{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c7","title":{"source":"VII. Контроверза","translated":"The Controversy"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c7","lines":89},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c8","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c7-s1","source":"Но валаамова ослица вдруг заговорила.","translation":"But Balaam's ass suddenly spoke up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заговорила","title":"Perfective «за-»: the onset of speech","body":"The prefix «за-» on «говорить» (to speak) yields the perfective «заговорить» — not 'to speak' but 'to begin to speak, to pipe up.' The perfective past «заговорила» marks a single, sudden inceptive event, perfectly matched to «вдруг» (suddenly)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"валаамова","lemma":"валаамов","morphology":"adjective, possessive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ослица","gloss":"Balaam's","note":"An allusion to the Book of Numbers 22:28, where Balaam's donkey miraculously speaks."},{"surface":"ослица","lemma":"ослица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорила","gloss":"ass"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke up"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c7-s2","source":"Тема случилась странная: Григорий поутру, забирая в лавке у купца Лукьянова товар, услышал от него об одном русском солдате, что тот, где-то далеко на границе, у азиятов, попав к ним в плен и будучи принуждаем ими под страхом мучительной и немедленной смерти отказаться от христианства и перейти в ислам, не согласился изменить своей веры и принял муки, дал содрать с себя кожу и умер, славя и хваля Христа, — о каковом подвиге и было напечатано как раз в полученной в тот день газете.","translation":"The subject had come up by chance: that morning, while Grigory was collecting goods at the shop of the merchant Lukyanov, he had heard from him of a certain Russian soldier who, somewhere far off on the frontier among the Asiatics, had fallen into their captivity and, being compelled by them under threat of an agonizing and immediate death to renounce Christianity and go over to Islam, refused to betray his faith and accepted the torments — let himself be flayed alive and died glorifying and praising Christ — a feat of which an account had appeared in the very newspaper received that same day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"забирая в лавке у купца Лукьянова товар","title":"Imperfective gerund «забирая»: setting the scene","body":"«Забирая» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «забирать» (to collect, pick up). It sets a simultaneous backdrop — 'while collecting goods' — to the main verb «услышал» (heard). The gerund must share the subject of the main clause, here Grigory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будучи принуждаем ими","title":"«будучи» + short passive participle — high bookish style","body":"«Будучи» is the rare gerund of «быть» (being), and «принуждаем» the short present passive participle of «принуждать» (to compel). The chain 'being compelled by them' is markedly literary; the agent «ими» (by them) stands in the instrumental, as passives require."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не согласился изменить своей веры","title":"Genitive of negation: «своей веры»","body":"«Изменить» (to betray) here takes its object in the genitive «своей веры» rather than the expected dative/accusative, pulled into the genitive by the negated frame «не согласился изменить». The reflexive possessive «своей» (one's own) points back to the soldier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дал содрать с себя кожу","title":"«дал» + infinitive: 'let / allowed'","body":"«Дать» plus an infinitive means 'to let, allow' something be done — here 'let his skin be flayed off himself.' The reflexive «с себя» (off oneself) refers back to the soldier, and «содрать» is the brutal verb 'to tear/strip off.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"славя и хваля Христа","title":"«славя и хваля» — twin gerunds of praise","body":"Two imperfective gerunds, 'glorifying and praising,' fall into a near-liturgical doublet. «Славить» carries a solemn, devotional ring (it underlies «слава» — glory), elevating the soldier's death to an act of worship."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у азиятов","title":"«азияты» — archaic spelling of 'Asiatics'","body":"The 19th-century form «азияты» (modern «азиаты») denotes the Muslim peoples of the empire's southern frontier. The word carries the period's loose, othering sense of 'Asiatics' / 'Asian tribesmen' rather than a precise ethnonym."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о каковом подвиге","title":"«каковой» — bookish relative 'of which'","body":"«Каковой» is an archaic, chancery-flavoured relative pronoun ('of which, which said'), much stiffer than ordinary «который». It belongs to the elevated, slightly bureaucratic narrative register Dostoevsky uses for a newspaper account."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тема","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of случилась","gloss":"the subject"},{"surface":"случилась","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"странная","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of случилась","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of услышал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забирая","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"забирая","lemma":"забирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on услышал","gloss":"collecting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забирая","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купца","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лавке","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"Лукьянова","lemma":"лукьянов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купца","gloss":"Lukyanov"},{"surface":"товар","lemma":"товар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забирая","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"услышал","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солдате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies солдате","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"русском","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies солдате","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"солдате","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышал","gloss":"soldier"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"resumptive subject of попав/согласился/принял/умер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попав (locating the events)","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"границе","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of далеко","gloss":"the frontier"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азиятов","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"азиятов","lemma":"азият","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попав","gloss":"the Asiatics"},{"surface":"попав","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on согласился","gloss":"having fallen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of попав","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плен","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"плен","lemma":"плен","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попав","gloss":"captivity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links попав and будучи принуждаем","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to принуждаем","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"принуждаем","lemma":"принуждать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попав","gloss":"compelled"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent complement of принуждаем","gloss":"by them"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принуждаем","gloss":"threat"},{"surface":"мучительной","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"agonizing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"немедленной","lemma":"немедленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мучительной","gloss":"immediate"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страхом","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принуждаем","gloss":"to renounce"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking христианства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"христианства","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказаться","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перейти","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отказаться","gloss":"go over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ислам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ислам","lemma":"ислам","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейти","gloss":"Islam"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of услышал","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"изменить","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласился","gloss":"to betray"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of веры","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изменить","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"the torments"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"let (them)"},{"surface":"содрать","lemma":"содрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"strip off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of содрать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"кожу","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of содрать","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"славя","lemma":"славить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on умер","gloss":"glorifying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хваля","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with славя","gloss":"praising"},{"surface":"Христа,","lemma":"Христос","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of славя and хваля","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвиге","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"каковом","lemma":"каковой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиге","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"подвиге","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напечатано","gloss":"feat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of напечатано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"напечатано","lemma":"напечатать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the о-clause","gloss":"printed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полученной","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying газете","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полученной","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"газете","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напечатано","gloss":"the newspaper"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c7-s3","source":"Об этом вот и заговорил за столом Григорий.","translation":"It was about this, then, that Grigory began to speak at the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Об этом вот и заговорил за столом Григорий","title":"Fronting + «вот ... и»: 'it was about this that'","body":"The object «об этом» (about this) is fronted for emphasis, framed by «вот ... и» ('this is the very thing that'). Russian's case endings free the word order so that the topic can lead and the new information — that Grigory spoke up — lands at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"it was that"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c7-s4","source":"Федор Павлович любил и прежде, каждый раз после стола, за десертом, посмеяться и поговорить хотя бы даже с Григорием.","translation":"Even before this, Fyodor Pavlovich had always loved, every time after the meal, over dessert, to laugh and chatter — even if only with Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любил ... посмеяться и поговорить","title":"«любил» + perfective (delimitative) infinitives of habit","body":"The imperfective past «любил» (loved, was fond of) plus the perfective delimitative infinitives «посмеяться и поговорить» (formed with the attenuative «по-»; imperfectives смеяться/говорить) frames a recurring habit. Note the «по-» prefix on each: it gives an attenuative 'have a bit of a laugh and a chat' rather than full-blown laughing and talking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хотя бы даже с Григорием","title":"«хотя бы даже» — 'if only even with'","body":"The cluster «хотя бы даже» piles up concessive particles to mean 'even if only with' — Fyodor Pavlovich would gladly banter even with a mere servant. The phrase quietly underscores the social gap between master and Grigory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had always loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"before this"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying любил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the meal"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десертом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"десертом","lemma":"десерт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"parallel temporal phrase modifying любил","gloss":"dessert"},{"surface":"посмеяться","lemma":"посмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмеяться","gloss":"chatter"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы даже, modifies с Григорием","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с Григорием","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Григорием","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c7-s5","source":"В этот же раз был в легком и приятно раскидывающемся настроении.","translation":"And on this occasion he was in a light and pleasantly expansive mood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этот же раз был","title":"Dropped subject and emphatic «же»","body":"The subject pronoun «он» is dropped — recoverable from context — and «же» on «в этот раз» insists on the contrast: 'on THIS occasion (as opposed to others).' Such tiny particles carry the connective work English does with stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приятно раскидывающемся настроении","title":"«раскидывающееся настроение» — an expansive mood","body":"A vivid, slightly comic coinage: «раскидываться» literally is 'to spread/sprawl out,' so the present active participle paints a mood that is loosening and 'sprawling pleasantly' — Fyodor Pavlovich relaxing expansively into mischief."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying был","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, complement introduced by в","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настроении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"легком","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроении","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскидывающемся","gloss":"pleasantly"},{"surface":"раскидывающемся","lemma":"раскидывающийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, locative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with легком, modifies настроении","gloss":"expansive"},{"surface":"настроении","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"mood"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c7-s6","source":"Попивая коньячок и выслушав сообщенное известие, он заметил, что такого солдата следовало бы произвести сейчас же во святые и снятую кожу его препроводить в какой-нибудь монастырь: «То-то народу повалит и денег».","translation":"Sipping his brandy and hearing out the news that had been reported, he remarked that such a soldier ought to be canonized this very minute and his flayed skin sent off to some monastery or other: \"That would pull in the crowds, and the money too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Попивая коньячок и выслушав","title":"Two contrasting gerunds: process vs completed","body":"«Попивая» is an imperfective gerund (sipping away, ongoing), «выслушав» a perfective gerund (having heard out, completed first). The pair shows the aspectual split inside the деепричастие: simultaneous background against a prior, finished act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коньячок","title":"«коньячок» — affectionate diminutive of brandy","body":"The diminutive «-ок» on «коньяк» (cognac/brandy) adds a cozy, indulgent warmth — 'his nice little brandy.' It signals Fyodor Pavlovich's relish, not the drink's size; such expressive diminutives saturate his speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следовало бы произвести ... во святые","title":"Impersonal «следовало бы» + conditional","body":"«Следовало бы» is an impersonal construction ('one ought to') with the irrealis particle «бы», softening it to 'ought, really' — sarcastic here. There is no nominative subject; the modal predicate governs the infinitive «произвести»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то народу повалит и денег","title":"«то-то ... повалит» — 'that'll really pour in'","body":"«То-то» is an emphatic particle ('won't it just,' 'that's the thing'); «повалить» means to 'pour/throng in droves.' Both «народу» (people) and «денег» (money) sit in the partitive genitive — a flood of crowds and cash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Попивая","lemma":"попивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"sipping"},{"surface":"коньячок","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Попивая","gloss":"his brandy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Попивая","gloss":"hearing out"},{"surface":"сообщенное","lemma":"сообщённый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, accusative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of солдата","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"солдата","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следовало","gloss":"soldier"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle of следовало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"произвести","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of следовало","gloss":"to canonize"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произвести","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святые","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of произвести","gloss":"sainthood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links произвести and препроводить","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снятую","lemma":"снятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кожу","gloss":"flayed"},{"surface":"кожу","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of препроводить","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кожу (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"препроводить","lemma":"препроводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with произвести","gloss":"sent off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of препроводить","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то-то, modifies повалит","gloss":"that would"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то-то","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject (genitive of quantity) of повалит","gloss":"the crowds"},{"surface":"повалит","lemma":"повалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"would pour in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links народу and денег","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with народу, subject of повалит","gloss":"the money too"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c7-s7","source":"Григорий поморщился, видя, что Федор Павлович нисколько не умилился, а по всегдашней привычке своей начинает кощунствовать.","translation":"Grigory frowned, seeing that Fyodor Pavlovich was not in the least moved but, after his usual habit, was beginning to blaspheme.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя, что ... начинает кощунствовать","title":"«видя» gerund + «что»-clause","body":"The imperfective gerund «видя» (seeing) opens a perception report introduced by «что» (that). Inside, the imperfective present «начинает кощунствовать» renders an unfolding action vividly in the 'historic present' against the past-tense narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько не умилился, а ... начинает","title":"Contrastive «а»: 'not moved, but rather'","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction that pivots between two states — not 'but' in opposition so much as 'whereas/instead.' Here it turns from what Fyodor Pavlovich failed to do («не умилился») to what he is doing instead."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кощунствовать","title":"«кощунствовать» — to blaspheme, profane the sacred","body":"A weighty, bookish verb meaning to mock or desecrate holy things. For the pious Grigory it names the precise sin he sees in his master's joking; the abstract «-ствовать» suffix gives it a grave, almost legal coloration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поморщился","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"поморщился","lemma":"поморщиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поморщился","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умилился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умилился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умилился","gloss":"not in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умилился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умилился","lemma":"умилиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видя","gloss":"was moved"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking привычке","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"всегдашней","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привычке","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"привычке","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинает","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привычке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умилился","gloss":"was beginning"},{"surface":"кощунствовать","lemma":"кощунствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинает","gloss":"to blaspheme"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c7-s8","source":"Как вдруг Смердяков, стоявший у двери, усмехнулся.","translation":"When suddenly Smerdyakov, who was standing by the door, smirked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердяков, стоявший у двери","title":"Past active participle «стоявший»","body":"«Стоявший» is the past active participle of «стоять» (to stand), compressing 'who was standing by the door' into a single adjective agreeing with «Смердяков». It declines and agrees like any adjective and replaces a «который»-clause — a hallmark of literary prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся","title":"Semelfactive «-ну-»: a single smirk","body":"«Усмехнуться» is perfective and reflexive («-ся»); the «-ну-» suffix marks one brief, semelfactive act — a single curl of the lip. Combined with «вдруг» (suddenly) it lands as one sharp, instantaneous gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как вдруг","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вдруг","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"как вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"стоявший","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Смердяков","gloss":"who was standing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявший","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smirked"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c7-s9","source":"Смердяков весьма часто и прежде допускался стоять у стола, то есть под конец обеда.","translation":"Even before this, Smerdyakov had quite often been permitted to stand by the table — that is, toward the end of dinner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"допускался стоять у стола","title":"Reflexive-passive «допускался»","body":"The imperfective «-ся» verb «допускался» functions as a passive — 'was allowed/permitted (to stand).' Russian often uses «-ся» rather than a periphrastic passive for habitual or ongoing situations, here the recurring permission given to a servant."