{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Смердяков","translated":"Smerdyakov"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c6","lines":129},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c6-s1","source":"Он и вправду застал еще отца за столом.","translation":"He did indeed still find his father at the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"застал","title":"Perfective «застать»: to catch in a state","body":"«застал» is the perfective past of «застать» — to find someone in a particular situation, to catch them at it. The perfective frames it as a single completed discovery: Alyosha arrived and, sure enough, caught his father still at table. The English \"did find\" mirrors the emphatic «и вправду»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"застал еще отца за столом","title":"«за» + instrumental: at an activity","body":"«за столом» (\"at the table\") uses «за» with the instrumental to express being engaged at something — за столом, за работой, за обедом. The instrumental marks the location/activity one is occupied with, distinct from «за» + accusative for motion behind something."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вправду","title":"«вправду» — indeed, truly","body":"An emphatic adverb, \"truly, for real,\" fused from «в правду». «И вправду» = \"sure enough, indeed,\" confirming an expectation. Warmer and more colloquial than «действительно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вправду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"did indeed"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застал","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c6-s2","source":"Стол же был, по всегдашнему обыкновению, накрыт в зале, хотя в доме находилась и настоящая столовая.","translation":"The table was laid, by long-standing custom, in the drawing room, even though the house had a proper dining room as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стол же был","title":"The particle «же» resuming the topic","body":"Here «же» is not contrastive but resumptive-emphatic: it picks the table back up as the topic just named and adds a slightly explanatory weight, \"now the table was…\" It is one of Dostoevsky's favourite connective particles, threading narration along."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"накрыт","title":"Short passive participle «накрыт»","body":"«накрыт» is the short-form past passive participle of «накрыть» (to lay/set a table), here joined to «был» to state a result: \"the table was laid.\" The short form predicates and inflects only for gender/number (накрыт, накрыта, накрыто)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по всегдашнему обыкновению","title":"«по всегдашнему обыкновению» — by long-standing custom","body":"A bookish set phrase, \"according to the ever-present habit.\" «всегдашний» (\"perpetual, habitual\") is a slightly archaic adjective from «всегда», and «обыкновение» is the elevated word for custom. The whole has a period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя в доме находилась и настоящая столовая","title":"Concessive «хотя» and the particle «и»","body":"«хотя» (\"although\") opens a concessive subordinate clause set off by a comma. The «и» before «настоящая столовая» is the emphatic/additive particle \"even\" — \"even though the house did have a real dining room.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive накрыт","gloss":"The table"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Стол","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of накрыт","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыкновению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всегдашнему","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обыкновению","gloss":"long-standing"},{"surface":"обыкновению","lemma":"обыкновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрыт","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"накрыт","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрыт","gloss":"the drawing room"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находилась","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находилась","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"находилась","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on накрыт","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоящая","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies столовая","gloss":"a proper"},{"surface":"столовая","lemma":"столовая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of находилась","gloss":"dining room"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c6-s3","source":"Эта зала была самая большая в доме комната, с какою-то старинною претензией меблированная.","translation":"This drawing room was the largest room in the house, furnished with a certain old-fashioned pretension.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самая большая в доме комната","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«самая большая» is the ordinary periphrastic superlative: «самый» agrees with the adjective and noun in gender, number, and case (самая большая комната). Note the interlocking word order — «в доме» (\"in the house\") is tucked inside the superlative phrase, a literary squeeze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то старинною претензией","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«какою-то старинною» shows the old, bookish feminine instrumental ending «-ою/-ею» (modern «-ой/-ей»): «с претензией … старинною». Dostoevsky uses these full forms freely for their literary weight; read them as ordinary feminine instrumentals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меблированная","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«меблированная» (\"furnished\") is a long-form past passive participle from «меблировать», placed after its noun and trailing its own phrase «с какою-то старинною претензией». It condenses a whole который-clause (\"which was furnished with…\") into one inflected word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"претензия","title":"«претензия» — pretension, affected claim","body":"Here not \"a complaint\" but \"pretension, pretentiousness\": the room is furnished with «старинною претензией», an old-fashioned reaching after grandeur. A faintly ironic word in the narrator's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зала","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of большая","gloss":"drawing room"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to большая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies большая","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комната","gloss":"largest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies большая","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of претензией","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"combines with какою (какой-то)","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"старинною","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies претензией","gloss":"old-fashioned"},{"surface":"претензией","lemma":"претензия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of меблированная","gloss":"pretension"},{"surface":"меблированная","lemma":"меблированный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying зала","gloss":"furnished"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c6-s4","source":"Мебель была древнейшая, белая, с красною ветхою полушелковою обивкой.","translation":"The furniture was extremely ancient, white, upholstered in a worn, reddish, half-silk fabric.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"древнейшая","title":"Bookish superlative suffix «-ейш-»","body":"«древнейшая» is the synthetic superlative/elative of «древний» (ancient), formed with «-ейш-» plus adjective endings: \"most ancient\" or simply \"extremely ancient.\" This suffixed superlative is markedly literary beside the everyday «самый древний»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с красною ветхою полушелковою обивкой","title":"A chain of instrumental modifiers","body":"Three adjectives all agree with «обивкой» in feminine instrumental: «красною ветхою полушелковою» again show the old «-ою» ending. «С» + instrumental here means \"with, having\" — the furniture \"with a … upholstery.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ветхою … полушелковою обивкой","title":"«ветхий» and «полушелковый»","body":"«ветхий» = decrepit, worn-out with age (the same word as in «Ветхий Завет», the Old Testament). «полушелковый» = \"half-silk,\" a cheaper silk-cotton blend — a precise, deflating detail about Fyodor Pavlovitch's shabby-genteel furnishings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мебель","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of древнейшая","gloss":"The furniture"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to древнейшая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"древнейшая","lemma":"древнейший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"extremely ancient"},{"surface":"белая","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with древнейшая","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обивкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"красною","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обивкой","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"ветхою","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обивкой","gloss":"worn"},{"surface":"полушелковою","lemma":"полушелковый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обивкой","gloss":"half-silk"},{"surface":"обивкой","lemma":"обивка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"fabric"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c6-s5","source":"В простенках между окон вставлены были зеркала в вычурных рамах старинной резьбы, тоже белых с золотом.","translation":"In the wall spaces between the windows hung mirrors in elaborate frames of old-fashioned carving, likewise white with gilding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вставлены были зеркала","title":"Passive participle + inverted word order","body":"«вставлены были» is a short past passive participle («вставлены», plural) with «были» — \"mirrors had been set in.\" The participle stands first for rhetorical weight, and the subject «зеркала» comes after the verb, a literary inversion typical of descriptive passages."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"между окон","title":"«между» + genitive plural","body":"«между окон» uses «между» with the genitive plural «окон» (from «окно»), an older government meaning \"between the windows\"; modern usage prefers «между окнами» (instrumental). The genitive here is slightly archaic and bookish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в простенках","title":"«простенок» — pier, wall between windows","body":"«простенок» is the narrow stretch of wall between two windows or openings (from «про-» + «стена»). A precise architectural term; we render it \"the wall spaces between the windows.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в вычурных рамах старинной резьбы","title":"«вычурный» and «резьба»","body":"«вычурный» = over-elaborate, fancy, ornate (often with a hint of bad taste). «резьба» = carving (here of the frames). «старинной резьбы» is a genitive of quality: \"frames of old-fashioned carving.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простенках","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"простенках","lemma":"простенок","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставлены","gloss":"the wall spaces"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окон","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"окон","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies простенках","gloss":"the windows"},{"surface":"вставлены","lemma":"вставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вставлены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"зеркала","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive вставлены","gloss":"mirrors"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рамах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вычурных","lemma":"вычурный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies рамах","gloss":"elaborate"},{"surface":"рамах","lemma":"рама","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставлены","gloss":"frames"},{"surface":"старинной","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies резьбы","gloss":"old-fashioned"},{"surface":"резьбы","lemma":"резьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рамах","gloss":"carving"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies белых","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"белых","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies рамах","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking золотом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"золотом","lemma":"золото","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of белых","gloss":"gilding"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c6-s6","source":"На стенах, обитых белыми бумажными и во многих местах уже треснувшими обоями, красовались два большие портрета — одного какого-то князя, лет тридцать назад бывшего генерал-губернатором местного края, и какого-то архиерея, давно уже тоже почившего.","translation":"On the walls, papered in white paper already cracked in many places, two large portraits were displayed in places of honor — one of some prince who had been governor-general of the local region thirty years before, and one of some bishop, long since dead as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обитых … треснувшими обоями","title":"Layered participles on «стены»","body":"Two participles modify the walls: «обитых» (past passive, \"covered/papered\") and «треснувшими» (past active of «треснуть», \"having cracked\"), each agreeing with its noun. Stacking a passive and an active participle in one phrase is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's dense descriptive syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшего генерал-губернатором","title":"Past active participle + predicate instrumental","body":"«бывшего» is the past active participle of «быть» (\"who had been\"), agreeing with «князя» in masculine genitive. Its predicate complement «генерал-губернатором» stands in the instrumental — the standard case for what one \"was\" in the past with «быть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одного какого-то князя … какого-то архиерея","title":"Dismissive «какой-то» twice over","body":"«какой-то» (\"some… or other\") marks a specific but unidentified, and here faintly dismissive, referent — \"some prince,\" \"some bishop.\" Repeated, it lends the narrator's catalogue of forgotten dignitaries an ironic, throwaway tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"красовались","title":"«красоваться» — to be displayed in splendour","body":"«красовались» (imperfective «красоваться», from «красивый») means to show oneself off, to be conspicuously on display. Of the two grand portraits it carries a touch of irony — they \"flaunted themselves\" on the cracked wallpaper."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of красовались","gloss":"the walls"},{"surface":"обитых","lemma":"обить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стенах","gloss":"papered"},{"surface":"белыми","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies обоями","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"бумажными","lemma":"бумажный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies обоями","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking местах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"modifies местах","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"местах","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of треснувшими","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies треснувшими","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"треснувшими","lemma":"треснувший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, plural, perfective","role":"modifies обоями","gloss":"cracked"},{"surface":"обоями","lemma":"обои","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обитых","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"красовались","lemma":"красоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were displayed"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on портрета","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies портрета","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"портрета","lemma":"портрет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of красовались","gloss":"portraits"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies князя","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of князя","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of князя","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"князя","lemma":"князь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to портрета","gloss":"prince"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies бывшего","gloss":"years","note":"\"лет тридцать назад\" is an idiom for approximation, literally \"years thirty ago\" = \"some thirty years ago\"."},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывшего","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies князя","gloss":"who had been"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал-губернатор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of генерал-губернатором, complement of бывшего","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"губернатором","lemma":"губернатор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of бывшего","gloss":"governor"},{"surface":"местного","lemma":"местный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies края","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"края","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies губернатором","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of архиерея","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of архиерея","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"архиерея","lemma":"архиерей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to портрета, coordinated with князя","gloss":"bishop"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почившего","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почившего","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почившего","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"почившего","lemma":"почивший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying архиерея","gloss":"dead"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c6-s7","source":"В переднем углу помещалось несколько икон, пред которыми на ночь зажигалась лампадка… не столько из благоговения, сколько для того, чтобы комната на ночь была освещена.","translation":"In the corner of honor stood several icons, before which a small oil lamp was lit at night… not so much out of reverence as so that the room would have some light through the night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зажигалась лампадка","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as passive","body":"«зажигалась» (imperfective «зажигаться») uses the reflexive «-ся» to form a passive/impersonal: the lamp \"was lit\" (got lit) each night, by no named agent. The imperfective marks it as a recurring nightly habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столько из благоговения, сколько для того, чтобы","title":"«не столько… сколько» — not so much as","body":"A correlative construction: «не столько X, сколько Y» = \"not so much X as Y.\" It pairs with «для того, чтобы» (\"in order that\"), whose «чтобы» triggers the irrealis past «была освещена». The whole frames the narrator's deflating point about motive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лампадка","title":"«лампадка» — the icon-lamp","body":"A «лампадка» (diminutive of «лампада») is the small oil lamp hung or set before icons in the corner of honor. The «-ка» suffix is both descriptive (it is small) and affectionate-domestic."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"переднем","lemma":"передний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"the corner of honor's"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещалось","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"помещалось","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on икон","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"икон","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of помещалось","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которыми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of зажигалась","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зажигалась","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"зажигалась","lemma":"зажигаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on икон","gloss":"was lit"},{"surface":"лампадка","lemma":"лампадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зажигалась","gloss":"a small oil lamp"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зажигалась","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благоговения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"благоговения","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of столько","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with столько","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial clause on столько","gloss":"the sake"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of освещена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive освещена","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"through the"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of освещена","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of освещена","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"освещена","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"lit"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c6-s8","source":"Федор Павлович ложился по ночам очень поздно, часа в три, в четыре утра, а до тех пор всё, бывало, ходит по комнате или сидит в креслах и думает.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch went to bed very late at night, around three or four in the morning, and until then he would keep walking about the room or sit in his armchair and think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывало","title":"«бывало» for habitual past","body":"The little word «бывало» (literally \"it used to happen\") is dropped into a sentence to mark a repeated or customary action in the past, like English \"would\" or \"used to.\" Here «всё, бывало, ходит» means \"he would keep pacing.\" Note the present-tense verb «ходит» after «бывало» — the present form vividly stands in for repeated past action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходит по комнате","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» for pacing","body":"«ходить» (not «идти») is the multidirectional motion verb — going this way and that, to and fro — exactly right for aimless pacing «по комнате» (\"about the room,\" «по» + dative). Choosing «ходит» over «идёт» is what makes the picture one of restless wandering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"часа в три, в четыре утра","title":"«часа в три» — approximate time by inversion","body":"Putting «в» after the noun («часа в три» instead of «в три часа») signals approximation: \"around three o'clock.\" This number-after-preposition inversion is the standard colloquial way to say \"about / roughly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ложился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"ложился","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went to bed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ночам","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ложился","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложился","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ложился","gloss":"around","note":"\"часа в три\" is an approximation idiom, literally \"of the hour at three\" = \"around three\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking три","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четыре","gloss":"or at"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on утра","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of четыре","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до тех пор","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies ходит (subject он is elided)","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ходит","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ложился","gloss":"keep walking"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"креслах","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"his armchair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c6-s9","source":"Такую привычку сделал.","translation":"He had made it a habit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такую привычку сделал.","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «такую привычку» (accusative, \"such a habit\") stands before the verb «сделал», and the subject is dropped entirely. Fronting the object throws the weight onto \"such a habit,\" and the clipped, subjectless sentence reads as the narrator's folksy aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of привычку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"привычку","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a habit"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He had made"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c6-s10","source":"Ночевал он нередко совсем один в доме, отсылая слуг во флигель, но большею частью с ним оставался по ночам слуга Смердяков, спавший в передней на залавке.","translation":"He often spent the night entirely alone in the house, sending the servants off to the lodge, but for the most part the servant Smerdyakov stayed with him through the night, sleeping in the front hall on a bench-chest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отсылая слуг во флигель","title":"Imperfective gerund «отсылая»","body":"«отсылая» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «отсылать» — \"sending [the servants] away,\" an attendant action simultaneous with «ночевал». «Слуг» is animate accusative = genitive plural form. The gerund must share the main subject (Fyodor Pavlovitch)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спавший в передней на залавке","title":"Past active participle «спавший»","body":"«спавший» (past active participle of «спать») modifies Smerdyakov: \"[who was] sleeping in the front hall.\" Built on an imperfective stem, it gives an ongoing past sense, neatly replacing a который-clause and closing the sentence on the sleeping servant."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"флигель","title":"«флигель» — outbuilding, wing","body":"A «флигель» (from German Flügel) is a detached annex or service wing on a country estate, where servants or dependants were lodged. Sending the servants «во флигель» means packing them off to these separate quarters for the night."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на залавке","title":"«залавок» — a bench-chest","body":"A «залавок» is a long wooden bench with a hinged lid and storage box underneath, set in the entrance hall — a poor man's sleeping place. The detail fixes Smerdyakov's lowly station: he sleeps «в передней» (the front hall) on a chest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ночевал","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent the night"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ночевал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нередко","lemma":"нередко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ночевал","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ночевал","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"отсылая","lemma":"отсылать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Ночевал","gloss":"sending off"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отсылая","gloss":"the servants"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигель","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отсылая","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"большею","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies частью","gloss":"for the most"},{"surface":"частью","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ночевал","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ночам","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"спавший","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying слуга","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"передней","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спавший","gloss":"the front hall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"залавке","lemma":"залавок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спавший","gloss":"a bench-chest"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c6-s11","source":"Когда вошел Алеша, весь обед был уже покончен, но подано было варенье и кофе.","translation":"When Alyosha came in, the whole dinner was already over, but preserves and coffee had been served.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь обед был уже покончен","title":"Short passive participle «покончен»","body":"«покончен» is the short past passive participle of «покончить» (to finish off, be done with), with «был» giving a completed result: \"the whole dinner was already over.\" The perfective stem underlines that it is fully finished."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подано было варенье и кофе","title":"Impersonal passive «подано было»","body":"«подано было» — neuter singular short passive participle of «подать» with «было» — is an agentless serving: \"preserves and coffee had been served.\" The neuter participle stays singular even before a compound subject, and the inversion (participle first) is literary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on покончен","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обед","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive покончен","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of покончен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"покончен","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подано","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покончен","gloss":"had been served"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"варенье","lemma":"варенье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive подано","gloss":"preserves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with варенье","gloss":"coffee"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c6-s12","source":"Федор Павлович любил после обеда сладости с коньячком.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch was fond of sweets with a little brandy after dinner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коньячком","title":"Affectionate diminutive «коньячок»","body":"«коньячком» is the instrumental of «коньячок», a cozy diminutive of «коньяк» (brandy/cognac). The «-ок» suffix conveys not size but indulgent fondness — \"a nice little brandy,\" perfectly fitting Fyodor Pavlovitch's self-pampering habits. «С коньячком» = \"with a drop of brandy.