий бурбон», a beggarly boor beside the now-wealthy Katya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of писал","gloss":"With tears"},{"surface":"писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wrote"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of писал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of стыжусь","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to писал","gloss":"I am ashamed"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыжусь","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стыжусь","gloss":"I mentioned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of богатая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of богатая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies богатая","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"богатая","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of упомянул","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приданым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приданым","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with богатая","gloss":"a dowry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бурбон","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нищий","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"нищий","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бурбон","gloss":"a beggarly"},{"surface":"бурбон","lemma":"бурбон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with богатая","gloss":"lout"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of упомянул (w22)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeats упомянул (w7) for emphasis","gloss":"I mentioned"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c5-s38","source":"Я бы должен был это перенести, да с пера сорвалось.","translation":"\"I ought to have borne that in silence, but it slipped from my pen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы должен был это перенести","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'I ought to have'","body":"The particle «бы» with past-form «должен был» makes an irrealis 'I ought to / should have borne this' — a wished-for, unrealized obligation. «бы» leans on «я», the first stressed word, as it often does."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с пера сорвалось","title":"Idiom «с пера сорвалось»","body":"Literally 'it tore loose from the pen' — an idiom for words that slip out involuntarily in writing, like English 'it slipped out'. «сорвалось» («-ся», perfective) captures the sudden, unwilled escape of the offending remark about money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional/should mood with должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перенести","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"перенести","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пера","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пера","lemma":"перо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвалось","gloss":"pen"},{"surface":"сорвалось","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"slipped out"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c5-s39","source":"Тогда же, тотчас написал в Москву Ивану и всё ему объяснил в письме по возможности, в шесть листов письмо было, и послал Ивана к ней.","translation":"\"And then at once I wrote to Ivan in Moscow and explained the whole thing to him as best I could in a letter — it ran to six sheets — and sent Ivan to her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё ему объяснил … по возможности","title":"Perfective «объяснил» + dative «ему»","body":"«объяснил» (perfective, 'explained [it all]') is a single completed act of explaining; «ему» is the dative recipient (to Ivan). «по возможности» = 'as far as possible, as best I could'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в шесть листов письмо было","title":"Accusative of measure + inversion","body":"«в шесть листов» measures the letter's extent ('running to six sheets'), and the inverted order «в шесть листов письмо было» throws the striking length to the front. «послал Ивана» uses the genitive-like animate accusative «Ивана»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тогда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wrote"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of написал","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснил","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возможности","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying объяснил","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking листов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on листов","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"листов","lemma":"лист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement describing письмо, with было","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c5-s40","source":"Что ты смотришь, что ты глядишь на меня?","translation":"\"Why are you looking at me like that, why do you stare so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты смотришь, что ты глядишь на меня?","title":"Imperfective present of ongoing gaze","body":"Both «смотришь» and «глядишь» are imperfective presents naming Alyosha's continuing look — 'why are you looking… why do you stare'. The near-synonymous repetition, agitated, is pure Dostoevskian dialogue rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (adverbial: \"why\")","role":"adverbial, modifies смотришь","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are looking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (adverbial: \"why\")","role":"adverbial, modifies глядишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядишь","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смотришь","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядишь","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c5-s41","source":"Ну да, Иван влюбился в нее, влюблен и теперь, я это знаю, я глупость сделал, по-вашему, по-светскому, но, может быть, вот эта-то глупость одна теперь и спасет нас всех!","translation":"\"Well, yes, Ivan fell in love with her, he is in love with her even now, I know it; I did a foolish thing, by your lights, by the lights of society — but perhaps this very folly alone may now save us all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"влюбился … влюблен и теперь","title":"Perfective «влюбился» vs short form «влюблён»","body":"«влюбился» (perfective, «-ся») is the completed event 'fell in love'; «влюблён» is the resulting short-form state 'is in love (now)'. Russian splits the inceptive act from the lingering condition — fell, and remains, in love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот эта-то глупость одна","title":"Demonstrative + emphatic «-то»","body":"«вот эта-то глупость» piles the deictic «вот», demonstrative «эта», and emphatic clitic «-то» onto «глупость» — 'this very folly here'. The stacking spotlights the one foolish act Dmitri now half-hopes will redeem them all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-вашему, по-светскому","title":"Adverbs «по-вашему», «по-светскому»","body":"The «по-…-ому» pattern forms manner adverbs: «по-вашему» ('in your view, by your lights'), «по-светскому' ('by society's standards, in worldly terms'). Dmitri concedes the verdict of conventional, fashionable opinion before defying it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to влюбился","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюбился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"влюблен","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with влюбился","gloss":"is in love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюблен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with влюбился","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a foolish thing"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влюбился","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb (part of по-вашему)","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"adverb (part of по-вашему)","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"your standards"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb (part of по-светскому)","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"светскому","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adverb (part of по-светскому)","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"worldly standards"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупость","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глупость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"emphatic particle attached to эта","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спасет","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies глупость","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies спасет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"спасет","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c5-s42","source":"Ух!","translation":"\"Ugh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ух!","title":"Interjection «Ух!»","body":"«Ух!» is an exclamation of strong feeling — exertion, exasperation, or a heaving release of emotion. Here it vents Dmitri's churning agitation, a wordless burst between his rushing confessions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ugh"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c5-s43","source":"Разве ты не видишь, как она его почитает, как она его уважает?","translation":"\"Don't you see how she reveres him, how she esteems him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве ты не видишь","title":"Rhetorical «разве… не»","body":"«разве… не видишь» is a rhetorical question pressing for agreement — 'don't you see?' — expecting 'of course I do'. The «разве» frames it as appeal rather than genuine inquiry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почитает … уважает","title":"«почитать» vs «уважать» — to revere / esteem","body":"«почитать» carries a tone of reverence, near-veneration (cf. «почтение», honor), stronger than «уважать» ('to respect, esteem'). Pairing them stresses how highly Katerina Ivanovna holds Ivan — esteem shading into worship."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видишь","gloss":"Don't you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почитает","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of почитает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почитает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почитает","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видишь","gloss":"reveres"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважает","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уважает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уважает","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видишь","gloss":"esteems"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c5-s44","source":"Разве она может, сравнив нас обоих, любить такого, как я, да еще после всего того, что здесь произошло?","translation":"\"Can she possibly, having compared the two of us, love a man like me — and that after everything that has happened here?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сравнив нас обоих","title":"Perfective past gerund «сравнив»","body":"«сравнив» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «сравнить» — 'having compared' — a completed action prior to the main verb «может… любить», sharing her subject. It compresses 'after she has compared us both'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве она может … любить такого, как я","title":"Rhetorical «разве» + «такой, как»","body":"Another incredulous «разве» ('can she possibly…?'). «такого, как я» = 'a man like me', the correlative «такой… как» framing the type. The case «такого» is the animate accusative object of «любить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"Can she really"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сравнив","lemma":"сравнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on может","gloss":"having compared"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сравнив","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies нас","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of любить","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with я","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of того","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c5-s45","source":"— А я уверен, что она любит такого, как ты, а не такого, как он.","translation":"\"But I am certain that she loves a man like you, and not a man like him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такого, как ты, а не такого, как он","title":"Contrastive «а не» with «такой… как»","body":"Alyosha answers Dmitri's «такой, как я» by setting two types against each other with «а не» ('and not'): «такого, как ты» versus «такого, как он». The mild contrastive «а» pivots the comparison, insisting on the opposite of what Dmitri fears."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of любит","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ты (w14), coordinated with такого (w7)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c5-s46","source":"— Она свою добродетель любит, а не меня, — невольно, но почти злобно вырвалось вдруг у Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"\"It is her own virtue she loves, not me,\" burst suddenly and almost spitefully, though involuntarily, from Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она свою добродетель любит, а не меня","title":"Reflexive «свою» + contrastive «а не»","body":"«свою добродетель» = 'her own virtue', the reflexive possessive pointing back to the subject (she). The object «добродетель» is fronted before «любит» for focus, and «а не меня» ('and not me') sets up the bitter contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось вдруг у Дмитрия Федоровича","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» — burst out involuntarily","body":"«вырвалось» («-ся», perfective, neuter) means the words 'tore out, burst out' of their own accord — an impersonal, unwilled escape. «у Дмитрия Фёдоровича» ('from Dmitri F.') uses «у» + genitive for the source."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добродетель","title":"«добродетель» — virtue","body":"«добродетель» ('virtue, moral goodness') is an abstract, slightly elevated noun. Dmitri's charge — that Katerina Ivanovna loves her own virtue rather than him — strikes at the novel's distinction between self-regarding and self-giving love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добродетель","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"contrasted object, elided любит (not her virtue but me)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c5-s47","source":"Он засмеялся, но через секунду глаза его сверкнули, он весь покраснел и с силой ударил кулаком по столу.","translation":"He laughed, but a second later his eyes flashed, he flushed crimson all over and struck the table hard with his fist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"засмеялся … сверкнули … покраснел … ударил","title":"Perfective chain of sudden actions","body":"A volley of perfectives — «засмеялся, сверкнули, покраснел, ударил» — moves the moment forward in sharp, completed strokes. The inceptive «за-» in «засмеялся» ('burst out laughing') and «сверкнули» ('flashed') catch the abruptness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с силой ударил кулаком по столу","title":"Instrumental of means «кулаком»","body":"«кулаком» (instrumental) is the instrument of the blow — 'struck WITH his fist'; «с силой» ('with force') is a manner phrase, and «по столу» (dative after «по») the surface struck. Three nuances of how he hit the table."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement, oblique complement of сверкнули","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (all over)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"flushed crimson"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил (with force)","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ударил","gloss":"his fist"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c5-s48","source":"— Клянусь, Алеша, — воскликнул он со страшным и искренним гневом на себя, — верь не верь, но вот как бог свят, и что Христос есть господь, клянусь, что я хоть и усмехнулся сейчас ее высшим чувствам, но знаю, что я в миллион раз ничтожнее душой, чем она, и что эти лучшие чувства ее — искренни, как у небесного ангела!","translation":"\"I swear, Alyosha,\" he cried with a terrible and genuine wrath at himself, \"believe me or not, but as God is holy and as Christ is the Lord, I swear that, though I just now sneered at her loftiest feelings, I know that I am a million times more contemptible in soul than she is, and that these finest feelings of hers are sincere, as in an angel of heaven!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верь не верь","title":"Concessive imperative «верь не верь»","body":"Two imperatives juxtaposed without conjunction — «верь не верь» = 'believe [me] or not' — form a concessive idiom 'whether you believe it or not'. The bare imperative pair is a vivid colloquial concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в миллион раз ничтожнее душой, чем она","title":"Comparative «ничтожнее» + instrumental «душой»","body":"«ничтожнее» is the predicative comparative ('more contemptible/worthless'), with «в миллион раз» ('a million times') measuring the degree and «чем она» the standard. «душой» (instrumental) specifies the respect — 'in soul'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гневом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гневом","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренним","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with страшным","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"гневом","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of гневом","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the pair верь не верь","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верь (second)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верь (w12)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the oath formula вот как...свят","gloss":"as truly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the oath clause бог свят","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свят","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"свят","lemma":"свят","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of бог","gloss":"is holy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of господь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of господь (with есть)","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Христос to господь","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Христос","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the following что-clauses","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усмехнулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся (concessive)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause, contrasted by но знаю","gloss":"sneered"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of чувствам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"высшим","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies чувствам","gloss":"loftiest"},{"surface":"чувствам","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of усмехнулся","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with клянусь","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ничтожнее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ничтожнее","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"a million"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ничтожнее","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"ничтожнее","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"more contemptible"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ничтожнее","gloss":"in soul"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of она","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ничтожнее","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искренни","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"лучшие","lemma":"лучший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of искренни","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"hers"},{"surface":"искренни","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of чувства, coordinated with ничтожнее","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison как у ангела","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангела","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небесного","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангела","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"ангела","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искренни","gloss":"angel"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c5-s49","source":"В том и трагедия, что я знаю это наверно.","translation":"\"Therein lies the tragedy, that I know this for certain.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В том и трагедия, что я знаю это","title":"Correlative «в том… что»","body":"«в том… что» is the correlative frame 'the [thing] lies in this: that…'. «в том» (prepositional of «то») points forward to the «что»-clause naming the content — a bookish 'therein lies the tragedy, that I know it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate location, complement of трагедия","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes трагедия (indeed)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject, predicate complement of том","gloss":"the tragedy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c5-s50","source":"Что в том, что человек капельку декламирует?","translation":"\"What of it if a person declaims a touch?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что в том, что человек капельку декламирует?","title":"Idiom «что в том, что…»","body":"«что в том, что…» = 'what of it that…, what does it matter if…' — a dismissive rhetorical frame using «в том» (prepositional) pointing to the «что»-clause. Dmitri shrugs off a little theatrical posturing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капельку декламирует","title":"«капельку» and «декламировать»","body":"«капельку» (diminutive accusative of «капля», 'a wee drop') is an adverb 'a tiny bit'. «декламировать» ('to declaim, recite theatrically') here means to strike high-flown, performative poses — Dmitri's word for emotional grandstanding, his own included."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (что в том = what of it)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of декламирует","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of декламирует","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of декламирует (a little)","gloss":"a bit"},{"surface":"декламирует","lemma":"декламировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"declaims"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c5-s51","source":"Разве я не декламирую?","translation":"\"Do I not declaim too?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве я не декламирую?","title":"Self-implicating rhetorical «разве… не»","body":"«разве я не декламирую?» turns the rhetorical question on himself — 'do I not declaim too?' — expecting the admission 'I do'. The «разве… не» pattern presses for a confessional 'yes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies декламирую (rhetorical question)","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of декламирую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies декламирую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"декламирую","lemma":"декламировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declaim"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c5-s52","source":"А ведь искренен же я, искренен.","translation":"\"And yet I am sincere, I am sincere.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь искренен же я, искренен","title":"Particle cluster «а ведь… же»","body":"«а» (mild contrastive), «ведь» (appeal to shared truth), and «же» (insistence) crowd together — 'and yet I AM sincere, you know'. «искренен» is the short predicative form of «искренний», repeated for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искренен","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"искренен","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искренен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of искренен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"искренен","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with искренен (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"sincere"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c5-s53","source":"Что же касается Ивана, то ведь я же понимаю, с каким проклятием должен он смотреть теперь на природу, да еще при его-то уме!","translation":"\"As for Ivan, I do understand with what a curse he must now be looking upon nature — and that with a mind like his!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же касается Ивана, то … я же понимаю","title":"Idiom «что касается… то» + insistent «же»","body":"«что (же) касается… то» ('as for…, then…') is a fixed topic-shifting frame; «касаться» («-ся») governs the genitive «Ивана». The «то» resumes the main clause, and «я же понимаю» uses «же» to insist 'I do understand'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при его-то уме","title":"«при» + prepositional, with emphatic «-то»","body":"«при его… уме» (prepositional after «при') means 'given / with his mind, possessing such a mind'. The emphatic clitic «-то» on «его-то» spotlights the irony — 'and with a mind like HIS, of all people'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of касается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"касается","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on понимаю (idiom: as for)","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of касается","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative marker, introduces the main clause понимаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проклятием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of проклятием","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"проклятием","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"природу","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole clause (moreover)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes его (his very)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of при, exclamatory parenthetical","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c5-s54","source":"Кому, чему отдано предпочтение?","translation":"\"To whom, to what, has the preference been given?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кому, чему отдано предпочтение?","title":"Interrogatives «кому, чему» + short passive «отдано»","body":"«кому» and «чему» are the datives of «кто/что» ('to whom, to what'), required by «отдать предпочтение кому-чему» ('give preference to'). «отдано» is the short past passive participle ('has been given') predicating the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of отдано","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of отдано","gloss":"to what"},{"surface":"отдано","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"предпочтение","lemma":"предпочтение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive отдано","gloss":"the preference"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c5-s55","source":"Отдано извергу, который и здесь, уже женихом будучи и когда на него все глядели, удержать свои дебоширства не мог, — и это при невесте-то, при невесте-то!","translation":"\"It has been given to a monster who, even here, already being her betrothed and with all eyes upon him, could not rein in his debaucheries — and this in front of his bride, in front of his bride!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже женихом будучи","title":"Gerund «будучи» + instrumental predicate","body":"«будучи» is the (suppletive) present gerund of «быть» — 'being' — naming an attendant circumstance, with its predicate noun «женихом» in the instrumental, as «быть» requires. Together: 'already being her betrothed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при невесте-то, при невесте-то","title":"Emphatic repetition with «-то»","body":"«при невесте» (prepositional after «при') = 'in the presence of his bride'; the clitic «-то» and the doubled phrase pound home the outrage — 'and this in front of his bride, his BRIDE!' Repetition plus «-то» is Dmitri's indignant emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"извергу … дебоширства","title":"«изверг» — a monster; «дебоширство» — debauchery","body":"«изверг» is a strong word for a monstrous, depraved person ('fiend, monster'); «дебоширство» (from «дебоширить', to make a drunken scene) is rowdy debauchery. Dmitri brands himself with both, the «изверг» who could not «удержать» (rein in) his excesses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отдано","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"извергу","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Отдано","gloss":"to a monster"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будучи (temporal: even here)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женихом","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"женихом","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будучи","gloss":"her betrothed"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb (being), heads clause with женихом","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of глядели","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глядели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"глядели","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"temporal clause modifying мог","gloss":"were looking"},{"surface":"удержать","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"restrain"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дебоширства","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дебоширства","lemma":"дебоширство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of удержать","gloss":"debaucheries"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (который...мог)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory subject, elided predicate","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесте","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"невесте","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of при, parallel to это","gloss":"the bride"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes невесте","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесте","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"невесте","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with невесте (w23)","gloss":"the bride"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes невесте","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c5-s56","source":"И вот такой, как я, предпочтен, а он отвергается.","translation":"\"And so a man like me is preferred, while he is cast aside.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой, как я, предпочтён, а он отвергается","title":"Short passive «предпочтён» vs reflexive passive «отвергается»","body":"Two passives in contrast: «предпочтён» is the short past passive participle ('is preferred', a settled result), while «отвергается» is the imperfective «-ся» passive ('is being cast aside', ongoing). The «а» pivots the preferred against the rejected."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предпочтен","gloss":"a man like this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking я","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"oblique complement of такой","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"предпочтен","lemma":"предпочесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is preferred"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive отвергается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отвергается","lemma":"отвергаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предпочтен","gloss":"is cast aside"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c5-s57","source":"Но для чего же?","translation":"\"But what for?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но для чего же?","title":"«для чего» + insistent «же»","body":"«для чего» (для + genitive «чего») = 'for what, what for, to what end'. The particle «же» sharpens the demand into 'but what on earth for?' — the insistent «же» of an exasperated question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c5-s58","source":"А для того, что девица из благодарности жизнь и судьбу свою изнасиловать хочет!","translation":"\"For this: that the girl, out of gratitude, wants to do violence to her own life and fate!