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"то есть под конец обеда","title":"«то есть» — appositive clarification","body":"«То есть» ('that is, i.e.') introduces a self-correction or refinement — the narrator narrows 'by the table' to 'toward the end of dinner.' It is a frequent connective in Dostoevsky's chatty, qualifying narrative voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допускался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допускался","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допускался","gloss":"before this"},{"surface":"допускался","lemma":"допускаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been permitted"},{"surface":"стоять","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of допускался","gloss":"to stand"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоять","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of допускался","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"dinner"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c7-s10","source":"С самого же прибытия в наш город Ивана Федоровича стал являться к обеду почти каждый раз.","translation":"And ever since Ivan Fyodorovich's arrival in our town, he had taken to appearing at dinner almost every time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С самого же прибытия ... Ивана Федоровича","title":"Genitive of the verbal noun: 'since the arrival of'","body":"«Прибытия» (arrival) is a verbal noun in the genitive after «с» (since/from), and «Ивана Фёдоровича» is a further genitive of the one arriving — 'since the arrival of Ivan Fyodorovich.' Russian readily nominalizes events where English might use a clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал являться к обеду почти каждый раз","title":"«стал» + imperfective infinitive: 'took to'","body":"«Стать» plus an imperfective infinitive («являться» — to appear, show up) marks the inception of a habit: 'began/took to appearing.' The imperfective and «почти каждый раз» (almost every time) keep the new behaviour iterative rather than a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытия","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прибытия","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"прибытия","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying стал","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прибытия","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of прибытия","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"являться","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеду","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"обеду","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of являться","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каждый","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of являться","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c7-s11","source":"— Ты чего? — спросил Федор Павлович, мигом заметив усмешку и поняв, конечно, что относится она к Григорию.","translation":"\"What's the matter with you?\" asked Fyodor Pavlovich, catching the smirk in an instant and understanding, of course, that it was aimed at Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты чего?","title":"Colloquial genitive «чего» = 'what's with you?'","body":"«Чего» is the genitive of «что», used colloquially for an abrupt 'what?' / 'what's the matter?' The clipped, verbless question — 'You — what?' — is brusque, familiar, and exactly the tone a master takes with a servant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигом заметив усмешку и поняв","title":"Twin perfective gerunds: instantaneous grasp","body":"«Заметив» and «поняв» are perfective past gerunds ('having noticed' and 'having understood'), naming prior completed acts behind the asking. «Мигом» ('in a flash') intensifies the speed of his perception."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"относится она к Григорию","title":"Reflexive «относиться» + dropped-then-named subject","body":"«Относиться к» (to pertain to, be aimed at) is one of the many «-ся» verbs that exist only in reflexive form. The postposed subject «она» (the smirk) lands after the verb for emphasis — 'aimed it was, at Grigory.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of the idiomatic question Ты чего?","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"чего?","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, interrogative","role":"part of the idiomatic question Ты чего?","gloss":"what's the matter"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметив","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"catching"},{"surface":"усмешку","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметив","gloss":"the smirk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметив","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of относится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"относится","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поняв","gloss":"was aimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of относится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относится","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c7-s12","source":"— А я насчет того-с, — заговорил вдруг громко и неожиданно Смердяков, — что если этого похвального солдата подвиг был и очень велик-с, то никакого опять-таки, по-моему, не было бы греха и в том, если б и отказаться при этой случайности от Христова примерно имени и от собственного крещения своего, чтобы спасти тем самым свою жизнь для добрых дел, коими в течение лет и искупить малодушие.","translation":"\"It's just on the matter of that, sir,\" Smerdyakov began suddenly, loud and unexpected, \"that even if this praiseworthy soldier's feat was a very great one, sir, still, to my mind, there would again be no sin whatever in it if, in such a circumstance, one were to renounce, say, Christ's name and one's own baptism, in order by that very means to save one's life for good works, and over the course of years to redeem one's faintheartedness by them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (того-с, велик-с)","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"Smerdyakov peppers his speech with the enclitic «-с» (a contraction of «сударь», 'sir'). Attached to words like «того-с» or «велик-с», it signals servile politeness toward social superiors. It has no real English equivalent, so we render it with an occasional 'sir'; in the Russian it marks his obsequious, calculating manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было бы греха ... если б и отказаться","title":"Conditional «бы» + genitive of negation","body":"«Не было бы греха» combines the irrealis «бы» with the negated existential «не было» that pulls «греха» (sin) into the genitive. The protasis «если б ... отказаться» uses «бы» again with a bare infinitive — 'if one were to renounce' — a tightly hypothetical frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велик-с","title":"Short adjective «велик» — predicative 'great'","body":"«Велик» is the short (predicative) form of «великий» (great). Short adjectives can only predicate, never modify, and carry a bookish, absolute ring — fitting Smerdyakov's mock-solemn assessment of the soldier's feat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы спасти ... свою жизнь","title":"«чтобы» of purpose + reflexive possessive","body":"«Чтобы» plus an infinitive states purpose ('in order to save'). «Свою жизнь» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» (one's own), correctly pointing back to the clause's implied subject — the man saving his own life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коими ... искупить малодушие","title":"«коими» and «искупить» — archaic + theological lexis","body":"«Коими» is the bookish instrumental plural of relative «кой» ('by which'), and «искупить» is the loaded verb 'to redeem, atone for.' «Малодушие» ('faintheartedness, cowardice of soul') is a moral-theological term; Smerdyakov drapes self-interest in pious vocabulary."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces Smerdyakov's reply","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject (elliptical) of the utterance","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of насчет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential suffix (\"sir\")","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"Смердяков,","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of велик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of солдата","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"похвального","lemma":"похвальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies солдата","gloss":"praiseworthy"},{"surface":"солдата","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of подвиг","gloss":"soldier's"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"feat"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to велик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велик","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"велик","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential suffix attached to велик","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies греха","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies было","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of по (idiom по-моему)","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject (genitive under negation) of было","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было, anticipating the если-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отказаться","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle of отказаться","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отказаться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject infinitive clause referred to by том","gloss":"to renounce"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случайности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of случайности","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случайности","lemma":"случайность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказаться","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имени","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имени","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имени","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"имени","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отказаться","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крещения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies крещения","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"крещения","lemma":"крещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with имени","gloss":"baptism"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies крещения","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial (purpose) clause on отказаться","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем самым","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем самым, oblique complement of спасти","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"тем самым","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем самым","gloss":"very means"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дел","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"добрых","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дел","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"дел","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique (purpose) complement of спасти","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"коими","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of искупить","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в течение","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking течение","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"течение","lemma":"в течение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в течение","gloss":"the course"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies течение","gloss":"of years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искупить","lemma":"искупить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасти","gloss":"redeem"},{"surface":"малодушие","lemma":"малодушие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of искупить","gloss":"faintheartedness"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c7-s13","source":"— Это как же не будет греха? Врешь, за это тебя прямо в ад и там, как баранину, поджаривать станут, — подхватил Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"How is it there'll be no sin? You're lying — for that they'll send you straight to hell and roast you there like mutton,\" Fyodor Pavlovich chimed in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поджаривать станут","title":"«станут» + imperfective: durative future","body":"«Стать» here builds a future ('they will'); with the imperfective «поджаривать» (to fry/roast) it pictures an ongoing, drawn-out roasting rather than a single act — the torments of hell stretched out. Verb-final order throws the threat into relief."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Врешь","title":"«Врёшь!» — 'You're lying / nonsense!'","body":"«Врать» is the colloquial 'to lie, talk rubbish.' Flung out alone, «Врёшь!» is less a literal accusation than a vehement 'Rubbish! / Not so!' — a blunt conversational rebuff typical of Fyodor Pavlovich's banter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the clause, resumed by греха будет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will there be"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of negated будет","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"Врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're lying"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of станут (за это)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поджаривать станут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ад","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"goal complement of станут","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поджаривать станут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces comparison баранину","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"баранину","lemma":"баранина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison, modifies поджаривать","gloss":"mutton"},{"surface":"поджаривать","lemma":"поджаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"roast"},{"surface":"станут,","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"periphrastic future auxiliary of поджаривать, coordinated with Врешь","gloss":"they will"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Врешь","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c7-s14","source":"И вот тут-то и вошел Алеша.","translation":"And it was just then that Alyosha came in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вот тут-то и вошел Алеша","title":"Emphatic frame «вот тут-то ... и»","body":"A pile-up of focusing particles — «вот», «тут-то» (the clitic «-то» stressing the moment), and «и» — converges to spotlight the timing: 'and it was at just that moment that Alyosha came in.' The drama lies entirely in these little words."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут-то","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тут","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вошел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c7-s15","source":"Федор Павлович, как мы видели, ужасно обрадовался Алеше.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich, as we have seen, was terribly delighted at Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно обрадовался Алеше","title":"«обрадоваться» + dative of the thing rejoiced at","body":"The perfective reflexive «обрадоваться» (to be gladdened) governs the dative «Алёше» — 'was delighted at Alyosha.' «Ужасно» literally 'terribly' here just intensifies, the everyday hyperbole 'awfully glad.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрадовался","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of видели","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовался","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was delighted"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрадовался","gloss":"at Alyosha"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c7-s16","source":"— На твою тему, на твою тему! — радостно хихикал он, усаживая Алешу слушать.","translation":"\"To your subject, to your subject!\" he tittered joyfully, sitting Alyosha down to listen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усаживая Алешу слушать","title":"Imperfective gerund of attendant action","body":"«Усаживая» (seating, settling) is the present gerund of «усаживать», running alongside the main «хихикал» (tittered) — he giggled while sitting Alyosha down. The bare infinitive «слушать» states the purpose: to listen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хихикал","title":"«хихикать» — to titter, snigger","body":"An onomatopoeic, faintly undignified verb for a high-pitched giggle. Applied to a grown man and father, it paints Fyodor Pavlovich as gleefully childish, savouring the mischief he is stage-managing."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition  На","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему!","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему!","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тему!","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тему, object of second на","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хихикал","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"хихикал","lemma":"хихикать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tittered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хихикал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"усаживая","lemma":"усаживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on хихикал","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of усаживая","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of усаживая","gloss":"to listen"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c7-s17","source":"— Насчет баранины это не так-с, да и ничего там за это не будет-с, да и не должно быть такого, если по всей справедливости, — солидно заметил Смердяков.","translation":"\"As for the mutton, that's not how it is, sir; and there'll be nothing for it there at all, sir, and there shouldn't be either, if everything were done by full justice,\" Smerdyakov observed weightily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего там ... не будет-с","title":"Genitive negative «ничего ... не будет»","body":"«Ничего ... не будет» shows negative concord (the «ни»-word plus «не») together with the genitive «ничего» as the absent subject of «не будет» — 'there'll be nothing.' The «-с» again tags on servile deference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не должно быть такого","title":"Impersonal «не должно быть» + genitive","body":"An impersonal modal with no subject — 'there shouldn't be (any such thing).' The negation again draws «такого» into the genitive. Smerdyakov reasons in cool, impersonal abstractions, fitting the legalistic cast of his argument."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"солидно заметил","title":"«солидно» — 'weightily, with gravity'","body":"«Солидно» means with self-important seriousness and composure. The narrator's choice underscores the comedy: a kitchen servant pronouncing on theology with the measured gravity of a learned man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баранины","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"баранины","lemma":"баранина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition  Насчет","gloss":"the mutton"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"deferential particle attached to так","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"genitive subject of negated будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with так","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"deferential particle attached to будет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"impersonal predicate","role":"impersonal predicate, coordinated with будет","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of быть (negated)","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking справедливости","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of справедливости","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"справедливости,","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition по, in the если-clause","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"солидно","lemma":"солидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"weightily"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c7-s18","source":"— Как так по всей справедливости, — крикнул еще веселей Федор Павлович, подталкивая коленом Алешу.","translation":"\"How do you mean, by full justice?\" cried Fyodor Pavlovich, more cheerful still, nudging Alyosha with his knee.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подталкивая коленом Алешу","title":"Instrumental of means: «коленом»","body":"«Коленом» (with/by his knee) is the instrumental of «колено», naming the bodily means of the nudging. The gerund «подталкивая» (nudging) again runs simultaneous with the main verb «крикнул»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул еще веселей","title":"Comparative adverb «веселей»","body":"«Веселей» (more cheerfully) is the predicative comparative of «весело», with the colloquial «-ей» for «-ее». «Ещё» ('still more') stacks onto it: each exchange leaves Fyodor Pavlovich gigglier than the last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"questions так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"questioned predicate, modifies по всей справедливости","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking справедливости","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of справедливости","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"справедливости,","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of так","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселей","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"веселей","lemma":"веселее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"more cheerfully"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"подталкивая","lemma":"подталкивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"nudging"},{"surface":"коленом","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подталкивая","gloss":"with his knee"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подталкивая","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c7-s19","source":"— Подлец он, вот он кто! — вырвалось вдруг у Григория.","translation":"\"He's a scoundrel, that's what he is!