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"сладости","lemma":"сладость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коньячком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"коньячком","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сладости","gloss":"a little brandy"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c6-s13","source":"Иван Федорович находился тут же за столом и тоже кушал кофе.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovitch was sitting right there at the table, also drinking coffee.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кушал кофе","title":"«кушать» — to eat/take, a genteel verb","body":"«кушать» is a politer, softer verb than «есть/пить», used invitingly or of others' eating; here «кушал кофе» (\"was taking coffee\") sounds slightly mannered and old-fashioned. Note that «кофе» is masculine and indeclinable, a foreign loanword."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"находился тут же за столом","title":"«тут же» — right there","body":"«тут же» pairs the locative «тут» (here) with emphatic «же»: \"right here, right there.\" «Находился» (imperfective «находиться», reflexive) is the neutral verb for being situated/located. Together: \"was sitting right there at the table.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находился","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кушал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"кушал","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with находился","gloss":"was drinking"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кушал","gloss":"coffee"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c6-s14","source":"Слуги Григорий и Смердяков стояли у стола.","translation":"The servants Grigory and Smerdyakov stood by the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояли у стола","title":"«у» + genitive: alongside the table","body":"«у стола» (\"by the table\") uses «у» with the genitive «стола» to mark close proximity — beside, next to. That the servants «стояли» (stood) while the masters sit quietly encodes the household's hierarchy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"the servants"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Слуги","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Григорий","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c6-s15","source":"И господа, и слуги были в видимом и необыкновенно веселом одушевлении.","translation":"Masters and servants alike were in a visible and uncommonly merry animation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И господа, и слуги были","title":"Correlative «и… и…» — both… and…","body":"Repeated «и… и…» means \"both… and…,\" coordinating «господа» and «слуги» as joint subjects: masters and servants alike. The construction levels the two groups for a moment — fitting, since both share the «веселом одушевлении»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в видимом и необыкновенно веселом одушевлении","title":"«в» + prepositional for a state","body":"«в… одушевлении» (\"in animation\") uses «в» with the prepositional to name the state they were in; both adjectives «видимом» and «веселом» agree in neuter prepositional. «Господа» (masters) is an irregular plural of «господин»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одушевлении","title":"«одушевление» — animation, high spirits","body":"A bookish abstract noun in «-ение» (from «одушевить», to animate/enliven, lit. \"to en-soul\"): excited liveliness, elevated mood. The «-ение/-ие» nominalization is a literary register marker."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"masters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одушевлении","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одушевлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"видимом","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одушевлении","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"необыкновенно","lemma":"необыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселом","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"surface":"веселом","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with видимом","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"одушевлении","lemma":"одушевление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"animation"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c6-s16","source":"Федор Павлович громко хохотал и смеялся; Алеша еще из сеней услышал его визгливый, столь знакомый ему прежде смех и тотчас же заключил, по звукам смеха, что отец еще далеко не пьян, а пока лишь всего благодушествует.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch was laughing loudly and roaring with mirth; from the entryway Alyosha already caught his shrill laugh, so familiar to him from before, and at once concluded, from the sound of it, that his father was still far from drunk and only for now in a genial mood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"услышал … и тотчас же заключил","title":"Perfective chain moving the action","body":"Two perfectives, «услышал» (heard) and «заключил» (concluded), each name a single completed step and carry the narrative forward event by event — Alyosha heard, then at once inferred. This is the perfective's storytelling job against the imperfective background of the description before."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь знакомый ему прежде смех","title":"Dative «ему» of the experiencer + archaic «столь»","body":"«знакомый ему» — \"familiar to him\" — takes the dative «ему» for the person to whom it is familiar. «столь» is the bookish equivalent of «так/настолько» (\"so\"), and «прежде» means \"formerly,\" giving the elevated \"so familiar to him from before.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"далеко не пьян, а пока лишь всего благодушествует","title":"«далеко не» and contrastive «а»","body":"«далеко не» = \"far from\" (emphatic negation): far from drunk. The contrastive «а» then pivots to the positive state — \"but only, for now, in a genial mood.\" «Пьян» is a short-form adjective (predicate only), typical of stating a temporary condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодушествует","title":"«благодушествовать» — to be in a placid good humour","body":"A rare, slightly comic bookish verb from «благодушие» (good-naturedness, благо- \"good\" + душа \"soul\"): to bask in mellow contentment. The lofty Church-Slavonic-flavoured compound is wryly applied to a tipsy buffoon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"визгливый … смех","title":"«визгливый» — shrill, squealing","body":"«визгливый» (from «визг», a shriek/squeal) describes a high, grating, squealy laugh. It characterizes Fyodor Pavlovitch's laughter as unpleasant and over-pitched, something Alyosha recognizes instantly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хохотал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хохотал","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"хохотал","lemma":"хохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хохотал","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of услышал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сеней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сеней","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of услышал","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"услышал","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хохотал","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of смех","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"визгливый","lemma":"визгливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смех","gloss":"shrill"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смех","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of знакомый","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"from before"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услышал","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышал","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звукам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"звукам","lemma":"звук","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключил","gloss":"the sound"},{"surface":"смеха","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies звукам","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пьян","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодушествует","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благодушествует","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"благодушествует","lemma":"благодушествовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьян","gloss":"is in a genial mood"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c6-s17","source":"— Вот и он, вот и он! — завопил Федор Павлович, вдруг страшно обрадовавшись Алеше.","translation":"\"There he is, there he is!\" cried Fyodor Pavlovitch, suddenly tremendously delighted at Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг страшно обрадовавшись Алеше","title":"Perfective gerund «обрадовавшись» + dative","body":"«обрадовавшись» is the past (perfective) gerund of «обрадоваться» — \"having suddenly become delighted\" — expressing the circumstance accompanying «завопил». The verb «обрадоваться» governs the dative, hence «Алеше»: delighted at Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил","title":"«завопить» — to start bawling/yelling","body":"«завопил» — perfective of «вопить» with the ingressive prefix «за-» (\"to start doing\") — means he burst out yelling/howling. The prefix «за-» on such verbs marks the sudden onset of the action, vivid for Fyodor Pavlovitch's eruption."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страшно обрадовавшись","title":"«страшно» as an intensifier","body":"Literally \"frightfully,\" «страшно» here is a colloquial intensifier meaning \"terribly, awfully\" — \"awfully delighted.\" Such desemanticized adverbs (страшно, ужасно) are common in Dostoevsky's excitable speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовавшись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовавшись","gloss":"tremendously"},{"surface":"обрадовавшись","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, converb, middle, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрадовавшись","gloss":"at Alyosha"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c6-s18","source":"— Присоединяйся к нам, садись, кофейку — постный ведь, постный, да горячий, да славный!","translation":"\"Join us, sit down, have some coffee — it's a Lenten dish, you know, Lenten, but hot, and splendid!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Присоединяйся к нам, садись","title":"Imperatives «присоединяйся, садись»","body":"Two familiar (ты) imperatives: «присоединяйся» (\"join,\" reflexive «-ся») and «садись» (\"sit down,\" also reflexive). The «-й» forms come from vowel-final stems. The reflexive imperatives are the normal way to say \"join us / take a seat.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кофейку","title":"Partitive diminutive «кофейку»","body":"«кофейку» is a partitive-genitive diminutive of «кофе»: \"some coffee, a little coffee.\" The affectionate «-ку» ending plus partitive sense (\"have some\") is exactly the warm, coaxing register of a host pressing a drink on a guest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"постный ведь, постный","title":"The particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — \"after all, you know, it is Lenten.\" Fyodor Pavlovitch uses it to nudge Alyosha into agreement, half-mockingly. The repetition «постный … постный» is his insistent, teasing rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Присоединяйся","lemma":"присоединяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"join"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Присоединяйся","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Присоединяйся","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"кофейку","lemma":"кофеек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Присоединяйся","gloss":"have some coffee"},{"surface":"постный","lemma":"постный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing кофейку","gloss":"lenten"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постный","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"постный","lemma":"постный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постный","gloss":"Lenten"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"горячий","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постный","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"славный","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постный","gloss":"splendid"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c6-s19","source":"Коньячку не приглашаю, ты постник, а хочешь, хочешь?","translation":"Brandy I won't offer you, you're a faster — but would you like some, would you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коньячку не приглашаю","title":"Partitive genitive object «коньячку»","body":"«коньячку» is again the partitive-diminutive genitive (\"to a little brandy\") fronted before the verb; «не приглашаю» = \"I'm not inviting you [to brandy].\" The object-first order and the diminutive keep the coaxing, jocular tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постник","title":"«постник» — a faster, keeper of the fast","body":"A «постник» is one who observes the fast (from «пост», fast). Calling Alyosha «ты постник» gently mocks the young novice's piety — he is \"a faster\" who must decline the brandy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приглашаю","gloss":"brandy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приглашаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приглашаю","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I won't offer"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of постник","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"постник","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"a faster"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to приглашаю","gloss":"would you like"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочешь","gloss":"would you"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c6-s20","source":"Нет, я лучше тебе ликерцу дам, знатный! — Смердяков, сходи в шкаф, на второй полке направо, вот ключи, живей!","translation":"No, I'd better give you some liqueur, it's a fine one! — Smerdyakov, go to the cabinet, second shelf on the right, here are the keys, be quick!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ликерцу","title":"Coaxing diminutive «ликерцу»","body":"«ликерцу» — partitive-genitive diminutive of «ликёр» (sweet liqueur) — \"a drop of liqueur.\" Yet another caressing «-цу» diminutive in Fyodor Pavlovitch's stream of hospitable enticement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сходи в шкаф … живей","title":"Perfective imperative and comparative «живей»","body":"«сходи» is the perfective imperative of «сходить» (\"go and [fetch], make a quick trip\"), ordering a single completed errand. «живей» is the comparative of «живо» used as an urging — \"quicker! look lively!\" — a brisk command to the servant."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знатный","title":"«знатный» — splendid, first-rate (colloquial)","body":"Properly «знатный» means \"of high birth, noble,\" but colloquially it means \"splendid, top-notch, a real beauty.\" Fyodor Pavlovitch uses it to praise the liqueur — \"a fine one!\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"I'd rather"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ликерцу","lemma":"ликерец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"some liqueur"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"знатный","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"describes ликерцу","gloss":"a fine one"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходи","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"сходи","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкаф","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"шкаф","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходи","gloss":"the cabinet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полке","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"полке","lemma":"полка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходи","gloss":"shelf"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полке","gloss":"on the right"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ключи","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ключи","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of elliptical clause with вот","gloss":"are the keys"},{"surface":"живей","lemma":"живо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"interjection, hurry up","gloss":"quick"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c6-s21","source":"Алеша стал было от ликера отказываться.","translation":"Alyosha began to refuse the liqueur.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал было … отказываться","title":"The particle «было» of the abandoned attempt","body":"«стал было отказываться» uses the special particle «было» after a past-tense verb to mark an action begun but immediately broken off or undone — \"started to refuse [but didn't get to].\" It signals a thwarted or reversed intention, distinct from the verb «быть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отказываться","title":"Reflexive «отказываться» + «от» + genitive","body":"«отказываться от» (reflexive «-ся») means \"to refuse, decline\" something, governing «от» + genitive: «от ликера» = \"the liqueur.\" The imperfective «отказываться» (begun action) suits «стал было»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"(inceptive marker)"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ликера","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ликера","lemma":"ликёр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказываться","gloss":"the liqueur"},{"surface":"отказываться","lemma":"отказываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to refuse"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c6-s22","source":"— Всё равно подадут, не для тебя, так для нас, — сиял Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"It'll be brought out anyway — if not for you, then for us,\" beamed Fyodor Pavlovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не для тебя, так для нас","title":"Conditional «не…, так…» — if not…, then…","body":"A colloquial conditional pairing: «не для тебя, так для нас» = \"if not for you, then for us.\" «Так» here is not \"so\" but the consequence-marker \"then.\" Both «для тебя» and «для нас» take genitive after «для»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё равно подадут","title":"Indefinite 3rd-person plural «подадут»","body":"«подадут» (3rd-pl. perfective future of «подать») with no subject is the indefinite \"they\"/agentless construction — \"it'll be brought out anyway,\" by unspecified servants. «Всё равно» = \"all the same, anyway.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сиял","title":"«сиял» — beamed, radiated","body":"«сиял» (imperfective «сиять», to shine/radiate) is used here as a speech-frame: he said it \"beaming.\" Substituting a verb of shining for \"said\" lets Dostoevsky paint Fyodor Pavlovitch's glowing, mischievous delight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the idiom всё равно, modifies подадут","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"подадут","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it'll be brought"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of подадут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with не, then for нас","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of подадут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сиял","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beamed"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сиял","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c6-s23","source":"— Да постой, ты обедал аль нет?","translation":"\"But wait — have you dined or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"постой","title":"Imperative «постой» — wait, hold on","body":"«постой» is the perfective (ты) imperative of «постоять», idiomatically \"wait, hold on, stop a moment.\" The «-й» imperative on a vowel-stem; the perfective marks a brief, bounded pause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folksy \"or\"","body":"«аль» is a colloquial, rustic variant of «или/ли» (\"or; or what?\"): «обедал аль нет?» = \"have you dined or not?\" The dialectal particle flavours Fyodor Pavlovitch's speech with peasant-tinged familiarity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обедал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обедал","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"have you dined"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates обедал and нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with обедал","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c6-s24","source":"— Обедал, — сказал Алеша, съевший, по правде, всего только ломоть хлеба и выпивший стакан квасу на игуменской кухне.","translation":"\"I have,\" said Alyosha, who in truth had eaten no more than a hunk of bread and drunk a glass of kvass in the Father Superior's kitchen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"съевший … и выпивший","title":"Paired past active participles describing Alyosha","body":"Two perfective past active participles, «съевший» (having eaten) and «выпивший» (having drunk), both agree with Alyosha (masc. nom.) and pack a whole backstory into the dialogue tag — \"who in truth had eaten… and drunk…\" The perfective stems give completed, prior actions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стакан квасу","title":"Partitive genitive «-у»: «стакан квасу»","body":"«квасу» is the special partitive genitive in «-у» (beside the regular «кваса»), used for a measured portion of a mass noun: \"a glass of kvass.\" This «-у» partitive survives mainly in such quantity phrases (чашку чаю, кусок сахару) and has an old, homely ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ломоть хлеба","title":"«ломоть» — a hunk/slab","body":"«ломоть» is a thick-cut slice or hunk, especially of bread (from «ломать», to break). «Ломоть хлеба» = \"a hunk of bread,\" emphasizing the plain, hand-broken meal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обедал","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have dined"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"съевший","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"who had eaten"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies съевший","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего только, modifies ломоть","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ломоть","lemma":"ломоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of съевший","gloss":"a hunk"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ломоть","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпивший","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша, coordinated with съевший","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпивший","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"квасу","lemma":"квас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"of kvass"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"игуменской","lemma":"игуменский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кухне","gloss":"the Father Superior's"},{"surface":"кухне","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпивший","gloss":"kitchen"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c6-s25","source":"— Вот я кофе горячего выпью с охотой.","translation":"\"But I'll gladly have some hot coffee.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кофе горячего выпью с охотой","title":"Partitive genitive object «кофе горячего»","body":"Under the perfective «выпью» (\"I'll drink [up]\"), the object goes partitive-genitive — \"some hot coffee\" — with the adjective «горячего» agreeing in genitive. Object before verb throws the focus onto the coffee. «С охотой» = \"gladly, willingly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпью","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпью","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"горячего","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кофе","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"выпью","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll have"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охотой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"охотой","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выпью","gloss":"pleasure"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c6-s26","source":"— Милый! Молодец! Он кофейку выпьет.","translation":"\"Dear boy! Good lad! He'll have some coffee.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Милый! Молодец!","title":"«милый» and «молодец» as affectionate praise","body":"«Милый» = \"dear one,\" «молодец» = \"good lad! well done!\" (an indeclinable term of approval for either sex). Flung out as exclamations, they convey Fyodor Pavlovitch's gushing, theatrical fondness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кофейку выпьет","title":"Diminutive «кофейку» again","body":"He repeats the coaxing diminutive «кофейку» (\"some nice coffee\"), now in the perfective future «выпьет» — \"he'll have some.\" The recurring «-ку» form is a thread of doting hospitality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dear boy"},{"surface":"Молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good lad"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выпьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кофейку","lemma":"кофеек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпьет","gloss":"some coffee"},{"surface":"выпьет","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c6-s27","source":"Не подогреть ли?","translation":"Shall we warm it up?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не подогреть ли?","title":"Deliberative «не… ли?» — shall we…?","body":"An infinitive question with «не… ли» offering/proposing an action: «не подогреть ли?» = \"shall we warm it up? / mightn't we heat it?\" The interrogative particle «ли» follows the focused infinitive «подогреть» (perfective), and the bare infinitive carries an impersonal deliberative sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подогреть","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"подогреть","lemma":"подогреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warm up"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подогреть","gloss":"(question marker)"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c6-s28","source":"Да нет, и теперь кипит.","translation":"No, no need, it's boiling as it is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и теперь кипит","title":"Present-tense «кипит» of a current state","body":"«кипит» (3rd-sg. present of «кипеть», to boil) — an imperfective present describing the ongoing state right now: \"it's boiling as it is.\" «И теперь» = \"even now, as it is.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, negates need","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кипит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кипит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кипит","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"it's boiling"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c6-s29","source":"Кофе знатный, смердяковский.","translation":"Splendid coffee, Smerdyakov's own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смердяковский","title":"Possessive adjective «смердяковский»","body":"From the name Smerdyakov, Russian forms the relational adjective «смердяковский» (\"Smerdyakov's, of-Smerdyakov's-making\") rather than using a genitive. Such «-ский» adjectives from names are common and here mean \"Smerdyakov's own [coffee].\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знатный","gloss":"the coffee"},{"surface":"знатный","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"смердяковский","lemma":"смердяковский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with знатный","gloss":"Smerdyakov's own"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c6-s30","source":"На кофе да на кулебяки Смердяков у меня артист, да на уху еще, правда.","translation":"At coffee and at fish pies Smerdyakov is an artist for me, and at fish soup too, that's the truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На кофе да на кулебяки Смердяков у меня артист","title":"«на» + accusative: artist at something","body":"«артист на что-то» — \"an artist at\" — governs «на» + accusative: «на кофе, на кулебяки, на уху». Fronting these objects throws the spotlight on Smerdyakov's specialties. «У меня» (\"with me / in my house\") is the possessive «у» + genitive idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"да … да","title":"Folksy connective «да»","body":"«да» strung through the sentence is the colloquial, rustic \"and\": «да на уху ещё». It gives Fyodor Pavlovitch's praise a homey, additive rhythm, plainer than «и»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кофе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of артист","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кулебяки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кулебяки","lemma":"кулебяка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with кофе","gloss":"fish pies"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of артист","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of артист","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"артист","lemma":"артист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the sentence","gloss":"an artist"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уху","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кофе","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уху","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to артист","gloss":"that's the truth"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c6-s31","source":"Когда-нибудь на уху приходи, заранее дай знать…","translation":"Come by sometime for the fish soup — let me know in advance…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходи … дай знать","title":"Imperatives «приходи» and «дай знать»","body":"«приходи» is the imperfective imperative of «приходить» (\"come [round]\"), inviting repeatable, open visiting; «дай знать» = \"let [me] know\" (perfective imperative «дай» + infinitive «знать», an idiom). The imperfective invitation suits a standing, friendly offer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь»: sometime, any time","body":"«когда-нибудь» = \"sometime, ever\" — the «-нибудь» suffix marks a non-specific, any-occasion time, unlike the specific «когда-то» (\"once, at some particular time\"). The open, \"any time at all\" sense fits a casual invitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уху","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходи","gloss":"the fish soup"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come by"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дай","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приходи","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дай","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c6-s32","source":"Да постой, постой, ведь я тебе давеча совсем велел сегодня же переселиться с тюфяком и подушками?","translation":"But wait, wait — didn't I tell you only a little while ago to move in this very day, with your mattress and pillows?