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А для того, что … хочет","title":"Correlative answer «для того, что»","body":"«для того, что…» answers the preceding «для чего же?» — 'for this, namely that…'. «для того» (genitive «того») points forward to the «что»-clause that supplies the reason. The «а» opens it as a retort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жизнь и судьбу свою изнасиловать хочет","title":"Reflexive «свою» + verb-final order","body":"«свою» ('her own') refers back to the girl as subject. The two objects «жизнь и судьбу» are fronted before the infinitive «изнасиловать», with «хочет» last — heavy end-weight building to the violent verb 'wants to do violence to her own life and fate'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодарности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"благодарности","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of хочет (out of gratitude)","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изнасиловать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнь","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь и судьбу","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"изнасиловать","lemma":"изнасиловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"do violence to"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"wants"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c5-s59","source":"Нелепость!","translation":"\"An absurdity!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нелепость!","title":"«нелепость» — an absurdity","body":"«нелепость» means 'absurdity, nonsense, a preposterous thing'. As a one-word exclamation it slams the door on the idea Dmitri has just described — her self-sacrifice as sheer folly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"an absurdity"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c5-s60","source":"Я Ивану в этом смысле ничего и никогда не говорил, Иван, разумеется, мне тоже об этом никогда ни полслова, ни малейшего намека; но судьба свершится, и достойный станет на место, а недостойный скроется в переулок навеки — в грязный свой переулок, в возлюбленный и свойственный ему переулок, и там, в грязи и вони, погибнет добровольно и с наслаждением.","translation":"\"I have never said a word to Ivan in this sense, and Ivan, of course, has never said half a word about it to me, not the slightest hint; but fate will be accomplished, and the worthy man will take his place, while the unworthy one will vanish into his back-alley forever — into his filthy back-alley, his beloved and fitting back-alley, and there, in the filth and the stench, he will perish of his own free will and with delight.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего и никогда не говорил … ни полслова, ни малейшего намека","title":"Stacked negative concord","body":"A dense web of negation: «ничего… никогда не говорил» and «ни полслова, ни малейшего намёка» — all the ни-words bound to a single «не», the objects in the genitive of negation ('not half a word, not the slightest hint'). The piling-up is rhetorical insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судьба свершится, и достойный станет на место","title":"Perfective futures «свершится», «станет», «скроется»","body":"A run of perfective futures — «свершится» («-ся», 'will be accomplished'), «станет» ('will take'), «скроется» ('will vanish'), «погибнет» ('will perish') — projects an inevitable sequence of completed events. «свершится» is the elevated, almost liturgical 'shall be fulfilled'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достойный … а недостойный","title":"Substantivized adjectives «достойный / недостойный»","body":"«достойный» ('the worthy [man]') and «недостойный» ('the unworthy [one]') are adjectives used as nouns, the «а» setting them in moral opposition. Dmitri casts himself as the «недостойный» who will vanish — the self-condemnation at his confession's heart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в грязный свой переулок … погибнет добровольно и с наслаждением","title":"«переулок» as moral symbol","body":"«переулок» ('back-alley, side-lane'), repeated and modified — «грязный, возлюбленный, свойственный» — becomes the symbol of Dmitri's chosen degradation. «погибнуть добровольно и с наслаждением» ('perish willingly and with delight') captures the Karamazov relish for self-ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (said), second clause","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided verb","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (likewise)","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полслова","lemma":"полслова","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided verb","gloss":"half a word"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies намека","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"намека","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with полслова","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of свершится","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"свершится","lemma":"свершиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a new clause, contrasted with говорил","gloss":"will be accomplished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достойный","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"the worthy man"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with свершится","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of станет","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"недостойный","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скроется","gloss":"the unworthy man"},{"surface":"скроется","lemma":"скрыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станет","gloss":"will vanish"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скроется","gloss":"his back-alley"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скроется","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"грязный","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переулок","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of переулок","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to переулок (w35)","gloss":"back-alley"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"возлюбленный","lemma":"возлюбленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переулок","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свойственный","lemma":"свойственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with возлюбленный","gloss":"fitting"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of свойственный","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive, coordinated with переулок (w40)","gloss":"back-alley"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибнет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грязи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грязи","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибнет","gloss":"the filth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вони","lemma":"вонь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with грязи","gloss":"the stench"},{"surface":"погибнет","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скроется","gloss":"will perish"},{"surface":"добровольно","lemma":"добровольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибнет","gloss":"of his own free will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"наслаждением","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of с, adverbial modifier of погибнет","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c5-s61","source":"Заврался я что-то, слова у меня все износились, точно наобум ставлю, но так, как я определил, так тому и быть.","translation":"\"I've run on into nonsense, my words are all worn out, I set them down as if at random — but as I have decreed it, so let it be.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Заврался","title":"«завраться» — to talk oneself into nonsense","body":"From «врать» (to lie, to talk rot) with the prefix «за-» and reflexive «-ся», «завраться» means to get carried away in one's own babble, to lose the thread by over-talking. Mitya is confessing that his torrent of speech has run away with him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наобум","title":"«наобум» — at random","body":"An adverb meaning 'haphazardly, on the off chance, without aim.' «Точно наобум ставлю» — 'as if I'm setting the words down at random.' It belongs to colloquial, slightly self-deprecating speech, exactly Mitya's register here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так тому и быть","title":"«так тому и быть» — so be it","body":"A fixed formula: 'let it be so.' «Тому» is a dative («то» → «тому»), the dative-subject construction in which the predicate is the bare infinitive «быть» — literally 'to that, be it.' The dative names what the decree falls upon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заврался","lemma":"завраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've rambled on"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Заврался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite (part of что-то)","role":"adverbial modifier of Заврался (somewhat)","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix (part of что-то)","role":"forms что-то with что (w3), modifies Заврался","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of износились","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (possessive idiom)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive complement (у меня = my)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова (all)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"износились","lemma":"износиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Заврался","gloss":"are worn out"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ставлю (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"наобум","lemma":"наобум","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ставлю","gloss":"at random"},{"surface":"ставлю","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause, coordinated with износились","gloss":"I set them"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with так (w18), introduces comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of определил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of определил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"определил","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying так","gloss":"have decreed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative resumptive, head of тому и быть clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, links тому and быть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative-like) of the final clause (let it be)","gloss":"let it be"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c5-s62","source":"Потону в переулке, а она выйдет за Ивана.","translation":"\"I shall drown in my back-alley, and she will marry Ivan.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Потону в переулке","title":"«потонуть» — to drown / sink away","body":"Perfective «потонуть» (to drown, to sink) used figuratively: Mitya will 'go under' in the «переулок» — the squalid back-alley of his ruin. «Переулок» recurs as his private shorthand for self-destruction and the Grushenka affair."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдет за Ивана","title":"«выйти за» — to marry (of a woman)","body":"«Выйти замуж за кого» (literally 'to go out behind someone') is the idiom for a woman marrying. «За Ивана» is accusative after «за», marking the man married into. «Выйдет» is a perfective present-form verb with future meaning — 'she will marry.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Потону","lemma":"потонуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall drown"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"переулке","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Потону","gloss":"my back-alley"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Потону","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана (idiom выйти за = marry)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c5-s63","source":"— Брат, постой, — с чрезвычайным беспокойством опять прервал Алеша, — ведь тут все-таки одно дело ты мне до сих пор не разъяснил: ведь ты жених, ведь ты все-таки жених?","translation":"\"Brother, wait,\" Alyosha interrupted again, in extreme distress, \"there is still one thing you have not yet made clear to me: you are her betrothed — you are still her betrothed, after all?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь ты жених, ведь ты все-таки жених?","title":"«ведь» — appealing to shared knowledge","body":"The modal particle «ведь» means roughly 'after all, you know, surely' — it appeals to something both speakers already grasp. Repeated three times in this anxious question, it presses Mitya to confirm a fact Alyosha thinks is obvious."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прервал","title":"Perfective past «прервал»","body":"«Прервать» (to interrupt) is perfective: it presents the interruption as a single completed act that cuts into Mitya's speech. Paired with «опять» ('again'), it marks one more discrete break in the long monologue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с чрезвычайным беспокойством","title":"«с чрезвычайным беспокойством» — in extreme distress","body":"«Беспокойство» is anxiety, agitation; «чрезвычайный» means extraordinary, extreme. The instrumental «с… беспокойством» is the standard 'with [such emotion]' adverbial of manner that colours how Alyosha breaks in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies беспокойством","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прервал","gloss":"distress"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"first part of все-таки, modifies дело","gloss":"still","note":"все-таки is a split intensifying particle meaning \"still/after all\"."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of все-таки, modifies дело","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies дело","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснил","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разъяснил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom до сих пор)","gloss":"until","note":"до сих пор is a fixed idiom meaning \"until now, yet\"."},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ведь тут","gloss":"made clear"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жених","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жених","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жених","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with ты","gloss":"her betrothed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жених","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жених","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"first part of все-таки, modifies жених","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of все-таки, modifies жених","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"жених","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with жених","gloss":"her betrothed"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c5-s64","source":"Как же ты хочешь порвать, если она, невеста, не хочет?","translation":"\"How can you mean to break it off, if she, your bride, does not wish it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же ты хочешь порвать, если она… не хочет?","title":"Conditional «если» clause","body":"«Если» ('if') opens a real (not hypothetical) conditional subordinate clause, set off by a comma: 'how can you mean to break it off, if she does not wish it.' No «бы» here, so the condition is presented as actual fact, not contrary-to-fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порвать","title":"«порвать» — to break off","body":"Literally 'to tear,' «порвать» is the idiom for severing a relationship or engagement — to break it off. Its violence ('tear apart') suits the rupture Mitya is contemplating with his betrothed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean to"},{"surface":"порвать","lemma":"порвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to break it off"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"невеста","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"your bride"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by если","gloss":"wants it"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c5-s65","source":"— Я жених, формальный и благословленный, произошло всё в Москве, по моем приезде, с парадом, с образами, и в лучшем виде.","translation":"\"I am her betrothed, formally and with a blessing; it all took place in Moscow, on my arrival, with ceremony, with the holy icons, in the finest style.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благословленный","title":"«благословлённый» — blessed, with a blessing","body":"Past passive participle of «благословить» (to bless). A betrothal «благословлённый» is one solemnised by a parental or guardian's blessing — a real religious-social act, not a metaphor. Mitya stresses that his engagement was fully sanctioned."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по моем приезде","title":"Archaic «по» + prepositional = 'after'","body":"«По моём приезде» means 'upon / after my arrival.' This «по» + prepositional case to mean 'after' is a bookish, somewhat archaic construction (modern speech prefers «после моего приезда»), lending Mitya's account a formal, ceremonial ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в лучшем виде","title":"«в лучшем виде» — in the finest style","body":"An idiom meaning 'in the best possible way, properly, all done right.' Here Mitya means the betrothal came off with full ceremony and polish — a touch of swagger in his self-narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жених","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жених","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"her betrothed"},{"surface":"формальный","lemma":"формальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жених","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благословленный","lemma":"благословленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with формальный","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезде","gloss":"upon","note":"по приезде is a fixed idiom, \"upon arrival\"."},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приезде","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"приезде","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking парадом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"парадом","lemma":"парад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Москве","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"образами","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Москве","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лучшем","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Москве","gloss":"style"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c5-s66","source":"Генеральша благословила и — веришь ли, поздравила даже Катю: ты выбрала, говорит, хорошо, я вижу его насквозь.","translation":"\"The general's widow gave her blessing and — would you believe it — even congratulated Katya: 'You have chosen well,' she says, 'I see right through him.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Веришь ли» ('would you believe it?') uses the enclitic «ли» to form a yes/no question, fronting the verb «веришь» with «ли» right after it. It is more literary and emphatic than question intonation alone, and recurs as Mitya's astonished refrain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вижу его насквозь","title":"«насквозь» — right through","body":"«Видеть кого насквозь» ('to see right through someone') uses the adverb «насквозь» (through and through). «Его» is the animate accusative direct object. The general's widow boasts she reads Mitya completely — an irony, given how he is about to behave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of благословила","gloss":"The general's widow"},{"surface":"благословила","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave her blessing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (would you believe it)","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"поздравила","lemma":"поздравить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with благословила","gloss":"congratulated"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Катю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Катю","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поздравила","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбрала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выбрала","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have chosen"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (she says)","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбрала","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"насквозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"right through"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c5-s67","source":"И веришь ли, Ивана она невзлюбила и не поздравила.","translation":"\"And would you believe it, Ivan she took a dislike to and did not congratulate.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивана она невзлюбила","title":"Fronting the object: «Ивана» first","body":"Object «Ивана» (animate accusative) is moved to the front for emphasis — 'Ivan she took a dislike to.' Russian's case endings keep the meaning clear no matter the order, so this fronting marks Ivan as the contrastive topic, set against Mitya whom she approved."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невзлюбила","title":"«невзлюбить» — to take a dislike to","body":"A perfective verb meaning to conceive a dislike for someone (from «не» + «взлюбить»). It names the onset of aversion as a single completed event — she came to dislike Ivan, once and for good."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (would you believe it)","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of невзлюбила","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of невзлюбила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"невзлюбила","lemma":"невзлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took a dislike to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поздравила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поздравила","lemma":"поздравить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with невзлюбила","gloss":"congratulate"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c5-s68","source":"В Москве же я много и с Катей переговорил, я ей всего себя расписал, благородно, в точности, в искренности.","translation":"\"In Moscow I also talked a great deal with Katya; I laid my whole self out before her, nobly, exactly, in all sincerity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расписал","title":"«расписать себя» — to lay oneself out","body":"«Расписать» literally means to paint out in detail, to depict fully. «Я ей всего себя расписал» — 'I painted my whole self out before her,' i.e. confessed himself in every particular. «Всего себя» (all of myself, accusative) intensifies the total self-exposure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благородно, в точности, в искренности","title":"Stacked adverbial phrases","body":"Mitya piles up manner adverbials — «благородно» (nobly) plus «в точности» (with exactness) and «в искренности» (in sincerity), prepositional phrases used adverbially. The asyndetic list mimics his rushing, self-justifying confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорил","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Москве","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of переговорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переговорил","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катей","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорил","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"переговорил","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расписал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of расписал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of расписал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"расписал","lemma":"расписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with переговорил","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"благородно","lemma":"благородно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расписал","gloss":"nobly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with расписал","gloss":"exactness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking искренности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"искренности","lemma":"искренность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with точности","gloss":"sincerity"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c5-s69","source":"Всё выслушала:","translation":"\"She heard it all out:\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё выслушала","title":"Perfective «выслушать» + dropped subject","body":"«Выслушать» (to hear out fully) is perfective — the prefix «вы-» marks the listening as carried through to the end. The subject 'she' is dropped, recoverable from the feminine «-ла» ending and context; «всё» ('all of it') is the neuter accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выслушала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"выслушала","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c5-s70","source":"Было милое смущенье, Были нежные слова...","translation":"\"There was sweet confusion, / There were tender words…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смущенье","title":"«смущенье» — confusion, abashment","body":"«Смущение» (here in the poetic short spelling «смущенье») is the flutter of embarrassed, bashful confusion. «Милое смущенье» — 'sweet abashment' — names the tender awkwardness of a romantic scene. The «-нье» for «-ние» is a poetic, metrically lighter variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There was"},{"surface":"милое","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смущенье","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"смущенье","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"There were"},{"surface":"нежные","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c5-s71","source":"Ну, слова-то были и гордые.","translation":"\"Well, and there were proud words too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слова-то были","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «слова-то» highlights an already-known topic — 'the words, mind you, were proud ones.' This is the topic-emphasising «-то» (distinct from indefinite «кто-то»), pointing back to the 'tender words' just quoted and now qualifying them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to слова","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гордые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордые","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"гордые","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c5-s72","source":"Она вынудила у меня тогда великое обещание исправиться.","translation":"\"She wrung from me then a solemn promise to reform.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вынудила","title":"«вынудить» — to wring / extort","body":"«Вынудить у кого что» means to force, wrest, or extort something from someone. «Она вынудила у меня… обещание» — 'she wrung a promise out of me.' The «у меня» (genitive after «у») marks the source from whom it was drawn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великое обещание исправиться","title":"«исправиться» — to reform oneself","body":"«Исправиться» (reflexive «-ся») means to mend one's ways, to reform. The «-ся» here is the change-of-state reflexive — to make oneself right. «Великое обещание исправиться»: a 'great/solemn promise to reform,' the vow that now haunts Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вынудила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"вынудила","lemma":"вынудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrung"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынудила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынудила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынудила","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"исправиться","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"to reform"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c5-s73","source":"Я дал обещание.","translation":"\"I gave the promise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я дал обещание","title":"Perfective «дать» — a single act","body":"«Дал» (perfective «дать», to give) frames the giving of the promise as one completed, irrevocable act, set off as a stark three-word sentence. The terseness underscores the finality: the vow was given, full stop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"the promise"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c5-s74","source":"И вот…","translation":"\"And now…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"И вот…","title":"«и вот» — and so / and now","body":"«И вот» is a narrative hinge meaning 'and so it is that…, and now here we are.' Trailing off into an ellipsis, it pivots dramatically from the past vow to the present catastrophe Mitya is about to disclose."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c5-s75","source":"— Что же?","translation":"\"And now what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же?","title":"Insistent particle «же»","body":"«Что же?» — 'Well, what then?' The particle «же» adds urgency and insistence, pressing Mitya to finish the thought he just broke off. It is one of Russian's tiny modal particles that English can only render through stress or 'then / well.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c5-s76","source":"— И вот я тебя кликнул и перетащил сюда сегодня, сегодняшнего числа, — запомни! — с тем чтобы послать тебя, и опять-таки сегодня же, к Катерине Ивановне, и…","translation":"\"And now I have called you out and dragged you here today, on this present day — mark it! — in order to send you, and again this very day, to Katerina Ivanovna, and…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кликнул и перетащил","title":"«кликнуть», «перетащить» — called and dragged","body":"«Кликнуть» is a folksy, vigorous 'to call out, summon' (compare neutral «позвать»); «перетащить» means to drag/haul across. The pair is physical and rough — Mitya didn't politely invite Alyosha, he 'called him out and hauled him over.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сегодняшнего числа","title":"«сего числа» — on this date","body":"«Числа» here means 'date / day of the month'; «сегодняшнего числа» — 'on today's date.' The phrasing is faintly officialese ('on this present day'), which Mitya uses theatrically, then breaks off to command «запомни!» ('mark it, remember it!')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы послать тебя","title":"Purpose clause «с тем чтобы»","body":"«С тем, чтобы» + infinitive means 'with the aim of / in order to.' «Чтобы» is the purpose conjunction; here, taking an infinitive («послать»), it names Mitya's intent in summoning Alyosha — to dispatch him to Katerina Ivanovna."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять-таки сегодня же","title":"Stacked particles «-таки» and «же»","body":"«Опять-таки» ('again, what's more') and emphatic «же» on «сегодня же» ('this very day') layer insistence on the urgency. These small particles, untranslatable one-for-one, are the texture of Mitya's pressured, headlong speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кликнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of кликнул","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кликнул","lemma":"кликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перетащил","lemma":"перетащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кликнул","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перетащил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перетащил","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"сегодняшнего","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies числа","gloss":"this present"},{"surface":"числа","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to сегодня","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"запомни","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative (mark it)","gloss":"mark it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем (idiom с тем чтобы)","gloss":"in order","note":"с тем чтобы is a fixed idiom meaning \"in order to\"."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кликнул, part of the idiom с тем чтобы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of послать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause complement of с тем","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of опять-таки, modifies сегодня","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of опять-таки, modifies сегодня","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послать","gloss":"this very day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"patronymic depending on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, trailing off","gloss":"and…"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c5-s77","source":"— Что?","translation":"\"And what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c5-s78","source":"— Сказать ей, что я больше к ней не приду никогда, приказал, дескать, кланяться.","translation":"\"To tell her that I shall never come to her again — to give her, as it were, my respects.