\" burst suddenly from Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подлец он, вот он кто!","title":"Zero copula + emphatic «вот он кто»","body":"Present-tense identification needs no verb 'to be': «Подлец он» is simply 'A scoundrel — he.' The tag «вот он кто» ('that's who he is') doubles down with a demonstrative flourish, all without any copula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось вдруг у Григория","title":"Reflexive «вырвалось» + «у» + genitive","body":"«Вырваться» ('to burst/escape out') with the «-ся» middle voice and «у Григория» (from Grigory) frames the outburst as something that broke from him almost against his will — the words 'burst out of' him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"A strong term of moral contempt — a 'base, vile man,' not merely a rogue. It accuses Smerdyakov of low, dishonourable character, and recurs through the novel as one of its key words of moral judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of он","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of nominal predicate Подлец","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кто","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кто!","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"predicate nominative of он, coordinated with Подлец","gloss":"who (he is)"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григория","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c7-s20","source":"Гневно посмотрел он Смердякову прямо в глаза.","translation":"He looked Smerdyakov straight in the eye, furious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гневно посмотрел он Смердякову прямо в глаза","title":"Adverb-fronting for emphasis","body":"The adverb «гневно» (angrily) is fronted ahead of the verb and subject for emotional weight — the manner is the news. «Смердякову» is a dative of the person looked at, in the idiom «посмотреть кому в глаза» (to look someone in the eye)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гневно","lemma":"гневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"at Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"the eyes"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c7-s21","source":"— Насчет подлеца повремените-с, Григорий Васильевич, — спокойно и сдержанно отразил Смердяков, — а лучше рассудите сами, что раз я попал к мучителям рода христианского в плен и требуют они от меня имя божие проклясть и от святого крещения своего отказаться, то я вполне уполномочен в том собственным рассудком, ибо никакого тут и греха не будет.","translation":"\"As for the scoundrel, hold off a moment, sir, Grigory Vasilyevich,\" Smerdyakov retorted, calm and self-possessed, \"and you'd do better to reason it out for yourself: that once I've fallen captive to the tormentors of the Christian race and they demand of me that I curse God's name and renounce my own holy baptism, then I am fully entitled to do so by my own reason, for there will be no sin in it at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повремените-с","title":"Polite imperative «повремените» + «-с»","body":"«Повремените» is the polite/plural imperative of «повременить» (to wait a little) — the «-те» marks deference to Grigory, reinforced by the servile «-с». Smerdyakov answers an insult with elaborate, needling courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раз я попал ... в плен и требуют они","title":"«раз» = 'once / given that' (conditional-causal)","body":"«Раз» here is a conditional-causal conjunction, 'once / seeing that' — it sets up the premise of Smerdyakov's syllogism. The perfective «попал» (fell/landed) marks the completed event of capture, against the present «требуют» (they demand)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мучителям рода христианского","title":"«род христианский» — bookish word order","body":"The postposed adjective in «рода христианского» ('of the Christian race/kind') is an elevated, almost liturgical inversion. «Мучитель» ('tormentor') casts the captors as persecutors of the faithful — Smerdyakov adopting the lofty diction of martyrdom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо никакого тут и греха не будет","title":"«ибо» — archaic 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is the bookish, Scripture-flavoured conjunction 'for' (vs. plain «потому что»). It belongs to sermon and chronicle; in Smerdyakov's mouth it lends his sophistry a mock-theological solemnity. Note the genitive «никакого ... греха» under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подлеца","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition  Насчет","gloss":"the scoundrel"},{"surface":"повремените","lemma":"повременить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"deferential particle attached to повремените","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич,","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отразил","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with спокойно","gloss":"with restraint"},{"surface":"отразил","lemma":"отразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"retorted"},{"surface":"Смердяков,","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отразил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассудите","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with отразил","gloss":"reason it out"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies рассудите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of рассудите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of попал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the раз-clause","gloss":"have fallen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мучителям","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"the tormentors"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мучителям","gloss":"of the race"},{"surface":"христианского","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плен","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"плен","lemma":"плен","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"captivity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"требуют","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попал","gloss":"they demand"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of требуют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of требуют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проклясть","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"божие","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"проклясть","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of требуют","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крещения","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies крещения","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"крещения","lemma":"крещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказаться","gloss":"baptism"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies крещения","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of требуют, coordinated with проклясть","gloss":"renounce"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes раз-clause, introduces уполномочен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уполномочен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уполномочен","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"уполномочен","lemma":"уполномочить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause, coordinated with попал/требуют","gloss":"am entitled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, refers to the deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассудком","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"рассудком","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уполномочен","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of греха","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes греха","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of negated будет","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c7-s22","source":"— Да ты уж это говорил, ты не расписывай, а докажи! — кричал Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"You've said that already — don't embroider, prove it!\" Fyodor Pavlovich shouted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты не расписывай, а докажи","title":"Imperative pair: imperfective vs perfective","body":"«Не расписывай» is a negated imperfective imperative ('don't go embellishing' — prohibiting an ongoing activity), while «докажи» is a perfective imperative demanding one completed act ('prove it!'). The aspect choice is exactly why the two commands feel different."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расписывать","title":"«расписывать» — to lay it on, embellish","body":"Literally 'to paint over in detail,' here colloquially 'to embroider, spin out, dwell on.' Fyodor Pavlovich wants the conclusion, not the ornate build-up — 'don't decorate it, prove it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расписывай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расписывай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"расписывай","lemma":"расписывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"embroider"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"докажи!","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расписывай","gloss":"prove it"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c7-s23","source":"— Бульонщик! — прошептал Григорий презрительно.","translation":"\"Broth-maker!\" Grigory whispered contemptuously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бульонщик","title":"«бульонщик» — 'broth-maker'","body":"A scornful coinage from «бульон» (broth) plus the agent suffix «-щик»: 'broth-cook, soup-boiler.' Grigory belittles Smerdyakov by reducing him to his kitchen function (he is, in fact, the household cook) — a class insult, not a culinary fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бульонщик!","lemma":"бульонщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"broth-maker"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"contemptuously"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c7-s24","source":"— Насчет бульонщика тоже повремените-с, а не ругаясь рассудите сами, Григорий Васильевич.","translation":"\"As for the broth-maker, hold off on that too, sir, and instead of cursing, reason it out for yourself, Grigory Vasilyevich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ругаясь рассудите сами","title":"Negated imperfective gerund «не ругаясь»","body":"«Не ругаясь» ('without cursing') is a negated imperfective gerund, naming the manner to be avoided. It pairs with the perfective imperative «рассудите» (reason it out) — 'instead of swearing, judge for yourself.' «Сами» (yourselves) drives home the appeal to reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бульонщика","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"бульонщика","lemma":"бульонщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition  Насчет","gloss":"the broth-maker"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повремените","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"повремените","lemma":"повременить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"deferential particle attached to повремените","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ругаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ругаясь","lemma":"ругаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассудите","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with повремените","gloss":"reason it out"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies рассудите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c7-s25","source":"Ибо едва только я скажу мучителям: «Нет, я не христианин и истинного бога моего проклинаю», как тотчас же я самым высшим божьим судом немедленно и специально становлюсь анафема проклят и от церкви святой отлучен совершенно как бы иноязычником, так даже, что в тот же миг-с — не то что как только произнесу, а только что помыслю произнести, так что даже самой четверти секунды тут не пройдет-с, как я отлучен, — так или не так, Григорий Васильевич?","translation":"For the moment I say to the tormentors, 'No, I am no Christian and I curse my true God,' that very instant, by God's own supreme judgment, I immediately and expressly become anathema accursed and am utterly cut off from the holy Church, as though I were a heathen — so much so that in that very instant, sir — not even when I've actually pronounced it, but the very moment I think of pronouncing it, so that not so much as a quarter of a second goes by, sir — I'm already cut off. Is that so or is it not, Grigory Vasilyevich?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо едва только я скажу ... как тотчас же","title":"«едва только ... как» — 'the moment ... that'","body":"The correlative «едва только ... как» ('no sooner ... than') frames two near-simultaneous events. «Скажу» is a perfective future ('the moment I say'), «становлюсь» a vivid present pulling the consequence into the now — the curse falls instantly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"становлюсь анафема проклят ... от церкви ... отлучен","title":"Short passive participles: 'cursed, cut off'","body":"«Проклят» and «отлучён» are short past-passive participles ('accursed,' 'excommunicated'), predicating a resulting state. The agent of the second — implicitly the Church / God's judgment — and the source «от церкви» (from the Church) frame his sudden severance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что ... а только что помыслю","title":"Construction «не то что ... а»","body":"«Не то что ... а (только что)» means 'not so much ... as' / 'not even when ... but the very moment that' — Smerdyakov insists the curse strikes not at speech but at the mere intention. «Помыслю» is a perfective future of bookish «помыслить» (to think, conceive)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так или не так, Григорий Васильевич?","title":"Tag question «так или не так»","body":"A rhetorical 'is that so or not?', mock-deferentially put to Grigory while really aimed at the room. The whole speech is built as a chain of such checkpoints — Smerdyakov dragging his listener step by step through a syllogism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of скажу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу (temporal, 'as soon as')","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase едва","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of temporal clause, correlate of как тотчас же становлюсь","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"мучителям","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to the tormentors"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"opening word of the quoted clause","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of христианин","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies христианин","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"христианин","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of quoted clause","gloss":"a Christian"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"истинного","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проклинаю","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"проклинаю","lemma":"проклинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of second quoted clause","gloss":"I curse"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of едва, introduces main clause становлюсь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становлюсь","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of становлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"superlative marker, modifies высшим","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"высшим","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судом","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"божьим","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судом","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становлюсь","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становлюсь","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"специально","lemma":"специально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становлюсь","gloss":"expressly"},{"surface":"становлюсь","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the correlative clause","gloss":"I become"},{"surface":"анафема","lemma":"анафема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative complement of становлюсь","gloss":"anathema"},{"surface":"проклят","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with анафема, complement of становлюсь","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучен","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церкви","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"отлучен","lemma":"отлучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, coordinated with становлюсь/проклят","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отлучен","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (как бы = 'as though')","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"иноязычником","lemma":"иноязычник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in comparison clause, modifies отлучен","gloss":"a heathen"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate introducing the result clause (так...что)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial, modifies отлучен (repeated at clause end)","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"deferential particle attached to миг","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the construction не то что...а","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the construction не то что...а","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of произнесу","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (как только = 'as soon as')","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"произнесу","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"I pronounce it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что помыслю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помыслю","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"помыслю","lemma":"помыслить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the second temporal clause, coordinated with произнесу","gloss":"I think of"},{"surface":"произнести","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of помыслю","gloss":"to pronounce it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate introducing the result clause (так что)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пройдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies четверти","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"четверти","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive subject of negated пройдет","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"секунды","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies четверти","gloss":"of a second"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройдет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пройдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"deferential particle attached to пройдет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause я отлучен, correlate of не...как","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отлучен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отлучен,","lemma":"отлучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"I am cut off"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"opens the closing tag question, coordinated with the second так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the first так, tag question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c7-s26","source":"Он с видимым удовольствием обращался к Григорию, отвечая, в сущности, на одни лишь вопросы Федора Павловича и очень хорошо понимая это, но нарочно делая вид, что вопросы эти как будто задает ему Григорий.","translation":"It was with visible relish that he addressed Grigory, while in substance answering only Fyodor Pavlovich's questions, and understanding this perfectly well, yet deliberately pretending that it was Grigory who was putting these questions to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращался к Григорию, отвечая ... понимая ... делая вид","title":"A chain of imperfective gerunds","body":"Three present gerunds — «отвечая», «понимая», «делая» — hang off the main «обращался», layering simultaneous actions into one long literary sentence. Such gerund-chains are a signature of 19th-century narrative density."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нарочно делая вид, что ... задает ему Григорий","title":"«делать вид, что» — 'to pretend that'","body":"The idiom «делать вид» ('to put on an appearance') takes a «что»-clause of the pretence. The fronted-then-inverted «задаёт ему Григорий» throws Grigory to the end as the supposed questioner — the very fiction Smerdyakov is staging."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с видимым удовольствием ... в сущности","title":"«в сущности» — 'in essence, really'","body":"«В сущности» ('essentially, in substance') is the narrator's analytic aside, peeling apart appearance («с видимым удовольствием» — with visible relish) from reality. It marks the cool, dissecting intelligence the narrator lends to Smerdyakov's performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обращался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимым","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращался","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"обращался","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращался","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обращался","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечая, parenthetical","gloss":"in substance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes одни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечая","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимая","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делая","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"делая","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимая","gloss":"putting on"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of делая (делать вид = 'to pretend')","gloss":"an appearance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of задает","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задает (как будто = 'as though')","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"задает","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was asking"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задает","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c7-s27","source":"— Иван! — крикнул вдруг Федор Павлович, — нагнись ко мне к самому уху.","translation":"\"Ivan!\" Fyodor Pavlovich suddenly cried. \"Lean over, right up to my very ear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагнись ко мне к самому уху","title":"Perfective imperative «нагнись»","body":"«Нагнись» is the singular perfective imperative of «нагнуться» (to bend/lean over), a single requested act. «К самому уху» ('right up to the very ear') uses «самый» as an intensifier — 'to my very ear.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван!","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, exclaimed","gloss":"Ivan!","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the vocative exclamation \"Иван!\""},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович,","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор (patronymic)","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"нагнись","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"lean over"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уху","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уху","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнись","gloss":"ear"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c7-s28","source":"Это он для тебя всё это устроил, хочет, чтобы ты его похвалил.","translation":"He's gotten this whole thing up for your sake — he wants you to praise him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он для тебя всё это устроил","title":"Emphatic «это ... он» cleft","body":"The framing «Это он ... устроил» ('it's HE who got this up') singles out Smerdyakov as the agent, much like an English cleft. «Устроил» is perfective — a single completed bit of stage-managing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочет, чтобы ты его похвалил","title":"«хотеть, чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"A verb of wishing takes «чтобы» plus the past-tense form «похвалил» — not a real past but the irrealis required after «чтобы»: 'wants you to praise him.' The «чтобы»-clause expresses a willed, not-yet-real outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of устроил, resumed by всё это","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of устроил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроил","gloss":"your sake"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of устроил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"устроил","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похвалил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of похвалил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of похвалил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"похвалил","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочет","gloss":"praise"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c7-s29","source":"Ты похвали.","translation":"Go on, praise him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты похвали","title":"Imperative with overt «ты» for urging","body":"The subject pronoun «ты» is normally dropped before an imperative; keeping it here («Ты похвали» — 'You — praise him') adds insistence and personal appeal, nudging Ivan to play along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of похвали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"похвали","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"praise"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c7-s30","source":"Иван Федорович выслушал совершенно серьезно восторженное сообщение папаши.