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я тебе давеча совсем велел","title":"«ведь» appealing to shared memory","body":"«ведь» here invokes what both already know — \"didn't I (after all) tell you…?\" — turning a statement into a reproachful reminder. «Велел» (perfective «велеть», to order/bid) takes the dative «тебе» for the person commanded."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сегодня же переселиться с тюфяком и подушками","title":"Insistent «же» and «с» + instrumental","body":"«сегодня же» — «же» tightens \"today\" to \"this very day, today of all days.\" The infinitive «переселиться» (perfective, \"to move in/relocate\") is what was ordered; «с тюфяком и подушками» (\"with mattress and pillows\") uses «с» + instrumental of accompaniment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"«давеча» is a homely, old-fashioned adverb meaning \"a short while ago, earlier today.\" It marks Fyodor Pavlovitch's chatty, colloquial register and recurs in this scene (also in s35)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постой","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"didn't I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"definitely"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переселиться","gloss":"this very day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"переселиться","lemma":"переселиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to move in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переселиться","gloss":"your mattress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подушками","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with тюфяком","gloss":"pillows"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c6-s33","source":"Тюфяк-то притащил? хе-хе-хе!..","translation":"Did you bring the mattress along? Heh-heh-heh!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тюфяк-то притащил?","title":"Topic-emphasizing clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» in «тюфяк-то» is not the indefinite suffix but the topic-highlighting clitic: \"the mattress — did you bring it (then)?\" It singles out the mattress as the known thing in question, a very speech-like touch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"притащил","title":"«притащить» — to lug/drag along","body":"«притащил» (perfective, «при-» \"hither\" + «тащить» \"to drag\") means to haul or lug something here with effort. Used of the mattress, it is jocularly physical — \"did you lug it over?\" — heightening the teasing «хе-хе-хе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тюфяк","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of притащил","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тюфяк","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"притащил","lemma":"притащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did bring"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"heh"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c6-s34","source":"— Нет, не принес, — усмехнулся и Алеша.","translation":"\"No, I didn't bring it,\" said Alyosha, smiling too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся и Алеша","title":"Additive «и» = \"too\" + inverted subject","body":"Here «и» before «Алеша» means \"also, too\" — \"Alyosha smiled too.\" The subject follows the verb (verb–subject inversion), normal in Russian dialogue tags. «Усмехнулся» is the perfective semelfactive «-ну-» of «усмехаться» (one quick smirk)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring it"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c6-s35","source":"— А испугался, испугался-таки давеча, испугался?","translation":"\"But you got frightened, you did get frightened just now, didn't you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"испугался, испугался-таки","title":"The particle «-таки» — \"after all, did do it\"","body":"«-таки» (\"all the same, after all, did indeed\") attaches to «испугался» to confirm against expectation: \"you did get frightened after all.\" The triple repetition «испугался… испугался-таки… испугался» is Fyodor Pavlovitch's gleeful needling rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you got frightened"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугался","gloss":"you did get frightened"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугался","gloss":"got frightened"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c6-s36","source":"Ах ты, голубчик, да я ль тебя обидеть могу.","translation":"Ah, my dear fellow, as if I could ever bring myself to hurt you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да я ль тебя обидеть могу","title":"Rhetorical «ли» and «да»","body":"«я ль» (= «я ли») fronts the focused «я» with the interrogative particle «ли» to make an incredulous rhetorical question: \"as if I could hurt you!\" The opening «да» is an exclamatory \"why,\" not \"yes.\" The modal «могу» governs the perfective infinitive «обидеть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — my dear (little dove)","body":"«голубчик» is a tender diminutive address from «голубь» (dove): \"my dear fellow, darling.\" The «-чик» suffix makes it intimate and coaxing. Fyodor Pavlovitch's endearment here drips with performative affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to голубчик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with ты","gloss":"dear fellow"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question with ль ... могу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle marking the rhetorical question with могу","gloss":"as if","note":"Colloquial spelling of ли, the rhetorical-question particle; combines with да to mean \"as if.\""},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обидеть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обидеть","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could I"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c6-s37","source":"Слушай, Иван, не могу я видеть, как он этак смотрит в глаза и смеется, не могу.","translation":"Listen, Ivan, I can't bear to see the way he looks me in the eye like that and smiles — I can't.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу я видeть, как он этак смотрит","title":"«не могу» + infinitive, with «как»-clause","body":"«не могу видеть» = \"I can't bear to see.\" The «как»-clause (\"how he looks…\") functions as the object of seeing. The repetition «не могу… не могу» frames the outburst, and inverted «не могу я» fronts the negated modal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этак","title":"«этак» — like this, in that way (colloquial)","body":"«этак» is a colloquial variant of «так/вот так» meaning \"like this, in such a way\" (paired demonstrative with «этот»). It gestures at Alyosha's manner — \"the way he looks me in the eye like that.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрит в глаза","title":"«смотреть в глаза» — «в» + accusative","body":"«смотреть в глаза» (\"to look [someone] in the eye\") takes «в» + accusative «глаза», the directional sense of «в» (motion/aim toward). The present tense «смотрит» renders the habitual, characterizing gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the address clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"bear to see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of видеть (смотрит ... и смеется)","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видеть","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"the eye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"smiles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"restates могу, main verb of the closing clause","gloss":"I can't"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c6-s38","source":"Утроба у меня вся начинает на него смеяться, люблю его!","translation":"My whole insides begin to laugh at the sight of him — I love him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начинает на него смеяться","title":"«начинать» + imperfective infinitive; «смеяться над/на»","body":"Phasal «начинает» (\"begins\") obligatorily takes an imperfective infinitive — «смеяться». Note «смеяться» is a «-ся»-only verb (no form without it). Standard «смеяться над» (to laugh at) here appears colloquially as «на него»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Утроба","title":"«утроба» — womb, belly, innards","body":"«утроба» is the belly/womb/entrails, a heavy, bodily, somewhat archaic word (the «во чреве», innermost gut). Saying his whole «утроба» laughs at the sight of Alyosha gives the affection a visceral, almost grotesque intensity characteristic of Fyodor Pavlovitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Утроба","lemma":"утроба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начинает","gloss":"my insides"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement, possessive with Утроба","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Утроба","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинает","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c6-s39","source":"Алешка, дай я тебе благословение родительское дам.","translation":"Alyoshka, let me give you a father's blessing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дай я тебе … дам","title":"«дай» + clause: \"let me\"","body":"«дай» (perfective imperative of «дать») followed by a 1st-person clause is the idiom for \"let me…\": «дай я тебе… дам» = \"let me give you…\" The construction uses «дай» as a permission-marker, not literally \"give.\" «Тебе» is dative (the recipient)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алёшка» — the blunt «-ка» diminutive","body":"«Алёшка» is the «-ка» form of Alyosha — rougher and more familiar (even slightly coarse/condescending) than the tender «Алёша». From a father it is gruffly affectionate, fitting Fyodor Pavlovitch's mix of love and mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"permissive particle, forms \"let me\" with я ... дам","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"благословение","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"a blessing"},{"surface":"родительское","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благословение","gloss":"a father's"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, with дай forms \"let me give\"","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c6-s40","source":"Алеша встал, но Федор Павлович успел одуматься.","translation":"Alyosha rose, but Fyodor Pavlovitch had time to think better of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел одуматься","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive: managed in time","body":"«успел одуматься» = \"had time to / managed to think better of it.\" «Успеть» (perfective) means to manage something within available time and pairs with a perfective infinitive «одуматься» (to change one's mind, come to one's senses)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"had time"},{"surface":"одуматься","lemma":"одуматься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to think better of it"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c6-s41","source":"— Нет, нет, я только теперь перекрещу тебя, вот так, садись.","translation":"\"No, no, for now I'll only make the sign of the cross over you, like so — sit down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я только теперь перекрещу тебя","title":"Perfective future «перекрещу»","body":"«перекрещу» is the perfective future (1st-sg.) of «перекрестить» — \"I'll make the sign of the cross over you,\" a single completed act. The conjugated perfective carries future meaning with no auxiliary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"садись","title":"Reflexive imperative «садись»","body":"«садись» — familiar imperative of «садиться» (\"sit down\"), a «-ся» verb of changing posture. The imperfective imperative here is the ordinary, unmarked \"have a seat.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, repeated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перекрещу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрещу","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"перекрещу","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll cross"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of перекрещу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрещу, manner adjunct","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"second imperative clause of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c6-s42","source":"Ну, теперь тебе удовольствие будет, и именно на твою тему.","translation":"Well, now you're in for a treat, and on your very own subject too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе удовольствие будет","title":"Dative experiencer «тебе»","body":"«тебе удовольствие будет» = \"there'll be a treat for you / you're in for a treat.\" The person enjoying it stands in the dative «тебе», with «удовольствие» as the nominative subject — an experiencer-first framing typical of Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно на твою тему","title":"«именно» + «на» + accusative","body":"«именно» = \"precisely, exactly,\" pinpointing the topic: «на твою тему» (\"on your subject,\" «на» + accusative). The phrasing teasingly promises something right up Alyosha's (religious) street."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of будет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"удовольствие","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"a treat"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тему","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, modifying the elided repetition of будет","gloss":"subject"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c6-s43","source":"Насмеешься.","translation":"You'll laugh yourself silly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Насмеешься.","title":"Reflexive perfective «насмеёшься» of satiation","body":"«насмеёшься» (perfective future, «на-» + «смеяться» + «-ся») uses the «на-…-ся» pattern meaning \"to do to one's fill, until satisfied\" — \"you'll laugh your fill, laugh yourself silly.\" A single, vivid intransitive future with the dropped «ты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насмеешься","lemma":"насмеяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll laugh yourself silly"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c6-s44","source":"У нас валаамова ослица заговорила, да как говорит-то, как говорит!","translation":"Our Balaam's ass has begun to talk — and how it talks, how it talks!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да как говорит-то, как говорит!","title":"Exclamatory «как» and topical «-то»","body":"«как говорит!» is exclamatory \"how it talks!\" (not the question \"how\"). The clitic «-то» in «говорит-то» highlights the verb as the marvel, and the doubling is Fyodor Pavlovitch's delighted insistence. Opening «да» is exclamatory \"and, why.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of заговорила, possessive (\"our\")","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"валаамова","lemma":"валаамов","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ослица","gloss":"Balaam's"},{"surface":"ослица","lemma":"ослица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорила","gloss":"she-ass"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to talk"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory adverb modifying говорит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel exclamatory clause to заговорила","gloss":"it talks"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to говорит","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic clitic -то, not the demonstrative adverb то."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory adverb modifying говорит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats the exclamatory clause","gloss":"it talks"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c6-s45","source":"Валаамовою ослицей оказался лакей Смердяков.","translation":"The Balaam's ass turned out to be the lackey Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Валаамовою ослицей оказался лакей","title":"«оказаться» + instrumental predicate","body":"«оказаться» (\"to turn out to be\") takes its predicate in the instrumental — «валаамовою ослицей» (note the archaic «-ою» ending). Fronting the predicate before the verb, with the subject «лакей Смердяков» last, is a literary inversion that lands the punchline on the name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Валаамовою","lemma":"валаамов","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ослицей","gloss":"Balaam's"},{"surface":"ослицей","lemma":"ослица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"the ass"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to лакей","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c6-s46","source":"Человек еще молодой, всего лет двадцати четырех, он был страшно нелюдим и молчалив.","translation":"Still a young man, only about twenty-four years old, he was terribly unsociable and taciturn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего лет двадцати четырех","title":"Genitive of age + «лет» after a numeral","body":"Age is given in the genitive: «двадцати четырёх лет» (\"of twenty-four years\"). Here «лет» is genitive plural because the whole numeral phrase «двадцать четыре года» is itself put in the genitive (of age), and in oblique cases the counted noun shifts to the plural — «двадцати четырёх лет»; note 24 ends in «четыре» and would otherwise take the genitive singular «года». «Всего» = \"only, just,\" emphasizing his youth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был страшно нелюдим и молчалив","title":"Short-form adjectives «нелюдим, молчалив»","body":"Both predicates are short-form adjectives: «нелюдим» (unsociable) and «молчалив» (taciturn), used after «был» to state his character. The short form is the bookish, characterizing predicate typical of Dostoevsky's portraits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он, describing his age","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"governed by четырех, in the age phrase","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies четырех","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"head of the age phrase, in apposition to Человек","gloss":"-four"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нелюдим","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нелюдим","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нелюдим","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"нелюдим","lemma":"нелюдимый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"unsociable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчалив","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нелюдим","gloss":"taciturn"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c6-s47","source":"Не то чтобы дик или чего-нибудь стыдился, нет, характером он был, напротив, надменен и как будто всех презирал.","translation":"Not that he was shy or ashamed of anything — no, on the contrary, by temperament he was arrogant and seemed to despise everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то чтобы дик или чего-нибудь стыдился","title":"«не то чтобы…» and genitive «чего-нибудь»","body":"«не то чтобы…» = \"not that he was exactly…,\" a hedging construction qualifying a description. «Дик» is a short-form adjective (wild/shy). «Стыдиться» (to be ashamed of) governs the genitive, hence «чего-нибудь» (\"of anything\"), with «-нибудь» marking a non-specific \"any.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"характером он был … надменен","title":"Instrumental of respect «характером»","body":"«характером» (instrumental) specifies in what respect — \"in/by temperament he was arrogant.\" This instrumental of respect/manner answers \"in what way.\" «Надменен» is again a short-form predicate adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто всех презирал","title":"«как будто» — as if; universal quantifier «всех»","body":"«как будто» (\"as though, seemingly\") softens the claim to an impression. «Презирать» (to despise) takes a direct object; «всех» is the animate accusative/genitive plural of «весь» — \"despised everyone.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дик (implied subject он)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дик","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject он elided","gloss":"shy"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of чего-нибудь, object of стыдился","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of чего-нибудь, indefinite marker","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause, subject он elided","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker of contradiction","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надменен","gloss":"by temperament"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надменен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надменен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb, modifies был","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"надменен","lemma":"надменный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"arrogant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто, modifies презирал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто, modifies презирал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надменен, subject он","gloss":"seemed to despise"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c6-s48","source":"Но вот и нельзя миновать, чтобы не сказать о нем хотя двух слов, и именно теперь.","translation":"But there is no getting around saying at least a couple of words about him, and precisely now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя миновать, чтобы не сказать","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + double negation","body":"«нельзя миновать, чтобы не сказать» is a doubly-negative impersonal construction: \"one cannot avoid saying = there's no getting around saying.\" «Нельзя» + infinitive is the subjectless impossibility frame, and «чтобы не» adds the second negation that, in concord, yields a positive obligation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя двух слов","title":"«хотя» = at least; genitive after «два»","body":"Here «хотя» means \"at least\" (= «хотя бы»): \"to say at least a couple of words.\" «Двух слов» shows the count phrase «два» drawing the genitive — in the genitive plural «слов» because the whole phrase is itself governed by «сказать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"миновать","lemma":"миновать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to avoid"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on миновать","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двух слов, minimal-amount marker","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies слов","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adjunct on the whole clause","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c6-s49","source":"Воспитали его Марфа Игнатьевна и Григорий Васильевич, но мальчик рос «безо всякой благодарности», как выражался о нем Григорий, мальчиком диким и смотря на свет из угла.","translation":"He was raised by Marfa Ignatyevna and Grigory Vasilyevitch, but the boy grew up \"without any gratitude at all,\" as Grigory put it about him — a wild boy who looked out at the world from a corner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воспитали его Марфа Игнатьевна и Григорий","title":"Verb-first, object-before-subject order","body":"The sentence opens with the verb «воспитали» and the object «его», pushing the subjects «Марфа… и Григорий…» to the end. This inversion makes \"who raised him\" the new, weighted information — a topic-comment ordering the case endings make possible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мальчик рос … мальчиком диким","title":"«расти» with instrumental of result","body":"«рос … мальчиком диким» — «расти» (to grow up) takes an instrumental predicate describing what he grew up to be: \"grew up a wild boy.\" The instrumental marks the resulting characterization (cf. «стать монахом»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на свет из угла","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the present gerund of «смотреть» — \"looking out at the world from a corner,\" an attendant circumstance of growing up. It shares the subject «мальчик» and adds the indelible image of the watchful, alienated child."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безо всякой благодарности","title":"«безо всякой» — without any whatsoever","body":"«без» appears as «безо» before the consonant cluster «вс-» (a euphonic variant). «Безо всякой благодарности» (genitive after «без») = \"without any gratitude at all,\" «всякий» intensifying the absence — Grigory's bitter verdict, set in quotation marks as his own words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воспитали","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Воспитали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Воспитали","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Марфа","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevitch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рос","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"рос","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Воспитали","gloss":"grew up"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодарности","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благодарности","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"благодарности","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition безо, adjunct on рос","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies выражался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выражался","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рос","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выражался","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"мальчиком","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of рос (manner)","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"диким","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчиком","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb, coordinated with рос","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угла","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"a corner"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c6-s50","source":"В детстве он очень любил вешать кошек и потом хоронить их с церемонией.","translation":"As a child he was very fond of hanging cats and then burying them with ceremony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любил вешать кошек и … хоронить их","title":"Imperfective infinitives of habit after «любил»","body":"«любил» (\"was fond of\") governs imperfective infinitives «вешать» and «хоронить», naming the habitual, repeated activities he loved. «Кошек» is animate accusative (= genitive form). The grim content is delivered in the flat imperfective of routine."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хоронить их с церемонией","title":"«хоронить» — to bury (with rites)","body":"«хоронить» is specifically to bury/inter the dead, with its overtones of funeral rite. «С церемонией» (\"with ceremony\") makes the child's burial of the cats a mock-liturgy — the chilling detail Dostoevsky builds on in the next sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"вешать","lemma":"вешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"кошек","lemma":"кошка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вешать","gloss":"cats"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хоронить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хоронить","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вешать","gloss":"burying"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of хоронить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церемонией","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"церемонией","lemma":"церемония","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хоронить","gloss":"ceremony"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c6-s51","source":"Он надевал для этого простыню, что составляло вроде как бы ризы, и пел и махал чем-нибудь над мертвою кошкой, как будто кадил.","translation":"For this he would put on a sheet, which served him as a kind of vestment, and he would sing and wave something over the dead cat as if he were swinging a censer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надевал … пел и махал … как будто кадил","title":"Imperfective verbs of the repeated ritual","body":"A run of imperfective past verbs — «надевал», «пел», «махал», «кадил» — depicts the whole performance as something he habitually did, a recurring scene rather than one event. The imperfective is what makes it a customary ritual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что составляло вроде как бы ризы","title":"«вроде как бы» — a hedging \"a kind of, sort of\"","body":"«вроде как бы» piles up approximators (\"something like as if a vestment\") — «вроде» + genitive «ризы», softened by «как бы» (\"as it were\"). The fussy hedging is the narrator distancing himself from the blasphemous comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надевал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надевал","lemma":"надевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would put on"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надевал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"простыню","lemma":"простыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надевал","gloss":"a sheet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составляло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"составляло","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying простыню","gloss":"served as"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ризы","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies ризы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"ризы","lemma":"риза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of составляло","gloss":"a vestment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пел","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надевал","gloss":"would sing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"махал","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пел","gloss":"would wave"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of чем-нибудь, oblique complement of махал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of чем-нибудь, indefinite marker","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кошкой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мертвою","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кошкой","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"кошкой","lemma":"кошка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махал","gloss":"the cat"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кадил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"кадил","lemma":"кадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on махал","gloss":"were censing"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c6-s52","source":"Всё это потихоньку, в величайшей тайне.","translation":"All of this on the sly, in the deepest secrecy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в величайшей тайне","title":"Superlative «величайшей» in «-айш-»","body":"«величайшей» is the synthetic superlative of «великий» (with the «-айш-» variant after a velar), \"the greatest/utmost\": «в величайшей тайне» = \"in the utmost secrecy.