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приказал… кланяться","title":"«приказал кланяться» — sends his respects","body":"A polite formula of farewell by proxy: «приказал кланяться» literally 'ordered [me] to bow [to her],' i.e. 'he sends his compliments / respects.' Said of a man breaking off forever, the courteous formula turns coldly ironic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative particle","body":"«Дескать» (and «мол», «де») flags reported, second-hand speech — 'as it were, so he says, supposedly.' It lets Mitya hand Alyosha the very words to relay while distancing himself from them, a hallmark of Russian's reportative shading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше… не приду никогда","title":"Negative concord: «не… никогда»","body":"'I shall never come again' stacks «не» on the verb with «никогда» ('never') and «больше» ('any more') — Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even when a «ни»-word is present. The piled negators reinforce one meaning, not cancel it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the infinitive clause","gloss":"To tell"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Сказать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Сказать","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сказать","gloss":"bade"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported speech","gloss":"as it were","note":"дескать flags the words as someone else's reported speech."},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приказал","gloss":"to give his respects","note":"приказал кланяться is an idiom for sending polite parting regards."}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c5-s79","source":"— Да разве это возможно?","translation":"\"But is that even possible?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве это возможно?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"«Разве» introduces an astonished, almost rhetorical question — 'is it really possible? surely not?' Combined with opening «да» (here an emphatic 'but'), it conveys Alyosha's disbelief that such a message could even be delivered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"is it really"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c5-s80","source":"— Да я потому-то тебя и посылаю вместо себя, что это невозможно, а то как же я сам-то ей это скажу?","translation":"\"It is precisely because it is impossible that I am sending you in my place, for how else could I tell her this myself?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому-то… и посылаю","title":"Correlative «потому-то… что» — 'precisely because'","body":"«Потому-то… и…» pairs an emphatic «потому-то» ('for that very reason') with «и» before the verb and a «что»-clause giving the cause: 'it is precisely because it is impossible that I am sending you.' The «-то» sharpens the causal focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же я сам-то ей это скажу","title":"«сам-то» — intensifier plus clitic","body":"«Сам» ('myself, in person') intensified by «-то» and «же»: 'how on earth could I tell her this myself?' The cluster of particles dramatises Mitya's recoil from doing the deed in person — hence he sends Alyosha in his place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посылаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of потому-то, modifies посылаю","gloss":"for that very reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"потому-то","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of потому-то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посылаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посылаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"посылаю","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am sending"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"in place of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of посылаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of посылаю","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom а то","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to сам","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c5-s81","source":"— Да куда же ты пойдешь?","translation":"\"But where will you go, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да куда же ты пойдешь?","title":"«куда» — 'where to' (motion)","body":"«Куда» asks direction of motion ('where to'), as against «где» ('where, at rest'). «Пойдёшь» is the perfective future of the motion verb «пойти'. Russian carefully splits 'where' by whether motion is involved — here, Alyosha asks where Mitya is heading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойдешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c5-s82","source":"— В переулок.","translation":"\"Into the back-alley.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В переулок","title":"«в» + accusative for motion-toward","body":"«В переулок» (accusative) answers «куда?» — motion into the back-alley. The same «в» with the prepositional («в переулке») would mean location at rest. The accusative here makes the alley a destination: Mitya's headlong plunge toward ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"Into"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the back alley"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c5-s83","source":"— Так это к Грушеньке! — горестно воскликнул Алеша, всплеснув руками. — Да неужто же Ракитин в самом деле правду сказал?","translation":"\"So it's to Grushenka!\" Alyosha cried out mournfully, throwing up his hands. \"Then can Rakitin really have spoken the truth?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всплеснув руками","title":"Gerund «всплеснув руками»","body":"«Всплеснув» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «всплеснуть»: 'having thrown up [his hands].' Sharing Alyosha's subject, it names the gesture accompanying his cry — 'throwing up his hands.' «Руками» is instrumental, the means of the gesture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужто же… правду сказал?","title":"«неужто» — can it really be?","body":"«Неужто» (a folk variant of «неужели») marks an incredulous question — 'can it really be that…?' Reinforced by «да» and «же», it voices Alyosha's dismayed hope that Rakitin's gossip about Grushenka was false."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всплеснув","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"throwing up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of всплеснув","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"can it really be that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"fact","note":"в самом деле is a fixed idiom meaning \"really, indeed\"."},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have spoken"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c5-s84","source":"А я думал, что ты только так к ней походил и кончил.","translation":"\"And I had thought you only went to her like that, in passing, and had done with it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"только так… походил и кончил","title":"«так» — 'just like that, idly'","body":"«Только так» means 'just casually, for no serious reason, idly.' «Походил» (perfective «походить», to go about for a while) plus «кончил» ('and was done with it') frames Alyosha's mistaken assumption that Mitya's visits were a passing whim."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of походил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of походил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies походил","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of походил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"походил","lemma":"походить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with походил","gloss":"had done with it"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c5-s85","source":"— Это жениху-то ходить?","translation":"\"For a betrothed man to go visiting like that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это жениху-то ходить?","title":"Dative + «-то» in an indignant question","body":"«Жениху» is dative ('for a betrothed man'), the logical subject of the infinitive «ходить» — 'for a betrothed man to go visiting like that?' The «-то» adds incredulous emphasis. This dative-plus-infinitive frames an indignant rhetorical question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject with ходить","gloss":"Is that"},{"surface":"жениху","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ходить (dative of the one concerned)","gloss":"for a betrothed man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to жениху","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"to go visiting"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c5-s86","source":"Да разве это возможно, да еще при такой невесте и на глазах у людей?","translation":"\"Is such a thing possible — and that with such a bride and before everyone's eyes?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"при такой невесте","title":"«при» + prepositional — 'with, in the presence of'","body":"«При» governs the prepositional and here means 'given / in the presence of' — «при такой невесте» 'with such a bride [in the picture].' The same «при» colours 'before everyone's eyes,' framing the social impropriety as something done in full view."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на глазах у людей","title":"«на глазах у людей» — before everyone's eyes","body":"An idiom: 'in plain sight, openly, in front of people.' «У людей» is genitive after «у». For Mitya the disgrace is doubled by being public — done «на глазах у людей», before the eyes of the whole town."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невесте","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесте","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесте","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"невесте","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with возможно","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with невесте","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c5-s87","source":"Ведь честь-то у меня есть небось.","translation":"\"After all, I do have some honor, I should think.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"честь-то у меня есть небось","title":"«небось» — 'I should think, surely'","body":"«Небось» is a colloquial particle of confident supposition — 'I dare say, surely, no doubt.' With emphatic «-то» on «честь» ('honour'), Mitya half-defiantly asserts: 'I do have some honour, surely.' «У меня есть» is the standard 'I have' (possession via «у» + genitive)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"After all"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to честь","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (idiom у меня есть)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have","note":"у меня есть is the fixed idiom for \"I have.\""},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"I should think"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c5-s88","source":"Только что я стал ходить к Грушеньке, так тотчас же и перестал быть женихом и честным человеком, ведь я это понимаю же.","translation":"\"The moment I began going to Grushenka, that very moment I ceased to be a betrothed man and an honest one — I do understand that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что я стал ходить… так тотчас же и перестал","title":"«только… так тотчас же и…» — 'the moment… that very moment'","body":"A correlative time-construction: «только что» ('the moment, as soon as') answered by «так тотчас же и» ('that very instant'). It binds cause to instant consequence — the moment he began visiting Grushenka, he ceased to be an honourable betrothed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал ходить… перестал быть","title":"Phasal verbs + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Стать» (to begin) and «перестать» (to cease) are phasal verbs that demand an imperfective infinitive — «стал ходить», «перестал быть». The imperfective is required because one begins or stops a process, not a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"The moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал, correlate of только что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"that very moment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женихом","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"женихом","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перестал","gloss":"a betrothed man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честным","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with женихом","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause","gloss":"do understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"(emphasis)"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c5-s89","source":"Что ты смотришь?","translation":"\"Why do you keep staring?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты смотришь?","title":"Imperfective «смотришь» — ongoing staring","body":"«Смотришь» is the imperfective present — 'why are you staring / keep staring?' The imperfective views the looking as a continuing state, which is why English adds 'keep.' «Что» here functions as 'why, what for.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смотришь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep staring"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c5-s90","source":"Я, видишь ли, сперва всего пошел ее бить.","translation":"\"You see, in the first place I went to give her a beating.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"видишь ли","title":"«видишь ли» — 'you see'","body":"A conversational filler — 'you see, you understand' — softening into an explanation. Built with the particle «ли» on «видишь», it is the spoken equivalent of leaning in to make a point, and recurs through Mitya's confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел ее бить","title":"Motion verb + infinitive of purpose","body":"«Пошёл… бить» — 'I set off to beat her' — uses the perfective motion verb «пойти» plus a bare imperfective infinitive of purpose. The construction 'go [to] do something' is idiomatic; «её» is the animate accusative object of «бить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сперва всего","title":"«сперва всего» — first of all","body":"«Сперва» is a colloquial 'at first, first' (more formal «сначала»); «сперва всего» — 'first of all, to begin with.' It belongs to Mitya's plain, oral register as he lays out the sequence of events."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you see","note":"«видишь ли» is a fixed filler phrase meaning \"you see\"."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видишь","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сперва","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to beat"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c5-s91","source":"Я узнал и знаю теперь достоверно, что Грушеньке этой был этим штабс-капитаном, отцовским поверенным, вексель на меня передан, чтобы взыскала, чтоб я унялся и кончил.","translation":"\"I had learned, and now know for certain, that this Grushenka had been handed a promissory note on me by that staff-captain, my father's agent, so that she might collect on it and make me settle down and have done.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы взыскала, чтоб я унялся и кончил","title":"«чтобы» + past form = purpose","body":"Purpose clauses with «чтобы»/«чтоб» take the past-tense form as their irrealis verb: «чтобы взыскала» 'so that she might collect,' «чтоб я унялся» 'so that I would settle down.' The past form here is willed/hypothetical, not literally past — the «бы» inside «чтобы» at work."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"унялся","title":"«уняться» — to settle down, desist","body":"Reflexive «уняться» means to calm down, quiet oneself, leave off (an unruly or excessive behaviour). The «-ся» is the change-of-state reflexive. The aim was for Mitya to 'rein himself in and have done' with his ruinous conduct."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"достоверно","lemma":"достоверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передан","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передан","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Грушеньке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of передан","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of штабс-капитаном","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound штабс-капитаном","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитаном","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental agent of передан","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"отцовским","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поверенным","gloss":"my father's"},{"surface":"поверенным","lemma":"поверенный","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to капитаном","gloss":"agent"},{"surface":"вексель","lemma":"вексель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive передан","gloss":"a promissory note"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies вексель","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"передан","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was handed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взыскала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"взыскала","lemma":"взыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on передан","gloss":"she might collect"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of унялся","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of унялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"унялся","lemma":"уняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on передан","gloss":"settle down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унялся","gloss":"have done"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c5-s92","source":"Испугать хотели.","translation":"\"They meant to frighten me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Испугать хотели","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural 'they'","body":"«Хотели» ('they wanted') has no stated subject — Russian's indefinite-personal use of the bare third-person plural, like English 'they meant to.' «Испугать» (perfective, to frighten) is the infinitive complement: 'they meant to frighten [me].'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Испугать","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they meant"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c5-s93","source":"Я Грушеньку и двинулся бить.","translation":"\"And so I set off to beat Grushenka.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я Грушеньку и двинулся бить","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but an emphatic particle attached to the verb phrase — 'and so I actually set off to beat Grushenka.' The object «Грушеньку» is fronted; «двинулся… бить» ('moved/set off to beat') resumes the thread of s90."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of двинулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"двинулся","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of двинулся","gloss":"to beat"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c5-s94","source":"Видал я ее и прежде мельком.","translation":"\"I had glimpsed her before, too, in passing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видал я ее и прежде мельком","title":"Iterative «видал»","body":"«Видал» is a colloquial iterative-imperfective of «видеть» (alongside «видел»), suggesting glimpsing on occasion, more than once. With «прежде» ('formerly') and «мельком» ('in passing, fleetingly'), it conveys repeated casual sightings rather than one act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had glimpsed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Видал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Видал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Видал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of Видал","gloss":"in passing"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c5-s95","source":"Она не поражает.","translation":"\"She does not strike one at first.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она не поражает","title":"Generic imperfective present","body":"«Поражать» (to strike, astonish) in the imperfective present states a general truth, not a moment: 'she does not strike one [at first sight].' The object is left unexpressed ('one, you'), an impersonal generalisation about her looks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поражает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поражает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поражает","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strikes"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c5-s96","source":"Про старика купца знал, который теперь вдобавок и болен, расслаблен лежит, но ей куш все-таки оставит знатный.","translation":"\"I knew about the old merchant, who is now ill into the bargain, lies there enfeebled, but will leave her a handsome sum all the same.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расслаблен лежит","title":"Short-form participle «расслаблен»","body":"«Расслаблен» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «расслабленный» (enfeebled, paralysed). Joined to «лежит», it states a resulting condition: 'lies there enfeebled.' Short forms predicate a state and are characteristically bookish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"куш… знатный","title":"«куш» — a handsome sum","body":"«Куш» is a sizeable haul of money, a windfall or jackpot (slightly slangy). «Знатный» here is colloquial 'fine, considerable, hefty' rather than its older sense 'noble.' Together: the merchant will leave Grushenka 'a handsome sum.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies купца","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдобавок","lemma":"вдобавок","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"into the bargain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes болен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of который","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"расслаблен","lemma":"расслабленный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of лежит","gloss":"enfeebled"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with болен","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"куш","lemma":"куш","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставит","gloss":"a sum"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставит","gloss":"all","note":"«все-таки» is a fixed idiom meaning \"all the same\"."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставит","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"оставит","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежит","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"знатный","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies куш","gloss":"handsome"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c5-s97","source":"Знал тоже, что деньгу нажить любит, наживает, на злые проценты дает, пройдоха, шельма, без жалости.","translation":"\"I knew too that she loves to turn a profit, and does so, lends at cruel interest — a sly rogue, a swindler, without mercy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деньгу нажить","title":"«деньга» — money (folk singular)","body":"«Деньга» is an old/folk singular of «деньги» (money), once also a small coin. «Деньгу нажить» — 'to make money, turn a profit.' The archaic singular gives the phrase a proverbial, earthy ring suited to describing Grushenka's moneylending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пройдоха, шельма","title":"«пройдоха», «шельма» — rogue, swindler","body":"Two expressive terms of (here half-admiring) abuse: «пройдоха» is a sly, cunning operator who slips through every crack; «шельма» (from German Schelm) is a rascal, knave, swindler. Applied to Grushenka, they carry as much fascination as condemnation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на злые проценты дает","title":"«злые проценты» — cruel interest","body":"«Давать на проценты» is to lend at interest; «злые проценты» — 'wicked/cruel interest,' i.e. usurious rates. «Злой» literally 'evil, harsh' here qualifies the rapacity of the lending, painting Grushenka as a hard-hearted usurer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Знал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньгу","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нажить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"нажить","lemma":"нажить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of любит","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знал","gloss":"she loves"},{"surface":"наживает","lemma":"наживать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"makes it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проценты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"злые","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies проценты","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"проценты","lemma":"процент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дает","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"lends"},{"surface":"пройдоха","lemma":"пройдоха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the subject of дает","gloss":"a sly rogue"},{"surface":"шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пройдоха","gloss":"a swindler"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дает","gloss":"mercy"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c5-s98","source":"Пошел я бить ее, да у ней и остался.","translation":"\"I went to beat her, and ended by staying with her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да у ней и остался","title":"Adversative «да» — 'and yet'","body":"«Да» here is the folksy adversative 'and/but': 'I went to beat her — and ended up staying.' «У ней» (a colloquial variant of «у неё») means 'at her place'; «остался» (perfective) marks the unexpected outcome. The whole reversal hinges on this small «да… и»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Пошел","gloss":"to beat"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пошел","gloss":"ended up staying"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c5-s99","source":"Грянула гроза, ударила чума, заразился и заражен доселе, и знаю, что уж всё кончено, что ничего другого и никогда не будет.","translation":"\"The thunderstorm broke, the plague struck, I caught it and am infected to this day, and I know that all is now finished, that there will never be anything else.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грянула гроза, ударила чума","title":"Fronted perfective verbs — sudden onset","body":"Two perfective verbs lead their clauses: «грянула» ('crashed/broke', of a storm) and «ударила» ('struck', of a plague). Verb-first order plus perfective aspect dramatise abrupt, single-stroke onset — the cataclysm of his passion, in two thunderclap metaphors."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заразился и заражен доселе","title":"Reflexive «-ся» vs short participle","body":"«Заразился» (reflexive perfective, 'I caught the infection') pairs with «заражён» (short passive participle, 'am infected'): the act and its lingering result. The pairing — became infected, and remain so — captures a state Mitya cannot shake."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доселе","title":"«доселе» — to this day (archaic)","body":"«Доселе» ('hitherto, up to now, to this day') is a bookish-archaic adverb, more elevated than «до сих пор». It lifts Mitya's confession into a higher, almost liturgical key, fitting the apocalyptic imagery of plague and finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грянула","lemma":"грянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударила","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"гроза","lemma":"гроза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Грянула","gloss":"the storm"},{"surface":"ударила","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"чума","lemma":"чума","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ударила","gloss":"the plague"},{"surface":"заразился","lemma":"заразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударила","gloss":"I caught it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заражен","lemma":"заразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударила","gloss":"infected"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заражен","gloss":"to this day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ударила","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончено","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"is finished"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c5-s100","source":"Цикл времен совершен.","translation":"\"The cycle of the ages is complete.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Цикл времен совершен","title":"«цикл времён совершён» — the cycle of the ages is complete","body":"A deliberately grand, near-Biblical pronouncement. «Времён» is the genitive plural of «время» (time/age); «совершён» is the short past passive participle of «совершить» (to accomplish, complete) — 'is brought to completion.' Mitya casts his ruin in cosmic, fated terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цикл","lemma":"цикл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive совершен","gloss":"the cycle"},{"surface":"времен","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies Цикл","gloss":"of the ages"},{"surface":"совершен","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is complete"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c5-s101","source":"Вот мое дело.","translation":"\"That is my whole affair.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот мое дело","title":"Presentative «вот»","body":"«Вот» ('here is / there you have it') presents and sums up: 'that is my whole affair.' With no copula in the present, «вот моё дело» is a bare, emphatic nominative statement closing off the confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whole affair"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c5-s102","source":"А тогда вдруг как нарочно у меня в кармане, у нищего, очутились три тысячи.","translation":"\"And just then, as if on purpose, there in my pocket — a beggar's pocket — three thousand turned up.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня в кармане, у нищего, очутились","title":"Reflexive «очутиться» + appositive «у нищего»","body":"«Очутиться» (to find oneself somewhere, turn up) is a reflexive-only verb of sudden appearance. «У нищего» ('a beggar's') is an appositive to «у меня», driving home the irony — three thousand 'turned up' in the pocket of a pauper. «Очутились» agrees with plural «три тысячи»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как нарочно","title":"«как нарочно» — as if on purpose","body":"An idiom: 'as if deliberately, as ill (or aptly) luck would have it.' «Нарочно» means 'on purpose.' Mitya marvels that the money appeared 'as if by design' at the fatal moment — fate, not coincidence, in his telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутились","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутились","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутились","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутились","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нищего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нищего","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"a beggar"},{"surface":"очутились","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of очутились","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c5-s103","source":"Мы отсюда с ней в Мокрое, это двадцать пять отсюда верст, цыган туда добыл, цыганок, шампанского, всех мужиков там шампанским перепоил, всех баб и девок, двинул тысячами.","translation":"\"From here she and I went off to Mokroye — it's twenty-five versts from here — I got gypsies out there, gypsy girls, champagne, drowned all the peasants there in champagne, all the women and girls, and flung money about by the thousand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужиков… баб и девок","title":"«мужики, бабы, девки» — peasant men, women, girls","body":"The earthy peasant trio: «мужик» (peasant man), «баба» (peasant woman, often coarse), «девка» (peasant girl/wench). All slightly low-register, they paint the whole village swept into the drunken spree — Mitya drowning everyone in champagne."