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich heard out his papa's rapturous communication with perfect seriousness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушал совершенно серьезно","title":"Perfective «выслушал»: heard right out","body":"«Выслушать» (perfective) means to hear something through to the end, attentively — the «вы-» prefix carries the sense of exhausting the action. Ivan takes in the whole of his father's stage-whisper, completely."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторженное сообщение папаши","title":"«папаша» — the diminutive 'papa'","body":"«Папаша» is a familiar, faintly ironic 'papa/daddy.' The narrator's word choice quietly colours the scene with Ivan's detached amusement at his rapturous, tipsy father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушал","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"восторженное","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сообщение","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"сообщение","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушал","gloss":"communication"},{"surface":"папаши","lemma":"папаша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообщение","gloss":"papa's"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c7-s31","source":"— Стой, Смердяков, помолчи на время, — крикнул опять Федор Павлович. — Иван, опять ко мне к самому уху нагнись.","translation":"\"Stop, Smerdyakov, hold your tongue a while,\" Fyodor Pavlovich cried again. \"Ivan, lean over to my very ear once more.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчи на время","title":"«помолчи» — 'be quiet a while' («по-» attenuative)","body":"The «по-» prefix on «молчать» (to be silent) gives a delimited 'be silent for a bit'; the perfective imperative «помолчи» asks for one bounded stretch of quiet, not silence forever. «На время» (for a while) reinforces the limited duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first imperative clause","gloss":"stop","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the imperative \"Стой\""},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"помолчи","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время,","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолчи","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович.","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагнись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уху","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уху","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнись","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"нагнись","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lean over"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c7-s32","source":"Иван Федорович вновь с самым серьезнейшим видом нагнулся.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich, with the most serious air, leaned over again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самым серьезнейшим видом","title":"Double superlative «самый серьёзнейший»","body":"«Серьёзнейший» is already a bookish suffixal superlative ('most serious'), and «самым» piles the periphrastic superlative on top — an emphatic, slightly comic 'with the very most serious air.' The redundancy heightens Ivan's deadpan gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагнулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies серьезнейшим","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"серьезнейшим","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned over"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c7-s33","source":"— Люблю тебя так же, как и Алешку.","translation":"\"I love you just as much as Alyoshka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люблю тебя так же, как и Алешку","title":"Correlative «так же, как» = 'just as ... as'","body":"«Так же, как» sets up an equative comparison ('just as much as'), with the additive «и» ('even/as well') before «Алёшку». The subject «я» is dropped, recoverable from the verb ending «люблю»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешку","title":"«Алёшка» — the rougher diminutive","body":"«Алёшка» is a blunter, more familiar diminutive of Alexei than the affectionate «Алёша», the «-ка» suffix lending a casual, even slightly coarse warmth. From a tipsy father it reads as rough tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я implied)","gloss":"I love","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the verb \"Люблю\""},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative так же...как (modifies Люблю)","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Алешку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алешку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"compared object in the как-clause","gloss":"Alyoshka"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c7-s34","source":"Ты не думай, что я тебя не люблю.","translation":"Don't go thinking I don't love you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не думай, что я тебя не люблю","title":"Negated imperfective imperative + embedded negation","body":"«Не думай» is a negated imperfective imperative — 'don't (go) thinking,' warning off a frame of mind. The «что»-clause carries its own negation «не люблю» ('don't love'), so two unrelated «не»'s sit side by side, one per clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"думай","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думай","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c7-s35","source":"Коньячку?","translation":"A little brandy?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коньячку?","title":"Partitive genitive offer: «коньячку»","body":"The special partitive genitive ending «-у» on the diminutive «коньячок» means 'some brandy?' — a portion, not the whole. This «-у» partitive survives mainly with mass nouns in colloquial offers (чайку, сахарку), here doubly cozy with the diminutive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical offer (partitive genitive)","gloss":"a little brandy"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c7-s36","source":"— Дайте.","translation":"\"Give me some.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дайте","title":"Polite imperative «дайте»","body":"«Дайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «дать» (to give). Ivan's curt, single-word reply — 'Give (me some)' — keeps the «вы»-form deference to his father even while staying laconic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the imperative \"Дайте\""}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c7-s37","source":"«Однако сам-то ты порядочно нагрузился», — пристально поглядел на отца Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"You've fairly loaded up yourself, though,\" Ivan Fyodorovich glanced intently at his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам-то ты порядочно нагрузился","title":"Intensifier «сам» + topic clitic «-то»","body":"«Сам» ('yourself') with the topic-marking clitic «-то» throws contrastive weight onto Fyodor Pavlovich: 'YOU yourself, though...' It is Ivan's unspoken thought, the «-то» signalling a pointed shift back to the father."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нагрузился","title":"«нагрузиться» — colloquial 'to get loaded'","body":"Literally the reflexive 'to load oneself up' («груз» = cargo), here the colloquial 'to get drunk, tank up.' «Порядочно» ('a fair bit') tempers it. Ivan's silent judgment of his father is wry and earthy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагрузился","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нагрузился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"порядочно","lemma":"порядочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагрузился","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"нагрузился»,","lemma":"нагрузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"loaded up"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c7-s38","source":"Смердякова же он наблюдал с чрезвычайным любопытством,","translation":"Smerdyakov, however, he watched with extraordinary curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердякова же он наблюдал","title":"Fronted object + contrastive «же»","body":"The object «Смердякова» (accusative animate, = genitive form) is fronted and tagged with «же» to pivot the focus: 'Smerdyakov, on the other hand, he was watching.' The imperfective «наблюдал» pictures sustained, attentive observation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of наблюдал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердякова (contrastive topic marker)","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наблюдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наблюдал","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наблюдал","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c7-s39","source":"— Анафема ты проклят и теперь, — разразился вдруг Григорий, — и как же ты после того, подлец, рассуждать смеешь, если…","translation":"\"You are anathema accursed even now,\" Grigory suddenly broke out, \"and how is it that after that, you scoundrel, you dare to argue, if —\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анафема проклят","title":"anathema accursed","body":"«Анафема» is the Church Slavonic / Greek word for excommunication — a formal curse cutting a person off from the Church. Paired with «проклят» ('cursed'), it intensifies the condemnation. Grigory, a devout servant, hurls it literally at Smerdyakov; we render it 'anathema accursed.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же ты ... рассуждать смеешь","title":"Indignant «как же» + «смеешь» + infinitive","body":"«Как же» ('how on earth') uses «же» to load the question with outrage; «смеешь рассуждать» is 'you dare to argue,' the verb «сметь» (to dare) governing the infinitive. The unfinished «если…» leaves the threat hanging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Анафема","lemma":"анафема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun describing ты","gloss":"anathema","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the exclamation \"Анафема\""},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проклят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"проклят","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"are cursed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь,","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проклят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"разразился","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Григорий,","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разразился","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеешь (rhetorical question)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to ты","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеешь","gloss":"argue"},{"surface":"смеешь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a conditional clause the sentence trails off from","gloss":"if"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c7-s40","source":"— Не бранись, Григорий, не бранись! — прервал Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"Don't scold, Grigory, don't scold!\" Fyodor Pavlovich interrupted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бранись, Григорий, не бранись!","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не бранись»","body":"«Бранись» is the imperative of the reflexive «браниться» (to scold, quarrel); negated and imperfective, «не бранись» forbids the ongoing activity — 'stop scolding / don't go on scolding.' The repetition mimics Fyodor Pavlovich's gleeful soothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бранись","gloss":"don't","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the particle \"Не\""},{"surface":"бранись","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scold"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бранись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бранись!","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first бранись","gloss":"scold"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c7-s41","source":"— Вы переждите, Григорий Васильевич, хотя бы самое даже малое время-с, и прослушайте дальше, потому что я всего не окончил.","translation":"\"You wait, Grigory Vasilyevich, even just the briefest moment, sir, and hear me out further, because I haven't finished it all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы переждите ... и прослушайте дальше","title":"Polite perfective imperatives + «-с»","body":"«Переждите» (wait it out) and «прослушайте» (hear through) are polite («вы») perfective imperatives, each a single bounded act. The deferential «-с» on «время-с» keeps up Smerdyakov's mock-courtly register toward Grigory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что я всего не окончил","title":"Genitive of negation: «всего не окончил»","body":"Under negation the object «всё» shifts to genitive «всего» — 'I haven't finished it all.' «Потому что» ('because') subordinates the reason. The genitive-of-negation here signals 'not the whole of it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of переждите","gloss":"you","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the pronoun \"Вы\""},{"surface":"переждите","lemma":"переждать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative хотя бы, modifies время","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies малое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переждите","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (colloquial polite suffix)","role":"politeness suffix attached to время","gloss":"sir","note":"Colloquial 19th-century deferential suffix (like tacking \"sir\" onto a phrase); no independent meaning."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прослушайте","lemma":"прослушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with переждите","gloss":"hear out"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прослушайте","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of окончил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of окончил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies окончил (adverbial \"all of it\")","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окончил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"окончил","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"finished"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c7-s42","source":"Потому в самое то время, как я богом стану немедленно проклят-с, в самый, тот самый высший момент-с, я уже стал всё равно как бы иноязычником, и крещение мое с меня снимается и ни во что вменяется, — так ли хоть это-с?","translation":"For at the very moment I am instantly cursed by God, sir, at that very, that supreme instant, sir, I have already become exactly as though a heathen, and my baptism is stripped from me and counts for nothing — is that at least so, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я богом стану ... проклят-с","title":"«стану» + short passive participle; agent in instrumental","body":"«Стану проклят» is a future of becoming plus the short passive participle 'cursed.' The agent «богом» (by God) stands in the instrumental — the case that names the doer of a passive. «Как» here is temporal, 'at the moment that.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крещение мое ... снимается и ни во что вменяется","title":"Two reflexive-passive verbs in «-ся»","body":"«Снимается» (is stripped off) and «вменяется» (is reckoned/counted) are imperfective «-ся» passives — the baptism 'is removed and is counted as nothing.' «Ни во что» ('as nothing at all') uses the «ни»-intensifier of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вменяется","title":"«вменять» — theological 'to impute, reckon'","body":"«Вменять / вменяется» is a churchly-legal verb for imputing or reckoning to someone's account (cf. 'imputed righteousness'). «Ни во что вменяется» = 'is counted for nothing.' Smerdyakov reaches for the precise vocabulary of doctrine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проклят (\"for this reason\")","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial time complement introduced by в","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проклят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проклят","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of проклят","gloss":"by God"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"auxiliary forming the future passive with проклят","gloss":"shall become"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проклят","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"проклят","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of стану","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (colloquial polite suffix)","role":"politeness suffix attached to проклят","gloss":"sir","note":"Colloquial 19th-century deferential suffix, split off by the tokenizer from \"проклят-с\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"reinforces тот, modifies момент","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement, parallel to время","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (colloquial polite suffix)","role":"politeness suffix attached to момент","gloss":"sir","note":"Colloquial 19th-century deferential suffix, split off by the tokenizer from \"момент-с\"."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно как бы","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies иноязычником","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"иноязычником","lemma":"иноязычник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"a heathen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крещение","lemma":"крещение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of снимается","gloss":"baptism"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of крещение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of снимается","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"снимается","lemma":"сниматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is stripped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни во что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вменяется","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"вменяется,","lemma":"вменяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снимается","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb in the closing question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"yes/no question marker attached to так","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlates with так in the question","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (colloquial polite suffix)","role":"politeness suffix attached to это","gloss":"sir","note":"Colloquial 19th-century deferential suffix, split off by the tokenizer from \"это-с\"."}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c7-s43","source":"— Заключай, брат, скорей, заключай, — поторопил Федор Павлович, с наслаждением хлебнув из рюмки.","translation":"\"Get to the point, brother, quick, get to the point,\" Fyodor Pavlovich hurried him, taking a sip from his glass with relish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заключай, брат, скорей, заключай","title":"Imperfective imperative «заключай» — urging on","body":"«Заключай» is the imperfective imperative of «заключать» (to conclude, sum up); the imperfective with «скорей» (quicker) urges the process along — 'get on with concluding!' Perfective «заключи» would demand the single finished act; the imperfective hurries the doing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с наслаждением хлебнув из рюмки","title":"Perfective gerund «хлебнув» of a single gulp","body":"«Хлебнув» is the perfective past gerund of «хлебнуть» (to take a gulp) — one quick swallow, prior to and accompanying the urging. «С наслаждением» ('with relish') is an instrumental-based manner phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заключай","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first imperative clause","gloss":"get to the point","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the imperative \"Заключай\""},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second заключай","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"заключай,","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first заключай","gloss":"get to the point"},{"surface":"поторопил","lemma":"поторопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"hurried him"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поторопил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"наслаждением","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлебнув","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"хлебнув","lemma":"хлебнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying поторопил","gloss":"having sipped"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рюмки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рюмки","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлебнув","gloss":"his glass"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c7-s44","source":"— А коли я уж не христианин, то, значит, я и не солгал мучителям, когда они спрашивали: «Христианин я или не христианин», ибо я уже был самим богом совлечен моего христианства, по причине одного лишь замысла и прежде чем даже слово успел мое молвить мучителям.","translation":"\"And if I am no longer a Christian, then it follows that I did not lie to the tormentors when they asked, 'Are you a Christian or not?' — for I had already been stripped of my Christianity by God Himself, on account of the mere intention, and even before I had managed to utter a word to the tormentors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коли я уж не христианин, то, значит","title":"«коли ... то» — folksy-archaic 'if ... then'","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial-archaic 'if' (vs. «если»), paired with the resumptive «то» ('then'). «Значит» ('it means, so') threads the syllogism. Smerdyakov's logic-chopping marches forward on these old conditional hinges."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уже был ... совлечен моего христианства","title":"Short passive «совлечён» + instrumental agent","body":"«Был совлечён» ('was stripped/divested') is a periphrastic passive with «быть» plus a short past-passive participle. The agent «самим богом» (by God Himself) stands in the instrumental, the source «моего христианства» in the genitive — 'stripped of my Christianity.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совлечен","title":"«совлечь» — Church-Slavonic 'to divest, strip off'","body":"«Совлечь» is an elevated, Scriptural verb for stripping off (as one 'puts off the old man' in Paul's epistles). Its solemn register clashes comically with the self-serving use Smerdyakov makes of it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем даже слово ... молвить","title":"«прежде чем» + bookish «молвить»","body":"«Прежде чем» ('before') subordinates a time clause. «Молвить» is an archaic, folk-poetic 'to utter/say a word,' far loftier than «сказать» — another Slavonicism in Smerdyakov's mouth, dressing sophistry as scripture."