\" The bookish suffixed superlative heightens the sense of the hidden ritual."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потихоньку","title":"«потихоньку» — quietly, on the sly","body":"«потихоньку» (from «тихо», quiet, with diminutive-adverbial shaping) means \"quietly, stealthily, little by little, on the quiet.\" It underscores the secrecy of the boy's cat-burials — done furtively, where no one could see."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потихоньку","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потихоньку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"on the sly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"величайшей","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайне","gloss":"the deepest"},{"surface":"тайне","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with потихоньку","gloss":"secrecy"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c6-s53","source":"Григорий поймал его однажды на этом упражнении и больно наказал розгой.","translation":"Grigory once caught him at this exercise and gave him a painful thrashing with a switch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поймал его … на этом упражнении","title":"Perfective «поймал» + «на» (caught at)","body":"«поймал… на этом упражнении» = \"caught him at this exercise\" — «поймать на чём-то» (\"to catch in the act of\") uses «на» + prepositional. The perfective marks the single moment of catching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упражнении","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of упражнении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"упражнении","lemma":"упражнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймал","gloss":"exercise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наказал","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"наказал","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймал","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"розгой","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of наказал","gloss":"with a switch"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c6-s54","source":"Тот ушел в угол и косился оттуда с неделю.","translation":"The boy withdrew into a corner and glowered from there for a week or so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот ушел в угол","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as subject pronoun","body":"«Тот» (\"that one\") here works as a referential pronoun keeping track of the boy (the just-mentioned non-subject), avoiding repeating the name: \"the boy withdrew.\" This topic-tracking «тот» is a staple of Russian narration. «Ушёл в угол» — «в» + accusative for motion into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"косился оттуда с неделю","title":"«с» + accusative for approximate duration","body":"«с неделю» uses «с» + accusative to mean \"about a week, a week or so\" — the approximative-duration idiom. «Косился» (imperfective «коситься», a «-ся» verb) = \"kept glancing sideways / glowering,\" the imperfective marking the sustained sulking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"a corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"косился","lemma":"коситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ушел","gloss":"glowered"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies косился","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of косился","gloss":"a week"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c6-s55","source":"«Не любит он нас с тобой, этот изверг, — говорил Григорий Марфе Игнатьевне, — да и никого не любит.","translation":"\"He doesn't love you and me, this monster,\" Grigory said to Marfa Ignatyevna, \"and he loves no one at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не любит он нас с тобой","title":"«нас с тобой» — \"you and me\"","body":"«нас с тобой» (literally \"us with you\") is the idiomatic way to say \"you and me\": the inclusive pronoun «нас» plus «с» + instrumental «тобой». Russian regularly bundles the speaker and addressee this way. Fronted «не любит» negates the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и никого не любит","title":"Negative concord «никого… не»","body":"«никого не любит» pairs the negative pronoun «никого» (animate genitive of «никто») with the obligatory «не» on the verb — Russian's double negation, one meaning: \"he loves no one.\" «Да и» = \"and indeed, and what's more.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — monster, fiend","body":"«изверг» is a strong, archaic-flavoured word for a brute or monster, literally one \"cast out\" (из-вергнуть, to expel). Grigory's «этот изверг» brands the child as something inhumanly cruel — foreshadowing the murderer to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изверг","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любит, reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Марфе","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевне","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфе","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c6-s56","source":"Ты разве человек, — обращался он вдруг прямо к Смердякову, — ты не человек, ты из банной мокроты завелся, вот ты кто…»","translation":"Are you even a human being?\" he would say, turning suddenly straight to Smerdyakov. \"You're no human being, you came from bathhouse mildew — that's what you are…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты разве человек","title":"The particle «разве» — \"are you even…?\"","body":"«разве» introduces an incredulous, challenging question expecting a \"no\": «Ты разве человек?» = \"Are you even a human being?\" It expresses the speaker's doubt or indignation, sharpening Grigory's cruel taunt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из банной мокроты завелся","title":"«из» + genitive of origin; «завестись»","body":"«из банной мокроты» (\"out of bathhouse damp,\" «из» + genitive) gives the source. «Завелся» (perfective «завестись», reflexive «-ся») here means \"came into being, bred, sprang up\" — as vermin or mildew breed. The «-ся» gives the spontaneous-arising sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек, rhetorical","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a human being"},{"surface":"обращался","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to человек","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обращался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Смердякову","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"a human being"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of завелся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мокроты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"банной","lemma":"банный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мокроты","gloss":"bathhouse"},{"surface":"мокроты","lemma":"мокрота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завелся","gloss":"slime"},{"surface":"завелся","lemma":"завестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"you sprang up"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кто","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"what you are"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c6-s57","source":"Смердяков, как оказалось впоследствии, никогда не мог простить ему этих слов.","translation":"Smerdyakov, as it turned out later, could never forgive him those words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не мог простить ему этих слов","title":"Negative concord and dative + genitive with «простить»","body":"«никогда… не мог» again shows negative concord (никогда + не). «Простить» takes the dative of the person («ему») and the accusative/genitive of the offence — here «этих слов» (genitive plural), \"forgive him those words.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как оказалось впоследствии","title":"«впоследствии» — afterwards, later on","body":"«впоследствии» is a bookish adverb meaning \"subsequently, later on.\" The narrator's aside «как оказалось впоследствии» (\"as it turned out later\") quietly plants foreshadowing of Smerdyakov's later treachery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мог","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of простить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c6-s58","source":"Григорий выучил его грамоте и, когда минуло ему лет двенадцать, стал учить священной истории.","translation":"Grigory taught him to read and write, and when he turned about twelve, began to teach him sacred history.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда минуло ему лет двенадцать","title":"Impersonal «минуло» + dative of age","body":"«минуло ему лет двенадцать» is the impersonal idiom for turning an age: neuter «минуло» (\"there elapsed\"), the person in the dative «ему», and the age «лет двенадцать» (note the inverted number = \"about twelve\"). No nominative subject — a classic dative construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выучил его грамоте","title":"«грамота» — literacy, reading and writing","body":"«грамота» is basic literacy — the skill of reading and writing. «Выучить грамоте» (with dative «грамоте» of the thing taught) = \"to teach to read and write.\" Grigory gives the servant boy elementary letters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выучил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"выучил","lemma":"выучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выучил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"грамоте","lemma":"грамота","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of выучил","gloss":"reading and writing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of минуло","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"минуло","lemma":"минуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"he turned"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of минуло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"measure complement of минуло","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выучил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to teach"},{"surface":"священной","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истории","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of учить","gloss":"history"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c6-s59","source":"Но дело кончилось тотчас же ничем.","translation":"But the matter came to nothing at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дело кончилось … ничем","title":"«кончиться» + instrumental of outcome","body":"«кончилось ничем» — «кончиться» (reflexive «-ся», to end) takes the instrumental for the result it ended in: «ничем» (instrumental of «ничто») = \"came to nothing.\" The instrumental of outcome answers \"ending in what.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же","title":"«тотчас же» — at once, immediately","body":"«тотчас» (\"at once\") reinforced by emphatic «же»: \"immediately, right away.\" It stresses that the lessons collapsed instantly — a recurring intensifier in this scene (cf. s16)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончилось","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончилось","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of кончилось","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c6-s60","source":"Как-то однажды, всего только на втором или третьем уроке, мальчик вдруг усмехнулся.","translation":"One day, at no more than the second or third lesson, the boy suddenly smirked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на втором или третьем уроке","title":"Ordinal numerals agree like adjectives","body":"«на втором или третьем уроке» — the ordinals «второй/третий» decline and agree with «уроке» in masculine prepositional (after «на» for location/occasion): \"at the second or third lesson.\" Ordinals behave grammatically as ordinary adjectives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мальчик вдруг усмехнулся","title":"Perfective «усмехнулся» — a single smirk","body":"«усмехнулся» (perfective, semelfactive «-ну-» + reflexive «-ся») marks one sudden, momentary smirk — the single completed gesture that breaks the scene open and launches the next chapter's confrontation. «Вдруг» (\"suddenly\") underlines its abruptness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся (part of idiom как-то однажды)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Как (indefinite suffix)","gloss":"(indef.)","note":"«Как-то» is one hyphenated word (\"once, some time\"); together with «однажды» it gives the translation \"One day\"."},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только, modifies уроке","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего, modifies уроке","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уроке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"втором","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уроке","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"третьем","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with втором","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"уроке","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнулся","gloss":"lesson"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smirked"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c6-s61","source":"— Чего ты? — спросил Григорий, грозно выглядывая на него из-под очков.","translation":"\"What's the matter with you?\" asked Grigory, glaring at him menacingly from under his spectacles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего ты?","title":"Genitive «чего» for «что»","body":"«Чего ты?» is a colloquial, brusque way of saying «Что ты?» — \"What's with you?\" The interrogative «что» appears here in its genitive form «чего», a marked, slightly rough register typical of spoken demand. The bare phrase, with the verb left out, reads as gruff impatience."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грозно выглядывая на него из-под очков","title":"Present gerund «выглядывая»","body":"«выглядывая» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») in -я, naming an action going on at the same time as the main verb «спросил» — Grigory glares while he asks. It shares the main subject (Grigory) and packs a whole attendant circumstance into a single word, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-под очков","title":"Compound preposition «из-под» + genitive","body":"The double preposition «из-под» (\"from under\") governs the genitive «очков». It pictures motion or vantage emerging out from beneath something — here Grigory's gaze coming up from under his spectacles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what's"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Чего","gloss":"with you"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выглядывая","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"выглядывая","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-под, marking очков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-под, marking очков","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"очков","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выглядывая","gloss":"his spectacles"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c6-s62","source":"— Ничего-с.","translation":"\"Nothing, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с","title":"The deferential particle -с","body":"The «-с» tacked onto «Ничего-с» (\"nothing, sir\") is a clitic shortened from «сударь» (\"sir\"). Added to words in pre-revolutionary speech, it signals deference or politeness toward a social superior. Smerdyakov uses it with Grigory. English has no exact equivalent, so we approximate it by adding \"sir\"; often it simply has no counterpart at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (archaic polite suffix)","role":"attaches to Ничего as a deferential particle","gloss":"sir","note":"«-с» is an archaic clipped form of «сударь», a servant's polite suffix, not the letter/word \"с\"."}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c6-s63","source":"Свет создал господь бог в первый день, а солнце, луну и звезды на четвертый день.","translation":"\"The Lord God created light on the first day, and the sun, the moon, and the stars on the fourth day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Свет создал господь бог","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The sentence opens with the object «свет» (\"light\") before the subject «господь бог» and verb «создал». Because the cases keep subject and object distinct, Russian fronts «свет» as the topic — what is being talked about — letting the new information fall later. The effect is a catechism-like, recitation rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на четвертый день","title":"«на» + accusative for a point in time","body":"«на четвертый день» (\"on the fourth day\") uses «на» with the accusative to fix a day of an unfolding sequence, contrasting with «в первый день» where «в» + accusative also marks the day. Both are accusative-of-time constructions; the choice of preposition is idiomatic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создал","gloss":"Light"},{"surface":"создал","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создал","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of создал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Свет","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"луну","lemma":"луна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the moon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звезды","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the stars"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the fourth"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of создал (elided), parallel to первый день","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c6-s64","source":"Откуда же свет-то сиял в первый день?","translation":"So where did the light shine from on the first day?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свет-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «свет-то» is not the indefinite suffix but the topic-emphasizing clitic — it underlines a known item the speaker now pointedly returns to: \"the light, that is.\" It gives Smerdyakov's question its needling, gotcha quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Откуда же","title":"Insistent particle «же»","body":"«же» after the interrogative «откуда» sharpens the challenge — \"So where on earth...?\" It is one of Russian's modal particles, adding the speaker's pressing insistence that English can render only with stress or an added \"then / on earth.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сиял","title":"Imperfective past «сиял»","body":"«сиял» (\"shone / was shining\") is the imperfective past, viewing the shining as a state or process rather than a single completed event — appropriate to a question about where ongoing light came from. The -л form agrees with the masculine subject «свет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сиял","gloss":"where...from"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Откуда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сиял","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свет (emphatic/topic marker)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"сиял","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сиял","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c6-s65","source":"Григорий остолбенел.","translation":"Grigory was dumbfounded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остолбенел","title":"«остолбенеть» — to be turned to a pillar","body":"«остолбенел» means to be struck dumb, rooted to the spot — literally \"to turn into a post/pillar\" (from «столб», \"post\"). The perfective prefix «о-» captures the sudden onset of stunned paralysis; the image is more physical than the bland English \"dumbfounded.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остолбенел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"остолбенел","lemma":"остолбенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was dumbfounded"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c6-s66","source":"Мальчик насмешливо глядел на учителя.","translation":"The boy looked at his teacher mockingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядел на учителя","title":"Imperfective «глядел» + «на» + accusative","body":"«глядел» (\"was looking / gazed\") is imperfective, framing the boy's mocking look as a sustained gaze rather than a glance. The verb «глядеть на» takes «на» with the accusative «учителя» — animate masculine, so its accusative borrows the genitive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учителя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"учителя","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"his teacher"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c6-s67","source":"Даже было во взгляде его что-то высокомерное.","translation":"There was even something supercilious in his gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ... что-то высокомерное","title":"Existential «было» with «что-то»","body":"Word order fronts the verb «было» before the indefinite subject «что-то высокомерное» (\"something supercilious\") — an existential \"there was\" pattern. The indefinite pronoun «что-то» takes neuter agreement, and its modifier «высокомерное» agrees as a neuter adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во взгляде его","title":"Prepositional «во взгляде» of location","body":"«во взгляде» (\"in his gaze\") is «в» governing the prepositional case to express location — here a figurative one, the place where the haughtiness resides. The vowelled form «во» appears before the consonant cluster «вз-» for ease of pronunciation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что-то (the whole clause)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (there-was construction)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляде","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было (part of что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что (indefinite suffix)","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"высокомерное","lemma":"высокомерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"supercilious"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c6-s68","source":"Григорий не выдержал.","translation":"Grigory could not contain himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не выдержал","title":"«не выдержать» — to lose self-control","body":"«не выдержал» literally \"did not hold out / endure,\" idiomatically \"could not contain himself,\" \"cracked.\" The perfective marks the single breaking-point moment. The verb «выдержать» elsewhere means to withstand or pass (a test); here the threshold simply gives way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"could not"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold out"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c6-s69","source":"«А вот откуда!» — крикнул он и неистово ударил ученика по щеке.","translation":"\"Here's where from!\" he shouted, and gave his pupil a furious slap on the cheek.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул ... и ... ударил","title":"Chained perfectives moving the action","body":"Both «крикнул» (\"shouted\") and «ударил» (\"struck\") are perfective pasts, two single completed events fired off in sequence — the narrative-advancing function of the perfective, against which imperfectives supply background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударил ученика по щеке","title":"«ударить по» + dative for the struck part","body":"Russian marks the body part receiving a blow with «по» + dative: «по щеке» (\"on/across the cheek\"). The person struck appears as the accusative object «ученика»; the dative locates where the blow lands."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing откуда","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откуда","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where from"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неистово","lemma":"неистово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"slapped"},{"surface":"ученика","lemma":"ученик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"the pupil"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"щеке","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the cheek"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c6-s70","source":"Мальчик вынес пощечину, не возразив ни слова, но забился опять в угол на несколько дней.","translation":"The boy bore the blow without answering a single word, but again shut himself away in his corner for several days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не возразив ни слова","title":"Negated gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«не возразив» is a perfective past gerund (\"having not objected / without a word of objection\"), naming a completed circumstance attending the main verb. Its object «ни слова» stands in the genitive under negation, with «ни» intensifying to \"not a single word.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забился ... в угол","title":"«забиться» — to shrink away","body":"«забился в угол» means he huddled/buried himself away in a corner. The reflexive «-ся» and the prefix «за-» convey withdrawal into a hidden, enclosed spot — a recurring image of Smerdyakov's reclusive nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынес","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"пощечину","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"the slap"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возразив","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"возразив","lemma":"возразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вынес","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова (part of idiom ни слова)","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возразив","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"забился","lemma":"забиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынес","gloss":"shut himself away"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забился","gloss":"his corner"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of забился","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c6-s71","source":"Как раз случилось так, что через неделю у него объявилась падучая болезнь в первый раз в жизни, не покидавшая его потом во всю жизнь.","translation":"It so happened that a week later the falling sickness declared itself in him for the first time in his life, and it never left him afterward as long as he lived.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"падучая болезнь","title":"\"падучая\" — the falling sickness","body":"«падучая болезнь» (literally \"the falling disease,\" from «падать», \"to fall\") is the old Russian folk name for epilepsy — parallel to the archaic English \"falling sickness,\" which we keep here to preserve that flavor. The illness recurs across the novel and is central to Smerdyakov's character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не покидавшая его потом во всю жизнь","title":"Past active participle «не покидавшая»","body":"«не покидавшая» is an imperfective past active participle (\"that did not leave him\"), formed with the -вш- suffix and declining like an adjective to agree with «болезнь» (feminine). It condenses a «которая»-clause into a single modifier — bookish, characteristically literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него объявилась падучая болезнь","title":"«у» + genitive possessor with reflexive «объявилась»","body":"The sickness \"declares itself in him\" framed impersonally: «у него» (\"at him,\" «у» + genitive) marks the person it befalls, while the reflexive «объявилась» (middle voice) lets the illness be its own grammatical subject. The construction makes the affliction something that happens to him, not something he does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось (part of idiom как раз)","gloss":"it so"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Как","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявилась","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"объявилась","lemma":"объявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось (main verb of the что-clause)","gloss":"declared itself"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of объявилась","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявилась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покидавшая","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"покидавшая","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying болезнь","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покидавшая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покидавшая","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покидавшая","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c6-s72","source":"Узнав об этом, Федор Павлович как будто вдруг изменил на мальчика свой взгляд.","translation":"On learning of this, Fyodor Pavlovitch seemed suddenly to change his view of the boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узнав об этом","title":"Perfective gerund «узнав»","body":"«Узнав» is a perfective past gerund (\"having learned\") opening the sentence with a prior completed action — first he learns, then he changes his view. It shares the subject «Федор Павлович» and uses «об» (the vowelled «о») before the vowel of «этом» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто вдруг изменил ... свой взгляд","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«свой взгляд» (\"his [own] view\") uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which refers back to the clause's subject Fyodor Pavlovitch — his own outlook, not someone else's. The hedge «как будто» (\"as if\") softens the claim to a seeming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изменил","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Узнав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменил (part of idiom как будто)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изменил","gloss":"view"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c6-s73","source":"Прежде он как-то равнодушно глядел на него, хотя никогда не бранил и, встречая, всегда давал копеечку.","translation":"Before, he had looked at him somehow indifferently, though he never scolded him and, on meeting him, always gave him a copeck.