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перепоил… двинул тысячами","title":"«перепоить», «двинуть тысячами» — to drink dry, to fling thousands","body":"«Перепоить» (prefix «пере-», 'to excess') means to get a whole crowd drunk; «двинул тысячами» is slangy 'I flung money about by the thousand.' The instrumental «тысячами» ('in thousands') measures the scale of the squandering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Мокрое","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мокрое","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мокрое","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of верст","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on пять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on верст","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верст","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Мокрое","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"цыган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of добыл","gloss":"gypsies"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добыл","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"добыл","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Мокрое","gloss":"I got"},{"surface":"цыганок","lemma":"цыганка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with цыган","gloss":"gypsy girls"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with цыган","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мужиков","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of перепоил","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перепоил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"шампанским","lemma":"шампанский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of перепоил","gloss":"with champagne"},{"surface":"перепоил","lemma":"перепоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Мокрое","gloss":"made drunk"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of баб","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"баб","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of перепоил","gloss":"the women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with баб","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"двинул","lemma":"двинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Мокрое","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of двинул","gloss":"by the thousands"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c5-s104","source":"Через три дня гол, но сокол.","translation":"\"Three days later, stripped bare — but a free bird.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гол, но сокол","title":"«гол как сокол» — stripped bare yet free","body":"A play on the proverb «гол как сокол» ('poor as a church mouse' — literally 'bare as a falcon'). «Гол» is the short adjective 'naked, stripped, penniless'; «сокол» ('falcon') here also conjures the free, soaring bird Mitya fancies himself. He is broke but unbowed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гол","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"гол","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stripped bare"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сокол","lemma":"сокол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гол","gloss":"a free bird"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c5-s105","source":"Ты думал, достиг чего сокол-то?","translation":"\"Did you think the bird had attained anything?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"достиг чего сокол-то?","title":"Genitive object «чего» after «достичь»","body":"«Достичь / достигнуть» ('to attain') governs the genitive, so its object is «чего» ('anything', genitive of «что'), not accusative. «Сокол-то» repeats the falcon-image with topic-marking «-то»: 'did the falcon attain anything?' — bitterly self-mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you think"},{"surface":"достиг","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"attained"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of достиг","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"сокол","lemma":"сокол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достиг","gloss":"the bird"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сокол","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The particle -то attaches to сокол for emphasis; it has no independent translation."}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c5-s106","source":"Даже издали не показала.","translation":"\"She would not so much as show herself, even from a distance.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже издали не показала","title":"«даже… не» — 'not even'","body":"«Даже» ('even') intensifies the negation «не показала» ('did not show [herself]') — 'she would not so much as show herself.' «Издали» ('from a distance') sharpens it further. The subject 'she' is dropped, clear from the feminine «-ла»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies издали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показала","gloss":"from a distance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показала","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she showed herself"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c5-s107","source":"Я говорю тебе: изгиб.","translation":"\"I tell you: it's that curve.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изгиб","title":"«изгиб» — a curve, a bend","body":"«Изгиб» is a bend, curve, or inflection (of a line, a body, even a character). Mitya seizes on it as the one word for Grushenka's irresistible physical 'curve' — and, by extension, the sinuous quality of her whole nature. It becomes a near-obsessive keyword."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"изгиб","lemma":"изгиб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"it's the curve"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c5-s108","source":"У Грушеньки, шельмы, есть такой один изгиб тела, он и на ножке у ней отразился, даже в пальчике-мизинчике на левой ножке отозвался.","translation":"\"Grushenka, the swindler, has one such curve to her body, and it carried down even into her little foot, even echoed in the little toe of her left little foot.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ножке… пальчике-мизинчике… ножке","title":"Affectionate diminutives","body":"Russian forms diminutives with suffixes like «-ка» and «-чик»: «нога» (foot/leg) → «ножка», and «мизинец» (little finger/toe) → the doubly tender «пальчик-мизинчик». They convey caressing fondness, not literal smallness; English has no neat equivalent, so we render 'little foot' and 'little toe.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и на ножке… отразился, даже… отозвался","title":"Emphatic «и» + verbs of echoing","body":"The 'curve' «отразился» ('was reflected') and «отозвался» ('echoed, resounded'), both reflexive perfectives, trace it cascading down to her toe. The emphatic «и» ('even') and climactic «даже» build a rapt, rhetorical crescendo of fixation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шельмы","title":"«шельма» — rogue, as an endearment","body":"Repeated from s97, «шельма» ('rascal, swindler') is here almost a caress — «у Грушеньки, шельмы». Russian readily turns terms of abuse into terms of helpless affection; Mitya scolds and adores her in the same breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"шельмы","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Грушеньки","gloss":"the swindler"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изгиб","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies изгиб","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"изгиб","lemma":"изгиб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"curve"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изгиб","gloss":"of body"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отразился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ножке","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отразился","gloss":"her little foot"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ножке","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отразился","lemma":"отразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"was reflected"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пальчике","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальчике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пальчике","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отозвался","gloss":"the little toe"},{"surface":"мизинчике","lemma":"мизинчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пальчике","gloss":"pinky toe"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ножке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ножке","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ножке","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отозвался","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"echoed"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c5-s109","source":"Видел и целовал, но и только — клянусь!","translation":"\"I saw it and kissed it, but that was all — I swear!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но и только — клянусь!","title":"«но и только» — 'but that was all'","body":"«Но и только» is a set phrase capping a confession — 'but that, and nothing more.' «Клянусь» is the reflexive «клясться» (to swear an oath), 1st-person present: 'I swear!' The «-ся» here belongs to a verb that exists only in the reflexive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Видел","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"limits целовал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Видел","gloss":"I swear"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c5-s110","source":"Говорит: «Хочешь, выйду замуж, ведь ты нищий. Скажи, что бить не будешь и позволишь всё мне делать, что я захочу, тогда, может, и выйду», — смеется.","translation":"\"She says: 'Do you want me to marry you? After all, you're a beggar. Say that you won't beat me and that you'll let me do anything I please, and then perhaps I will marry you' — and she laughs.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочешь, выйду замуж","title":"«хочешь» framing a conditional offer","body":"«Хочешь, выйду замуж» — literally 'do you want [it], I'll marry [you]' — is a colloquial conditional offer ('if you like, I'll marry you'). «Выйду замуж» is perfective future. The bare juxtaposition, without «если», is idiomatic spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бить не будешь и позволишь всё мне делать","title":"Compound future «не будешь бить»","body":"Grushenka's terms mix futures: imperfective compound «не будешь бить» ('you won't [keep] beating me', ongoing) with «быть» + infinitive, against perfective «позволишь» ('you'll allow'). The choice marks habitual non-beating versus a single act of permission."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё мне делать, что я захочу","title":"«что я захочу» — relative clause with perfective future","body":"«Что я захочу» ('whatever I shall want') is a free relative clause; «захочу» is perfective future ('come to want'). Grushenka demands licence to do 'anything I please' — the perfective future giving each future whim its own completed force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"Хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Говорит","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Хочешь","gloss":"I'll marry"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"in marriage","note":"«выйти замуж» is the fixed idiom \"to get married\" (used of a woman)."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нищий","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нищий","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нищий","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"a beggar"},{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажи","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of бить","gloss":"you will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позволишь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будешь","gloss":"you'll allow"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of позволишь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволишь","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of захочу","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of делать","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выйду","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"I'll marry you"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорит","gloss":"she laughs"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c5-s111","source":"И теперь смеется!","translation":"\"And she is laughing still!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И теперь смеется!","title":"Imperfective present «смеётся»","body":"«Смеётся» (reflexive-only «смеяться», to laugh) in the imperfective present states an ongoing, continuing action — 'she is laughing still.' With «и теперь» ('even now'), it stretches Grushenka's mockery into the present moment of telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she is laughing"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c5-s112","source":"Дмитрий Федорович почти с какою-то яростью поднялся с места, он вдруг стал как пьяный.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich rose from his place almost in a kind of frenzy; he had suddenly become as though drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то яростью","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + archaic ending","body":"«Какой-то» ('some kind of') with the «-то» of unspecified identity — 'in a kind of frenzy.' The form «какою-то» is the older instrumental feminine ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой»), a literary-period flavour pervasive in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал как пьяный","title":"«стать» + comparison","body":"«Стал как пьяный» — 'became as though drunk.' «Стать» (to become) here takes a «как»-comparison rather than an instrumental predicate. The perfective marks a sudden change of state: Mitya's agitation tips him into a drunk-like frenzy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies яростью","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking яростью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies яростью","gloss":"a kind of","note":"«какой-то» is an indefinite pronoun meaning \"some kind of\"; the tagger split it into какою + то."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какою-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"яростью","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"had become"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пьяный","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"drunk"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c5-s113","source":"Глаза его вдруг налились кровью.","translation":"His eyes had suddenly filled with blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза его… налились кровью","title":"Instrumental of means: «кровью»","body":"«Налиться чем» ('to fill / become suffused with') governs the instrumental: «налились кровью» — 'filled with blood.' «Кровью» (instrumental of «кровь») names what the eyes became suffused with. «Налились» is reflexive perfective, marking the sudden completed change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of налились","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies налились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"налились","lemma":"налиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had filled"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of налились","gloss":"with blood"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c5-s114","source":"— И ты в самом деле хочешь на ней жениться?","translation":"\"And do you really mean to marry her?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочешь на ней жениться","title":"«жениться на» + prepositional","body":"«Жениться на ком» ('to marry someone', of a man) governs the prepositional with «на» — «на ней» ('to her'). Contrast «выйти замуж за» for a woman (s62). The two genders use entirely different idioms for 'to marry.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочешь","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you mean"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жениться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to marry"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c5-s115","source":"— Коль захочет, так тотчас же, а не захочет, и так останусь; у нее на дворе буду дворником.","translation":"\"If she wishes it, then at once; and if she does not, I shall stay on all the same — I'll be the yard-keeper in her courtyard.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коль захочет… а не захочет","title":"«коль» — archaic 'if'","body":"«Коль» (and «коли») is a folk-archaic variant of «если» ('if'). «Коль захочет… а не захочет» sets up a balanced either/or — 'if she wishes… and if she does not.' «Захочет» is perfective future; the «а» pivots between the two outcomes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду дворником","title":"Instrumental of the predicate","body":"After future «буду» the predicate noun goes in the instrumental: «буду дворником» ('I'll be a yard-keeper'), not nominative. Russian frames a future or assumed role with «быть» + instrumental, casting it as a part one takes on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"if","note":"«Коль» is a colloquial contraction of «если», meaning \"if\"."},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb introduced by Коль","gloss":"she wants"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочет","gloss":"she doesn't want"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочет","gloss":"I'll stay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of буду","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дворником","gloss":"I'll be"},{"surface":"дворником","lemma":"дворник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду","gloss":"the yard-keeper"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c5-s116","source":"Ты… ты, Алеша…  — остановился он вдруг пред ним и, схватив его за плечи, стал вдруг с силою трясти его, — да знаешь ли ты, невинный ты мальчик, что всё это бред, немыслимый бред, ибо тут трагедия!","translation":"\"You… you, Alyosha…\" he stopped suddenly before him and, seizing him by the shoulders, began all at once to shake him hard, \"do you even know, you innocent boy, that all this is delirium, an unthinkable delirium, for here lies a tragedy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватив его за плечи","title":"Gerund «схватив» + «за» + accusative","body":"«Схватив» is a perfective past gerund ('having seized'), naming the action just prior to the shaking. «Схватить за плечи» ('to seize by the shoulders') uses «за» + accusative for the body-part gripped — the standard construction for taking hold of someone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да знаешь ли ты… что","title":"«знаешь ли ты» — emphatic appeal","body":"«Да знаешь ли ты…?» ('do you even know…?') fronts «знаешь» with the particle «ли» for an urgent rhetorical appeal, opening a «что»-clause of reported content. The piled «да… ли» dramatise Mitya's shaking insistence that Alyosha grasp the tragedy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невинный ты мальчик","title":"Pronoun inside a vocative phrase","body":"«Невинный ты мальчик» ('you innocent boy') wedges the pronoun «ты» between adjective and noun — a colloquial, emotionally charged address pattern. The whole phrase is a vocative aside, set off from the clause as Mitya seizes and shakes him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо тут трагедия","title":"«ибо» — 'for, because' (bookish)","body":"«Ибо» is an elevated, archaic-literary conjunction for 'for, because' (everyday speech uses «потому что»). Its solemn ring lifts Mitya's declaration into the register of Scripture and high tragedy — fitting his cry that 'here lies a tragedy.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"the shoulders"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"силою","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трясти","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"трясти","lemma":"трясти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to shake"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of трясти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker before знаешь","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"невинный","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты, address form","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бред","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бред","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бред","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"немыслимый","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бред","gloss":"unthinkable"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to бред","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трагедия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трагедия","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"a tragedy"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c5-s117","source":"Узнай же, Алексей, что я могу быть низким человеком, со страстями низкими и погибшими, но вором, карманным вором, воришкой по передним, Дмитрий Карамазов не может быть никогда.","translation":"\"Know this, Alexei: that I can be a base man, with base and ruined passions, but a thief, a pickpocket, a petty sneak-thief of the antechambers — that Dmitri Karamazov can never be.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узнай же, Алексей","title":"Imperative «узнай» + «же»","body":"«Узнай» is the perfective imperative of «узнать» ('learn, find out') — 'know this!' The particle «же» lends solemn insistence. Mitya addresses his brother by the full, grave «Алексей» (not «Алёша»), matching the loftiness of the confession to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я могу быть низким человеком, со страстями низкими","title":"Instrumental predicate after «быть»","body":"After infinitive «быть», both the predicate noun «человеком» and its modifier «низким» take the instrumental — «быть низким человеком» ('to be a base man'). The trailing «со страстями низкими и погибшими» ('with base and ruined passions') keeps the bookish post-posed adjective order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воришкой по передним","title":"«воришка» — pejorative diminutive, and «передние»","body":"«Воришка» applies the belittling «-ишк-» suffix to «вор» (thief): a petty, contemptible sneak-thief. «Передняя» is the entrance-hall/antechamber of a house; «вор по передним» is one who pilfers from front halls — the lowest, most shameful kind of thief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может быть никогда","title":"Negative concord «не… никогда»","body":"'Dmitri Karamazov can never be [a thief]' uses negative concord: «не» on «может» together with «никогда» ('never'). Russian keeps the verbal «не» even beside the negative adverb — the two negators cooperate to one emphatic denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнай","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Узнай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of Узнай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Узнай","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"низким","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страстями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страстями","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"passions"},{"surface":"низкими","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies страстями","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погибшими","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with низкими","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человеком","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"карманным","lemma":"карманный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вором","gloss":"pickpocket"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вором","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"воришкой","lemma":"воришка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вором","gloss":"a petty sneak-thief"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передним","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"передним","lemma":"передний","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies воришкой","gloss":"the antechambers"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c5-s118","source":"Ну так узнай же теперь, что я воришка, я вор по карманам и по передним!","translation":"\"Well, then know now that I am a sneak-thief, a thief of pockets and of antechambers!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну так узнай же теперь","title":"The imperative repeated, reversed","body":"Mitya echoes s117's «узнай же» but now to confess the opposite — that he IS a thief. The repetition of the perfective imperative «узнай» plus «же» forms a rhetorical hinge: the same solemn 'know this!' frames pride, then self-accusation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вор по карманам и по передним","title":"«по» distributive: 'of pockets and of antechambers'","body":"«По карманам… по передним» (dative after «по») is distributive — a thief who works 'over pockets and front halls,' across many of them. Mitya brands himself the very «карманный вор» / «вор по передним» he had just sworn he could never be."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"узнай","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воришка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воришка","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"воришка","lemma":"воришка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of узнай","gloss":"a sneak-thief"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вор","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with воришка","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карманам","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"карманам","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"pockets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передним","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"передним","lemma":"передний","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with карманам","gloss":"antechambers"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c5-s119","source":"Как раз пред тем, как я Грушеньку пошел бить, призывает меня в то самое утро Катерина Ивановна и в ужасном секрете, чтобы покамест никто не знал (для чего, не знаю, видно, так ей было нужно), просит меня съездить в губернский город и там по почте послать три тысячи Агафье Ивановне, в Москву; потому в город, чтобы здесь и не знали.","translation":"\"Just before I went to beat Grushenka, that very same morning Katerina Ivanovna summons me and, in dreadful secrecy, so that for the time being no one should know (why, I do not know — evidently it had to be so for her), asks me to ride to the provincial town and from there to send by post three thousand to Agafya Ivanovna in Moscow; to the town, so that here no one would know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как раз пред тем, как я… пошел бить","title":"«пред тем, как» — 'just before'","body":"«Пред тем, как» (bookish «пред» for «перед») + clause means 'just before [the moment] that…' «Как раз» ('exactly, just') sharpens the timing. The construction anchors the whole long sentence to the fateful morning before Mitya set out to beat Grushenka."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"призывает меня… просит меня съездить","title":"Historic present «призывает», «просит»","body":"Amid past narration Mitya switches to the present — «призывает» ('summons'), «просит» ('asks') — the vivid historic present that pulls a remembered scene up close. «Просит съездить» ('asks [me] to ride over') takes a perfective infinitive of a single round trip."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы… никто не знал","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + negative concord","body":"«Чтобы… никто не знал» ('so that no one should know') is a «чтобы»-purpose clause taking the past form «знал» as its irrealis verb, with negative concord («никто… не»). The willed secrecy — that nobody learn of it — is rendered through this hypothetical past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of пред, anticipates the как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause, modifies тем","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to beat"},{"surface":"призывает","lemma":"призывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summons"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of призывает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утро","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of утро","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утро","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of призывает","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of призывает","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ужасном","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies секрете","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"секрете","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of призывает","gloss":"secrecy"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of знал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"покамест","lemma":"покамест","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"for the time being"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying призывает","gloss":"should know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with призывает","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"съездить","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просит","gloss":"to ride"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"губернский","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездить","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послать","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почте","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"почте","lemma":"почта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with съездить","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"Агафье","lemma":"агафья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of послать","gloss":"to Agafya"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Агафье","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical, resumed by город/чтобы clause","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical complement, resumes потому","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"would know"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c5-s120","source":"Вот с этими-то тремя тысячами в кармане я и очутился тогда у Грушеньки, на них и в Мокрое съездили.","translation":"\"And it was with those very three thousand in my pocket that I then turned up at Grushenka's, and it was on them that we rode off to Mokroye.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот с этими-то тремя тысячами… я и очутился","title":"Emphatic frame «вот… -то… я и…»","body":"Mitya brackets the key fact with «вот» (presentative), «-то» on «с этими» (topic-emphasis), and «я и очутился» (the emphatic «и» before the verb): 'it was with those very three thousand that I turned up at Grushenka's.' The whole apparatus spotlights the damning money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с этими… тремя тысячами","title":"Numeral + noun in the instrumental","body":"After «с» ('with', instrumental), the whole numeral phrase re-declines: «тремя тысячами» is the instrumental of «три тысячи». The numeral «три» and «тысячами» agree in the instrumental — Russian declines numbers fully when a preposition governs them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на них… съездили","title":"«съездить» — a there-and-back trip","body":"«Съездить» is a perfective meaning to make a round trip ('to go [there and back]'). «На них» here is idiomatic 'on them / on that money' — the funds that bankrolled the excursion. The prefix «с-…-ить» bundles the whole Mokroye jaunt into one completed there-and-back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячами","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of тысячами","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этими","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тысячами","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of очутился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of съездили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездили","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"съездили","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with очутился","gloss":"we rode off"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c5-s121","source":"Потом я сделал вид, что слетал в город, но расписки почтовой ей не представил, сказал, что послал, расписку принесу, и до сих пор не несу, забыл-с.","translation":"Then I pretended I'd dashed off to town, but I never showed her any postal receipt — I told her I'd sent it and would bring the receipt, and to this day I haven't brought it, said I forgot, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделал вид, что слетал","title":"Perfective chain of completed acts","body":"«Сделал вид» (made [the] appearance) and «слетал» (the perfective of a quick there-and-back motion) are both perfective pasts, each a single bounded event — the staged pretense and the imagined dash to town. Aspect lets Mitya narrate the swindle blow by blow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расписки почтовой ей не представил","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated verb «не представил», the object «расписку» shifts to the genitive «расписки» — the genitive of negation, marking a thing pointedly not produced. Note the bookish word order with the noun before its adjective («расписки почтовой»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забыл-с","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"The clipped «-с» tacked onto «забыл» is the old deferential particle (a worn-down «сударь», 'sir'), once added to show respect or, here, mock self-abasement. Mitya apes a cringing servant's tone: 'forgot, sir.