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and","note":"Tokenizer artifact from an HTML entity split; the actual text is just the conjunction \"А\""},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of христианин","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of христианин","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies христианин","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies христианин","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"христианин","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the coли-clause","gloss":"a Christian"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of солгал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of солгал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солгал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солгал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"мучителям","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of солгал","gloss":"the tormentors"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрашивали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спрашивали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"спрашивали","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on солгал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Христианин","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the quoted question","gloss":"a Christian"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject in the quoted question","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second христианин","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"христианин","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first Христианин","gloss":"a Christian"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause (я был... совлечен)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был/совлечен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совлечен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of совлечен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies богом","gloss":"Himself"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of совлечен","gloss":"by God"},{"surface":"совлечен","lemma":"совлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the ибо-clause (with был)","gloss":"stripped"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of христианства","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"христианства","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of совлечен (divested of)","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причине","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"причине","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совлечен","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies замысла","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замысла","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"замысла","lemma":"замысел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies причине","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем, introduces the clause of успел","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of молвить","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with совлечен","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"молвить","lemma":"молвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"мучителям","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of молвить","gloss":"to the tormentors"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c7-s45","source":"А коли я уже разжалован, то каким же манером и по какой справедливости станут спрашивать с меня на том свете как с христианина за то, что я отрекся Христа, тогда как я за помышление только одно, еще до отречения, был уже крещения моего совлечен?","translation":"And if I have already been broken from the ranks, then in what manner and by what justice will I be called to account in the next world as a Christian for having renounced Christ, when for the mere thought alone, even before the renunciation, I had already been stripped of my baptism?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким же манером и по какой справедливости станут спрашивать","title":"Instrumental of manner + «по» of standard","body":"«Каким манером» ('in what manner') is an instrumental-of-manner phrase, while «по какой справедливости» ('by what justice') uses «по» + dative for the standard or principle. «Станут спрашивать» is an imperfective future — an ongoing calling-to-account."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как я ... был ... совлечен","title":"«тогда как» — concessive 'whereas, when'","body":"«Тогда как» ('whereas, while in fact') sets up the contrast on which his argument turns: he is to be judged as a Christian even though he had already been un-Christianed. The passive «был совлечён» again states the prior result."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of разжалован","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive разжалован","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разжалован","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"разжалован","lemma":"разжаловать","morphology":"verb, past, passive participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demoted"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of станут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of манером","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies каким","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"манером","lemma":"манер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of станут спрашивать","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking справедливости","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of справедливости","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"справедливости","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with манером","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (auxiliary) of the то-clause","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"call to account"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison as с христианина","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking христианина","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"христианина","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать (comparison)","gloss":"a Christian"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отрекся (appositive to то)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрекся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отрекся","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"renounced"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of отрекся","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был совлечен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помышление","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"помышление","lemma":"помышление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement expressing the reason for совлечен","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies помышление","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до отречения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отречения","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"отречения","lemma":"отречение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the renunciation"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of совлечен","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совлечен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"крещения","lemma":"крещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of совлечен (divested of)","gloss":"baptism"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of крещения","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"совлечен","lemma":"совлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the whereas-clause (with был)","gloss":"stripped"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c7-s46","source":"Коли я уж не христианин, значит, я и не могу от Христа отрекнуться, ибо не от чего тогда мне и отрекаться будет.","translation":"If I am no longer a Christian, then it follows I cannot even renounce Christ, for there will then be nothing for me to renounce.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от чего ... мне и отрекаться будет","title":"Negative «не от чего» + dative + compound future","body":"«Не от чего» ('there is nothing from which') is a negative existential built on «что», governed by «от». The dative «мне» marks the one who has nothing to renounce, and «будет ... отрекаться» is the imperfective compound future. A dense knot of negation, dative-experiencer, and future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отрекнуться ... отрекаться","title":"Aspect pair «отрекаться / отречься»","body":"The passage plays both members of the pair: imperfective «отрекаться» (the ongoing act of renouncing) and perfective «отречься/отрекнуться» (the single completed renunciation). Choosing one over the other is choosing whether to view the apostasy as process or as done deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of христианин","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of христианин","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies христианин","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies христианин","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"христианин","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the coли-clause","gloss":"a Christian"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Христа","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекнуться","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"отрекнуться","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"renounce"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отрекаться будет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекаться","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрекаться будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отрекаться будет","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрекаться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отрекаться","lemma":"отрекаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main infinitive complement with будет","gloss":"to renounce"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary of отрекаться","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c7-s47","source":"С татарина поганого кто же станет спрашивать, Григорий Васильевич, хотя бы и в небесах, за то, что он не христианином родился, и кто же станет его за это наказывать, рассуждая, что с одного вола двух шкур не дерут.","translation":"Who is going to call a filthy Tatar to account, Grigory Vasilyevich, even in heaven, for not having been born a Christian, and who is going to punish him for that, reasoning that you can't strip two hides from a single ox?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с одного вола двух шкур не дерут","title":"You can't take two hides off one ox","body":"A Russian proverb meaning you cannot punish or charge someone twice for the same thing — literally 'two hides are not torn from one ox.' Smerdyakov twists folk wisdom to prop up his argument; we render «с одного вола двух шкур не дерут» as 'you can't strip two hides from a single ox.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же станет спрашивать ... кто же станет наказывать","title":"Rhetorical «кто же ... станет» — 'who on earth would'","body":"The interrogative «кто» plus the indignant particle «же» plus «станет» + imperfective infinitive forms a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'no one.' The parallel repetition ('who will call to account ... who will punish') builds the rhetorical pressure."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking татарина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"татарина","lemma":"татарин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"a Tatar"},{"surface":"поганого","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies татарина","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is going to"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"call to account"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory","note":"Vocative name, not the sentence's subject."},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"василиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive phrase (хотя бы) modifying станет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even","note":"хотя бы together mean \"even.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies небесах","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небесах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небесах","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial phrase modifying станет","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies христианином","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"христианином","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of родился","gloss":"a Christian"},{"surface":"родился","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was born"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станет","gloss":"is going to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наказывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наказывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наказывать","lemma":"наказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"рассуждая","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on наказывать","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дерут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies вола","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вола","lemma":"вол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дерут","gloss":"an ox"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies шкур","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"шкур","lemma":"шкура","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of дерут","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дерут","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"дерут","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рассуждая","gloss":"strip","note":"Proverb: you can't strip two hides off one ox, i.e. don't punish the same fault twice."}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c7-s48","source":"Да и сам бог вседержитель с татарина если и будет спрашивать, когда тот помрет, то, полагаю, каким-нибудь самым малым наказанием (так как нельзя же совсем не наказать его), рассудив, что ведь неповинен же он в том, если от поганых родителей поганым на свет произошел.","translation":"And even God Almighty Himself, if He does call the Tatar to account when he dies, will, I suppose, do so with some very small punishment (since it's impossible not to punish him at all), reasoning that, after all, the man is not to blame for it if he came into the world a heathen, born of heathen parents.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассудив, что ведь неповинен же он","title":"Perfective gerund «рассудив» + particles «ведь ... же»","body":"«Рассудив» ('having reasoned') is a perfective gerund of God's prior deliberation. Inside the «что»-clause, «ведь» appeals to shared sense ('after all') and «же» insists — the man is surely not to blame. «Неповинен» is a short adjective, 'not guilty.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-нибудь самым малым наказанием","title":"Instrumental of means + indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"«Наказанием» (with a punishment) is an instrumental of means after «наказать ... наказанием». «Каким-нибудь» ('some ... or other') uses the non-specific indefinite particle «-нибудь» — any small punishment at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от поганых родителей поганым на свет произошел","title":"«произойти на свет» — to be born; jingling «поганый»","body":"«Произойти на свет» ('to come into the world') is a slightly elevated idiom for being born. The threefold echo of «поганый» (heathen/filthy) — parents, manner, child — hammers the inheritance of unbelief as something not chosen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination (да и = \"and even\")","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивать (in the если-clause)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вседержитель","lemma":"вседержитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to бог","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking татарина","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"татарина","lemma":"татарин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"the Tatar"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying полагаю","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашивать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of спрашивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будет","gloss":"call to account"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помрет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помрет","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спрашивать","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"полагаю","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause of the sentence","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of наказанием","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies малым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"малым","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наказанием","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"наказанием","lemma":"наказание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of the implied main verb (elliptical: накажет)","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause modifying наказанием (since it's impossible)","gloss":"it's impossible"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наказать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наказать","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наказать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"рассудив","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on наказанием","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неповинен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неповинен","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"неповинен","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, clausal complement of рассудив","gloss":"is not to blame"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неповинен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неповинен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of неповинен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"поганых","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies родителей","gloss":"heathen"},{"surface":"родителей","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"поганым","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of произошел (came into the world as)","gloss":"a heathen"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c7-s49","source":"Не может же господь бог насильно взять татарина и говорить про него, что и он был христианином?","translation":"Surely the Lord God cannot seize the Tatar by force and declare of him that he too was a Christian?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не может же господь бог насильно взять","title":"Rhetorical negation + «же»: 'surely God cannot'","body":"Fronted «не может» with the particle «же» makes an indignant rhetorical question — 'surely God cannot...' The infinitives «взять ... и говорить» depend on «не может». «Насильно» ('by force') is an adverb of manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что и он был христианином","title":"Predicate instrumental «христианином»","body":"After «был» (was), the predicate noun goes into the instrumental «христианином» rather than the nominative — the standard pattern for naming a role or state in the past. The additive «и» means 'he too (was a Christian).'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"насильно","lemma":"насильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"татарина","lemma":"татарин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"the Tatar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взять","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of христианином","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to христианином","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"христианином","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a Christian"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c7-s50","source":"Ведь значило бы тогда, что господь вседержитель скажет сущую неправду.","translation":"For that would mean the Lord Almighty was telling an outright untruth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь значило бы тогда","title":"«ведь» + conditional «значило бы»","body":"«Ведь» opens the sentence as an appeal to the obvious ('for, after all'), and «значило бы» is the impersonal conditional 'it would mean.' Together they press a self-evident hypothetical consequence on the listener."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сущую неправду","title":"«сущая неправда» — 'an outright untruth'","body":"«Сущий» is a bookish intensifier ('downright, sheer, very') and «неправда» a softened 'untruth/falsehood' (lit. 'un-truth'). The pairing accuses God of telling a flat lie — the blasphemous edge of Smerdyakov's reductio."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значило","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"значило","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would mean"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of значило","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значило","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"вседержитель","lemma":"вседержитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господь","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of значило","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"сущую","lemma":"сущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неправду","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"неправду","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"an untruth"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c7-s51","source":"А разве может господь вседержитель неба и земли произнести ложь, хотя бы в одном только каком-нибудь слове-с?","translation":"And can the Lord Almighty of heaven and earth pronounce a falsehood, even in but a single word of any kind, sir?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А разве может господь ... произнести ложь","title":"«разве» — incredulous question particle","body":"«Разве» frames an incredulous rhetorical question ('can it really be that...?'), expecting a horrified 'no.' It signals the speaker's own disbelief at the possibility he raises — God uttering a lie."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господь вседержитель неба и земли","title":"«вседержитель» — Pantocrator, 'Almighty'","body":"«Вседержитель» (lit. 'all-holder') is the Church-Slavonic calque of Greek Pantokrator, 'Almighty, sustainer of all,' the title under which Christ gazes down from the dome of an Orthodox church. The lofty epithet, drawn from the liturgy, magnifies the irreverence of doubting His truthfulness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"вседержитель","lemma":"вседержитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господь","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"неба","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вседержитель","gloss":"of heaven"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неба","gloss":"of earth"},{"surface":"произнести","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"pronounce"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of произнести","gloss":"a falsehood"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слове","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одном","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase каком-нибудь, modifies слове","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-нибудь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнести","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"deferential address particle attached to слове","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servant-speech suffix (short for \"сударь\"), not a preposition here."}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c7-s52","source":"Григорий остолбенел и смотрел на оратора, выпучив глаза.","translation":"Grigory was struck dumb and stared at the orator, his eyes bulging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпучив глаза","title":"Perfective gerund «выпучив» — 'goggling'","body":"«Выпучив» is the perfective past gerund of «выпучить» (to bulge/goggle the eyes), a completed act framing his stare. The gerund neatly attaches the vivid physical detail to «смотрел» (was staring)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остолбенел ... на оратора","title":"«остолбенеть» + ironic «оратор»","body":"«Остолбенеть» is to be rooted to the spot like a post («столб» = pillar), 'struck dumb.' Calling the servant Smerdyakov «оратор» ('orator') is the narrator's dry irony — the kitchen-boy holding forth like a rhetorician."