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не бранил","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"«никогда не бранил» (\"never scolded\") shows the obligatory double negative: the «ни»-adverb «никогда» co-occurs with «не» on the verb. Russian requires this negative concord — two negatives reinforcing, not cancelling, one meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встречая, всегда давал копеечку","title":"Imperfective gerund + habitual past","body":"«встречая» is an imperfective present gerund (\"on meeting / whenever he met him\") pairing with the imperfective past «давал» to describe a recurring habit. The imperfective throughout — «глядел, бранил, давал» — paints settled background, not single events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"копеечку","title":"Diminutive «копеечка»","body":"«копеечку» is the affectionate diminutive of «копейка» (a copeck, the smallest coin). The -ечк- suffix here conveys the casual, offhand triviality of the small change Fyodor tosses the boy — a warm-sounding form for a cold gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел (part of idiom как-то)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"равнодушно","lemma":"равнодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"indifferently"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бранил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бранил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бранил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бранил","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядел","gloss":"scolded him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встречая","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on давал","gloss":"meeting him"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бранил","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"копеечку","lemma":"копеечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"a copeck"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c6-s74","source":"В благодушном настроении иногда посылал со стола мальчишке чего-нибудь сладенького.","translation":"In a genial mood he would sometimes send the boy something sweet from the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посылал ... мальчишке чего-нибудь сладенького","title":"Indefinite «чего-нибудь» + partitive genitive","body":"«чего-нибудь сладенького» (\"something sweet, anything\") uses the non-specific indefinite «-нибудь» — no particular sweet, just whatever — and stands in the genitive, a partitive \"some of something sweet.\" The recipient «мальчишке» is dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладенького","title":"Expressive diminutive «сладенькое»","body":"«сладенького» softens «сладкое» (\"something sweet\") with the affectionate -еньк- suffix — \"a little treat.\" The diminutive flags the indulgent, coaxing tone of a master's casual handout from the table."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настроении","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"благодушном","lemma":"благодушный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроении","gloss":"genial"},{"surface":"настроении","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылал","gloss":"a mood"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылал","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would send"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"мальчишке","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of посылал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of посылал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чего (indefinite suffix)","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"сладенького","lemma":"сладенький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"sweet"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c6-s75","source":"Но тут, узнав о болезни, решительно стал о нем заботиться, пригласил доктора, стал было лечить, но оказалось, что вылечить невозможно.","translation":"But now, on learning of the illness, he resolved decidedly to look after him, called in a doctor, set about treating him, but it turned out that there was no curing it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал было лечить","title":"The particle «было» of the interrupted attempt","body":"«стал было лечить» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or about to happen but then thwarted or reversed — \"he set about treating him (but...).\" It perfectly cues the failure announced next: «но оказалось, что вылечить невозможно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вылечить невозможно","title":"Impersonal predicate «невозможно» + infinitive","body":"«вылечить невозможно» (\"it is impossible to cure\") is a subjectless impersonal construction: the invariable predicate word «невозможно» governs a bare perfective infinitive, with no nominative subject. This experiencer-less framing is everywhere in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнав","gloss":"the illness"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заботиться","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to look after"},{"surface":"пригласил","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"called in"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пригласил","gloss":"a doctor"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (marks an action begun but not carried through)","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"(began to)","note":"«стал было» signals an action started that was then interrupted or superseded — here, treatment begun before it proved hopeless."},{"surface":"лечить","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to treat him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вылечить","lemma":"вылечить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to cure it"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c6-s76","source":"Средним числом припадки приходили по разу в месяц, и в разные сроки.","translation":"On average the fits came about once a month, and at irregular intervals.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходили по разу в месяц","title":"Distributive «по» + «разу»","body":"«по разу в месяц» (\"once a month each\") uses distributive «по», which spreads a quantity across units of time. Note the older «разу» (genitive/dative-flavored form) rather than «по разу» being merely \"once\" — the construction reads \"at the rate of one per month.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Средним числом","title":"«средним числом» — on average","body":"«средним числом» (instrumental, literally \"by middle number\") is a fixed adverbial phrase meaning \"on average.\" The instrumental case here expresses the manner or measure of the reckoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Средним","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies числом","gloss":"on average"},{"surface":"числом","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходили","gloss":"average"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приходили","gloss":"the fits"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходили","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сроки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сроки","gloss":"irregular"},{"surface":"сроки","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with разу","gloss":"intervals"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c6-s77","source":"Припадки тоже бывали разной силы — иные легкие, другие очень жестокие.","translation":"The fits also varied in severity — some mild, others very violent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывали разной силы","title":"Iterative «бывали» + genitive of quality","body":"«бывали» is the iterative imperfective of «быть» — \"used to be, would be (from time to time)\" — fitting the recurring fits. «разной силы» (\"of varying force\") is a genitive of quality describing the fits' character."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иные ... другие","title":"«иные ... другие» — some ... others","body":"«иные легкие, другие очень жестокие» pairs «иные» (\"some\") with «другие» (\"others\") to partition the set. «иные» here is the bookish equivalent of «некоторые» — a slightly elevated literary touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывали","gloss":"The fits"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывали","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"varied"},{"surface":"разной","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"varying"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывали","gloss":"in severity"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies легкие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"легкие","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"parallel clause to бывали","gloss":"mild"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жестокие","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жестокие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"жестокие","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with легкие","gloss":"violent"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c6-s78","source":"Федор Павлович запретил наистрожайше Григорию наказывать мальчишку телесно и стал пускать его к себе наверх.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch most strictly forbade Grigory to punish the boy bodily and began to let him come up to his own rooms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"запретил ... Григорию наказывать","title":"«запретить» + dative person + infinitive","body":"«запретил Григорию наказывать» (\"forbade Grigory to punish\") puts the person forbidden in the dative «Григорию» and the forbidden action in the infinitive. The dative marks the one to whom the prohibition is addressed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наистрожайше","title":"Superlative adverb «наистрожайше»","body":"«наистрожайше» is an emphatic bookish superlative adverb, \"most strictly of all,\" built on the -айш- superlative suffix plus the intensifying prefix «наи-». Such -ейший/-айший superlatives belong to elevated, literary register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишку","title":"Pejorative «мальчишка»","body":"«мальчишку» (from «мальчик») carries the dismissive -ишк- suffix — \"the brat / the lad,\" a slightly contemptuous or belittling shade rather than mere smallness. It tints how the household regards the boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запретил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"запретил","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbade"},{"surface":"наистрожайше","lemma":"наистрожайше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запретил","gloss":"most strictly"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of запретил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"наказывать","lemma":"наказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of запретил","gloss":"to punish"},{"surface":"мальчишку","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наказывать","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"телесно","lemma":"телесно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наказывать","gloss":"bodily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запретил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"пускать","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to let him come"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пускать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of пускать","gloss":"his own rooms"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пускать","gloss":"upstairs"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c6-s79","source":"Учить его чему бы то ни было тоже пока запретил.","translation":"For the time being he also forbade teaching him anything whatsoever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чему бы то ни было","title":"Generalizing «бы то ни было»","body":"«чему бы то ни было» (\"anything whatsoever\") is a fixed concessive formula: an interrogative pronoun (here dative «чему») + «бы то ни было», meaning \"no matter what.\" The «бы ... ни» pattern generalizes to \"any ... at all,\" a bookish all-inclusive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of запретил","gloss":"Teaching"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Учить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Учить (part of idiom чему бы то ни было)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чему...ни было","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чему...ни было","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"(idiom)","note":"«чему бы то ни было» is a fixed idiom meaning \"anything whatsoever\"; its parts have no separate literal meaning."},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запретил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запретил","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"запретил","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbade"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c6-s80","source":"Но раз, когда мальчику было уже лет пятнадцать, заметил Федор Павлович, что тот бродит около шкафа с книгами и сквозь стекло читает их названия.","translation":"But once, when the boy was already about fifteen, Fyodor Pavlovitch noticed that he was hanging about the bookcase and reading the titles of the books through the glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда мальчику было уже лет пятнадцать","title":"Dative of age + approximate inversion","body":"Age is expressed impersonally with the dative: «мальчику было ... лет пятнадцать» (\"the boy was about fifteen\"). Inverting «лет пятнадцать» (instead of «пятнадцать лет») signals approximation — \"around fifteen\" — a neat idiomatic trick."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметил ... что тот бродит","title":"Reported clause with «что» + demonstrative «тот»","body":"«заметил, что тот бродит» (\"noticed that he was hanging about\") uses «что» to open a factual reported clause, with the demonstrative «тот» (\"that one\") tracking the boy as topic — the present-tense «бродит» is retained as a vivid live action inside past narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of было","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of было, quantified by пятнадцать","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies лет (approximation construction)","gloss":"about fifteen"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бродит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бродит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бродит","lemma":"бродить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"was hanging about"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкафа","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"шкафа","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бродит","gloss":"the bookcase"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"книгами","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шкафа","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сквозь","lemma":"сквозь","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стекло","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"стекло","lemma":"стекло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of читает","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"читает","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бродит","gloss":"was reading"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of названия","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"названия","lemma":"название","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of читает","gloss":"titles"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c6-s81","source":"У Федора Павловича водилось книг довольно, томов сотня с лишком, но никто никогда не видал его самого за книгой.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch had a fair number of books — a hundred-odd volumes — but no one ever saw him himself with a book.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"водилось книг ... томов сотня с лишком","title":"Quantified genitive subject","body":"«водилось книг» (\"there were books, a stock of books\") puts the counted noun «книг» in the genitive plural after an implied quantity, and «томов сотня» (\"a hundred volumes\") likewise governs the genitive «томов». The reflexive «водилось» is impersonal, taking neuter agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто никогда не видал","title":"Triple negative concord","body":"«никто никогда не видал» stacks «никто» + «никогда» + «не» — three negatives, one meaning: \"no one ever saw.\" Russian's mandatory negative concord requires every «ни»-word plus «не» on the verb. «видал» is the colloquial iterative of «видеть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с лишком","title":"«с лишком» — and then some","body":"«сотня с лишком» means \"a hundred-odd, a hundred and more\" — «с лишком» (\"with a surplus\") is an idiomatic tag appended to round numbers to mean \"a bit over.\" It lends the count an offhand, approximate air."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of водилось","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"водилось","lemma":"водиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were kept"},{"surface":"книг","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of водилось","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies книг","gloss":"quite a few"},{"surface":"томов","lemma":"том","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to книг","gloss":"volumes"},{"surface":"сотня","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifier of томов","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лишком","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишком","lemma":"лишек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сотня","gloss":"then some"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with водилось","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies его (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"книгой","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"a book"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c6-s82","source":"Он тотчас же передал ключ от шкафа Смердякову: «Ну и читай, будешь библиотекарем, чем по двору шляться, садись да читай.","translation":"He at once handed Smerdyakov the key to the bookcase: \"Well then, read — you'll be my librarian; better than loafing about the yard, sit down and read.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будешь библиотекарем","title":"Predicate instrumental + future copula «будешь»","body":"«будешь библиотекарем» (\"you'll be a librarian\") shows the predicate noun in the instrumental «библиотекарем» after the future of «быть» — the standard rule for a role assumed in the future. «будешь» here is the simple future of the copula «быть» (a future copula), not a compound/periphrastic future — there is no infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"садись да читай","title":"Imperatives joined by folksy «да»","body":"«садись да читай» (\"sit down and read\") strings two imperfective imperatives with the colloquial coordinating «да» (\"and\"), folksier than «и». The imperfective imperative invites settling into the activity, not a one-off act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по двору шляться","title":"«шляться» — to loaf about","body":"«шляться» is a low, colloquial-pejorative verb for aimless loafing or gadding about, \"to loiter, knock around.\" Fyodor's choice of so crude a word, against the elevated «библиотекарем», is pure comic register-clash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"the key"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкафа","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"шкафа","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ключ","gloss":"the bookcase"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"читай","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to библиотекарем","gloss":"you'll be"},{"surface":"библиотекарем","lemma":"библиотекарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будешь","gloss":"librarian"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of шляться","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двору","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"двору","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шляться","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"шляться","lemma":"шляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"compared (via чем) to библиотекарем","gloss":"loafing"},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with читай","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читай","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"читай","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with садись","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c6-s83","source":"Вот прочти эту», — и Федор Павлович вынул ему «Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки».","translation":"Here, read this one,\" and Fyodor Pavlovitch took out for him \"Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынул ему","title":"Dative «ему» of benefit","body":"«вынул ему» (\"took out for him\") uses the dative «ему» not as an indirect object proper but as a dative of interest/benefit — the action is done for his sake. Russian readily slots a dative in to mark the person concerned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочти","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"прочти","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочти","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вынул","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"Вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"Evenings"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хуторе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"хуторе","lemma":"хутор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Вечера","gloss":"a Farm"},{"surface":"близ","lemma":"близ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Диканьки","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"Диканьки","lemma":"диканька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хуторе","gloss":"Dikanka"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c6-s84","source":"Малый прочел, но остался недоволен, ни разу не усмехнулся, напротив, кончил нахмурившись.","translation":"The fellow read it, but came away dissatisfied, never once smiling — on the contrary, he finished with a frown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончил нахмурившись","title":"Perfective gerund «нахмурившись»","body":"«нахмурившись» is a perfective past gerund (\"having frowned / with a frown\"), here describing the state in which he finished reading. The «-вшись» form (reflexive gerund) attaches to «нахмуриться», \"to knit one's brows.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни разу не усмехнулся","title":"«ни разу не» — not even once","body":"«ни разу не усмехнулся» (\"never once smiled\") uses «ни разу» (\"not a single time\") with the obligatory «не» on the verb — negative concord again. The perfective «усмехнулся» names a single (here, absent) instance of a smirk."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Малый","title":"«малый» — the fellow, the lad","body":"«Малый» as a noun means \"a young fellow, lad\" (distinct from the adjective «малый», \"small\"). It is a familiar, faintly condescending way the narrator labels the grown-up Smerdyakov, like «парень»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочел","gloss":"came away"},{"surface":"недоволен","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"dissatisfied"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни разу не (never once)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase ни разу","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остался","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the contrast with кончил","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остался","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"нахмурившись","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on кончил","gloss":"with a frown"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c6-s85","source":"— Что ж? Не смешно? — спросил Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"Well? Not funny?\" asked Fyodor Pavlovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж?","title":"Filler particle «ж» (= «же»)","body":"«Что ж?» is «Что же?» with «же» reduced to «ж» after a vowel — a conversational \"Well? So?\" The particle adds a prodding, expectant nudge rather than asking a literal \"what.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c6-s86","source":"Смердяков молчал.","translation":"Smerdyakov was silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчал","title":"Imperfective «молчал» of sustained silence","body":"«молчал» (\"was silent / kept silent\") is imperfective, presenting silence as a held-out state rather than an event — Smerdyakov's characteristic, willful muteness. The recurring «молчал / всё молчал» across the chapter is a leitmotif of his withdrawn nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c6-s87","source":"— Отвечай, дурак.","translation":"\"Answer, you fool.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отвечай","title":"Imperfective imperative «отвечай»","body":"«Отвечай» is the imperfective imperative of «отвечать» — a blunt, impatient \"answer (now)!\" The imperfective command here conveys urgency and a demand to get on with it, harsher than the perfective «ответь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"you fool"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c6-s88","source":"— Про неправду всё написано, — ухмыляясь, прошамкал Смердяков.","translation":"\"It's all written about things that aren't true,\" Smerdyakov mumbled with a smirk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ухмыляясь, прошамкал","title":"Simultaneous gerund «ухмыляясь»","body":"«ухмыляясь» is an imperfective present gerund (\"smirking\") naming what accompanies the main verb «прошамкал» — he mumbles while smirking. Both share Smerdyakov as subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прошамкал","title":"«прошамкать» — to mumble toothlessly","body":"«прошамкал» means to mumble in a slurred, toothless, old-man way (from «шамкать»). Coupled with the smirk, the word makes Smerdyakov sound prematurely senile and unpleasant — an aural cue to his repellent affect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про неправду всё написано","title":"Short passive participle «написано»","body":"«написано» is the short-form past passive participle (\"is/has been written\"), neuter to agree with the implied «всё». This is the standard resultative passive — the content stands \"written\" — with «про неправду» (\"about untruth\") fronted for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неправду","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"неправду","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"untrue things"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive написано","gloss":"it's all"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"ухмыляясь","lemma":"ухмыляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошамкал","gloss":"smirking"},{"surface":"прошамкал","lemma":"прошамкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошамкал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c6-s89","source":"— Ну и убирайся к черту, лакейская ты душа.","translation":"\"Well then, go to the devil, you lackey soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убирайся к черту","title":"«убирайся к чёрту» — go to the devil","body":"«убирайся к черту» is a coarse dismissal, \"clear off / get the hell out\" (literally \"to the devil\"). The reflexive imperative «убирайся» (from «убираться») is the rude colloquial \"get lost.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакейская ты душа","title":"«лакейская душа» — a lackey's soul","body":"«лакейская ты душа» (\"you lackey soul\") brands Smerdyakov with a servile, base nature — «лакей», a footman/flunkey, was a byword for cringing servility. The inserted «ты» is the abusive vocative pattern «adjective + ты + noun», pure invective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убирайся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убирайся","lemma":"убираться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убирайся","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"лакейская","lemma":"лакейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative pronoun modifying душа","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c6-s90","source":"Стой, вот тебе «Всеобщая история» Смарагдова, тут уж всё правда, читай.","translation":"Stop — here's Smaragdov's 'Universal History' for you; now it's all true, read that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой","title":"Imperative «стой» — wait!","body":"«Стой» (imperative of «стоять») literally \"stand,\" but idiomatically \"wait! / hold on!\" — an interjection-like command checking the other person mid-action. The bare imperfective imperative fits the abrupt, spoken moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот тебе ... Смарагдова","title":"Presentative «вот тебе» + dative","body":"«вот тебе» (\"here's ... for you\") is a handing-over formula with the dative «тебе». The whole title «Всеобщая история» Смарагдова is the offered object, with «Смарагдова» a possessive genitive (\"Smaragdov's\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces история","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object, marked by вот","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"Всеобщая","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies история","gloss":"Universal"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"presented by вот тебе","gloss":"History"},{"surface":"Смарагдова","lemma":"смарагдов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies история","gloss":"Smaragdov's"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of тут","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"читай","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated imperative with Стой","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c6-s91","source":"Но Смердяков не прочел и десяти страниц из Смарагдова, показалось скучно.","translation":"But Smerdyakov did not read even ten pages of Smaragdov — he found it dull.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прочел и десяти страниц","title":"Genitive of negation + emphatic «и»","body":"Under the negated «не прочел», the object «десяти страниц» (\"ten pages\") shifts to the genitive — the genitive of negation. The particle «и» here means \"even\" — \"didn't read even ten pages.