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a show (of)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слетал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слетал","lemma":"слетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying вид","gloss":"I'd dashed off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слетал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"расписки","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of представил","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"почтовой","lemma":"почтовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies расписки","gloss":"postal"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of представил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представил","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слетал","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"I'd sent it"},{"surface":"расписку","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесу","gloss":"the receipt"},{"surface":"принесу","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with послал","gloss":"I'd bring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of до","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"несу","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with послал","gloss":"I haven't brought it"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with послал","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл, polite suffix","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c5-s122","source":"Теперь, как ты думаешь, вот ты сегодня пойдешь и ей скажешь: «Приказали вам кланяться», а она тебе: «А деньги?»","translation":"Now, what do you think — today you'll go and say to her, 'They send their regards,' and she'll come back at you with, 'And the money?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойдешь и ей скажешь","title":"Perfective verbs for the imagined future","body":"«Пойдёшь» and «скажешь» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present — which in the perfective yields the simple future ('you'll go and tell'). Mitya rehearses tomorrow's scene as a sequence of single completed acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Приказали вам кланяться","title":"«Кланяться» — to send one's regards","body":"Literally 'they ordered [me] to bow to you', this is the stock formula for conveying greetings — «кланяться кому-то» means to send one's compliments. The impersonal plural «приказали» politely veils the sender."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойдешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажешь","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдешь","gloss":"you'll say"},{"surface":"Приказали","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of скажешь","gloss":"they send"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Приказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Приказали","gloss":"their regards"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb, parallel to скажешь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided verb","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of an elided predicate, quoted speech","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c5-s123","source":"Ты еще мог бы сказать ей: «Это низкий сладострастник и с неудержимыми чувствами подлое существо. Он тогда не послал ваши деньги, а растратил, потому что удержаться не мог, как животное», — но все-таки ты мог бы прибавить: «Зато он не вор, вот ваши три тысячи, посылает обратно, пошлите сами Агафье Ивановне, а сам велел кланяться».","translation":"You could still tell her: 'He is a base sensualist, a vile creature with ungovernable appetites. He didn't send your money that time — he squandered it, because he couldn't hold himself back, like an animal' — but all the same you could add: 'Yet he's no thief, here are your three thousand, he sends them back, hand them to Agafya Ivanovna yourself, and he told me to give you his regards.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты еще мог бы сказать ей","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"Past-tense «мог» plus the particle «бы» builds the irrealis: 'you could (still) say'. The particle leans here on the modal verb, framing a hypothetical speech Alyosha might make."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастник","title":"«Сладострастник» — voluptuary","body":"A bookish, morally loaded noun for a man enslaved to sensual pleasure ('lust' + 'passion'). It belongs to the novel's recurring vocabulary of «сладострастие», the Karamazov 'voluptuousness' that defines the family's appetites."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"растратил","title":"«Растратить» — to squander, embezzle","body":"The prefix «рас-» gives a sense of scattering-away; «растратить» means to fritter or dissipate funds, and in officialese to embezzle. Set against «не послал», it confesses exactly where the money went."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато он не вор","title":"«Зато» — 'but to make up for it'","body":"«Зато» introduces a compensating contrast: 'yet, on the other hand'. It concedes the vice just named and offers an offsetting merit — he's a squanderer, but at least no thief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сладострастник","gloss":"He is"},{"surface":"низкий","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сладострастник","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"сладострастник","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted clause, complement of сказать","gloss":"a sensualist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неудержимыми","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies чувствами","gloss":"ungovernable"},{"surface":"чувствами","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"appetites"},{"surface":"подлое","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сладострастник","gloss":"a creature"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"растратил","lemma":"растратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with послал","gloss":"squandered it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the conjunction потому что, introduces clause of мог","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"удержаться","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"restrain himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"causal clause modifying растратил","gloss":"couldn't"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking животное","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"животное","lemma":"животное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"an animal"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог (could)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"прибавить","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вор","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted clause, complement of прибавить","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with вор","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"посылает","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вор","gloss":"he's sending"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылает","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"пошлите","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посылает","gloss":"send them"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies the subject of пошлите, emphatic","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Агафье","lemma":"агафья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of пошлите","gloss":"to Agafya"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Агафье","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of велел, emphatic","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посылает","gloss":"told me"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to give regards"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c5-s124","source":"А теперь вдруг она: «А где деньги?»","translation":"But now, all of a sudden, she says: 'And where's the money?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг она","title":"Verbless dramatic clause","body":"Russian needs no copula or even a speech-verb here: «а теперь вдруг она» ('but now suddenly she—') lets the bare pronoun stand for 'she says', the quotation supplying the rest. The ellipsis mimics the jolt of «вдруг» ('suddenly')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies an elided verb of speaking","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies an elided verb of speaking","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb of speaking","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the quoted clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of где","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c5-s125","source":"— Митя, ты несчастен, да!","translation":"\"Mitya, you are wretched, yes!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты несчастен","title":"Short-form adjective as predicate","body":"«Несчастен» is the short (predicative) form of «несчастный», used after the zero copula to assert a state: 'you are wretched'. The short form lends a categorical, declarative weight suited to Alyosha's pronouncement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митя","title":"«Митя» — the diminutive of Dmitri","body":"Dmitri Fyodorovich is «Митя» to his intimates — the affectionate short form. Alyosha's use of it here, in a moment of pity, signals brotherly tenderness rather than the formal name-and-patronymic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"несчастен","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"are wretched"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle emphasizing несчастен","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-c5-s126","source":"Но всё же не столько, сколько ты думаешь, — не убивай себя отчаянием, не убивай!","translation":"But still not so much as you think — don't kill yourself with despair, don't!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столько, сколько ты думаешь","title":"Correlative «столько… сколько»","body":"The pair «не столько… сколько» ('not so much… as') sets up a calibrated comparison: not as wretched as you imagine. «Сколько» here is the relative 'as much as', binding the subordinate clause «сколько ты думаешь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убивай себя","title":"Negated imperative + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Не убивай» is the imperfective imperative of prohibition ('don't [keep] killing'), the form Russian prefers for warning against an action. «Себя» is the reflexive object pronoun (no nominative), pointing back to the addressee: 'don't destroy yourself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom всё же, modifies столько","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаешь, comparative correlate of столько","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on столько","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"убивай","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убивай","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"отчаянием","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивай","gloss":"with despair"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"убивай","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with убивай","gloss":"don't"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-c5-s127","source":"— А что ты думаешь, застрелюсь, как не достану трех тысяч отдать?","translation":"\"And what do you suppose — that I'll shoot myself if I can't get the three thousand to pay her back?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"застрелюсь","title":"Reflexive perfective future","body":"«Застрелюсь» = «застрелю» ('I'll shoot') + reflexive «-сь»: 'I'll shoot myself', a single perfective act in the future. The clitic «-ся/-сь» turns the action back on the subject without a separate pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как не достану","title":"«Как» = 'if/when' in colloquial conditional","body":"Here «как» introduces a conditional-temporal clause ('if/once I can't get…') rather than 'how' — a common spoken usage. «Не достану» is again a perfective future: a single failure to obtain the sum."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you suppose"},{"surface":"застрелюсь","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"I'll shoot myself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying застрелюсь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достану","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause complement of застрелюсь","gloss":"I can't get"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдать (quantified by трех)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of достану","gloss":"to pay back"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-c5-s128","source":"В том-то и дело, что не застрелюсь.","translation":"That's just the point — I won't shoot myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В том-то и дело","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то» and «и»","body":"«В том-то и дело» — 'that's just the point'. The clitic «-то» highlights the demonstrative «том» as the very thing at issue, and «и» reinforces it; together they form a fixed emphatic idiom of the spoken language."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition В","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on том (\"-то\")","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle -то, here fused to том: \"в том-то\" = \"that's exactly it\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes дело","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of застрелюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застрелюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застрелюсь","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of дело","gloss":"I'll shoot myself"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-c5-s129","source":"Не в силах теперь, потом, может быть, а теперь я к Грушеньке пойду… Пропадай мое сало!","translation":"I haven't the strength for it now — later, perhaps, but right now I'll go to Grushenka… Let my fortune go to ruin!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не в силах теперь","title":"Verbless 'not able' construction","body":"«Не в силах» (literally 'not in [one's] strength/powers') is a fixed predicate meaning 'unable', here with no copula and an implied 'I': 'I haven't the strength now'. The plural «силах» is prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пропадай мое сало!","title":"«Пропадай моё сало!» — let it all go to ruin","body":"A reckless folk exclamation, roughly 'let my fat/lard perish!' — i.e. damn the cost, let everything I have go to waste. «Пропадай» is a third-person imperative of abandonment; «сало» ('fat, lard') stands earthily for one's goods and prospects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"elliptical predicate (не в силах = unable)","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь (elliptical)","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"head of idiom может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"может быть is the fixed idiom \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"Пропадай","lemma":"пропадать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"jussive predicate, subject сало","gloss":"let it perish"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сало","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сало","lemma":"сало","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Пропадай","gloss":"fortune","note":"Literally \"lard/fat\"; colloquial for one's money or fortune."}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b3-c5-s130","source":"— А у ней?","translation":"\"And at her place?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А у ней?","title":"«У» + genitive for 'at her place'","body":"«У ней» (= «у неё») uses «у» + genitive to mean 'at her [place]' — the 'have'/'chez' construction. «Ней» for «неё» is a colloquial/older variant; the prepositional «у» triggers the prefixed «н-» on the third-person pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"her place"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b3-c5-s131","source":"— Буду мужем ее, в супруги удостоюсь, а коль придет любовник, выйду в другую комнату.","translation":"\"I'll be her husband, I'll have the honor of being her spouse, and if a lover comes calling, I'll step into the next room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Буду мужем ее","title":"Predicate instrumental after «быть»","body":"«Буду мужем» — the compound future of «быть» plus the predicate noun «мужем» in the instrumental, the case Russian uses for a role one will assume: 'I'll be her husband'. A bare nominative would suit only the present zero-copula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в супруги удостоюсь","title":"«Удостоиться» + «в супруги» — bookish self-mockery","body":"«Удостоюсь» ('I'll deign / have the honor', reflexive perfective) is an elevated, almost ecclesiastical verb; pairing it with the archaic 'into-spouses' construction «в супруги» lets Mitya gild his abasement with grand diction. The idiom «в + accusative-plural» names the rank one is admitted to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а коль придет любовник","title":"«Коль» — archaic 'if'","body":"«Коль» (short for «коли») is a folksy/archaic conditional conjunction equal to «если», 'if'. It colors Mitya's speech with peasant-bookish register; «придёт» is the perfective future, a single arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мужем","gloss":"I'll be"},{"surface":"мужем","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Буду","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of мужем","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруги","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"predicate complement of удостоюсь","gloss":"spouse","note":"Archaic construction \"удостоиться в супруги\" = \"be honored with the rank of spouse\"."},{"surface":"удостоюсь","lemma":"удостоиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Буду","gloss":"I'll have the honor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/folksy form of если."},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the коль-clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"любовник","lemma":"любовник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"a lover"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll step out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b3-c5-s132","source":"У ее приятелей буду калоши грязные обчищать, самовар раздувать, на посылках бегать…","translation":"For her friends I'll scrub the mud off their galoshes, fire up the samovar, run their errands…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду калоши грязные обчищать","title":"Imperfective future for habitual servitude","body":"«Буду… обчищать… раздувать… бегать» — the compound imperfective future strings together habitual, repeated actions: the daily round of menial chores he imagines. Imperfective infinitives under «буду» frame an ongoing way of life, not single events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на посылках бегать","title":"«На посылках бегать» — to run errands","body":"A set idiom for being an errand-boy, at everyone's beck and call ('to run on dispatches'). It completes the picture of self-chosen humiliation Mitya paints."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приятелей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приятелей","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"приятелей","lemma":"приятель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of обчищать","gloss":"I'll"},{"surface":"калоши","lemma":"калоша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обчищать","gloss":"galoshes"},{"surface":"грязные","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies калоши","gloss":"muddy"},{"surface":"обчищать","lemma":"обчищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (future with буду)","gloss":"scrub"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздувать","gloss":"the samovar"},{"surface":"раздувать","lemma":"раздувать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обчищать","gloss":"fire up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посылках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"посылках","lemma":"посылка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бегать","gloss":"errands"},{"surface":"бегать","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обчищать","gloss":"run"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b3-c5-s133","source":"— Катерина Ивановна всё поймет, — торжественно проговорил вдруг Алеша, — поймет всю глубину во всем этом горе и примирится.","translation":"\"Katerina Ivanovna will understand it all,\" Alyosha said suddenly, with solemnity, \"she'll grasp the whole depth of this grief, and she'll be reconciled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"торжественно проговорил вдруг Алеша","title":"Inverted speech tag","body":"The verb «проговорил» precedes its subject «Алеша», with the adverb «торжественно» fronted for weight — a typical literary inversion in dialogue attribution. The perfective «проговорил» marks the utterance as a single solemn pronouncement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"примирится","title":"«Примириться» — to be reconciled","body":"«Примириться (с чем-то)» means to come to terms with, make one's peace with — a key spiritual word in Dostoevsky, weightier than mere acceptance. Its reflexive «-ся» here is the middle/intransitive 'become reconciled'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поймет","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поймет","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical to поймет","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поймет","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймет (resumes quote)","gloss":"she'll grasp"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глубину","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"глубину","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поймет","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймет","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примирится","lemma":"примириться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймет","gloss":"will be reconciled"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b3-c5-s134","source":"У нее высший ум, потому что нельзя быть несчастнее тебя, она увидит сама.","translation":"Her mind is of the highest order, for no one can be more wretched than you, and she'll see that for herself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя быть несчастнее тебя","title":"Comparative + genitive of comparison","body":"«Несчастнее тебя» — the comparative «несчастнее» ('more wretched') governs the genitive «тебя» to mean 'than you', the bare-genitive comparison Russian prefers over «чем». «Нельзя быть» is an impersonal 'it is impossible to be'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"высший ум","title":"«Высший ум» — a mind of the highest order","body":"«Высший» is the bookish superlative-by-form of «высокий» ('higher/highest'); «высший ум» praises Katerina Ivanovna's lofty intelligence and moral elevation. The phrase elevates her above the squalid arithmetic of the debt."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"[she has]"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessor, object of У","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of possessive construction (у неё ум)","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the потому что clause","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of нельзя","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"несчастнее","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"more wretched"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"standard of comparison for несчастнее","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of увидит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"увидит","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying она","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b3-c5-s135","source":"— Не помирится она со всем, — осклабился Митя.","translation":"\"She won't be reconciled to everything,\" Mitya grinned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабился","title":"«Осклабиться» — to bare one's teeth in a grin","body":"«Осклабился» is a markedly unpleasant, almost animal way to say 'grinned' — to grin showing the teeth, with a sneering or mirthless edge. Dostoevsky chooses it to undercut Mitya's bravado with a flash of the wolfish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помирится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помирится","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be reconciled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помирится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помирится","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"осклабился","lemma":"осклабиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осклабился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b3-c5-s136","source":"— Тут, брат, есть нечто, с чем нельзя никакой женщине примириться.","translation":"\"There's a certain something here, brother, that no woman can ever be reconciled to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чем нельзя никакой женщине примириться","title":"Relative «с чем» + dative subject + negative concord","body":"Several threads weave here: the relative «с чем» ('with which') governed by «примириться (с)»; the dative experiencer «никакой женщине» ('to/for no woman') in an impersonal «нельзя»; and the negative concord of «нельзя… никакой» — multiple negatives, one denial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"есть нечто","title":"«Нечто» — 'a certain something'","body":"«Нечто» is the indefinite 'something (of significance)', loftier and vaguer than «что-то». It hints darkly at an unnameable thing — characteristic of Mitya's groping toward a shame he cannot quite confess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of примириться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, relative clause modifying нечто","gloss":"no one can"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщине","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative subject of примириться","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"примириться","lemma":"примириться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of нельзя","gloss":"be reconciled"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b3-c5-s137","source":"А знаешь, что всего лучше сделать?","translation":"And do you know what would be the best thing to do?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что всего лучше сделать","title":"«Всего» intensifying a superlative","body":"«Всего лучше» — literally 'best of all', where genitive «всего» ('of everything') reinforces the comparative «лучше» to form a superlative: 'the very best thing'. «Сделать» is the perfective infinitive of a single decisive act."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать, clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b3-c5-s138","source":"— Что?","translation":"\"What?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b3-c5-s139","source":"— Три тысячи ей отдать.","translation":"\"Give her back the three thousand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Три тысячи ей отдать","title":"Dative recipient + perfective infinitive","body":"«Ей отдать» — the dative «ей» marks the recipient ('to her'), and «отдать» (perfective, 'give back / hand over completely') the single act of repayment. The bare infinitive answers 'what's best to do?' tersely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give back"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b3-c5-s140","source":"— Где же взять-то?","translation":"\"But where are we to get it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же взять-то?","title":"Particles «же» and «-то» in a despairing question","body":"«Же» insists and presses ('but where on earth…'), while clitic «-то» softens and colors the question with rueful resignation. Russian packs the speaker's whole attitude into these two tiny words; «взять» is an impersonal 'to get/take' with implied 'one/we'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on взять (\"-to\")","gloss":"emphatic","note":"Colloquial suffixed particle -то, not the pronoun \"that\"."}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b3-c5-s141","source":"Слушай, у меня есть две тысячи, Иван даст тоже тысячу, вот и три, возьми и отдай.","translation":"Listen — I have two thousand, Ivan will give a thousand as well, that makes three, take it and pay her back.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьми и отдай","title":"Paired perfective imperatives","body":"«Возьми и отдай» — two perfective imperatives ('take and give back') joined by «и», urging two crisp completed acts. The perfective imperative suits a one-time command, as against the imperfective's general or prohibitive sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"introductory imperative","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"[I have]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"predicate summarizing the total","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative, parallel to отдай","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отдай","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми","gloss":"give it back"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b3-c5-s142","source":"— А когда они прибудут, твои три тысячи?","translation":"\"And when will it come, this three thousand of yours?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А когда они прибудут, твои три тысячи?","title":"Plural agreement with 'three thousand'; right-dislocation","body":"«Прибудут» is plural (perfective future) agreeing with «они», which stands for «три тысячи» — the sum treated as a plural entity. The noun phrase «твои три тысячи» is tacked on at the end as an afterthought, a colloquial right-dislocation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies прибудут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибудут","gloss":"it (they)"},{"surface":"прибудут","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will arrive"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b3-c5-s143","source":"Ты еще и несовершеннолетний вдобавок, а надо непременно, непременно, чтобы ты сегодня уже ей откланялся, с деньгами или без денег, потому что я дальше тянуть не могу, дело на такой точке стало.","translation":"On top of that you're still underage, and it absolutely must be — absolutely — that today you've already taken your leave of her, with money or without, because I can't drag this out any longer, the affair has come to such a pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо непременно… чтобы ты сегодня уже ей откланялся","title":"«Чтобы» + past-form for a willed outcome","body":"After the impersonal «надо» ('it is necessary'), «чтобы» governs the past-tense form «откланялся» — Russian's irrealis of purpose/demand: 'that you take your leave'. «Чтобы» + past, not infinitive, expresses a willed result imposed on another subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несовершеннолетний","title":"«Несовершеннолетний» — under legal age","body":"A formal legal term, 'not of full years / a minor'. It nods to the fact that the youngest brother lacks the legal majority to act freely with money — a flick of the bureaucratic world into Mitya's frantic speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дело на такой точке стало","title":"«Дело стало на такой точке» — matters have come to a head","body":"An idiom: the affair has 'stopped at such a point', i.e. reached a critical pass where it can wait no longer. «Стало» (perfective past of «стать», 'to come to a stand') conveys the sudden seizing-up of the situation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несовершеннолетний","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несовершеннолетний","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несовершеннолетний","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"несовершеннолетний","lemma":"несовершеннолетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies Ты","gloss":"underage"},{"surface":"вдобавок","lemma":"вдобавок","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несовершеннолетний","gloss":"on top of that"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of new clause","gloss":"it must be"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with непременно","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of откланялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of откланялся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откланялся","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откланялся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of откланялся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"откланялся","lemma":"откланяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal subject of надо (via чтобы)","gloss":"took your leave"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of откланялся","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньгами","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies тянуть","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"тянуть","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"drag out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of causal clause (потому что)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of точке","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"точке","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with могу (second reason clause)","gloss":"has come"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b3-c5-s144","source":"Завтра уже поздно, поздно.","translation":"Tomorrow will already be too late, too late.