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остолбенел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"остолбенел","lemma":"остолбенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was struck dumb"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остолбенел","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оратора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"оратора","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the orator"},{"surface":"выпучив","lemma":"выпучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"bulging"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выпучив","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c7-s53","source":"Он хоть и не понимал хорошо, что говорят, но что-то из всей этой дребедени вдруг понял и остановился с видом человека, вдруг стукнувшегося лбом об стену.","translation":"Though he did not really understand what was being said, he had suddenly grasped something out of all this drivel and stopped short with the look of a man who has suddenly cracked his forehead against a wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человека, вдруг стукнувшегося лбом об стену","title":"Reflexive past active participle «стукнувшегося»","body":"«Стукнувшегося» is the past active participle of the reflexive perfective «стукнуться» (to knock oneself), in the genitive to agree with «человека». «Лбом» (with his forehead) is an instrumental of the body part — a participial phrase doing the work of a whole «который»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и не понимал ... но ... понял","title":"Concessive «хоть и ... но» + aspect contrast","body":"«Хоть и ... но» ('though ... yet') frames the concession. The imperfective «не понимал» (kept not understanding, generally) contrasts with the perfective «понял» (suddenly grasped one thing) — aspect carrying the whole sense of a flash of comprehension within a fog."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дребедени","title":"«дребедень» — drivel, rubbish","body":"A dismissive colloquial noun for nonsense, twaddle, worthless stuff (here genitive «дребедени» after «из»). The narrator voices Grigory's verdict on Smerdyakov's reasoning — gibberish out of which, all the same, something pierced him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying понял","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause (хоть...)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter","role":"direct object of говорят","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимал","gloss":"was being said"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative/accusative","role":"direct object of понял, part of что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дребедени","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дребедени","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дребедени","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дребедени","lemma":"дребедень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"drivel"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with остановился","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"the look"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стукнувшегося","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стукнувшегося","lemma":"стукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb-participle, reflexive, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"having banged"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнувшегося","gloss":"with his forehead"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стену","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"стену","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнувшегося","gloss":"a wall"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c7-s54","source":"Федор Павлович допил рюмку и залился визгливым смехом.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich drained his glass and dissolved into shrill laughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"допил рюмку и залился ... смехом","title":"Two perfective verbs of completion","body":"«Допил» ('drank to the bottom,' «до-» = to completion) and «залился» ('burst into,' «за-» inceptive, lit. 'poured over with') are both perfective — two crisp completed events. «Смехом» (with laughter) is an instrumental of what he was flooded by."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"визгливым смехом","title":"«визгливый» — shrill, squealing","body":"«Визгливый» (from «визг», a squeal/shriek) paints the laughter as high, grating, undignified. The choice keeps Fyodor Pavlovich's mirth unpleasant and faintly hysterical, in keeping with the scene's blasphemous glee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"допил","lemma":"допить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drained"},{"surface":"рюмку","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of допил","gloss":"his glass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"залился","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with допил","gloss":"dissolved into"},{"surface":"визгливым","lemma":"визгливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"shrill"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залился","gloss":"laughter"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c7-s55","source":"— Алешка, Алешка, каково! Ах ты, казуист!","translation":"\"Alyoshka, Alyoshka, how about that! Oh, you casuist!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каково!","title":"Exclamatory short neuter «каково!»","body":"«Каково!» is the short neuter form of «каков» used as an exclamation — 'how about that! what do you make of it!' The short adjective here predicates over the whole situation, a lively colloquial flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative (markup artifact)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka","note":"Source-text artifact: a leaked \" \" HTML entity fused onto the name Alyoshka."},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каково","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory predicate","gloss":"how about that"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"addressee of the exclamation","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"казуист","lemma":"казуист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"casuist"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c7-s56","source":"Это он был у иезуитов где-нибудь, Иван.","translation":"He's been with the Jesuits somewhere, Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «где-нибудь» — 'somewhere or other'","body":"«Где-нибудь» uses the non-specific «-нибудь» suffix: 'somewhere, anywhere — I couldn't say where.' It is vaguer than «где-то» ('somewhere specific but unknown'); Fyodor Pavlovich isn't naming a place, just gesturing at one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic introductory particle","gloss":"it's that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иезуитов","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иезуитов","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the Jesuits"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"particle, part of the indefinite adverb где-нибудь","role":"part of the phrase где","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c7-s57","source":"Ах ты, иезуит смердящий, да кто же тебя научил?","translation":"Oh, you stinking Jesuit, now who taught you all this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иезуит смердящий","title":"«смердящий» — a pun on Smerdyakov's name","body":"«Смердящий» ('stinking,' present active participle of «смердеть», to reek) puns on the surname Smerdyakov, itself built on «смерд» (a base serf) and the verb 'to stink.' Fyodor Pavlovich's 'stinking Jesuit' is a sly play on the man's very name and lowly origin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да кто же тебя научил?","title":"Opening «да» + emphatic «кто же»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but an emotive opener ('now, why,'), and «кто же» loads the question with astonishment — 'now who on earth taught you?' The perfective «научил» asks for the one who completed the teaching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"addressee of the exclamation","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иезуит","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"Jesuit"},{"surface":"смердящий","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies иезуит","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the question","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of научил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of научил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c7-s58","source":"Но только ты врешь, казуист, врешь, врешь и врешь.","translation":"Only you're lying, casuist, lying and lying and lying.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"врешь, врешь и врешь","title":"Imperfective «врёшь» repeated for intensity","body":"The imperfective present «врёшь» ('you're lying') repeated threefold turns into an iterative, escalating accusation — the imperfective's openness to repetition exploited rhetorically. It is bluster, not a single charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врешь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of врешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"казуист","lemma":"казуист","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"casuist"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with врешь","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with врешь","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with врешь","gloss":"lying"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c7-s59","source":"Не плачь, Григорий, мы его сею же минутой разобьем в дым и прах.","translation":"Don't cry, Grigory, we'll grind him to smoke and dust this very minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы его сею же минутой разобьем","title":"Archaic «сею же минутой» + perfective future","body":"«Сею» is the archaic instrumental of «сей» ('this'), surviving in set phrases — 'this very minute.' «Минутой» is an instrumental of time, intensified by «же». «Разобьём» is a perfective future: we'll smash him, once and done."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в дым и прах","title":"«в дым и прах» — 'to smoke and dust'","body":"An emphatic idiom for utter destruction, 'to smithereens.' «Прах» ('dust, ashes') carries a faint biblical ring (dust to dust), lending Fyodor Pavlovich's boast a mock-grand, apocalyptic flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разобьем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разобьем","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сею","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минутой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сею","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of разобьем","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"разобьем","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will smash"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дым","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дым","lemma":"дым","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разобьем","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прах","lemma":"прах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дым","gloss":"dust"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c7-s60","source":"Ты мне вот что скажи, ослица: пусть ты пред мучителями прав, но ведь ты сам-то в себе всё же отрекся от веры своей и сам же говоришь, что в тот же час был анафема проклят, а коли раз уж анафема, так тебя за эту анафему по головке в аду не погладят.","translation":"Tell me this, you ass: granted you're in the right before the tormentors, but you yourself, deep down, still renounced your own faith, and you say yourself that in that same hour you were anathema accursed — and once you're anathema, then they won't be patting you on the head in hell for that anathema.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ослица","title":"«ослица» — 'she-ass', tying back to Balaam","body":"Fyodor Pavlovich addresses Smerdyakov as «ослица» (a female donkey), echoing the chapter's opening «валаамова ослица» (Balaam's ass). The grammatically feminine, faintly absurd term half-insults, half-marvels at the servant who has unexpectedly found his tongue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть ты пред мучителями прав","title":"Concessive «пусть» + short adjective «прав»","body":"«Пусть» here is concessive — 'granted, let's say (you're right)' — conceding a point for argument's sake. «Прав» is the short predicative adjective 'right/in the right.' «Пред» is the archaic, bookish form of «перед» (before)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам-то в себе ... отрекся ... сам же говоришь","title":"Intensifier «сам», reflexive «в себе», clitic «-то»","body":"«Сам» ('yourself') with «-то» drives the contrast, «в себе» ('within yourself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional. The reflexive «отрёкся» («-ся») and the repeated «сам же» (yourself, after all) keep the focus relentlessly on Smerdyakov's own inner act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по головке ... не погладят","title":"«по головке не погладят» — 'won't pat you on the head'","body":"An idiom: 'they won't pat you on the head for it' = you'll get no praise, you'll be in trouble. The diminutive «головка» (little head) gives it a mock-tender, ironic warmth, all the sharper applied to the torments of hell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter","role":"direct object of скажи","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ослица","lemma":"ослица","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you ass"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителями","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мучителями","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прав","gloss":"the tormentors"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"прав","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"are right"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрекся","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрекся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic, yourself)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic suffix","role":"emphatic particle attached to сам","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of отрекся","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"отрекся","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"renounced"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веры","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекся","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of веры","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied ты (emphatic, yourself)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with отрекся","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проклят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of проклят","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to проклят","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"анафема","lemma":"анафема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement paired with проклят, describing ты","gloss":"anathema"},{"surface":"проклят","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of был, describing ты","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase коли...раз уж","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"анафема","lemma":"анафема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of the elided ты in the коли-clause","gloss":"anathema"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of погладят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking анафему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of анафему","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"анафему","lemma":"анафема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погладят","gloss":"anathema"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"головке","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погладят","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аду","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies погладят (adverbial)","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погладят","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"погладят","lemma":"погладить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"pat"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c7-s61","source":"Об этом ты как полагаешь, иезуит ты мой прекрасный?","translation":"What's your view on that, my splendid Jesuit?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иезуит ты мой прекрасный","title":"Possessive sandwiched for mockery","body":"The word order «иезуит ты мой прекрасный» splits the noun phrase, slotting «ты» (you) inside it: literally 'Jesuit-you-my-splendid'. This intrusive «ты» and the inverted weight throw the whole phrase into sneering, affectionate-contemptuous address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of полагаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полагаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагаешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"полагаешь","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"иезуит","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Jesuit"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of the vocative phrase, reiterated ты","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прекрасный","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иезуит","gloss":"splendid"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c7-s62","source":"— Это сумления нет-с, что сам в себе я отрекся, а всё же никакого и тут специально греха не было-с, а коли был грешок, то самый обыкновенный весьма-с.","translation":"\"There's no doubt, sir, that deep down I renounced it; but still there was no special sin in it whatever, sir, and if there was a little sin, it was the most ordinary kind, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The servile «-с»","body":"Smerdyakov peppers his speech with the enclitic «-с» («нет-с», «было-с») — a contraction of «сударь» (sir) once tacked onto words to signal deference to a superior. It marks him as a lackey and gives his casuistry a wheedling, over-polite tone the translation renders as the repeated 'sir'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сумления","title":"Substandard «сумление» for «сомнение»","body":"«сумления» (doubt) is Smerdyakov's malformed, semi-literate version of standard «сомнения» — the kind of pseudo-bookish mangling Dostoevsky uses to paint his half-educated pretension. He repeats the error as «сумление» in s87."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам в себе я отрекся","title":"Reflexive «отрекся» + emphatic «сам в себе»","body":"«отрекся» is the past of the «-ся» verb «отречься» (to renounce, abjure), which exists only in reflexive form. «сам в себе» ('in myself, inwardly') leans on the reflexive pronoun «себя» to locate the renunciation deep within."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грешок","title":"The diminutive «грешок» — a little sin","body":"Against the full «грех» (sin), the suffix «-ок» in «грешок» shrinks and excuses it: 'a trifling little sin, nothing serious'. The diminutive does the moral work of minimizing, perfectly suiting Smerdyakov's self-exculpation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular (markup artifact)","role":"emphatic particle introducing the clause","gloss":"there's","note":"Source-text artifact: a leaked \" \" HTML entity fused onto это."},{"surface":"сумления","lemma":"сумление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"doubt","note":"Dialectal/archaic form of сомнение."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, existential negation","role":"main verb (existential negation) of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"deferential address particle attached to нет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отрекся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic, myself)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"adverbial complement of отрекся (deep down)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрекся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отрекся","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of нет","gloss":"renounced"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of греха","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"специально","lemma":"специально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies греха","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"was no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"deferential address particle attached to было","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to грешок","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"грешок","lemma":"грешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a little sin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обыкновенный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"обыкновенный","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement describing грешок","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыкновенный","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"deferential address particle attached to обыкновенный весьма","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c7-s63","source":"— Как так обыкновенный весьма-с!","translation":"\"How do you mean, the most ordinary kind, sir!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как так обыкновенный весьма-с!","title":"Indignant echo without a verb","body":"The exclamation has no verb at all — «Как так…!» ('How so…!') simply throws Smerdyakov's own words «обыкновенный весьма» back at him. Russian freely drops the copula and lets word order and intonation carry the outraged disbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыкновенный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"обыкновенный","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (describes the implied subject)","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыкновенный","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies весьма","gloss":"sir","note":"The clipped -с is a servile speech tag ('sir/ma'am'), common in lower-class or deferential Russian speech."}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c7-s64","source":"— Врешь, пр-р-роклятый, — прошипел Григорий.","translation":"\"You're lying, you c-c-cursed thing,\" Grigory hissed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пр-р-роклятый","title":"The stuttered curse «проклятый»","body":"«проклятый» ('cursed, damned one') is a passive participle of «проклясть» used as a noun of abuse. Dostoevsky writes the rolled, drawn-out «пр-р-р-» to render Grigory hissing the word through his teeth in fury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошипел","title":"Perfective «прошипел» for a single hiss","body":"«прошипел» (he hissed out) is the perfective of «шипеть», the prefix «про-» giving a single, completed burst of sound. Such perfective speech-verbs after dialogue snap the narrative forward one event at a time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"you're lying"},{"surface":"пр","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"fragment of a stammered word","role":"first fragment of the stammered проклятый","gloss":"cur-","note":"Grigory's speech is broken into stutter fragments: пр-р-роклятый (\"c-c-cursed\")."},{"surface":"р","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"fragment of a stammered word","role":"second fragment of the stammered проклятый","gloss":"-r-"},{"surface":"роклятый,","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), vocative, masculine, singular","role":"final fragment, address term for Smerdyakov","gloss":"-sed thing"},{"surface":"прошипел","lemma":"прошипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, parallel to Врешь","gloss":"hissed"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошипел","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c7-s65","source":"— Рассудите сами, Григорий Васильевич, — ровно и степенно, сознавая победу, но как бы и великодушничая с разбитым противником, продолжал Смердяков, — рассудите сами, Григорий Васильевич: ведь сказано же в писании, что коли имеете веру хотя бы на самое малое даже зерно и притом скажете сей горе, чтобы съехала в море, то и съедет, нимало не медля, по первому же вашему приказанию.","translation":"\"Reason it out for yourself, Grigory Vasilyevich,\" Smerdyakov went on, smooth and sedate, conscious of his victory yet acting as though he were being magnanimous with a beaten opponent, \"reason it out for yourself, Grigory Vasilyevich: after all, it is written in Scripture that if you have faith even but the size of the smallest grain, and you then say to this mountain that it should move into the sea, it will move, without the slightest delay, at your very first command.