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показалось скучно","title":"Impersonal «показалось скучно»","body":"«показалось скучно» (\"it seemed dull (to him)\") is a subjectless impersonal: the verb «показалось» is neuter and the predicate is the invariable «скучно», with the experiencer left implicit (understood dative). Such impersonal verdicts on feeling are pervasively Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страниц","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies страниц","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"страниц","lemma":"страница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смарагдова","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Смарагдова","lemma":"смарагдов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страниц","gloss":"Smaragdov"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочел","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"dull"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c6-s92","source":"Так и закрылся опять шкаф с книгами.","translation":"And so the bookcase was shut again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и закрылся опять шкаф","title":"Reflexive middle «закрылся» + summarizing «так и»","body":"«закрылся» is the reflexive/middle of «закрыть» — the bookcase \"got shut\" intransitively, no agent named. The opener «Так и» (\"and so / just so\") draws a resigned conclusion: that was the end of it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрылся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрылся","lemma":"закрыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was shut"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрылся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"шкаф","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закрылся","gloss":"the bookcase"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"книгами","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шкаф","gloss":"books"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c6-s93","source":"Вскорости Марфа и Григорий доложили Федору Павловичу, что в Смердякове мало-помалу проявилась вдруг ужасная какая-то брезгливость: сидит за супом, возьмет ложку и ищет-ищет в супе, нагибается, высматривает, почерпнет ложку и подымет на свет.","translation":"Soon afterward Marfa and Grigory reported to Fyodor Pavlovitch that a kind of dreadful fastidiousness had little by little come over Smerdyakov: he sits over his soup, takes up his spoon and hunts and hunts about in the soup, bends down, peers in, scoops up a spoonful and holds it to the light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проявилась ... брезгливость","title":"Reflexive «проявилась» of an emerging trait","body":"«проявилась брезгливость» (\"a fastidiousness manifested itself\") uses the reflexive/middle «проявиться» to let an abstract quality surface as its own subject — the fastidiousness appears, no one makes it appear. «вдруг ужасная какая-то» heaps on hedging modifiers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидит ... возьмет ... ищет-ищет ... почерпнет ... подымет","title":"Gnomic present + reduplication for habit","body":"The narration slips into the present/perfective-future («сидит, возьмёт, почерпнёт, подымет») to paint a habitual, repeated scene vividly before the eyes. The reduplicated «ищет-ищет» (\"hunts and hunts\") expresses drawn-out, insistent repetition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брезгливость","title":"«брезгливость» — squeamish fastidiousness","body":"«брезгливость» is fastidious squeamishness, disgust at anything unclean or contaminating. It is a key word for Smerdyakov — a physical revulsion that mirrors his moral coldness, set against the household's earthy ordinariness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"«мало-помалу» is a fixed reduplicative adverb meaning \"gradually, bit by bit\" (paired with «вдруг», \"suddenly,\" in a slight tension — gradual emergence, sudden onset). Such doubled adverbs are an idiomatic feature of the spoken-flavored narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доложили","gloss":"soon after"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of доложили","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Марфа","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"доложили","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложили","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федору","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проявилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проявилась","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу","gloss":"by little","note":"мало-помалу is a set phrase meaning \"little by little\"."},{"surface":"проявилась","lemma":"проявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of доложили","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проявилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ужасная","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брезгливость","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какая-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какая-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"брезгливость","lemma":"брезгливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проявилась","gloss":"fastidiousness"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"illustrates брезгливость (habitual narrative present)","gloss":"he sits"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"супом","lemma":"суп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"his soup"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"takes up"},{"surface":"ложку","lemma":"ложка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"his spoon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"hunts"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"reduplicated with the previous ищет (hunts and hunts)","gloss":"and hunts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"супе","lemma":"суп","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ищет","gloss":"the soup"},{"surface":"нагибается","lemma":"нагибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"bends down"},{"surface":"высматривает","lemma":"высматривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"peers in"},{"surface":"почерпнет","lemma":"почерпнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"scoops up"},{"surface":"ложку","lemma":"ложка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почерпнет","gloss":"a spoonful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подымет","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почерпнет","gloss":"holds it up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымет","gloss":"the light"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c6-s94","source":"— Таракан, что ли? — спросит, бывало, Григорий.","translation":"\"A cockroach, is it?\" Grigory would ask.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросит, бывало, Григорий","title":"«бывало» + future-form for past habit","body":"«спросит ... бывало» pairs the perfective present-future «спросит» with the parenthetical «бывало» (\"used to, would\") to express a recurring past habit — \"Grigory would ask.\" This «бывало» + perfective is a classic device for iterative past narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли","title":"Dubitative particle «что ли»","body":"«Таракан, что ли?» tags «что ли» onto the noun for a hesitant, guessing question — \"A cockroach, or what / is it?\" The particle conveys uncertainty and casual surmise, a very colloquial flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таракан","lemma":"таракан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a cockroach"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the question что ли","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"спросит","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would ask"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывало","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросит (marks habitual past action)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросит","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c6-s95","source":"— Муха, может, — заметит Марфа.","translation":"\"A fly, maybe,\" Marfa would remark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Муха, может, — заметит Марфа","title":"Parenthetical «может» + habitual «заметит»","body":"«может» here is shorthand for «может быть» (\"maybe\"), inserted parenthetically. «заметит» is again the perfective present-form used habitually (\"Marfa would remark\"), matching «спросит ... бывало» in the previous line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Муха","lemma":"муха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметит","gloss":"a fly"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"заметит","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would remark"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметит","gloss":"Marfa"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c6-s96","source":"Чистоплотный юноша никогда не отвечал, но и с хлебом, и с мясом, и со всеми кушаньями оказалось то же самое: подымет, бывало, кусок на вилке на свет, рассматривает точно в микроскоп, долго, бывало, решается и наконец-то решится в рот отправить.","translation":"The fastidious youth never answered, but with the bread, too, and with the meat, and with every dish it was the same: he would lift, say, a morsel on his fork to the light, examine it as though under a microscope, deliberate a long while, and finally make up his mind to send it into his mouth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и с хлебом, и с мясом, и со всеми кушаньями","title":"Repeated «и ... и ...» + instrumental of «с»","body":"The correlative «и ... и ... и ...» (\"both ... and ... and ...\") lists each item, every noun in the instrumental after «с» (\"with\"): «с хлебом, с мясом, со всеми кушаньями». Note «со» before the cluster «вс-». The piling-up enacts his exhaustive scrutiny of everything."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наконец-то решится","title":"Emphatic «-то» + perfective resolve","body":"«наконец-то» (\"at long last\") uses the emphatic clitic «-то» to underscore the relief of finally deciding; «решится» is the perfective present-future for the habitual single act of making up his mind. The slow «долго ... решается» (imperfective) then «решится» (perfective) contrasts process and completion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точно в микроскоп","title":"«точно» — as if, just like","body":"«точно» here is not \"exactly\" but the comparative \"as though, just like\" (= «как будто»): he examines the morsel \"as if under a microscope.\" This «точно» of likeness is common in 19th-century literary prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чистоплотный","lemma":"чистоплотный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"fastidious"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative и...и...и (both...and...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлебом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"хлебом","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"the bread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мясом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мясом","lemma":"мясо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хлебом","gloss":"the meat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кушаньями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of кушаньями","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"кушаньями","lemma":"кушанье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with хлебом","gloss":"dish"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвечал","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"подымет","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"illustrates оказалось (habitual narrative present)","gloss":"he lifts"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывало","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымет (marks habitual past action)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымет","gloss":"a morsel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вилке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вилке","lemma":"вилка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кусок","gloss":"his fork"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымет","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"рассматривает","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымет","gloss":"examines it"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies микроскоп","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking микроскоп","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"микроскоп","lemma":"микроскоп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассматривает","gloss":"a microscope"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решается","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывало","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решается (marks habitual past action)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"решается","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымет","gloss":"deliberates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наконец (наконец-то)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"решится","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подымет","gloss":"resolves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рот","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправить","gloss":"his mouth"},{"surface":"отправить","lemma":"отправить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решится","gloss":"to send it"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c6-s97","source":"«Вишь, барчонок какой объявился», — бормотал, на него глядя, Григорий.","translation":"\"Just look what a fine little gentleman has turned up,\" Grigory would mutter, watching him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вишь","title":"«вишь» — just look, see now","body":"«Вишь» is a folksy contraction of «видишь» (\"you see\"), used as an exclamatory particle of ironic notice — \"well, look at that!\" It marks Grigory's earthy, peasant speech, contrasting with Smerdyakov's pretension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барчонок","title":"«барчонок» — little master","body":"«барчонок» is a mocking diminutive of «барин» (\"gentleman, master\"): a young master's son, a pampered little gentleman — exactly the airs Grigory derides in the servant-born Smerdyakov. The -онок suffix (used for young creatures) heightens the sarcasm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бормотал, на него глядя","title":"Gerund «глядя» with object-fronting","body":"«на него глядя» is the present gerund «глядя» (\"looking at him\"), with the object «на него» placed before it for rhythm. It names the simultaneous circumstance accompanying «бормотал» (\"muttered\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вишь","lemma":"вишь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"барчонок","lemma":"барчонок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявился","gloss":"little gentleman"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барчонок","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"объявился","lemma":"объявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"has turned up"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c6-s98","source":"Федор Павлович, услышав о новом качестве Смердякова, решил немедленно, что быть ему поваром, и отдал его в ученье в Москву.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch, hearing of this new quality in Smerdyakov, decided at once that he should be a cook, and sent him off to Moscow to train.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"услышав о новом качестве","title":"Perfective gerund «услышав»","body":"«услышав» is a perfective past gerund (\"having heard\") setting the prior action; «о новом качестве» is «о» + prepositional, the case of topic — \"about the new quality.\" The gerund neatly subordinates the cause to the main decision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решил ... что быть ему поваром","title":"Dative subject of an infinitive + predicate instrumental","body":"«быть ему поваром» (\"that he should be a cook\") is a dative-with-infinitive of destiny/obligation: the person fated stands in the dative «ему», and the predicate noun «поваром» takes the instrumental after «быть». A compact, fatalistic construction — \"he was to be a cook.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"услышав","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking качестве","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"новом","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies качестве","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"качестве","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышав","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies качестве","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поваром","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поваром","gloss":"was to be"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of быть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поваром","lemma":"повар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"a cook"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решил","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ученье","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ученье","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ученье","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c6-s99","source":"В ученье он пробыл несколько лет и воротился, сильно переменившись лицом.","translation":"He spent several years in training and came back greatly altered in the face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воротился, сильно переменившись лицом","title":"Perfective gerund «переменившись» + instrumental of respect","body":"«переменившись» is a perfective reflexive gerund (\"having changed\") describing the state in which he returned; «лицом» is an instrumental of respect — changed \"in the face,\" specifying in what regard. The verb «воротился» is the older/folksier variant of «вернулся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ученье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ученье","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыл","gloss":"training"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пробыл","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробыл","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробыл","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переменившись","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"переменившись","lemma":"перемениться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воротился","gloss":"having changed"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переменившись","gloss":"in the face"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c6-s100","source":"Он вдруг как-то необычайно постарел, совсем даже несоразмерно с возрастом сморщился, пожелтел, стал походить на скопца.","translation":"He had somehow grown extraordinarily old all at once, even quite disproportionately to his age, had shriveled and turned sallow, and come to look like a eunuch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"постарел ... сморщился, пожелтел, стал походить","title":"Chain of inchoative perfectives","body":"A run of perfective pasts — «постарел» (grew old), «сморщился» (shriveled), «пожелтел» (turned yellow), «стал походить» (came to resemble) — each an inchoative \"became\" verb. The «по-» and «за-/с-» prefixes mark the onset of new states, stacking up a sudden transformation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постарел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постарел","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то (somehow)","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то (somehow)","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"необычайно","lemma":"необычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постарел","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"постарел","lemma":"постареть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew old"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несоразмерно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несоразмерно","lemma":"несоразмерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сморщился","gloss":"disproportionately"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возрастом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"возрастом","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несоразмерно","gloss":"his age"},{"surface":"сморщился","lemma":"сморщиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постарел","gloss":"had shriveled"},{"surface":"пожелтел","lemma":"пожелтеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постарел","gloss":"turned sallow"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постарел","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"походить","lemma":"походить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to look like"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скопца","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"скопца","lemma":"скопец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of походить","gloss":"a eunuch"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c6-s101","source":"Нравственно же воротился почти тем же самым, как и до отъезда в Москву: всё так же был нелюдим и ни в чьем обществе не ощущал ни малейшей надобности.","translation":"Morally, however, he came back almost the same as he had been before leaving for Moscow: just as unsociable as ever, and feeling not the slightest need for anyone's company.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни в чьем обществе не ощущал ни малейшей надобности","title":"Double «ни» + genitive of negation","body":"Two «ни»-phrases frame the negated verb: «ни в чьем обществе» (\"in no one's company\") and the object «ни малейшей надобности» (\"not the slightest need\"), the latter in the genitive of negation. Three negative markers, all reinforcing — the obligatory concord — with «не» on «ощущал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нравственно же воротился почти тем же самым","title":"Contrastive «же» + instrumental predicate «тем же самым»","body":"Fronted «Нравственно же» uses «же» to pivot — \"morally, on the other hand\" — against the physical change just described. «воротился ... тем же самым» (\"came back the same\") puts the predicate in the instrumental «тем же самым» after a verb of returning-to-a-state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нравственно","lemma":"нравственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"morally"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Нравственно","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came back"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до отъезда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъезда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"отъезда","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"the departure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отъезда","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был нелюдим","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as ever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нелюдим","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нелюдим","lemma":"нелюдимый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"unsociable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чьем","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обществе","gloss":"anyone's"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малейшей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надобности","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c6-s102","source":"Он и в Москве, как передавали потом, всё молчал; сама же Москва его как-то чрезвычайно мало заинтересовала, так что он узнал в ней разве кое-что, на всё остальное и внимания не обратил.","translation":"In Moscow, too, as was told afterward, he kept silent the whole time; Moscow itself somehow interested him extraordinarily little, so that he learned scarcely anything there at all, and paid no attention to everything else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама же Москва ... мало заинтересовала","title":"Emphatic «сама» + topic «же»","body":"«сама же Москва» (\"Moscow itself\") uses the intensifier «сам(а)» (\"-self\") with «же» to single Moscow out as topic — \"as for Moscow itself.\" The fronting and the particle together steer the focus, a typical Dostoevskian conversational rhythm in narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как передавали потом","title":"Impersonal «передавали» — it was reported","body":"«как передавали потом» (\"as was told afterward\") is a subject-implied impersonal plural — the unspecified \"they reported,\" a Russian way of saying \"it was said\" without naming a source. The imperfective «передавали» frames it as ongoing hearsay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве кое-что","title":"«разве» + indefinite «кое-что»","body":"«разве кое-что» means \"hardly anything beyond a little / scarcely a thing.\" Here «разве» works as a limiting \"except perhaps,\" and «кое-что» is the indefinite \"a few things, something or other\" — together belittling how little he absorbed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в Москве","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of передавали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"передавали","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"was told"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Москва","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сама","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Москва","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовала","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то (somehow)","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то (somehow)","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовала","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"заинтересовала","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of узнал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by так что","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кое-что","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кое-что","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остальное","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остальное","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальное","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратил","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"paid"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c6-s103","source":"Был даже раз в театре, но молча и с неудовольствием воротился.","translation":"He even went to the theater once, but came back silent and displeased.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молча и с неудовольствием воротился","title":"Frozen gerund «молча» + instrumental of manner","body":"«молча» (\"silently\") is the lexicalized present gerund of «молчать», now functioning as a plain adverb. Beside it, «с неудовольствием» (\"with displeasure\") is «с» + instrumental expressing manner — two ways of coloring how he returned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause (Был ... раз в театре); not a copula to воротился, which is a separate verb in the но-clause","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"театре","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the theater"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неудовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неудовольствием","lemma":"неудовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"displeasure"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"came back"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c6-s104","source":"Зато прибыл к нам из Москвы в хорошем платье, в чистом сюртуке и белье, очень тщательно вычищал сам щеткой свое платье неизменно по два раза в день, а сапоги свои опойковые, щегольские, ужасно любил чистить особенною английскою ваксой так, чтоб они сверкали как зеркало.","translation":"On the other hand, he arrived back to us from Moscow in fine clothes, in a clean frock coat and linen, brushing his clothes most carefully himself, without fail twice a day, and his calfskin boots — dandyish things — he was terribly fond of polishing with a special English blacking until they shone like a mirror.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в хорошем платье, в чистом сюртуке и белье","title":"Prepositional «в» of attire + adjective agreement","body":"Dress is described with «в» + prepositional: «в хорошем платье», «в чистом сюртуке». Each adjective agrees in case and gender with its noun (neuter «платье», masculine «сюртуке»), the prepositional endings making the case visible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб они сверкали как зеркало","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб» + irrealis past","body":"«чтоб они сверкали» (\"so that they shone\") is a purpose/result clause with «чтоб» (reduced «чтобы»), which obligatorily takes the past-tense form «сверкали» as its irrealis verb. The «-бы» fused inside «чтобы» is what forces the past form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"прибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибыл","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыл","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хорошем","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыл","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чистом","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сюртуке","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"сюртуке","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сюртуке","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тщательно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тщательно","lemma":"тщательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вычищал","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"вычищал","lemma":"вычищать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибыл","gloss":"brushed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of вычищал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"щеткой","lemma":"щётка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вычищал","gloss":"with a brush"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вычищал","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"неизменно","lemma":"неизменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вычищал","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"[distributive: two times]"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вычищал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сапоги","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"fronted direct object of чистить","gloss":"boots","note":"Fronted for emphasis; the implicit subject of любил is still Smerdyakov."