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поздно, поздно","title":"Impersonal predicate + urgent repetition","body":"«Поздно» is an impersonal predicative adverb ('[it is] late'), needing no subject. The doubling — and the doubled «уже» — is pure spoken urgency, Mitya pressing the point by reiteration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too late"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with поздно","gloss":"too late"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b3-c5-s145","source":"Я тебя к отцу пошлю.","translation":"I'll send you to Father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебя к отцу пошлю","title":"Accusative object + «к» + dative goal","body":"«Тебя» is the accusative direct object; «к отцу» uses «к» + dative for motion toward a person ('to Father'). «Пошлю» is the perfective future, 'I will send' — a single dispatch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пошлю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошлю","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"пошлю","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll send"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b3-c5-s146","source":"— К отцу?","translation":"\"To Father?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Father"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b3-c5-s147","source":"— Да, к отцу прежде нее.","translation":"\"Yes, to Father before her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к отцу прежде нее","title":"«Прежде» + genitive — 'before her'","body":"«Прежде» governs the genitive «нее» (= «неё») to mean 'before her [in time/order]'. The prefixed «н-» appears because the third-person pronoun follows a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отцу (before her)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of прежде","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b3-c5-s148","source":"У него три тысячи и спроси.","translation":"Ask him for the three thousand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У него три тысячи и спроси","title":"Possession by «у» + genitive, and «спросить у»","body":"«У него (есть) три тысячи» — the «у» + genitive 'have' construction. The same «у него» is then reused for «спроси у него» ('ask him for it'), since «спросить» takes «у» + genitive for the person asked. «Спроси» is a perfective imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спроси","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спроси","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"спроси","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b3-c5-s149","source":"— Да ведь он, Митя, не даст.","translation":"\"But he won't give it, Mitya.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он, Митя, не даст","title":"Opening «да ведь» — appeal to shared sense","body":"«Да» here is a soft conversational opener ('but'), and «ведь» appeals to what both already know ('after all, you realize…'). Together they make Alyosha's objection gentle, almost pleading: 'but he won't give it, you know'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b3-c5-s150","source":"— Еще бы дал, знаю, что не даст.","translation":"\"As if he'd give it — I know he won't.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Еще бы дал","title":"«Ещё бы» — 'as if!' / 'you bet'","body":"«Ещё бы» is an idiomatic exclamation; combined ironically with «дал» it means 'as if he'd give it!' — a sarcastic denial. The conditional «бы» here flavors the irony rather than building a literal hypothesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ещё бы","gloss":"as if","note":"\"Ещё бы\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"of course (not)\"/\"as if\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional дал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of даст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"he'll give"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b3-c5-s151","source":"Знаешь ты, Алексей, что значит отчаяние?","translation":"Do you know, Alexei, what despair means?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что значит отчаяние","title":"Embedded question with «что значит»","body":"«Что значит отчаяние» ('what despair means') is an indirect/embedded interrogative serving as the object of «знаешь». «Значит» is third-person singular agreeing with the neuter subject «отчаяние»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of значит (interrogative \"what\")","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b3-c5-s152","source":"— Знаю.","translation":"\"I know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b3-c5-s153","source":"— Слушай: юридически он мне ничего не должен.","translation":"\"Listen: in law he owes me nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мне ничего не должен","title":"Dative + negative concord","body":"«Мне» is the dative of the person owed ('to me'); «ничего не должен» pairs the negative pronoun «ничего» with «не» in obligatory negative concord — 'he owes [me] nothing at all'. «Должен» is a short-form predicate, 'is obligated'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"юридически","title":"«Юридически» — 'in law'","body":"A learned adverb, 'legally, juridically', set against «нравственно» ('morally') in the next breath. Mitya stages the whole question as a contest between legal title and moral debt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"introductory imperative","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"юридически","lemma":"юридически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"legally"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of должен","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"owes"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b3-c5-s154","source":"Всё я у него выбрал, всё, я это знаю.","translation":"I took everything from him, everything — I know that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё я у него выбрал","title":"Fronted object «всё» for emphasis","body":"Object «всё» ('everything') is thrown to the front and repeated for force — topic-comment word order foregrounding the totality of what was taken. «Выбрал» here is the older/colloquial sense of «выбрать» as 'pick out, draw out (in full)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выбрал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбрал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбрал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выбрал","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of Всё","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выбрал","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b3-c5-s155","source":"Но ведь нравственно-то должен он мне, так иль не так?","translation":"But morally he does owe me — isn't that so, or isn't it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь нравственно-то должен он мне","title":"«Ведь» + «-то» + inversion","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared moral sense ('but surely…'), the clitic «-то» on «нравственно» pointedly contrasts the moral with the legal, and «должен он» inverts subject and predicate for stress. Three small devices pile up the insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так иль не так?","title":"«Так иль не так?» — 'isn't that so?'","body":"A colloquial tag question, 'so or not so?', demanding assent. «Иль» is the clipped, slightly folksy/poetic form of «или» ('or')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"нравственно","lemma":"нравственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"morally"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on нравственно","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of tag question (parallel to должен)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links так and не так","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так (tag question)","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b3-c5-s156","source":"Ведь он с материных двадцати восьми тысяч пошел и сто тысяч нажил.","translation":"After all, he started out with my mother's twenty-eight thousand and made himself a hundred thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с материных двадцати восьми тысяч","title":"Numeral phrase in the genitive after «с»","body":"The whole quantified phrase is in the genitive because «с» ('from, starting with') governs the genitive: «двадцати восьми тысяч» — every element of '28 thousand' declined together. «Материных» is the possessive adjective from «мать», 'my mother's'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нажил","title":"«Нажить» — to amass, make (a fortune)","body":"«Нажил» (perfective of «наживать») means to acquire by accumulation — to make oneself a fortune, often with a faint pejorative of grasping gain. It captures Fyodor Pavlovich's talent for turning a little capital into much."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"материных","lemma":"материн","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"my mother's"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of compound numeral (28) with восьми","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"восьми","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of compound numeral (28) with двадцати, modifies тысяч","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нажил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"нажил","lemma":"нажить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"made himself"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b3-c5-s157","source":"Пусть он мне даст только три тысячи из двадцати восьми, только три, и душу мою из ада извлечет, и зачтется это ему за многие грехи!","translation":"Let him give me just three thousand of the twenty-eight, only three, and he'll draw my soul up out of hell, and it will be counted to him against many sins!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть он мне даст","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть» + the perfective future «даст» forms a third-person command/wish: 'let him give'. It is the standard way Russian issues an imperative to someone not present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"душу мою из ада извлечет","title":"«Из ада извлечь» — to draw the soul out of hell","body":"Elevated, near-liturgical imagery: «извлечь» ('to draw/extract out') the soul «из ада» ('from hell'). Mitya casts a mere loan as a rescue from damnation — the religious key in which the Karamazovs render their passions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зачтется это ему за многие грехи","title":"«Зачтётся за грехи» — credited against one's sins","body":"«Зачтётся» (reflexive future, 'it will be reckoned/credited') with «за многие грехи» evokes a heavenly ledger where a good deed is set against one's many sins. The accounting metaphor fuses money and salvation — the chapter's deep theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восьми","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of compound numeral (28) with восьми","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"восьми","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of compound numeral (28) with двадцати, object of из","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"appositive emphasis on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of извлечет","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ада","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ада","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"извлечет","lemma":"извлечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with даст","gloss":"will draw out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачтется","lemma":"зачесться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with даст","gloss":"will be counted"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зачтется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of зачтется","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехи","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies грехи","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зачтется","gloss":"sins"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b3-c5-s158","source":"Я же на этих трех тысячах, вот тебе великое слово, покончу, и не услышит он ничего обо мне более вовсе.","translation":"And I, for my part, with that three thousand — here's my solemn word to you — I'll be finished, and he'll never hear another thing about me, ever again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я же на этих трех тысячах… покончу","title":"Emphatic «же» and «покончить на»","body":"«Же» stresses the contrasting 'I, for my part'. «Покончу» (perfective future of «покончить») with «на этих трёх тысячах» means 'I'll make an end of it on/with that three thousand' — finish everything, including, ominously, himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не услышит он ничего обо мне более вовсе","title":"Stacked negation","body":"«Не услышит… ничего… вовсе» heaps negators for finality — 'he'll hear nothing of me whatsoever, ever again'. «Обо мне» shows «о» taking the form «обо» before «мне», governing the prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот тебе великое слово","title":"«Великое слово» — a solemn pledge","body":"«Вот тебе великое слово» — 'here's my great/solemn word to you', a vow. The dative «тебе» marks the one to whom the word is given; the phrase belongs to the heightened, oath-taking register Mitya keeps slipping into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покончу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячах","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of на, complement of покончу","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"recipient in the parenthetical вот тебе...слово","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the parenthetical phrase вот тебе...слово","gloss":"word","note":"Parenthetical aside — 'here's my solemn word to you.'"},{"surface":"покончу","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll be finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"услышит","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with покончу","gloss":"he'll hear"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of услышит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of услышит","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышит","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b3-c5-s159","source":"В последний раз случай ему даю быть отцом.","translation":"For the last time I'm giving him the chance to be a father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случай ему даю быть отцом","title":"Dative recipient + predicate instrumental in the infinitive","body":"«Ему» is the dative recipient of the chance ('to him'); «быть отцом» pairs the infinitive «быть» with the predicate instrumental «отцом» ('to be a father'). The instrumental marks the role to be assumed, even under an infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of даю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of даю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm giving"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of случай","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"a father"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b3-c5-s160","source":"Скажи ему, что сам бог ему этот случай посылает.","translation":"Tell him that God Himself is sending him this chance.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажи ему, что сам бог ему этот случай посылает","title":"Reported clause with «что»; intensifier «сам»","body":"«Скажи» (perfective imperative) governs a reported-fact clause with «что». «Сам бог» uses the intensifier «сам» ('God Himself'), and «посылает» is the present-tense imperfective for an action conceived as unfolding now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посылает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of посылает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посылает","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"посылает","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажи","gloss":"is sending"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b3-c5-s161","source":"— Митя, он ни за что не даст.","translation":"\"Mitya, he won't give it for anything.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ни за что не даст","title":"«Ни за что» — 'not for anything'","body":"«Ни за что» ('not for anything, on no account') is an emphatic negative idiom that, by negative concord, still requires «не» on the verb: 'he won't give it, no matter what'. The «ни-» phrase reinforces, the «не» actually negates."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of даст","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b3-c5-s162","source":"— Знаю, что не даст, в совершенстве знаю.","translation":"\"I know he won't, I know it to perfection.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в совершенстве знаю","title":"«В совершенстве» — 'to perfection'","body":"«В совершенстве» means 'perfectly, to perfection' — usually of mastering a skill, but here wrenched to 'I know it perfectly well'. The slight over-formality has a bitter, ironic ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of даст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"he'll give"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершенстве","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"совершенстве","lemma":"совершенство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"perfection"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знаю","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b3-c5-s163","source":"А теперь особенно.","translation":"And now especially.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"especially"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b3-c5-s164","source":"Мало того, я вот что еще знаю: теперь, на днях только, всего только, может быть, вчера, он в первый раз узнал серьезно (подчеркни: серьезно), что Грушенька-то в самом деле, может быть, не шутит и за меня замуж захочет прыгнуть.","translation":"What's more, here's something else I know: just now, only these last days — only just, perhaps yesterday — he learned for the first time, in earnest (underline it: in earnest), that Grushenka really might not be joking and might want to leap into marrying me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушенька-то в самом деле, может быть, не шутит","title":"Topic clitic «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «Грушенька» flags her as the known topic now under fresh scrutiny ('Grushenka, you see…'). It is the topic-marking «-то», distinct from indefinite «кто-то», threading the long sentence's focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за меня замуж захочет прыгнуть","title":"«Выйти/прыгнуть замуж за» — to marry (of a woman)","body":"A woman marrying a man is «выйти замуж за кого» (lit. 'go out into marriage for…'), here colored by «прыгнуть» ('leap'). «За меня» uses «за» + accusative for the man married. «Захочет… прыгнуть» chains a perfective future modal with an infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подчеркни: серьезно","title":"«Подчеркни» — 'underline it'","body":"A perfective imperative, 'underline [it]!', a vivid spoken aside as Mitya insists on the word «серьёзно». The metaphor of underlining a written word in the midst of speech captures his feverish emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom мало того (moreover)","gloss":"moreover","note":"Idiom мало того = 'what's more.'"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"днях","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"object of на, temporal adjunct of узнал","gloss":"these days"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies днях","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"Idiom может быть = 'perhaps.'"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of узнал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the appositive clause explaining что (w5)","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"подчеркни","lemma":"подчеркнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"underline"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of подчеркни (parenthetical)","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шутит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шутит","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Грушенька","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шутит, idiom в самом деле (really)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шутит","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захочет","gloss":"is joking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of захочет прыгнуть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прыгнуть","gloss":"into marriage"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шутит","gloss":"will want"},{"surface":"прыгнуть","lemma":"прыгнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to leap"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b3-c5-s165","source":"Знает он этот характер, знает эту кошку.","translation":"He knows that character of hers, he knows that cat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знает он этот характер","title":"Verb-first emphasis; anaphoric «этот»","body":"Fronting the verb «знает» ('he knows—') gives the line a punchy, declarative drive. The demonstrative «этот характер / эту кошку» points back to Grushenka with knowing familiarity, almost contempt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эту кошку","title":"«Кошка» — 'that cat'","body":"Calling Grushenka «эту кошку» ('that cat') casts her as feline — willful, scratching, dangerous. The metaphor, half-admiring and half-wary, fixes the rivalrous fascination she stirs in both Karamazov men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he knows"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Знает","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знает","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кошку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кошку","lemma":"кошка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"cat"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b3-c5-s166","source":"Ну так неужто ж он мне вдобавок и деньги даст, чтоб этакому случаю способствовать, тогда как сам он от нее без памяти?","translation":"So is he really going to hand me money on top of everything, to help bring about such a match, when he himself is out of his mind over her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужто ж он мне… деньги даст","title":"«Неужто» + «ж» — incredulous question","body":"«Неужто» (a folksy variant of «неужели») asks an astonished 'surely not…?', and the clipped «ж» (= «же») presses the disbelief. Together they expect the answer 'no, of course not'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб этакому случаю способствовать","title":"«Чтоб» of purpose + dative object","body":"«Чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») here + infinitive «способствовать» expresses purpose ('in order to further'); «способствовать» governs the dative «этакому случаю» ('such a match'). «Этакий» is a colloquial, slightly disdainful 'such a'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от нее без памяти","title":"«Без памяти» — out of one's mind (with love)","body":"«Без памяти от кого» (lit. 'without memory because of someone') means madly in love, beside oneself with infatuation. Said of Fyodor Pavlovich, it marks the grotesque father-son rivalry over the same woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст, introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"surely not"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдобавок","lemma":"вдобавок","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"on top of that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of способствовать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этакому","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаю","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"случаю","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of способствовать","gloss":"match"},{"surface":"способствовать","lemma":"способствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on даст","gloss":"bring about"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тогда как (whereas)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom тогда как, introduces the clause modifying даст","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause он...без памяти","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of без памяти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of он, idiom без памяти (out of his mind)","gloss":"his mind"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b3-c5-s167","source":"Но и этого еще мало, я еще больше тебе могу привесть: я знаю, что у него уж дней пять как вынуты три тысячи рублей, разменены в сотенные кредитки и упакованы в большой пакет под пятью печатями, а сверху красною тесемочкой накрест перевязаны.","translation":"But that's still not all — I can lay out even more for you: I know that, some five days ago now, he had three thousand rubles taken out, changed into hundred-ruble notes and packed into a large envelope under five seals, tied crosswise on top with a little red ribbon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разменены… упакованы… перевязаны","title":"Short passive participles in a result chain","body":"«Вынуты… разменены… упакованы… перевязаны» are short-form past passive participles, each stating a completed result done to the money ('taken out, changed, packed, tied'). This periphrastic passive (with implied «были») names the state of things, the agent left unstated."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж дней пять как вынуты","title":"Approximate quantity by inversion + «как»","body":"Inverting numeral and noun — «дней пять» instead of «пять дней» — signals approximation ('some five days'). «Уж… как вынуты» ('already… since [they were] taken out') dates the result. «Дней» is genitive plural after the numeral."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тесемочкой","title":"Diminutive «тесёмочка»","body":"From «тесьма» (ribbon, tape) through «тесёмка» to the doubly affectionate «тесёмочка» — 'a dainty little ribbon'. The diminutive lends a tender, almost coy touch to the old man's love-token wrapping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not enough"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of могу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мало","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"привесть","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"lay out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынуты","gloss":"his (place)"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вынуты","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынуты","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вынуты","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"were taken out"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the numeral phrase, subject of вынуты","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"specifies тысячи (unit)","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"разменены","lemma":"разменять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуты","gloss":"were changed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кредитки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сотенные","lemma":"сотенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кредитки","gloss":"hundred-ruble"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of в, complement of разменены","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упакованы","lemma":"упаковать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуты","gloss":"were packed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упакованы","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking печатями","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"пятью","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies печатями","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"печатями","lemma":"печать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of под, modifies пакет","gloss":"seals"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перевязаны","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"красною","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тесемочкой","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"тесемочкой","lemma":"тесемочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перевязаны","gloss":"ribbon"},{"surface":"накрест","lemma":"накрест","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перевязаны","gloss":"crosswise"},{"surface":"перевязаны","lemma":"перевязать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуты","gloss":"tied"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b3-c5-s168","source":"Видишь, как подробно знаю!","translation":"You see how minutely I know it all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как подробно знаю","title":"Exclamatory «как» + adverb","body":"«Как подробно» ('how minutely') is the exclamatory «как» intensifying the adverb «подробно». The dropped subject (implied 'I') leaves the verb «знаю» to carry person and number by its ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"minutely"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видишь","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b3-c5-s169","source":"На пакете же написано: «Ангелу моему Грушеньке, коли захочет прийти»; сам нацарапал, в тишине и в тайне, и никто-то не знает, что у него деньги лежат, кроме лакея Смердякова, в честность которого он верит, как в себя самого.","translation":"And on the envelope is written: 'To my angel Grushenka, should she care to come'; he scrawled it himself, in silence and in secret, and not a soul knows the money is lying there — no one but the lackey Smerdyakov, in whose honesty he trusts as in his own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто-то не знает, что у него деньги лежат","title":"Topic «-то» on a negative pronoun + concord","body":"«Никто-то» softens and laments ('not a soul, you see'), the clitic «-то» coloring even a negative pronoun, while «не знает» supplies the obligatory verbal negation. «Лежат» ('lie') is the idiomatic verb for money 'sitting' somewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в честность которого он верит","title":"Relative «которого» in the genitive","body":"«В честность которого» — the relative «которого» is genitive ('in whose honesty'), depending on «честность», which in turn follows «верить в» + accusative. The clause neatly subordinates Smerdyakov's reliability to the noun «лакея»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is written"},{"surface":"Ангелу","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted dedication phrase","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ангелу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ангелу","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"she wants"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нацарапал (emphatic subject)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"нацарапал","lemma":"нацарапать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написано","gloss":"scrawled it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тишине","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нацарапал","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тайне","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тишине","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying никто","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with написано","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"his (place)"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лакея, exception to никто","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to лакея","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"честность","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верит","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of честность, refers to лакея Смердякова","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on лакея","gloss":"trusts"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison как в себя самого","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of верит (comparison)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"own"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b3-c5-s170","source":"Вот он уж третий аль четвертый день Грушеньку ждет, надеется, что придет за пакетом, дал он ей знать, а та знать дала, что «может-де и приду».","translation":"And so for the third or fourth day now he's been waiting for Grushenka, hoping she'll come for the envelope — he let her know of it, and she sent back word that 'maybe I'll come, then.