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассудите сами","title":"Polite plural imperative «рассудите»","body":"«Рассудите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «рассудить» (to judge, reason out), the «-те» ending marking the deference Smerdyakov shows the older Grigory. He rings it twice like a refrain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великодушничая","title":"Ironic gerund «великодушничая»","body":"«великодушничая» is the present gerund of «великодушничать» — a faintly mocking verb meaning 'to play the magnanimous one, put on a show of generosity'. The «-ничать» suffix flavours it with affected performance, exactly the narrator's sly point about Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сей горе","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this'","body":"«сей» (here dative «сей горе», 'to this mountain') is the bookish/Church-Slavonic demonstrative for «этот». It deliberately echoes the elevated language of Scripture, which Smerdyakov apes to lend his sophistry a sacred ring; it recurs through the passage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы съехала в море","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a willed command","body":"«скажете сей горе, чтобы съехала» — 'tell the mountain that it should move'. After «чтобы» Russian uses the past-tense form «съехала» (not an infinitive or future), because the clause expresses a willed, not-yet-real outcome; this is «чтобы» fused with the irrealis «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reason it out"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of рассудите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of рассудите","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич,","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"evenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ровно and степенно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"степенно","lemma":"степенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ровно","gloss":"sedately"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"aware of"},{"surface":"победу","lemma":"победа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознавая","gloss":"his victory"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies великодушничая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies великодушничая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"великодушничая","lemma":"великодушничать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"playing the magnanimous one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks противником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"разбитым","lemma":"разбитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies противником","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"противником","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Смердяков,","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb resuming the direct quote","gloss":"reason it out"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of рассудите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of рассудите","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (impersonal), neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by ведь","gloss":"it is written"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks писании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"писании","lemma":"писание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"Scripture"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of сказано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of имеете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle (part of хотя бы)","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (part of хотя бы)","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks зерно (measure)","gloss":"the size of"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective (intensifier), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies малое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зерно","gloss":"smallest"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зерно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"зерно","lemma":"зерно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"grain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажете","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with имеете (conditional clause)","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажете","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of съехала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"съехала","lemma":"съехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the purpose clause (subject: гора)","gloss":"should move"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks море","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"море","lemma":"море","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause of съедет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies съедет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"съедет","lemma":"съехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main clause, coordinated with съехала","gloss":"it will move"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies медля","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies медля","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"медля","lemma":"медлить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on съедет","gloss":"delaying"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks приказанию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приказанию","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первому","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of приказанию","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"приказанию","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of по","gloss":"command"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c7-s66","source":"Что же, Григорий Васильевич, коли я неверующий, а вы столь верующий, что меня беспрерывно даже ругаете, то попробуйте сами-с сказать сей горе, чтобы не то чтобы в море (потому что до моря отсюда далеко-с), но даже хоть в речку нашу вонючую съехала, вот что у нас за садом течет, то и увидите сами в тот же момент, что ничего не съедет-с, а всё останется в прежнем порядке и целости, сколько бы вы ни кричали-с.","translation":"Well then, Grigory Vasilyevich, since I'm an unbeliever and you are so great a believer that you even scold me without ceasing, try it yourself, sir — say to this mountain not that it should move into the sea (because the sea is a long way from here, sir), but even just into our stinking little stream, the one that runs there behind the garden, and you'll see for yourself that very instant that nothing will move, sir, and everything will stay in its former order and entire, however much you may shout, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли я неверующий","title":"Folksy «коли» for «если»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial/archaic conditional 'if', a homely substitute for «если» that flavours Smerdyakov's whole disquisition with peasant-bookish speech. «неверующий» ('unbeliever') is the present active participle of «верить» used as a noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"речку нашу вонючую","title":"Diminutive «речку» + 'stinking'","body":"«речка» is the affectionate diminutive of «река» (river) — here a humble little stream — paired with «вонючую» (stinking). The bathos is deliberate: Smerdyakov downgrades Scripture's 'sea' to the reeking ditch behind the garden to make faith look absurd."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько бы вы ни кричали","title":"Concessive «сколько бы ни» — 'however much'","body":"«сколько бы вы ни кричали» combines the irrealis particle «бы» with intensifying «ни» and the past form «кричали» to mean 'however much you might shout'. The «бы…ни» frame builds the universal-concessive ('no matter how'), and «ни» here intensifies rather than negates."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun (idiom что же)","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle (part of что же)","role":"part of the phrase что же","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of попробуйте","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of неверующий","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"неверующий","lemma":"неверующий","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"an unbeliever"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верующий","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верующий","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"верующий","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle (used predicatively), masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"predicate of вы, coordinated with неверующий","gloss":"a believer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of ругаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ругаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ругаете","gloss":"ceaselessly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ругаете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ругаете","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"result clause modifying верующий","gloss":"you scold"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause of попробуйте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"попробуйте","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of попробуйте","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попробуйте","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle (part of не то чтобы)","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun (part of не то чтобы)","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of не то чтобы)","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы, introduces в море","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks море","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"море","lemma":"море","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"paired with the elided verb съехала (parallel to речку clause)","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction (part of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks моря","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моря","lemma":"море","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко (parenthetical clause)","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies речку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies речку","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks речку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"речку","lemma":"речка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, alternative destination to море","gloss":"stream"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речку","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"вонючую","lemma":"вонючий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речку","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"съехала","lemma":"съехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the elided clause on the речку alternative (subject: речка, the stream — not гора), parallel to the elided съехала in the море branch","gloss":"should move"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies течет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause on речку","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks нас","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks садом","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"садом","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of за","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"течет","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on речку","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause of увидите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with попробуйте","gloss":"you'll see"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of увидите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of увидите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of съедет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies съедет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"съедет","lemma":"съехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидите","gloss":"will move"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies съедет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидите, coordinated with съедет","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порядке","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целости","lemma":"целость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with порядке","gloss":"intactness"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb (correlative, part of сколько бы...ни)","role":"introduces the concessive clause of кричали","gloss":"however much"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (part of сколько бы...ни)","role":"part of the concessive construction","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кричали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle (part of сколько бы...ни)","role":"part of the concessive construction","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"concessive clause on останется","gloss":"you shout"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies кричали","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c7-s67","source":"А это означает, что и вы не веруете, Григорий Васильевич, надлежащим манером, а лишь других за то всячески ругаете.","translation":"And this means that you too do not believe, Grigory Vasilyevich, in the proper manner, but only scold others in every way for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надлежащим манером","title":"Pseudo-genteel «надлежащим манером»","body":"«надлежащим манером» ('in the proper manner') uses the bookish participle «надлежащий» (due, fitting) and the Germanism «манер» — a stock phrase that lets Smerdyakov sound officially correct. The instrumental «манером» expresses the manner of the action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А это означает","title":"Topic-shifting «а» opening the verdict","body":"The sentence opens with «а», the mild contrastive 'and/but' that pivots to a new point — here Smerdyakov's triumphant conclusion ('and so this means…'). It marks a turn, not a real opposition, threading his argument forward."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of означает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"означает","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of означает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруете","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of означает","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"надлежащим","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies манером","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"манером","lemma":"манер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруете","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ругаете","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), accusative (animate), plural","role":"direct object of ругаете","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всячески","lemma":"всячески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ругаете","gloss":"every way"},{"surface":"ругаете","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веруете","gloss":"you scold"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c7-s68","source":"Опять-таки и то взямши, что никто в наше время, не только вы-с, но и решительно никто, начиная с самых даже высоких лиц до самого последнего мужика-с, не сможет спихнуть горы в море, кроме разве какого-нибудь одного человека на всей земле, много двух, да и то, может, где-нибудь там в пустыне египетской в секрете спасаются, так что их и не найдешь вовсе, — то коли так-с, коли все остальные выходят неверующие, то неужели же всех сих остальных, то есть население всей земли-с, кроме каких-нибудь тех двух пустынников, проклянет господь и при милосердии своем, столь известном, никому из них не простит?","translation":"And then again, taking it that no one in our time — not only you, sir, but decidedly no one, from the very highest personages down to the very lowest peasant, sir — can shove a mountain into the sea, except perhaps some single man on all the earth, two at most, and even they, perhaps, are somewhere off in the Egyptian desert saving their souls in secret, so that you'd never find them at all — then if that's how it is, sir, if all the rest turn out to be unbelievers, can it really be that all those others — that is, the whole population of the earth, sir, save those two hermits of some kind — will be cursed by the Lord, and that in His mercy, so famous as it is, He will pardon not one of them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взямши","title":"Substandard gerund «взямши»","body":"«взямши» is a non-standard, folk past gerund of «взять» (standard would be «взяв»), meaning 'having taken (the case that…)'. The «-мши» ending is a colloquial/dialectal form Dostoevsky plants to keep Smerdyakov's voice half-literate beneath its pretension."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто… не сможет спихнуть","title":"Negative concord with «никто… не»","body":"«никто… не сможет» piles the negative pronoun «никто» onto the negated verb «не сможет» — Russian's obligatory double negation, where both pieces are required for the single meaning 'no one can'. The scope is widened by «решительно никто» ('decidedly no one')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели же… проклянет господь","title":"Incredulous «неужели же»","body":"«неужели» is the particle of astonished disbelief ('can it really be that…?'), reinforced by emphatic «же». It frames a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'surely not', the keystone of Smerdyakov's mock-theological argument that God could not damn the whole earth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сих остальных","title":"Archaic plural «сих»","body":"«сих» is the genitive/accusative plural of archaic «сей» ('these'), as in «всех сих остальных» (all these others). Like «сей горе» above, it lends a scriptural-juridical solemnity that clashes comically with the servant's argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb (part of опять-таки)","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies взямши","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle (part of опять-таки)","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun (part of и то)","role":"part of the phrase и то, modifies взямши","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"взямши","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective (dialectal form of взявши)","role":"adverbial clause, introduces the consideration that follows","gloss":"granting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of взямши","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сможет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (temporal) of сможет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle (part of не только)","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle (part of не только)","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with никто (excepted party)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (part of но и)","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"restates the subject, coordinated with вы","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"начиная","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сможет","gloss":"starting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks лиц","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), genitive, plural","role":"modifies высоких","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высоких","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"высоких","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of с","gloss":"personages"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks мужика","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"lowest"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сможет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сможет","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"спихнуть","lemma":"спихнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сможет","gloss":"shove"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спихнуть","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks море","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"море","lemma":"море","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks человека","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner (part of какой-нибудь), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (part of какой-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase какой-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, modifies человека","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двух (idiom: at most)","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"coordinated with человека","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (part of да и)","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes the subject (the one/two hermits)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular (impersonal/parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies спасаются","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb (part of где-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase где-нибудь, modifies спасаются","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (part of где-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase где-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасаются","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"desert"},{"surface":"египетской","lemma":"египетский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пустыне","gloss":"Egyptian"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks секрете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"секрете","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"спасаются","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сможет","gloss":"are saving their souls"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (part of так что)","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction (part of так что)","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of найдешь","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдешь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найдешь","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular (generic 'you'), perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спасаются","gloss":"you'd find"},{"surface":"вовсе,","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найдешь","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of коли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate ('so it is')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies так","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"restates the conditional (coordinated with the first коли)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of остальные","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, plural","role":"subject of выходят","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"выходят","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate, coordinated with коли","gloss":"turn out to be"},{"surface":"неверующие","lemma":"неверующий","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of выходят","gloss":"unbelievers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проклянет (rhetorical question)","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle (part of неужели же)","role":"part of the phrase неужели же","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of проклянет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies остальных","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), genitive, plural","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"население","lemma":"население","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to всех остальных","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земли","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies население","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies земли","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks пустынников","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner (part of каких-нибудь), genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пустынников","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (part of каких-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase каких-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of двух","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies пустынников","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"пустынников","lemma":"пустынник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"hermits"},{"surface":"проклянет","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"will curse"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проклянет","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks милосердии","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"милосердии","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of при","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies милосердии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известном","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"известном","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies милосердии","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of простит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of из","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проклянет","gloss":"will forgive"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c7-s69","source":"А потому и я уповаю, что, раз усомнившись, буду прощен, когда раскаяния слезы пролью.","translation":"And so I too trust that, having once fallen into doubt, I shall be pardoned when I shed the tears of repentance.