},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сапоги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"опойковые","lemma":"опойковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сапоги","gloss":"calfskin"},{"surface":"щегольские","lemma":"щегольский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with опойковые","gloss":"dandyish"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибыл","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"чистить","lemma":"чистить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"polishing"},{"surface":"особенною","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ваксой","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"английскою","lemma":"английский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ваксой","gloss":"English"},{"surface":"ваксой","lemma":"вакса","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чистить","gloss":"blacking"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чистить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сверкали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сверкали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сверкали","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"result clause on так","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking зеркало","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"зеркало","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкали","gloss":"a mirror"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c6-s105","source":"Поваром он оказался превосходным.","translation":"As a cook he turned out to be excellent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поваром он оказался превосходным","title":"Predicate instrumental with «оказаться»","body":"«оказался превосходным поваром» (\"turned out to be an excellent cook\") puts the predicate noun «поваром» and its adjective «превосходным» in the instrumental after «оказаться», like «быть/стать». Fronting «Поваром» makes the role the topic — \"as a cook, he proved excellent.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Поваром","lemma":"повар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"as a cook"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"превосходным","lemma":"превосходный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"excellent"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c6-s106","source":"Федор Павлович положил ему жалованье, и это жалованье Смердяков употреблял чуть не в целости на платье, на помаду, на духи и проч.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch set him a wage, and this wage Smerdyakov spent almost entirely on clothes, on pomade, on perfume, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это жалованье Смердяков употреблял ... на платье","title":"Object-fronting + «на» + accusative of purpose","body":"The object «это жалованье» is fronted as topic before subject and verb, and the spending targets take «на» + accusative: «на платье, на помаду, на духи». «на» of purpose (\"on / for\") repeats with each item, listing where the wage went."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч.","title":"«и проч.» — and so forth","body":"«и проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» (\"and the rest, et cetera\"), a bookish list-closer. It lends the catalogue of vanities (clothes, pomade, perfume...) a faintly ironic, off-handed completeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of положил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"жалованье","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"a wage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of жалованье","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жалованье","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of употреблял","gloss":"wage"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of употреблял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"употреблял","lemma":"употреблять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with положил","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не, modifies целости","gloss":"[almost] entirely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целости","lemma":"целость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of употреблял","gloss":"entirety"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of употреблял","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помаду","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"помаду","lemma":"помада","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"pomade"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духи","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"духи","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"perfume"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c6-s107","source":"Но женский пол он, кажется, так же презирал, как и мужской, держал себя с ним степенно, почти недоступно.","translation":"But the female sex, it seems, he despised just as much as the male, conducting himself toward women with gravity, almost unapproachably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так же презирал ... как и мужской","title":"Comparative correlative «так же ... как и»","body":"«так же ... как и» (\"just as ... as\") frames the equality of contempt: he despised the female sex as much as the male. «как и» (\"as also\") tightens the comparison. The contrastive «Но» opens with a turn against the preceding grooming-vanity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"держал себя ... степенно, почти недоступно","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» in «держать себя»","body":"«держал себя» (\"conducted himself\") uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» (no nominative form), pointing back to the subject — distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся». The manner adverbs «степенно» (\"with gravity\") and «недоступно» (\"unapproachably\") describe the bearing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пол","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of презирал","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирал","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with мужской","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мужской","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мужской","lemma":"мужской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to пол","gloss":"the male [sex]"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презирал","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"степенно","lemma":"степенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"with gravity"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоступно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"недоступно","lemma":"недоступный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with степенно","gloss":"unapproachably"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c6-s108","source":"Федор Павлович стал поглядывать на него и с некоторой другой точки зрения.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch began to regard him from a somewhat different point of view as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал поглядывать ... с некоторой ... точки зрения","title":"Inceptive «стал» + iterative «поглядывать»","body":"«стал поглядывать» (\"began to regard / glance at\") pairs the inceptive «стать» with the iterative-diminutive verb «поглядывать», whose «по-...-ива-» pattern means to do something now and then, off and on. «с ... точки зрения» (\"from a point of view\") is «с» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"поглядывать","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to regard"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of точки","gloss":"a somewhat"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точки","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"точки","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывать","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"зрения","lemma":"зрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"compound with точки","gloss":"of view"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c6-s109","source":"Дело в том, что припадки его падучей болезни усилились, и в те дни кушанье готовилось уже Марфой Игнатьевной, что было Федору Павловичу вовсе не на руку.","translation":"The thing was that the fits of his falling sickness had grown more frequent, and on those days the cooking was already done by Marfa Ignatyevna, which suited Fyodor Pavlovitch not at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кушанье готовилось ... Марфой Игнатьевной","title":"Reflexive passive + instrumental agent","body":"«готовилось Марфой» is an imperfective reflexive passive: the food \"was being cooked,\" and the agent, when named, goes in the instrumental «Марфой Игнатьевной». This «-ся» passive is the regular imperfective counterpart to the participial passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что было Федору Павловичу вовсе не на руку","title":"Dative experiencer + idiom «не на руку»","body":"«было Федору Павловичу ... не на руку» frames an impersonal judgment with the dative experiencer «Федору Павловичу». The idiom «не на руку» means \"not convenient, not to one's advantage\" — literally \"not to hand.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, linked to том by an elided copula","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"was, that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усилились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of усилились","gloss":"the fits"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of падучей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадки","gloss":"sickness","note":"«падучая болезнь» is the period term for epilepsy."},{"surface":"усилились","lemma":"усилиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"content clause of том","gloss":"had grown more frequent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of готовилось","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"кушанье","lemma":"кушанье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of готовилось","gloss":"the cooking"},{"surface":"готовилось","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with усилились","gloss":"was done"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовилось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Марфой","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"passive agent of готовилось","gloss":"by Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевной","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфой","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of the idiom не на руку","gloss":"to Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на руку","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку, part of the idiom","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было (idiom не на руку)","gloss":"[not to his] advantage","note":"«не на руку» is an idiom meaning it did not suit/benefit someone."}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c6-s110","source":"— С чего у тебя припадки-то чаще? — косился он иногда на нового повара, всматриваясь в его лицо.","translation":"\"Why are your fits coming more often?\" he would sometimes ask, eyeing his new cook askance and studying his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"припадки-то чаще","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + comparative «чаще»","body":"«припадки-то» foregrounds the fits as the known topic under discussion (\"these fits of yours\"); «чаще» is the suppletive-ish comparative of «частый/часто» (\"more often\"). The bare comparative as predicate needs no «более»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"косился ... всматриваясь в его лицо","title":"Iterative «косился» + present gerund «всматриваясь»","body":"«косился» (imperfective, habitual \"would eye askance\") sets the recurring scene; «всматриваясь» is a present gerund (\"peering closely\") naming the simultaneous action. The verb «всматриваться в» takes «в» + accusative «лицо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces чего","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of С","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of чаще","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes припадки","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"чаще","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, modifies припадки","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"косился","lemma":"коситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eyed askance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of косился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies косился","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking повара","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies повара","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"повара","lemma":"повар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of косился","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"всматриваясь","lemma":"всматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on косился","gloss":"studying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"[studying] into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of всматриваясь","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c6-s111","source":"— Хоть бы ты женился на какой-нибудь, хочешь женю?..","translation":"\"You ought to marry someone — would you like me to marry you off?..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть бы ты женился","title":"Optative «хоть бы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«Хоть бы ты женился» (\"you ought to marry / if only you'd marry\") is an optative wish built on «хоть бы» plus the past-tense form «женился» — the «бы» making it irrealis. It voices Fyodor's half-coaxing suggestion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"женился на какой-нибудь ... хочешь женю","title":"«жениться на» + prepositional; non-reflexive «женю»","body":"«жениться на ком-нибудь» (\"to marry someone\") governs «на» + prepositional «какой-нибудь» (indefinite \"some woman or other\"). Note the contrast: reflexive «женился» = \"get married,\" but transitive «женю» (\"I'll marry you off\") drops the «-ся» to take an object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы, modifies женился","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase Хоть","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какой-нибудь","gloss":"[married] to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, part of какой-нибудь","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to женился","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"женю","lemma":"женить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хочешь","gloss":"I'll marry you off","note":"Not the name Женя — a finite verb form of женить, \"to marry someone off\"."}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c6-s112","source":"Но Смердяков на эти речи только бледнел от досады, но ничего не отвечал.","translation":"But at such talk Smerdyakov only turned pale with vexation, and answered nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бледнел от досады, но ничего не отвечал","title":"Imperfective reactions + «от» of cause","body":"The imperfective pasts «бледнел» and «не отвечал» present his reactions as repeated, characteristic responses, not single events. «от досады» is «от» + genitive of cause — he paled \"from vexation.\" «ничего не отвечал» is the negative-concord \"answered nothing.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на эти речи","title":"«речи» — talk, words","body":"«речи» (plural of «речь») here means not formal \"speeches\" but loosely \"such talk, words, remarks.\" «на эти речи» (\"at such talk\") frames Smerdyakov's reaction to Fyodor's marriage-banter — a slightly elevated word for everyday chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бледнел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бледнел","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бледнел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бледнел","lemma":"бледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned pale"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досады","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"досады","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бледнел","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of отвечал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледнел","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c6-s113","source":"Федор Павлович отходил, махнув рукой.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch would walk away with a wave of his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отходил, махнув рукой","title":"Perfective gerund «махнув» + instrumental tool","body":"«махнув рукой» is a perfective past gerund (\"having waved his hand\") — here the completed gesture accompanying «отходил». «рукой» is instrumental, the hand as the instrument of the wave. «махнуть рукой (на кого-то)» idiomatically means to give up on, dismiss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отходил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"отходил","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would walk away"},{"surface":"махнув","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отходил","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнув","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c6-s114","source":"Главное, в честности его он был уверен, и это раз навсегда, в том, что он не возьмет ничего и не украдет.","translation":"Most important, he was certain of his honesty, and that once and for all — certain that he would take nothing and steal nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в честности его он был уверен","title":"«уверен в» + prepositional","body":"The short adjective «уверен» (\"sure, certain\") governs «в» + prepositional: «в честности» (\"of his honesty\"). The short predicative form, common in 19th-century prose, names a state; the phrase is fronted for emphasis (\"of his honesty he was certain\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не возьмет ничего и не украдет","title":"Perfective future + negative concord","body":"«не возьмёт ничего и не украдёт» are perfective futures expressing a settled certainty about what Smerdyakov never would do. «ничего ... не» is the obligatory double negative — \"would take nothing.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies уверен","gloss":"most important"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверен","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies честности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes уверен, modified by навсегда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom раз навсегда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with уверен","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверен","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возьмет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"content clause of том","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"украдет","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмет","gloss":"would steal"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c6-s115","source":"Раз случилось, что Федор Павлович, пьяненький, обронил на собственном дворе в грязи три радужные бумажки, которые только что получил, и хватился их на другой только день: только что бросился искать по карманам, а радужные вдруг уже лежат у него все три на столе.","translation":"It once happened that Fyodor Pavlovitch, a little tipsy, dropped in the mud of his own yard three rainbow notes he had just received, and missed them only the next day: no sooner had he rushed to search his pockets than all three of the rainbow notes were suddenly lying there before him on the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"радужные бумажки","title":"\"радужные\" — rainbow notes","body":"«радужные бумажки» (\"rainbow notes\") was slang for the multicolored 100-rouble banknote of imperial Russia, so named for its iridescent printing; we keep the literal \"rainbow notes\" and gloss it here. That Smerdyakov returned three of them untouched is what convinces Fyodor Pavlovitch of his absolute honesty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хватился их на другой только день","title":"«хватиться» + genitive of the missed thing","body":"«хватился их» (\"missed them, suddenly noticed them gone\") governs the genitive «их» — «хватиться чего» takes the genitive of the thing whose absence is discovered. The reflexive verb names the sudden realization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что бросился искать ... а радужные вдруг уже лежат","title":"«только что ... а ...» — no sooner than","body":"The pattern «только что бросился ... а ... уже лежат» expresses \"no sooner had he rushed to search than they were already lying there.\" The contrastive «а» pivots between the two clauses, and the present «лежат» drops into vivid narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пьяненький","title":"Diminutive «пьяненький»","body":"«пьяненький» softens «пьяный» (\"drunk\") with the -еньк- diminutive — \"a little tipsy, pleasantly tight.\" The affectionate suffix paints Fyodor's tipsiness as endearing-comic rather than ugly, typical of the narrator's indulgent irony toward him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обронил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обронил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"пьяненький","lemma":"пьяненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"a little tipsy"},{"surface":"обронил","lemma":"обронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"собственном","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обронил","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грязи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грязи","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обронил","gloss":"the mud"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on бумажки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies бумажки","gloss":"rainbow"},{"surface":"бумажки","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обронил","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"[just]"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on бумажки","gloss":"had received"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хватился","lemma":"хватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with получил","gloss":"missed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of хватился","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"[only the] next"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хватился","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что, modifies бросился","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"[no sooner]"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хватился","gloss":"had he rushed"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to search"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карманам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"карманам","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of искать","gloss":"his pockets"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"the rainbow notes"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"were lying"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies радужные","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c6-s116","source":"Откуда?","translation":"\"Where from?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Откуда?","title":"One-word elliptical question «Откуда?»","body":"«Откуда?» (\"From where?\") stands alone as Fyodor's stunned, elliptical question — the verb and everything else dropped. Russian freely reduces a question to its interrogative word when context supplies the rest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where from"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c6-s117","source":"Смердяков поднял и еще вчера принес.","translation":"Smerdyakov had picked them up and brought them in the day before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял и ... принес","title":"Two perfectives narrating the event","body":"«поднял» (\"picked up\") and «принёс» (\"brought\") are perfective pasts, two completed acts narrating what Smerdyakov had done the day before. «ещё вчера» (\"as early as the day before\") underlines the prior timing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had picked them up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"had brought them"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c6-s118","source":"«Ну, брат, я таких, как ты, не видывал», — отрезал тогда Федор Павлович и подарил ему десять рублей.","translation":"\"Well, brother, I've never seen the likes of you,\" Fyodor Pavlovitch declared then, and made him a present of ten roubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я таких, как ты, не видывал","title":"Genitive of negation + iterative «видывал»","body":"«таких ... не видывал» (\"never saw the likes\") has the negated object «таких» in the genitive of negation. «видывал» is the iterative-frequentative of «видеть» (\"to have ever seen, time and again\"), a folksy, expressive form heightening \"in all my days.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат","title":"«брат» as familiar address","body":"«брат» (\"brother\") here is not literal kinship but a familiar, hearty form of address to a man — \"well, brother / mate.\" Fyodor's matey tone, mixing condescension and warmth, is typical of his patter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to say curtly","body":"«отрезал» literally \"cut off,\" idiomatically means to say something sharply and conclusively — to snap out a final word. The metaphor is of speech sliced clean, leaving no reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the quoted remark","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of видывал","gloss":"the likes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"compared to таких via как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"видывал","lemma":"видывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подарил","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"made a present"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подарил","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c6-s119","source":"Надо прибавить, что не только в честности его он был уверен, но почему-то даже и любил его, хотя малый и на него глядел так же косо, как и на других, и всё молчал.","translation":"It must be added that he was not only certain of his honesty but for some reason even fond of him, although the fellow looked at him just as askance as he did at everyone else, and kept silent all the time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только ... но почему-то даже и любил его","title":"Correlative «не только ... но ... даже»","body":"«не только ... но ... даже» (\"not only ... but even\") is a graded correlative escalating the claim — from certainty of honesty to actual fondness. «почему-то» (\"for some reason,\" indefinite «-то») hedges the surprising affection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя малый и ... глядел так же косо","title":"Concessive «хотя» + concessive «и»","body":"«хотя ... и глядел» (\"although the fellow did look\") opens a concessive clause with «хотя»; the «и» here reinforces the concession (\"did indeed look\"). «так же косо, как и на других» repeats the \"just as ... as\" comparison of askance looks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it must"},{"surface":"прибавить","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"be added"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверен","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies честности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of прибавить","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил, part of почему-то","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"[some reason]"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"[even]"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уверен","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядел","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies косо","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"косо","lemma":"косо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"askance"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with других","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies других","gloss":"[also]"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of косо","gloss":"everyone else"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"all the time"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"kept silent"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c6-s120","source":"Редко, бывало, заговорит.","translation":"He would speak only rarely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Редко, бывало, заговорит","title":"«бывало» + perfective future for past habit","body":"«заговорит» is the perfective present-form used with «бывало» to mean a recurring past act — \"he would (only rarely) start to speak.\" The inceptive prefix «за-» on «говорить» marks the onset of speaking. Fronted «Редко» (\"rarely\") closes the chapter on his habitual silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорит","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"habitual marker, parallel to заговорит","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c6-s121","source":"Если бы в то время кому-нибудь вздумалось спросить, глядя на него: чем этот парень интересуется и что всего чаще у него на уме, то, право, невозможно было бы решить, на него глядя.","translation":"Had it occurred to anyone at that time to look at him and ask what this fellow was interested in and what was most often on his mind, it would truly have been impossible to decide just from looking at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы… вздумалось спросить… невозможно было бы решить","title":"A hypothetical framed with бы","body":"The whole sentence is irrealis: the conditional «Если бы… вздумалось» (had it occurred to someone) is answered by «невозможно было бы решить» (it would be impossible to decide). The particle «бы» plus a past-tense form builds Russia's single 'would' mood, here imagining a test never actually carried out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кому-нибудь вздумалось","title":"Dative experiencer with «вздуматься»","body":"«Вздуматься» is an impersonal -ся verb: there is no nominative subject, and the person to whom the whim occurs stands in the dative — «кому-нибудь вздумалось» (it occurred to someone). It is the same experiencer-first pattern as «мне хочется»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядя на него","title":"The gerund «глядя» — 'while looking'","body":"«Глядя» is the imperfective present деепричастие (adverbial participle) of «глядеть»: 'while looking', an action simultaneous with the main verb and sharing its subject. Dostoevsky frames the whole sentence with it and then echoes it at the close in «на него глядя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"право","title":"«право» as an aside — 'truly, really'","body":"Here «право» is not the noun 'right' but a parenthetical particle meaning 'truly, honestly, I assure you' — a colloquial hedge the narrator drops in to vouch for the claim, like English 'really'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вздумалось","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вздумалось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздумалось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вздумалось","gloss":"to someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of the phrase кому","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вздумалось","lemma":"вздуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, impersonal, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred (to someone)"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумалось","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросить","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of интересуется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of парень","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of интересуется","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"интересуется","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the чем-clause","gloss":"is interested in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the second clause, parallel to чем","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle, intensifier","role":"modifies чаще","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"чаще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"most often"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чаще","gloss":"mind","note":"у него на уме, lit. \"at him on the mind,\" is the idiom for \"on his mind.