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж третий аль четвертый день… ждет","title":"Accusative of duration + imperfective present","body":"«Третий… день» in the accusative names the span of time over which «ждёт» ('he's been waiting') extends — Russian uses the imperfective present for an action ongoing from the past into now. «Аль» is the folksy «или» ('or')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"может-де и приду","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"«-де» is the hearsay/quotative particle, marking the words as reported from another's mouth ('she said, quote, maybe I'll come'). Like «-мол» and «дескать», it lets Mitya relay Grushenka's message while keeping his distance from it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дал он ей знать, а та знать дала","title":"Idiom «дать знать» + contrastive «а» with «тот»","body":"«Дать знать (кому)» means 'to let [someone] know' (dative «ей»). The contrastive «а» pivots to the reply, and «та» ('she, that one') is the demonstrative used anaphorically for the second party — neatly tracking the back-and-forth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies третий","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links третий and четвертый (or)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of ждет","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waits for"},{"surface":"надеется","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждет","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надеется","gloss":"she'll come"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакетом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пакетом","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of знать (дал ей знать)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дала","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал (parallel construction)","gloss":"sent word"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of дала","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"hearsay marker modifying может/приду","gloss":"she said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"I'll come"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b3-c5-s171","source":"Так ведь если она придет к старику, разве я могу тогда жениться на ней?","translation":"So you see — if she goes to the old man, how can I marry her then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве я могу тогда жениться на ней","title":"«Разве» + «жениться на» + prepositional","body":"«Разве» opens an incredulous rhetorical question expecting 'no' ('how can I possibly…?'). A man marrying is «жениться на ком» — «на» + prepositional «ней» ('marry her'), the mirror of the woman's «выйти замуж за»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к старику","title":"«Старик» — 'the old man'","body":"Mitya calls his father «старик» ('the old man'), a blunt, faintly contemptuous tag for Fyodor Pavlovich. The word marks the gulf of feeling between the rival father and son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жениться","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жениться","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b3-c5-s172","source":"Понимаешь теперь, зачем, значит, я здесь на секрете сижу и что именно сторожу?","translation":"Do you understand now why I'm sitting here in hiding, and exactly what it is I'm standing guard over?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем… я здесь на секрете сижу и что именно сторожу","title":"Embedded questions «зачем» and «что»","body":"Two indirect questions hang from «понимаешь»: «зачем… сижу» ('why I sit') and «что… сторожу' ('what I'm guarding'). Both verbs are imperfective presents of ongoing activity, with «именно» ('exactly') sharpening the second."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на секрете сижу","title":"«Сидеть на секрете» — to lie in wait","body":"An informal turn, roughly 'I'm sitting on secret watch / in hiding'. «Сторожу» ('I stand guard, watch') reinforces the image of Mitya as a sentry jealously posted over Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Понимаешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сижу (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"секрете","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"hiding"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Понимаешь","gloss":"am sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сторожу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"сторожу","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"am guarding"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b3-c5-s173","source":"— Ее?","translation":"\"Over her?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее?","title":"One-word accusative question","body":"Alyosha's whole question is the accusative pronoun «её» ('[guarding] her?'), the case carried over from «сторожить кого» in the previous line. Russian's case-marking lets a single word stand as a complete, grammatically anchored reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical object (over her?)","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b3-c5-s174","source":"— Ее.","translation":"\"Over her.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical object (over her)","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b3-c5-s175","source":"У этих шлюх, здешних хозяек, нанимает каморку Фома.","translation":"From these sluts, the women who keep the house here, a man named Foma rents a little room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У этих шлюх… нанимает каморку Фома","title":"«У» + genitive 'from whom' + end-placed subject","body":"«У этих шлюх» here means 'from these women' (renting from them) — «у» + genitive of the source. The subject «Фома» is held to the very end, the new-information slot, so the sentence builds to who the renter is."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каморку","title":"Diminutive «каморка»","body":"«Каморка» is a cramped little room or closet — a diminutive of the old «камора». It conjures the mean, cubby-hole quarters from which Foma (and Mitya) keep their watch."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шлюх","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of шлюх","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"шлюх","lemma":"шлюха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нанимает","gloss":"sluts"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies хозяек","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"хозяек","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to шлюх","gloss":"landladies"},{"surface":"нанимает","lemma":"нанимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rents"},{"surface":"каморку","lemma":"каморка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нанимает","gloss":"a little room"},{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нанимает","gloss":"Foma"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b3-c5-s176","source":"Фома из наших мест, наш бывший солдат.","translation":"Foma is from our parts, an old soldier of ours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Фома из наших мест, наш бывший солдат","title":"Zero-copula identifying sentences","body":"Both clauses lack any verb 'to be': «Фома из наших мест» ('Foma [is] from our parts') and «наш бывший солдат» ('an old soldier of ours') — the present-tense copula is simply absent in Russian, the nominatives standing in apposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Foma"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мест","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мест","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мест","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"predicate complement of Фома (elliptical есть)","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of солдат","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies солдат","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, in apposition to Фома","gloss":"soldier"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b3-c5-s177","source":"Он у них прислуживает, ночью сторожит, а днем тетеревей ходит стрелять, да тем и живет.","translation":"He waits on them, stands watch at night, and by day he goes out shooting grouse — and that's how he lives.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прислуживает, ночью сторожит, а днем… ходит стрелять","title":"Imperfective present for habit; «ходить» multidirectional","body":"The string of imperfective presents describes Foma's habitual round of life. «Ходит стрелять» uses the multidirectional motion verb «ходить» — repeated, to-and-fro trips ('he goes out [regularly] to shoot') — plus the infinitive of purpose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тетеревей… стрелять","title":"«Тетерев» — black grouse","body":"«Тетеревей» is the genitive/accusative plural of «тетерев», the black grouse hunted in Russian forests. «Да тем и живёт» — 'and that's just how he gets by' — with «да» as a folksy 'and' and instrumental «тем» ('by that')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислуживает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прислуживает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"прислуживает","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waits on"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сторожит","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"сторожит","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прислуживает","gloss":"keeps watch"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"днем","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"by day"},{"surface":"тетеревей","lemma":"тетерев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of стрелять","gloss":"grouse"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прислуживает","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"стрелять","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ходит","gloss":"shooting"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прислуживает","gloss":"lives"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b3-c5-s178","source":"Я у него тут и засел; ни ему, ни хозяйкам секрет не известен, то есть что я здесь сторожу.","translation":"I've holed up here at his place; neither he nor the landladies know the secret — that is, that I'm keeping watch here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни ему, ни хозяйкам секрет не известен","title":"«Ни… ни» + dative + negative concord","body":"«Ни ему, ни хозяйкам» pairs two datives ('neither to him nor to the landladies') governed by the short-form predicate «известен» ('[is] known'), with «не» completing the negative concord. The dative marks those to whom the secret is (not) known."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засел","title":"«Засесть» — to hole up","body":"«Засел» (perfective of «засесть») means to settle in stubbornly, to hole up or lie low somewhere. The prefix «за-» gives the sense of digging in; it paints Mitya as entrenched in his hideout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of засел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засел (his place)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засел","lemma":"засесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holed up"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известен","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"хозяйкам","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of известен","gloss":"the landladies"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of известен","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сторожу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сторожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сторожу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сторожу","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"explains секрет, after то есть","gloss":"am keeping watch"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b3-c5-s179","source":"— Один Смердяков знает?","translation":"\"Smerdyakov alone knows?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Один Смердяков знает?","title":"«Один» as 'only / alone'","body":"«Один» here is not the numeral 'one' but the quantifier 'only, alone': 'Does Smerdyakov alone know?'. Agreeing with the noun like an adjective, it isolates Smerdyakov as the sole knower."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b3-c5-s180","source":"— Он один.","translation":"\"He alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он один","title":"Verbless answer with «один»","body":"«Он один» ('he alone') answers with no verb and no copula — the bare pronoun plus «один» suffices for 'he's the only one'. The terseness closes the exchange on an ominous note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b3-c5-s181","source":"Он мне и знать даст, коль та к старику придет.","translation":"He's the one who'll let me know if she goes to the old man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знать даст","title":"«дать знать» — to let know","body":"The idiom «дать знать» couples the perfective «даст» (simple future, 'will give') with the bare infinitive «знать» to mean 'will give notice, will let know'. Here «мне» is the dative of the person informed, and «и» before it is the emphatic particle 'the very one who, even'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коль","title":"«коль» — folksy 'if'","body":"«коль» is a colloquial, slightly archaic shortening of «если» ('if'), at home in peasant and servant speech. It flags the conditional clause «коль та к старику придёт» and gives the line its homely, unbookish flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"та","title":"«та» as a standalone demonstrative","body":"«та» is the feminine demonstrative «тот» ('that one, she yonder') used here as a bare pronoun for Grushenka, whom the speakers avoid naming. The far-deixis «тот» (rather than «эта») keeps her at an insinuating distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying даст","gloss":"even","note":"Emphatic particle here, not a plain conjunction — 'он мне и знать даст' = 'he'll be the one to let me know.'"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of даст","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"goes"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b3-c5-s182","source":"— Это он тебе про пакет сказал?","translation":"\"Was it he who told you about the envelope?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он тебе про пакет сказал?","title":"Fronted «это» for emphasis","body":"The question is built on topic–comment fronting: «Это он…» throws the focus onto «он» ('was it HE'), a cleft-like emphasis that free Russian word order achieves with no extra words. «тебе» is the dative addressee of «сказал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про пакет","title":"«про» + accusative — 'about'","body":"«про» plus the accusative «пакет» means 'about, concerning' — colloquially warmer than the neutral «о» plus the prepositional. «пакет» here is the sealed envelope of money, a recurring object of intrigue in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft pronoun emphasizing он","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b3-c5-s183","source":"— Он. Величайший секрет.","translation":"\"It was. The greatest of secrets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Величайший секрет","title":"Superlative «-айший»","body":"«величайший» is the bookish superlative of «великий» ('great'), formed with the suffix «-айший» after a velar stem. The heightened, almost solemn form against the curt fragment «Величайший секрет» mimics the conspiratorial weight Mitya gives the matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"Величайший","lemma":"величайший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies секрет","gloss":"The greatest"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modified by Величайший","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b3-c5-s184","source":"Даже Иван не знает ни о деньгах, ни о чем.","translation":"Even Ivan knows nothing — not about the money, not about anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни о деньгах, ни о чём","title":"Negative concord with «ни… ни…»","body":"The paired «ни… ни…» ('neither… nor…') reinforces the verbal negation in «не знает», a textbook case of Russian negative concord: the negatives pile up but cancel to a single 'knows nothing at all'. Each «ни»-phrase keeps the prepositional «о деньгах / о чём» governed by «о»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with деньгах","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b3-c5-s185","source":"А старик Ивана в Чермашню посылает на два, на три дня прокатиться: объявился покупщик на рощу срубить ее за восемь тысяч, вот и упрашивает старик Ивана: «помоги, дескать, съезди сам» денька на два, на три, значит.","translation":"And the old man is sending Ivan off to Chermashnya for two or three days to take a look at something: a buyer has turned up for the woodland, to cut it down for eight thousand, and so the old man keeps begging Ivan, 'Help me out, as it were, go yourself' — for a couple of days, three at most.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посылает… прокатиться","title":"Imperfective present for an unfolding plan","body":"«посылает» ('is sending') is imperfective present, framing the scheme as ongoing and not yet accomplished; the dependent perfective infinitive «прокатиться» ('to take a quick trip') names the intended single completed errand. The «про-…-ся» verb adds the breezy nuance 'go for a little jaunt'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покупщик","title":"«покупщик» — old word for 'buyer'","body":"«покупщик» is a dated, merchant-class term for a purchaser, where modern Russian says «покупатель». It belongs to the world of timber deals and provincial trade and dates the speech to the 1860s–70s."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роща","title":"«роща» — the woodland to be felled","body":"«роща» is a grove or stand of trees; «срубить её за восемь тысяч» means to cut it down (for timber) for eight thousand roubles. The bargain over the «роща» is the pretext that gets Ivan out of the house."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative 'as it were'","body":"«дескать» is a quotative particle that flags reported, second-hand speech with a touch of irony or distance — roughly 'so he says, supposedly'. Mitya drops it into his mimicry of his father's wheedling ('помоги, дескать') to mark the words as the old man's, not his own."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"денька на два","title":"Diminutive «денёк» softening the time","body":"«денёк» is the affectionate diminutive of «день» ('day'); «денька на два, на три» ('for a wee couple of days') makes the trip sound trivial and brief. The suffix carries the coaxing, minimising tone of Fyodor's plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылает","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посылает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылает","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"посылает","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is sending"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking два","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking три","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокатиться","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"прокатиться","lemma":"прокатиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with посылает (purpose)","gloss":"to take a look"},{"surface":"объявился","lemma":"объявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"has turned up"},{"surface":"покупщик","lemma":"покупщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявился","gloss":"a buyer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рощу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"рощу","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявился","gloss":"the woodland"},{"surface":"срубить","lemma":"срубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies рощу (purpose)","gloss":"to cut down"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of срубить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of срубить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упрашивает, part of вот и ('so')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упрашивает, part of вот и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"упрашивает","lemma":"упрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"keeps begging"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упрашивает","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of упрашивает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"помоги","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"begins the quoted clause","gloss":"help me out"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported speech, modifies помоги","gloss":"as it were","note":"Colloquial particle flagging reported/quoted speech, roughly 'so he says.'"},{"surface":"съезди","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помоги","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies съезди","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"денька","lemma":"денёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съезди (duration)","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking два","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on денька","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking три","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies денька phrase","gloss":"that is"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b3-c5-s186","source":"Это он хочет, чтобы Грушенька без него пришла.","translation":"What he wants is for Grushenka to come while he's away from him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочет, чтобы Грушенька… пришла","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a willed outcome","body":"A verb of wanting takes «чтобы» plus a past-tense verb («пришла») when the subjects differ — 'he wants that Grushenka [should] come'. The «чтобы»-clause with the irrealis past is Russia's standard way of expressing a desired-but-not-yet-real event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без него","title":"«без» + genitive with prefixed «н-»","body":"«без» ('without') governs the genitive, here the third-person pronoun «него» — note the prosthetic «н-» that all third-person pronouns take after a preposition («без него», 'in his absence')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the чтобы-clause, object of хочет","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"is for"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочет","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b3-c5-s187","source":"— Стало быть, он и сегодня ждет Грушеньку?","translation":"\"So he's expecting Grushenka today as well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'so, therefore'","body":"«стало быть» is a fixed inferential phrase (literally 'it has become to be') meaning 'so, then, that means' — a slightly homely equivalent of «значит» or «следовательно». It marks Alyosha drawing a conclusion from what he has just heard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть ('so, that means')","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is expecting"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b3-c5-s188","source":"— Нет, сегодня она не придет, есть приметы.","translation":"\"No, she won't come today — there are signs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она не придёт","title":"Perfective future under negation","body":"«придёт» is the simple (perfective) future of «прийти» — a single anticipated arrival — here negated: 'she will not come (today)'. The perfective insists on the whole event being ruled out, not merely the process of coming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"есть приметы","title":"«приметы» — omens, signs","body":"«приметы» are folk signs or omens read from everyday events. The flat «есть приметы» ('there are signs') invokes a whole world of popular superstition that hovers behind the Karamazovs' fatalism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, stands alone","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"приметы","lemma":"примета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"signs"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b3-c5-s189","source":"Наверно не придет! — крикнул вдруг Митя.","translation":"She certainly won't come!\" Mitya suddenly cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул вдруг Митя","title":"Perfective «крикнул» for a sudden cry","body":"«крикнул» is the perfective past of «кричать», naming a single sharp outburst against the imperfective's ongoing 'was shouting'; «вдруг» ('suddenly') reinforces the punctual reading. The verb-before-subject order («крикнул… Митя») is the usual frame for a reported speech tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"Certainly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b3-c5-s190","source":"— Так и Смердяков полагает.","translation":"\"And Smerdyakov reckons so too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полагает","title":"«полагать» — to reckon, suppose","body":"«полагать» is a somewhat formal verb for 'to think, suppose, be of the opinion', a notch more deliberate than «думать». «Так и Смердяков полагает» — 'Smerdyakov reckons so too' — lends his guess a mock-judicious weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of полагает (refers back)","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полагает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"полагает","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckons"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b3-c5-s191","source":"Отец теперь пьянствует, сидит за столом с братом Иваном.","translation":"Father is drinking now, sitting at the table with brother Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пьянствует","title":"«пьянствовать» — to be on a drinking bout","body":"«пьянствовать» means not just 'to drink' but to carouse, to be given over to drunkenness as an activity — heavier and more disreputable than «пить». The imperfective present paints Fyodor mid-binge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидит за столом","title":"«за» + instrumental — seated at","body":"«за столом» uses «за» with the instrumental to mean 'at (the table)', the locational sense of being seated at or busy over something; the same «за» with the accusative would mean motion behind it. «сидит» is durative imperfective — Fyodor is settled there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьянствует","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьянствует","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пьянствует","lemma":"пьянствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is drinking"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьянствует","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столом","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b3-c5-s192","source":"Сходи, Алексей, спроси у него эти три тысячи…","translation":"Go, Alexei, ask him for that three thousand…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сходи… спроси","title":"Perfective imperatives for a single errand","body":"«сходи» and «спроси» are perfective imperatives: «сходи» ('go [there and back]') is the round-trip prefixed motion verb «сходить», «спроси» ('ask') the perfective of «спрашивать». The perfective commands a single, completed action — go once, ask once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спроси у него","title":"«спросить у» + genitive","body":"To ask someone FOR something, Russian uses «спросить у кого-то» — «у» plus the genitive «него» marks the person you ask. «эти три тысячи» is the thing requested (genitive singular «тысячи» after «три»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сходи","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"спроси","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сходи","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спроси","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спроси","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b3-c5-s193","source":"— Митя, милый, что с тобой! — воскликнул Алеша, вскакивая с места и всматриваясь в исступленного Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"\"Mitya, dear, what's the matter with you!\" Alyosha exclaimed, springing up from his place and peering at the frenzied Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскакивая… всматриваясь","title":"Paired present gerunds («деепричастия»)","body":"«вскакивая» and «всматриваясь» are imperfective present gerunds ('springing up… peering'), naming actions simultaneous with the main verb «воскликнул» and sharing its subject, Alyosha. This chained-gerund construction packs three near-simultaneous movements into one literary sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступлённого","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied, beside oneself","body":"«исступлённый» describes someone in a state of frenzy or ecstatic distraction, 'beside himself'. Applied to «исступлённого Дмитрия Фёдоровича», it is a key Dostoevskian word for the soul pushed past its own limits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митя","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вскакивая","lemma":"вскакивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"springing up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскакивая","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всматриваясь","lemma":"всматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскакивая","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"исступленного","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всматриваясь","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b3-c5-s194","source":"Одно мгновение он думал, что тот помешался.","translation":"For an instant he thought his brother had lost his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот помешался","title":"«тот» tracking the other party","body":"«тот» ('that one, the other') here points to Mitya, distinguishing him from the clause's own subject, Alyosha ('he thought that the other had gone mad'). Russian uses «тот» precisely to keep two third persons apart where English would risk an ambiguous 'he'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помешался","title":"«помешаться» — to go mad","body":"«помешаться» (reflexive «-ся») means 'to lose one's mind, go out of one's wits'. The perfective marks the completed onset of madness — 'had gone mad' — which Alyosha fears has just happened to his brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думал","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помешался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помешался","lemma":"помешаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"had lost his mind"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b3-c5-s195","source":"— Что ты? Я не помешан в уме, — пристально и даже как-то торжественно смотря, произнес Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"\"What's the matter with you? I haven't gone out of my mind,\" said Dmitri Fyodorovich, looking at him intently and even somehow solemnly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не помешан в уме","title":"Short passive participle «помешан»","body":"«помешан» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle of «помешать(ся)», used here as a predicate adjective: 'I am not deranged'. The set phrase «помешан в уме» ('disturbed in mind') uses «в уме» as the prepositional of respect — mad in which faculty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально… смотря","title":"Gerund «смотря» — 'looking'","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund of «смотреть» ('looking, gazing'), describing the manner attending «произнёс» ('he uttered'). The adverbs «пристально» ('intently') and «торжественно» ('solemnly') modify this gaze, lending his denial an unsettling gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помешан","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помешан","gloss":"haven't"},{"surface":"помешан","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gone mad"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помешан","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of как-то)","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"somehow","note":"'Как' and the following 'то' together form the single adverb 'как-то' ('somehow'), split by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of как-то)","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying произнес","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b3-c5-s196","source":"— Небось я тебя посылаю к отцу и знаю, что говорю: я чуду верю.","translation":"\"Never fear — I'm sending you to Father and I know what I'm saying: I believe in a miracle.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Небось","title":"«небось» — 'never fear, I daresay'","body":"«небось» is a folk particle, originally «не бойся» ('don't be afraid'), now meaning 'I daresay, surely, never fear'. It opens Mitya's reassurance with a colloquial, almost peasant confidence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я чуду верю","title":"«верить» + dative — to believe IN","body":"«верить» takes the dative of what one trusts in: «чуду» is the dative of «чудо» ('miracle'), so «чуду верю» means 'I believe in a miracle'. Note the marked word order, object before verb, throwing weight onto «чуду»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посылаю","gloss":"No doubt","note":"Colloquial particle meaning roughly 'surely, no doubt, never fear.'"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посылаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посылаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"посылаю","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am sending"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылаю","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посылаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"I'm saying"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чуду","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верю","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорю","gloss":"believe in"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b3-c5-s197","source":"— Чуду?","translation":"\"In a miracle?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чуду?","title":"Dative echo as a question","body":"Alyosha echoes back just the dative «Чуду?» ('in a miracle?'), the case Mitya's «верить» demanded. A single inflected word, lifted out and re-intoned, carries the whole incredulous question — a compression Russian's case system makes possible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чуду","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"In a miracle"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b3-c5-s198","source":"— Чуду промысла божьего.","translation":"\"In a miracle of God's providence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чуду промысла божьего","title":"Stacked genitive of 'of'","body":"«промысла божьего» is genitive ('of [God's] providence') modifying the dative «чуду» — 'in a miracle of divine providence'. «божьего» is the possessive adjective from «Бог», agreeing with «промысла» in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чуду","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of an implied верю","gloss":"In a miracle"},{"surface":"промысла","lemma":"промысл","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Чуду","gloss":"of providence"},{"surface":"божьего","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies промысла","gloss":"God's"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b3-c5-s199","source":"Богу известно мое сердце, он видит всё мое отчаяние.","translation":"God knows my heart, He sees the whole of my despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Богу известно мое сердце","title":"Dative experiencer with «известно»","body":"«Богу известно» is an impersonal predicate: the dative «Богу» ('to God') is the one to whom something is known, and «известно» ('it is known') is the invariable short-form predicate. The thing known, «моё сердце», stands as the grammatical subject in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"To God"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with известно","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаяние","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаяние","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b3-c5-s200","source":"Он всю эту картину видит.","translation":"He sees this entire picture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю эту картину","title":"Accusative object «всю эту картину»","body":"«всю эту картину» is the feminine accusative direct object of «видит» — determiner «всю» ('the whole'), demonstrative «эту» ('this'), and noun «картину» all agree in the accusative singular. The fronting of the object before the verb gives the line a hammering, insistent rhythm across this and the next sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of картину","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of картину","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"картину","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b3-c5-s201","source":"Неужели он попустит совершиться ужасу?","translation":"Can He really allow the horror to come to pass?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Неужели","title":"«неужели» — incredulous 'can it really be?'","body":"«неужели» opens a rhetorical question charged with disbelief or dread — 'surely not?', 'can it really be that…?'. It is one of the great Dostoevskian particles of agonised doubt, here directed at God Himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"попустит совершиться ужасу","title":"Dative subject of the infinitive","body":"«попустит совершиться ужасу» means 'will allow the horror to come to pass': «попустит» (perfective future) governs the infinitive «совершиться», whose logical subject «ужасу» stands in the dative. This dative-with-infinitive after verbs of permitting is a fine point of high style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"попустит","title":"«попустить» — to permit (suffer to happen)","body":"«попустить» is a bookish, often religious verb for 'to allow, suffer (something evil) to happen' — distinct from neutral «позволить». It carries the theological idea of God permitting evil, sharpening Mitya's near-blasphemous plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попустит","gloss":"Can it really be that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попустит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"попустит","lemma":"попустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will allow"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попустит","gloss":"to come to pass"},{"surface":"ужасу","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of совершиться","gloss":"the horror"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b3-c5-s202","source":"Алеша, я чуду верю, иди!","translation":"Alyosha, I believe in a miracle — go!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иди!","title":"Imperative «иди!»","body":"«иди!» is the imperative of the unidirectional motion verb «идти» ('go!'), commanding a single setting-out. Its bare, exclamatory force closes Mitya's appeal — half command, half prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чуду","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верю","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe in"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верю","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b3-c5-s203","source":"— Я пойду. Скажи, ты здесь будешь ждать?","translation":"\"I'll go. Tell me, will you wait here?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты здесь будешь ждать?","title":"Compound (imperfective) future","body":"«будешь ждать» is the analytic imperfective future — conjugated «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive «ждать» — naming an ongoing, durative future state ('will you be waiting'). The imperfective fits 'waiting', an open-ended process, where a perfective would force a completed end-point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"Tell me"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb, forms future with будешь","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b3-c5-s204","source":"— Буду, понимаю, что нескоро, что нельзя этак прийти и прямо бух!","translation":"\"I will — I understand it won't be quick, that you can't just walk in and blurt it straight out!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что нельзя этак прийти","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«нельзя… прийти» is an impersonal modal construction: the invariable «нельзя» ('one cannot, it is impossible') plus the perfective infinitive «прийти» — 'one can't just walk in'. No nominative subject appears; the prohibition stands impersonally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этак… прямо бух!","title":"«этак» and «бух!» — colloquial dash","body":"«этак» is a folksy variant of «так» ('like that, in this fashion'), and «бух!» is an onomatopoeic interjection for a sudden thud or blurt — 'and straight out with it, plonk!'. Together they give Mitya's speech its blunt, gestural energy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"elliptical main verb, answers 'will you wait?' (=буду ждать)","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нескоро","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нескоро","lemma":"нескорый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"it won't be soon"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"you can't"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"just like that"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"walk in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бух","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"бух","lemma":"бух","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with прийти","gloss":"blurt it out","note":"Onomatopoeic interjection ('bang!') used here for blurting something out abruptly."}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b3-c5-s205","source":"Он теперь пьян.","translation":"He's drunk now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он теперь пьян","title":"Short adjective «пьян»","body":"«пьян» is the short (predicative) form of «пьяный» ('drunk'), used here as a predicate of temporary state: 'he is drunk (right now)'. The short form, paired with «теперь» ('now'), stresses the momentary condition rather than a permanent trait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b3-c5-s206","source":"Буду ждать и три часа, и четыре, и пять, и шесть, и семь, но только знай, что сегодня, хотя бы даже в полночь, ты явишься к Катерине Ивановне, с деньгами или без денег, и скажешь: «Велел вам кланяться».","translation":"I'll wait three hours, and four, and five, and six, and seven — but only know this: that today, even if it's at midnight, you'll present yourself to Katerina Ivanovna, with money or without, and you'll say: 'He told me to give you his regards.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и три часа, и четыре, и пять…","title":"Numerals governing «час»","body":"After «три» and «четыре» the noun takes the genitive singular «часа»; from «пять» up it would be the genitive plural «часов». The hammering list «и три, и четыре, и пять…» (each «и» = 'even') dramatises Mitya's vow to wait however long it takes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы даже в полночь","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with «бы»","body":"«хотя бы» ('even if, if only') is a concessive built on the irrealis particle «бы», here intensified by «даже» — 'even if it should be at midnight'. The phrase concedes the most extreme case to bind the promise more tightly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты явишься… и скажешь","title":"Perfective futures as an injunction","body":"«явишься» and «скажешь» are perfective futures ('you will present yourself… and you will say') used with imperative force — a solemn 'you shall'. Russian often issues binding instructions through the future indicative rather than the imperative for extra gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать","gloss":"I'll"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination (и...и... 'both...and')","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждать","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with часа","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with часа","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with часа","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with часа","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знай","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждать","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явишься","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive хотя бы даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полночь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полночь","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явишься (time)","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of явишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"явишься","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"will present yourself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явишься","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of явишься","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньгами","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждать","gloss":"you'll say"},{"surface":"Велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"begins the quoted clause","gloss":"He told me"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кланяться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Велел","gloss":"to give his regards"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b3-c5-s207","source":"Я именно хочу, чтобы ты этот стих сказал: «Велел, дескать, кланяться».","translation":"I want you to say exactly that line: 'He told me, as it were, to give you his regards.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочу, чтобы ты… сказал","title":"«чтобы» + past for indirect command","body":"Again a verb of wishing governs «чтобы» plus a past-form verb («сказал») when the subjects differ — 'I want you to say'. The «чтобы»-clause with the irrealis past is the standard Russian frame for an indirect command or wished-for act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этот стих","title":"«стих» as 'line, verse'","body":"«стих» normally means a verse or line of poetry; calling the little message «этот стих» ('this verse/line') half-jokingly elevates the formula «велел кланяться» to something solemn and rehearsed, almost liturgical — typical of Mitya's theatrical self-dramatising."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стих","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"He told me"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle modifying Велел","gloss":"as it were","note":"Reportative/quotative particle marking that the speaker is relaying someone else's words, not quite a verb form."},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of Велел","gloss":"to give his regards"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b3-c5-s208","source":"— Митя! А вдруг Грушенька придет сегодня… не сегодня, так завтра аль послезавтра?","translation":"\"Mitya! But what if Grushenka comes today… not today, then tomorrow, or the day after?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А вдруг","title":"«а вдруг» — 'but what if'","body":"«а вдруг» introduces a sudden anxious hypothesis — 'but what if (suddenly)…'. It is the very voice of nervous contingency, opening Alyosha's worried 'what if Grushenka comes after all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль послезавтра","title":"«аль» — folk 'or'","body":"«аль» is a colloquial, dialectal variant of «или» / «либо» ('or'), at home in peasant speech and folk song. In «завтра аль послезавтра» ('tomorrow or the day after') it colours Alyosha's question with a homely, oral cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/colloquial form of или (\"or\")."},{"surface":"послезавтра","lemma":"послезавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with завтра","gloss":"the day after"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b3-c5-s209","source":"— Грушенька? Подсмотрю, ворвусь и помешаю..","translation":"\"Grushenka? I'll spy her out, burst in, and stop it..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подсмотрю, ворвусь и помешаю","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"Three perfective futures fire off in sequence — «подсмотрю» ('I'll spy out'), «ворвусь» ('I'll burst in'), «помешаю» ('I'll prevent it') — each a single completed act. The asyndetic rush of perfectives stages Mitya's plan as a burst of decisive, violent motions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Подсмотрю","lemma":"подсмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll spy her out"},{"surface":"ворвусь","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подсмотрю","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помешаю","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвусь","gloss":"stop it"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b3-c5-s210","source":"— А если…","translation":"\"And if…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если…","title":"The contrastive «а» plus a broken-off «если»","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive conjunction ('and yet, but'), here launching a question Alyosha cannot finish — «А если…» ('And if…'). The dangling «если» ('if') leaves the dreadful condition unspoken, a hesitation the next line will brutally complete."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on А","gloss":"if"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b3-c5-s211","source":"— А коль если, так убью. Так не переживу.","translation":"\"And if there's an 'if,' then I'll kill. I couldn't live through that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коль если, так убью","title":"Folk conditional «коль… так…»","body":"Mitya catches up Alyosha's «если» and answers with the colloquial conditional frame «коль (если)… так…» ('if there's an \"if\", then…'). «коль» is the folksy 'if' and the resumptive «так» ('then') heads the apodosis; «убью» is the bare perfective future, 'I'll kill'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не переживу","title":"«переживу» — negated perfective future","body":"«не переживу» is the perfective future of «пережить» under negation — 'I won't survive it, I couldn't live through it'. The perfective rules out the whole act of surviving, framing his own destruction as the certain sequel."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убью, paired with если","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/dialectal conjunction meaning \"if\", doubled here with если for emphasis."},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"coordinated with коль","gloss":"there's an 'if'"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убью","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переживу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переживу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переживу","lemma":"пережить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live through that"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b3-c5-s212","source":"— Кого убьешь?","translation":"\"Kill whom?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кого убьёшь?","title":"Animate accusative «кого»","body":"«кого» is the accusative/genitive form of the interrogative «кто», used because the question asks about a person (animate) — 'whom will you kill?'. «убьёшь» is the perfective future of «убить» ('you will kill')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убьешь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"убьешь","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b3-c5-s213","source":"— Старика. Ее не убью.","translation":"\"The old man. Her I won't kill.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старика. Ее не убью.","title":"Animate accusative and fronted object","body":"«Старика» is the animate accusative (= genitive form) of «старик», the bare answer 'the old man'. In «Её не убью» the object «её» ('her') is fronted before the negated verb for sharp contrast — 'HER I will not kill', setting Grushenka against the father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"Her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убью","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I won't kill"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b3-c5-s214","source":"— Брат, что ты говоришь!","translation":"\"Brother, what are you saying!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are saying"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b3-c5-s215","source":"— Я ведь не знаю, не знаю… Может быть, не убью, а может, убью.","translation":"\"I don't know, I really don't… Maybe I won't kill him, and maybe I will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь не знаю","title":"The particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge and softens the admission — 'you see, after all, I don't know'. It carries no lexical content; it tints the confession with helpless candour, a quintessentially Dostoevskian use of the modal particle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убью, а может, убью","title":"Contrastive «а» weighing both outcomes","body":"«не убью, а может, убью» pivots on the contrastive «а» ('and yet') to set the two possibilities against each other — 'maybe I won't, but maybe I will'. The repeated perfective future «убью» holds the murder suspended as an open, equally weighted choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies убью","gloss":"Maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убью","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies убью","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убью","gloss":"I will"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b3-c5-s216","source":"Боюсь, что ненавистен он вдруг мне станет своим лицом в ту самую минуту.","translation":"I'm afraid that at that very minute his face will suddenly become hateful to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ненавистен он… станет","title":"Short adjective predicate with «стать»","body":"«ненавистен» is the short masculine form of «ненавистный» ('hateful'), serving as the predicate complement of «станет» ('will become') — 'he will become hateful to me'. The short adjective as predicate after «стать» is the bookish, charged norm here; «мне» is the dative of the person to whom he grows hateful."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим лицом","title":"Reflexive «свой» + instrumental of cause","body":"«своим лицом» — 'by his (own) face' — uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing the face back to its owner (the father), in the instrumental of means/cause. The instrumental answers 'hateful by what?' — it is his very face that will provoke the loathing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ненавистен","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of станет","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of станет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Боюсь","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of станет","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станет","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b3-c5-s217","source":"Ненавижу я его кадык, его нос, его глаза, его бесстыжую насмешку.","translation":"I hate his Adam's apple, his nose, his eyes, his shameless sneer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его кадык, его нос, его глаза","title":"Accusative objects in anaphoric list","body":"«Ненавижу» ('I hate') governs a string of accusative objects, each preceded by the invariable possessive «его» ('his'). The drumbeat repetition of «его… его… его…» — itemising the father's body part by part — turns abstract hatred into visceral, physical disgust."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кадык… бесстыжую насмешку","title":"«кадык» and «бесстыжий» — vivid contempt","body":"«кадык» is the Adam's apple — a deliberately ugly, bodily detail; «бесстыжая насмешка» is a 'shameless sneer', «бесстыжий» being a coarse, expressive adjective for brazen shamelessness. The lexis itself drips with Mitya's revulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hate"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кадык","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кадык","lemma":"кадык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Ненавижу","gloss":"Adam's apple"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of нос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кадык","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with кадык","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of насмешку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бесстыжую","lemma":"бесстыжий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies насмешку","gloss":"shameless"},{"surface":"насмешку","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кадык","gloss":"sneer"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b3-c5-s218","source":"Личное омерзение чувствую.","translation":"I feel a personal loathing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Личное омерзение чувствую","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object phrase «личное омерзение» ('personal loathing') stands before the verb «чувствую» ('I feel'), the topic–comment ordering that throws the new, stressed information — the loathing — to the front. The dropped subject «я» is recoverable from the verb ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"омерзение","title":"«омерзение» — physical loathing","body":"«омерзение» is visceral disgust or loathing, stronger and more bodily than «отвращение». 'Personal loathing' («личное омерзение») names exactly the gut-level, face-to-face revulsion Mitya dreads will overpower him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Личное","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies омерзение","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"омерзение","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"loathing"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I feel"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b3-c5-s219","source":"Вот этого боюсь.","translation":"That's what I'm afraid of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот этого боюсь","title":"Genitive after «бояться»","body":"«бояться» ('to fear') is a reflexive «-ся» verb that governs the genitive of what is feared: «этого» is the genitive of «это» — 'it is THIS that I fear'. The deictic «вот» plus fronted «этого» drives the focus onto the dreaded thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"That's"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid of"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b3-c5-s220","source":"Вот и не удержусь…","translation":"That I won't be able to hold myself back…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удержусь","title":"Reflexive «удержаться» — to restrain oneself","body":"«не удержусь» is the perfective future of the reflexive «удержаться» ('to hold oneself back, restrain oneself') — 'I won't be able to restrain myself'. The «-ся» turns the action inward onto the agent, and the perfective future names the feared, decisive failure of self-control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержусь","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержусь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удержусь","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll hold myself back"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b3-c5-s221","source":"— Я пойду, Митя. Я верю, что бог устроит, как знает лучше, чтобы не было ужаса.","translation":"\"I'll go, Mitya. I believe that God will arrange it as He knows best, so that no horror comes to pass.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог устроит, как знает лучше","title":"Perfective future + comparative «лучше»","body":"«устроит» is the perfective future ('will arrange') of «устроить»; «как знает лучше» ('as He knows best') uses the suppletive comparative «лучше» (from «хороший»). Alyosha's faith is voiced as a confident completed act of divine ordering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не было ужаса","title":"«чтобы не было» + genitive of negation","body":"The purpose clause «чтобы не было ужаса» ('so that no horror might be') joins «чтобы» with the past-form «было»; under the negated existential «не было», the subject «ужаса» stands in the genitive of negation. 'So that there be no horror' — a textbook нет/не было construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I'll"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of устроит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of устроит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"устроит","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of верю","gloss":"will arrange it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on устроит","gloss":"He knows"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on устроит","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"horror"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b3-c5-s222","source":"— А я буду сидеть и чуда ждать. Но если не свершится, то…","translation":"\"And I'll sit and wait for the miracle. But if it doesn't come to pass, then…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду сидеть и чуда ждать","title":"Compound future + genitive object of «ждать»","body":"«буду сидеть… ждать» is the imperfective compound future (durative 'I'll be sitting and waiting'). «ждать» here governs the genitive «чуда» ('to wait FOR a miracle'), the case it takes with abstract or uncertain objects — fittingly, an awaited miracle is the very type of the unsure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не свершится, то…","title":"Conditional with a suppressed apodosis","body":"«если не свершится, то…» ('but if it doesn't come to pass, then…') sets up a full conditional — «если» protasis, resumptive «то» heading the apodosis — but breaks off before the consequence. «свершится» is the perfective future of the bookish «свершиться» ('to be accomplished'); the unspoken 'then…' hangs with menace."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидеть","gloss":"I'll"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сидеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуда","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"the miracle"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of сидеть","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свершится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свершится","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"свершится","lemma":"свершиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on то","gloss":"come to pass"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b3-c5-s223","source":"Алеша, задумчивый, направился к отцу.","translation":"Alyosha, deep in thought, set off toward his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился к отцу","title":"Prefixed reflexive motion + «к» + dative","body":"«направился» is the perfective past of the reflexive «направиться» ('to set off, head toward'); «к отцу» uses «к» plus the dative «отцу» to mark the goal of motion ('toward his father'). Together they fix the single, completed setting-out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задумчивый","title":"«задумчивый» — lost in thought","body":"«задумчивый» ('pensive, lost in thought') is set off by commas as a depictive of Alyosha's state as he leaves. The single adjective quietly carries the weight of all he has just heard — his brother's threat to commit parricide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"задумчивый","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"deep in thought"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"his father"}]}]}