\""},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"correlative marker, pairs with Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying невозможно","gloss":"truly","note":"Here право is the parenthetical adverb \"truly/indeed,\" not the noun \"right.\""},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate with было бы","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of невозможно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to decide"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решить","gloss":"looking"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c6-s122","source":"А между тем он иногда в доме же, аль хоть на дворе, или на улице, случалось, останавливался, задумывался и стоял так по десятку даже минут.","translation":"And yet sometimes, in the house, or even out in the yard, or in the street, it would happen that he stopped, fell to musing, and stood like that for as much as ten minutes at a stretch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folksy 'or'","body":"«Аль» is a dialectal, peasant-flavoured variant of «или / али» ('or'). Slipped into the narration alongside «в доме же» and «по десятку», it tints the sentence with the colloquial, popular voice that suits the milieu being described."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"останавливался, задумывался и стоял","title":"Imperfective past for a recurring habit","body":"All three verbs are imperfective past — «останавливался… задумывался… стоял» — describing not one event but a repeated, habitual scene ('it would happen that he stopped… and stood'). The imperfective is precisely what carries this iterative 'used to' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в доме же","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"The particle «же» here is not 'but'; it leans on «в доме» to mean 'in the very house, of all places' — a small emphatic nudge marking the unexpectedness of his stopping right there. Such particles carry shading English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по десятку даже минут","title":"«по десятку минут» — distributive 'a good ten minutes'","body":"«По» with «десятку» gives a distributive, approximate 'about ten minutes at a time'; «десяток» is the noun 'a ten / a tenful', and «даже» ('even') stresses how long that is for a man simply standing still."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между, forms the idiom \"meanwhile\"","gloss":"that","note":"между тем is a fixed idiom meaning \"meanwhile/yet,\" not a literal \"between that.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останавливался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останавливался","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останавливался","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal (= или)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"аль is a folk/dialectal variant of или (\"or\"), used here for peasant-flavored narration."},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доме","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дворе","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, impersonal, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal, \"it happened that\")","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"останавливался","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of случалось, first coordinate","gloss":"he stopped"},{"surface":"задумывался","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливался","gloss":"fell to musing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливался","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десятку","gloss":"for as much as"},{"surface":"десятку","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies десятку","gloss":"minutes"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c6-s123","source":"Физиономист, вглядевшись в него, сказал бы, что тут ни думы, ни мысли нет, а так какое-то созерцание.","translation":"A physiognomist, peering at him, would have said that there was neither thought nor reflection there, but only a kind of contemplation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Физиономист","title":"«физиономист» — a reader of faces","body":"A 'physiognomist', a believer in the 19th-century pseudo-science of reading character from facial features. The word frames the narrator's playful claim that even such an expert would find nothing legible in Smerdyakov's face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вглядевшись в него","title":"Perfective gerund «вглядевшись»","body":"«Вглядевшись» is the perfective past деепричастие of «вглядеться» (to peer intently): 'having peered at him', a completed action prior to the main verb. The perfective -вши form marks the looking as finished before the verdict «сказал бы» is given."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал бы","title":"«сказал бы» — 'would have said'","body":"Past form plus «бы» again yields the conditional: the physiognomist 'would say'. Russian makes no distinction between 'would say' and 'would have said' — both ride on this same past+бы construction, and context supplies the time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни думы, ни мысли нет","title":"«ни… ни… нет» — negative concord with genitive","body":"The paired «ни… ни…» ('neither… nor…') reinforces the existential «нет», and the negated nouns slip into the genitive — «ни думы, ни мысли» (gen. sg.) rather than nominative. This is the genitive of negation working hand in hand with «ни» double negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созерцание","title":"«созерцание» — contemplation, the chapter's key word","body":"A bookish -ние noun meaning wordless, mystical 'contemplation' — gazing without thought. Dostoevsky plants it here, in quotation marks, as the term he will build the whole 'Contemplator' passage around; note its Church-Slavonic-flavoured abstract suffix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Физиономист","lemma":"физиономист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"a physiognomist"},{"surface":"вглядевшись","lemma":"вглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"having peered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядевшись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have said"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies думы","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"думы","lemma":"дума","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет, coordinated with мысли","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет, coordinated with думы","gloss":"reflection"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential particle","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"there is no","note":"нет + genitive is the standard construction for \"there is no X\" (genitive of negation)."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцание","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of созерцание","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"part of the phrase какое","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"созерцание","lemma":"созерцание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with думы/мысли","gloss":"contemplation"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c6-s124","source":"У живописца Крамского есть одна замечательная картина под названием «Созерцатель»: изображен лес зимой, и в лесу, на дороге, в оборванном кафтанишке и лаптишках стоит один-одинешенек, в глубочайшем уединении забредший мужичонко, стоит и как бы задумался, но он не думает, а что-то «созерцает».","translation":"The painter Kramskoy has a remarkable canvas titled \"The Contemplator\": a forest is depicted in winter, and in the forest, on the road, in a tattered little caftan and bast shoes, stands all alone — sunk in the deepest solitude — a peasant who has wandered in; he stands as though lost in thought, but he is not thinking, he is \"contemplating\" something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кафтанишке… лаптишках… мужичонко","title":"Pejorative suffixes -ишк-/-онк- — 'a wretched little…'","body":"The string «кафтанишке», «лаптишках», «мужичонко» piles on the belittling, pitying suffixes -ишк- and -онк-: not a coat but a sorry little coat, not a peasant but a poor scrap of a peasant. The morphology itself does the work of compassion and contempt at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забредший мужичонко","title":"Past active participle «забредший»","body":"«Забредший» is the past active participle of «забрести» (to wander in): 'who had wandered in'. It condenses a whole «который забрёл» relative clause into a single adjective modifying «мужичонко», a hallmark of literary description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"один-одинешенек","title":"«один-одинёшенек» — all utterly alone","body":"An expressive reduplication: «один» doubled with the affectionate-intensive suffixed «одинёшенек» to mean 'all alone, utterly by himself'. The folk-poetic form deepens the picture's solitude beyond a plain «один»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глубочайшем уединении","title":"Superlative «глубочайшем»","body":"«Глубочайший» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «глубокий» (deep), formed with -айший: 'deepest'. This synthetic superlative belongs to elevated literary register, more solemn than the everyday «самый глубокий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живописца","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"живописца","lemma":"живописец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the painter"},{"surface":"Крамского","lemma":"Крамской","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies живописца","gloss":"Kramskoy"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (possessive \"has\")","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies картина","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"замечательная","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"canvas"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking названием","gloss":"titled"},{"surface":"названием","lemma":"название","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"the title"},{"surface":"Созерцатель","lemma":"Созерцатель","morphology":"noun (title), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to названием","gloss":"The Contemplator","note":"Refers to Ivan Kramskoy's real 1876 painting \"The Contemplator.\""},{"surface":"изображен","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is depicted"},{"surface":"лес","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive изображен","gloss":"a forest"},{"surface":"зимой","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изображен","gloss":"in winter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лесу","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"the forest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лесу","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кафтанишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"оборванном","lemma":"оборванный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кафтанишке","gloss":"tattered"},{"surface":"кафтанишке","lemma":"кафтанишко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лесу","gloss":"a little caftan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лаптишках","lemma":"лаптишки","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with кафтанишке","gloss":"bast shoes"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, describing мужичонко","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase один-одинешенек, modifying мужичонко","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"одинешенек","lemma":"одинешенек","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужичонко, coordinated with один","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубочайшем","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уединении","gloss":"deepest"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забредший","gloss":"solitude"},{"surface":"забредший","lemma":"забрести","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies мужичонко","gloss":"who wandered in"},{"surface":"мужичонко","lemma":"мужичонко","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"a little peasant"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the fourth clause, describing мужичонко","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумался","gloss":"as","note":"как бы is the idiom \"as if/seemingly.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"seemed lost in thought"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with задумался (contrastive)","gloss":"is thinking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of созерцает, with то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"созерцает","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with думает (contrastive)","gloss":"is contemplating"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c6-s125","source":"Если б его толкнуть, он вздрогнул бы и посмотрел на вас, точно проснувшись, но ничего не понимая.","translation":"Were you to give him a shove, he would start and look at you as if just waking, yet understanding nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б его толкнуть, он вздрогнул бы","title":"Conditional with an infinitive protasis","body":"«Если б… толкнуть» uses a bare infinitive after «если б» — 'were one to give him a shove' — answered by «он вздрогнул бы» ('he would start'). Both halves are irrealis; the protasis leaves the agent unnamed, a generalised 'you/one', while «бы» carries the whole hypothesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно проснувшись","title":"Gerund «проснувшись» in a simile","body":"«Проснувшись» is the perfective past деепричастие of «проснуться» (to wake up): 'having woken'. Paired with «точно» ('as if'), it forms a compact simile — he would look at you 'as though just woken' — a completed action set against the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не понимая","title":"Negation plus simultaneous gerund","body":"«Не понимая» is the imperfective present gerund of «понимать», 'understanding nothing' — a state simultaneous with his gaze. Note the negative concord: «ничего… не понимая» pairs the ни-word «ничего» with «не» on the verb, two negatives for one meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of толкнуть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of толкнуть","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of толкнуть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"толкнуть","lemma":"толкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause (hypothetical infinitive)","gloss":"to give a push"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would start"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вздрогнул","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"would look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснувшись","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"проснувшись","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"just waking"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимая","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел, contrasted with проснувшись","gloss":"understanding"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-c6-s126","source":"Правда, сейчас бы и очнулся, а спросили бы его, о чем он это стоял и думал, то наверно бы ничего не припомнил, но зато наверно бы затаил в себе то впечатление, под которым находился во время своего созерцания.","translation":"True, he would come to his senses at once; but were you to ask him what he had been standing there thinking about, he would surely recall nothing — and yet he would surely keep buried within himself the impression he had been under during his contemplation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас бы и очнулся… ничего бы не припомнил… затаил бы","title":"A chain of perfective conditionals","body":"The sentence strings perfective verbs under «бы» — «очнулся бы», «не припомнил бы», «затаил бы» — each naming a single completed hypothetical outcome ('would come to', 'would recall nothing', 'would keep buried'). The perfective is what makes each a finished, resultative imagined act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а спросили бы его","title":"Contrastive «а» plus conditional","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction, hinging from 'he'd come to' to the new condition 'but were one to ask him'. «Спросили бы» again uses an agentless past+бы form to mean 'if you/one were to ask', the same generalised hypothetical as in the previous sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то впечатление, под которым находился","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"«Под которым находился» shows «который» taking the case its own clause demands: the preposition «под» governs the instrumental, so 'the impression he was under' becomes «под которым». The relative agrees in gender/number with «впечатление» but draws its case locally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затаил в себе","title":"«затаить» — to hide/harbour within","body":"«Затаить» means to conceal, to keep secret and pent up inside — «затаить в себе впечатление» is to bury an impression within oneself. The verb carries a hint of something held back and brooded over, prefiguring Smerdyakov's secretive, hoarding nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying очнулся","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очнулся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of очнулся","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies очнулся","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would come to"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"спросили","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулся (impersonal conditional)","gloss":"were to ask"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of спросили","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял and думал","gloss":"about what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies стоял (colloquial filler)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the о чем-clause, coordinated with думал","gloss":"had stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of припомнил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of припомнил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of припомнил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the то-clause","gloss":"would recall"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затаил","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of затаил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"затаил","lemma":"затаить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with припомнил","gloss":"would keep hidden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of затаил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатление","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of затаил","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился, refers to впечатление","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on впечатление","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition во, modifies находился","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of созерцания","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"созерцания","lemma":"созерцание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of время","gloss":"contemplation"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-c6-s127","source":"Впечатления же эти ему дороги, и он наверно их копит, неприметно и даже не сознавая, — для чего и зачем, конечно, тоже не знает: может, вдруг, накопив впечатлений за многие годы, бросит всё и уйдет в Иерусалим, скитаться и спасаться, а может, и село родное вдруг спалит, а может быть, случится и то, и другое вместе.","translation":"These impressions are dear to him, and he is surely hoarding them, imperceptibly and without even being aware of it — to what end and why, he of course does not know either: perhaps, all at once, having hoarded up his impressions over many years, he will abandon everything and set off for Jerusalem, to wander and to seek his salvation; or perhaps he will suddenly burn down his native village; or perhaps both the one and the other will come to pass together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Впечатления же эти ему дороги","title":"Particle «же» and dative-of-interest «ему»","body":"«Же» here picks up and stresses the topic ('these impressions, now'), while «дороги» is the short-form plural adjective 'dear' predicated of them, with «ему» a dative 'to him'. The fronting of «Впечатления же эти» is classic topic-first word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сознавая… накопив","title":"Two gerunds, two aspects","body":"The sentence pairs an imperfective present gerund «(не) сознавая» ('not being aware', simultaneous) with a perfective past gerund «накопив» ('having hoarded up', prior and completed). The aspectual contrast in the деепричастие is exactly what distinguishes ongoing from finished attendant action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросит всё и уйдет… спалит","title":"Perfective present = future","body":"«Бросит», «уйдёт», «спалит» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present but meaning the future: 'he will abandon… will set off… will burn down'. With no auxiliary, the single completed future sits entirely in the ending — the perfective has no real present at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"село родное… спалит","title":"«спалить» — to burn down","body":"«Спалить» is a colloquial, intensive perfective of 'to burn (down) completely' — harsher and more total than «сжечь». The juxtaposition of pilgrimage and arson — saving one's soul or torching one's own village — captures the disquieting unpredictability of the 'contemplator'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of дороги","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies Впечатления","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Впечатления","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дороги","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the clause, describing Впечатления","gloss":"are dear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of копит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies копит","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of копит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"копит","lemma":"копить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"hoards"},{"surface":"неприметно","lemma":"неприметно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies копит","gloss":"imperceptibly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознавая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознавая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with неприметно","gloss":"being aware"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"what purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links для чего and зачем","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying знает","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, introduces the бросит/уйдет clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"накопив","lemma":"накопить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросит/уйдет","gloss":"having hoarded"},{"surface":"впечатлений","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of накопив","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годы","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of накопив","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"бросит","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the может-clause","gloss":"will abandon"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бросит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросит","gloss":"will go off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иерусалим","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Иерусалим","lemma":"Иерусалим","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйдет","gloss":"Jerusalem"},{"surface":"скитаться","lemma":"скитаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on уйдет, coordinated with спасаться","gloss":"to wander"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спасаться","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on уйдет, coordinated with скитаться","gloss":"to seek salvation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, introduces the спалит clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies село","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"село","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спалит","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"родное","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies село","gloss":"his native"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спалит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"спалит","lemma":"спалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with бросит","gloss":"will burn down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, introduces the случится clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom \"может быть\")","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third alternative clause","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, forms и...и (\"both...and\")","gloss":"both","note":"и то, и другое is the idiom \"both the one and the other.\""},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случится, coordinated with другое","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случится, coordinated with то","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случится","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-c6-s128","source":"Созерцателей в народе довольно.","translation":"There are contemplators enough among the common people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Созерцателей в народе довольно","title":"Genitive after the quantifier «довольно»","body":"The quantity word «довольно» ('enough, a good many') governs the genitive plural «созерцателей» — 'there are contemplators enough'. Russian routinely puts the counted noun in the genitive after such quantifiers, exactly as numbers above four do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Созерцателей","lemma":"созерцатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of довольно","gloss":"contemplators"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of довольно","gloss":"the common people"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb, existential predicate","role":"main predicate of the sentence (\"there are enough\")","gloss":"there are enough"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-c6-s129","source":"Вот одним из таких созерцателей был наверно и Смердяков, и наверно тоже копил впечатления свои с жадностью, почти сам еще не зная зачем.","translation":"Smerdyakov was surely one such contemplator, and he too was surely hoarding up his impressions with a kind of greed, hardly knowing yet himself to what purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот одним из таких созерцателей был… Смердяков","title":"Instrumental predicate after «был»","body":"After past-tense «был» the predicate noun takes the instrumental: «был… одним из таких созерцателей» (was one of such contemplators). Russian frames a past or assumed role in the instrumental, where the present would simply juxtapose nominatives with no copula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"копил впечатления свои","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"«Свои» means 'his own', referring back to the clause's subject Smerdyakov — «впечатления свои» = his own impressions. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's; «свой» keeps the possession anchored to the subject. Note too the bookish post-positioning of the possessive after its noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"копил… с жадностью… не зная зачем","title":"Imperfective «копил» plus a gerund tail","body":"«Копил» is imperfective past — the ongoing, characteristic activity of hoarding — closed off by the simultaneous imperfective gerund «(не) зная» ('not knowing'). The imperfective renders this as habitual, unfinished accumulation, matching «копит» earlier in the present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с жадностью","title":"«жадность» — greed, avidity","body":"«Жадность» is greed or grasping avidity; «копить с жадностью» — to hoard greedily — lends the otherwise passive 'contemplation' a covetous, miserly edge. The word quietly aligns Smerdyakov's inner hoarding with material avarice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (instrumental with copula)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking созерцателей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of созерцателей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"созерцателей","lemma":"созерцатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"contemplators"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Смердяков to одним","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies Смердяков (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies копил","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies копил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"копил","lemma":"копить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with был","gloss":"was hoarding"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of копил","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of впечатления","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жадностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жадностью","lemma":"жадность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies копил","gloss":"greed"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная (idiom почти...не, \"hardly\")","gloss":"hardly","note":"почти...не is the idiom for \"hardly/scarcely.\""},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зная (emphatic \"himself\")","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on копил","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"to what end"}]}]}