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уповаю","title":"The pious «уповать» — to trust in God","body":"«уповаю» (I trust, set my hope) is a solemn, Church-tinged verb reserved for hope placed in God or providence, far loftier than plain «надеяться». Smerdyakov wraps his self-serving calculation in devotional vocabulary; he repeats «уповая» in the chapter's closing line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раз усомнившись, буду прощен","title":"Past gerund + future passive","body":"«усомнившись» is the perfective past gerund of «усомниться» ('having once come to doubt'), naming the prior completed act; «буду прощен» is the imperfective compound future of «быть» plus the short passive participle «прощён» (I shall be pardoned). Two non-finite/analytic forms stacked in one literary breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскаяния слезы пролью","title":"Inverted 'tears of repentance'","body":"«раскаяния слезы пролью» ('I shall pour out the tears of repentance') fronts the genitive «раскаяния» before its noun «слезы» and ends on the verb — a deliberately poetic, liturgical word order. «пролить слёзы» is a set elevated idiom for weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of потому и)","role":"part of the phrase потому и, modifies уповаю","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (part of потому и)","role":"part of the phrase потому и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уповаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уповаю","lemma":"уповать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of уповаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усомнившись","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"усомнившись","lemma":"усомниться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прощен","gloss":"having doubted"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прощен","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"прощен","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уповаю","gloss":"forgiven"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пролью","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"раскаяния","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"of repentance"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пролью","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"пролью","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прощен (introduced by когда)","gloss":"I shed"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c7-s70","source":"— Стой! — завизжал Федор Павлович в апофеозе восторга, — так двух-то таких, что горы могут сдвигать, ты все-таки полагаешь, что есть они?","translation":"\"Stop!\" shrieked Fyodor Pavlovich in an apotheosis of delight. \"So those two of the kind that can move mountains — you do, after all, suppose they exist?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завизжал","title":"«завизжал» — broke into a shriek","body":"«завизжал» is the inceptive perfective of «визжать» (to squeal, shriek); the prefix «за-» marks the sudden onset of the sound. It paints Fyodor Pavlovich's gleeful, almost hysterical delight at the 'controversy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двух-то таких","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"In «двух-то таких» the hyphenated «-то» clitic underlines the known topic just raised — 'those two of the kind (we were speaking of)'. It is not the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it singles out and stresses an established referent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что горы могут сдвигать","title":"Accusative plural object «горы»","body":"«могут сдвигать» governs «горы» (mountains) — the accusative plural (identical in form to the nominative plural for this inanimate noun; the genitive plural would be «гор»). The imperfective infinitive «сдвигать» frames mountain-moving as a repeatable capacity, not one finished act, fitting 'those who can move mountains'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой!","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"завизжал","lemma":"завизжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завизжал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks апофеозе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"апофеозе","lemma":"апофеоз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"apotheosis"},{"surface":"восторга,","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies апофеозе","gloss":"of delight"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"in apposition to они (fronted topic)","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (topic marker -то)","role":"modifies двух","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies двух-то","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сдвигать","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying таких","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сдвигать","lemma":"сдвигать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полагаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies полагаешь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"полагаешь","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel to завизжал","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of полагаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, existential (invariant), third, plural","role":"clausal complement of полагаешь","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"they"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c7-s71","source":"Иван, заруби черту, запиши: весь русский человек тут сказался!","translation":"Ivan, mark it down, write it down: the whole Russian man has shown himself here!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заруби… запиши","title":"Two perfective imperatives","body":"«заруби» (lit. 'notch it', from «зарубить») and «запиши» (write it down) are perfective singular imperatives fired off in command. «заруби (себе) на носу» is an idiom for 'note it well, mark my words'; here clipped to the bare verb for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весь русский человек тут сказался","title":"«сказался» — revealed himself","body":"«сказаться» (here «сказался») is the reflexive 'to show/declare itself, become manifest'. «весь русский человек тут сказался» — 'the whole Russian man has shown himself here' — is Fyodor Pavlovich's grandiose claim that Smerdyakov's quibble lays bare the national soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (Ivan is being addressed)","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"заруби","lemma":"зарубить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mark it down"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заруби","gloss":"this trait"},{"surface":"запиши","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заруби","gloss":"write it down"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказался","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказался","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сказался","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has shown himself"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c7-s72","source":"— Вы совершенно верно заметили, что это народная в вере черта, — с одобрительною улыбкой согласился Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"You noted quite rightly that this is a popular trait in matters of faith,\" Ivan Fyodorovich agreed with an approving smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"народная в вере черта","title":"«народный» — of the common people","body":"«народная… черта» means 'a folk / popular trait' — «народный» derives from «народ» (the people, the nation) and carries the whole 19th-c. weight of the simple Russian folk and their faith. Ivan grants that the mountain-moving literalism is a genuine trait of popular belief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с одобрительною улыбкой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«с одобрительною улыбкой» ('with an approving smile') shows the older literary feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), agreeing with «улыбкой». The «с» + instrumental marks accompanying manner; the «-ою» form is a period-elevated flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (formal 'you')","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of заметили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of черта (predicate noun)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"народная","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"popular"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черта (в вере = 'in matters of faith')","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"черта,","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the что-clause","gloss":"trait","note":"the surface bundles the trailing punctuation and stray ' ' markup from the source text."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одобрительною","lemma":"одобрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"approving"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласился","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван (patronymic)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c7-s73","source":"— Соглашаешься! Значит, так, коли уж ты соглашаешься!","translation":"\"You agree! Then so it is, if even you agree!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли уж ты соглашаешься","title":"Present «соглашаешься» as a live concession","body":"«соглашаешься» is the 2nd-person present of imperfective «соглашаться» (to agree) — the present tense (only imperfectives have one) and the dropped pronoun would be normal, but Fyodor keeps «ты» for triumphant emphasis: 'if even YOU agree'. «уж» adds insistent 'already/indeed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Соглашаешься","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You agree"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence ('so it is')","gloss":"so it is"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соглашаешься (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соглашаешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"соглашаешься","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by коли","gloss":"agree"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c7-s74","source":"Алешка, ведь правда? Ведь совершенно русская вера такая?","translation":"Alyoshka, it's true, isn't it? Isn't that exactly the Russian sort of faith?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"The familiar-rough «Алешка»","body":"Fyodor Pavlovich calls his son not the tender «Алёша» but «Алёшка» — the «-ка» suffix here is offhand, coarse-familiar, the form a master might use to a servant or a father to a boy. It marks his careless, bantering register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь правда?","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge and seeks agreement — 'it's true, isn't it? after all…'. Repeated in «ведь совершенно русская вера такая?», it tugs at Alyosha for confirmation, a hallmark of Fyodor's coaxing dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies русская","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такая","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of вера","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c7-s75","source":"— Нет, у Смердякова совсем не русская вера, — серьезно и твердо проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"No, Smerdyakov's faith isn't Russian at all,\" Alyosha said gravely and firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Смердякова совсем не русская вера","title":"«у» + genitive for 'has'","body":"«у Смердякова… вера» uses the «у» + genitive possessive frame (lit. 'at Smerdyakov [there is] faith') — Russian's normal way of saying someone has something. «совсем не» ('not at all') negates the predicate adjective «русская»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"серьезно и твердо проговорил","title":"Perfective «проговорил» + adverbs","body":"«проговорил» (uttered, brought out) is perfective, the prefix «про-» giving a single completed act of speech; the adverbs «серьёзно и твёрдо» ('gravely and firmly') colour Alyosha's quiet correction against the buffoonery around him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"stands alone as the negative response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, indicating possession","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies русская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"вера,","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"faith","note":"surface bundles the trailing punctuation and stray ' ' markup."},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c7-s76","source":"— Я не про веру его, я про эту черту, про этих двух пустынников, про эту одну только черточку: ведь это же по-русски, по-русски?","translation":"\"I don't mean his faith — I mean this trait, these two hermits, just this one little touch: surely it's Russian, isn't it, Russian?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточку","title":"Double diminutive «черточка»","body":"From «черта» (trait, line) Fyodor goes to «черточка» — a tiny touch, a mere little stroke. The «-очк-» diminutive makes the point feel small and intimate, as he narrows from 'his faith' to just 'this one little touch'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-русски, по-русски?","title":"Adverbial «по-русски» — 'in the Russian way'","body":"«по-русски» is the «по-…-ски» adverb meaning 'Russian-ly, in the Russian manner'. Doubled and questioning, it presses the point: 'it's Russian, isn't it, Russian?' The same pattern gives «по-немецки», «по-нашему», etc."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies про (negates the topic)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веру","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of про (topic: his faith)","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустынников","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пустынников","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies пустынников","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"пустынников","lemma":"пустынник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of про","gloss":"hermits"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черточку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies черточку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черточку","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"черточку","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"little touch"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это (emphatic)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of по-русски (predicate adverb)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound adverb по-русски, predicate of это","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"русски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound adverb по-русски with по","gloss":"Russian style"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats по-русски for emphasis, coordinated with по (w22)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"русски","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats по-русски for emphasis, coordinated with русски (w23)","gloss":"Russian style"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c7-s77","source":"— Да, черта эта совсем русская, — улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"Yes, that trait is thoroughly Russian,\" Alyosha smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"черта эта совсем русская","title":"Zero copula, postposed demonstrative","body":"«черта эта совсем русская» has no verb 'to be' — the present copula is simply absent, leaving 'trait-this-quite-Russian'. Placing the demonstrative «эта» after its noun («черта эта») is an emphatic, slightly colloquial word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улыбнулся","title":"Reflexive perfective «улыбнулся»","body":"«улыбнулся» (smiled) is the perfective of «улыбаться», a «-ся» verb that exists only in reflexive form; the «-нул-» infix gives a single, momentary smile rather than ongoing smiling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of русская","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies русская","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"русская,","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"Russian","note":"surface bundles the trailing punctuation and stray ' ' markup."},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c7-s78","source":"— Червонца стоит твое слово, ослица, и пришлю тебе его сегодня же, но в остальном ты все-таки врешь, врешь и врешь; знай, дурак, что здесь мы все от легкомыслия лишь не веруем, потому что нам некогда: во-первых, дела одолели, а во-вторых, времени бог мало дал, всего во дню определил только двадцать четыре часа, так что некогда и выспаться, не только покаяться.","translation":"\"Your word is worth a gold piece, you ass, and I'll send it to you this very day; but in the rest of it you're still lying, lying and lying; know this, you fool: here we are all unbelievers only out of frivolity, because we've no time for it — first, business has us overwhelmed, and second, God gave us little time, allotting only twenty-four hours to the day, so that there's no time even to get enough sleep, let alone to repent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ослица","title":"«ослица» — she-ass (a biblical jibe)","body":"«ослица» is the feminine 'she-ass', applied to a man as mockery — an echo of Balaam's ass (Numbers 22), the dumb beast that spoke truth. Fyodor crowns the theological wrangling by dubbing Smerdyakov a prophesying donkey."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знай, дурак, что","title":"Imperative «знай» framing a lecture","body":"«знай» is the singular imperative of «знать» (know!), here launching an admonition — 'know this, you fool, that…'. The bare imperative plus «что»-clause is a stock rhetorical opener for laying down a truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от легкомыслия лишь не веруем","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«от легкомыслия» ('out of frivolity') uses «от» + genitive to express cause — the reason for the unbelief. «лишь» ('only, merely') restricts it, and «не веруем» uses the loftier «веровать» for 'believe', tinging the boast with mock-solemnity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во дню","title":"Archaic locative «во дню»","body":"«всего во дню… только двадцать четыре часа» uses the old prepositional «во дню» (in a day) for modern «в дне/в дню» — a scripture-flavoured locative. The whole conceit, God 'allotting' (определил) hours, mockingly apes liturgical idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Червонца","lemma":"червонец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит (genitive of price)","gloss":"a gold piece"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ослица","lemma":"ослица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you ass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пришлю","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"I'll send"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пришлю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлю","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остальном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"остальном","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of врешь","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of врешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies врешь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies врешь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"you're lying"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats врешь (w18) for emphasis","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with врешь (w18)","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new imperative clause","gloss":"know this"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you fool"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of знай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веруем","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"легкомыслия","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруем","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруем","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веруем","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of некогда","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of некогда","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the causal clause","gloss":"have no time"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the discourse adverb во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the discourse adverb во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of одолели","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"одолели","lemma":"одолеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause coordinated with некогда, first reason","gloss":"has overwhelmed us"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the discourse adverb во-вторых","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the discourse adverb во-вторых","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал (partitive genitive with мало)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause coordinated with одолели, second reason","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часа (total count)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дню","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дню","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of определил","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"определил","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал, second reason continued","gloss":"allotted"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on четыре","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of определил","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of некогда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"there's no time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выспаться (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выспаться","lemma":"выспаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of некогда","gloss":"to sleep enough"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"не только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только, contrasts with покаяться","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"покаяться","lemma":"покаяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with выспаться","gloss":"to repent"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c7-s79","source":"А ты-то там пред мучителями отрекся, когда больше не о чем и думать-то было тебе как о вере и когда именно надо было веру свою показать!","translation":"Whereas you went and renounced your faith there before the tormentors, when there was nothing else for you to be thinking about but your faith, and when it was precisely the moment to show your faith!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты-то там пред мучителями отрекся","title":"Contrastive «ты-то» + archaic «пред»","body":"The «-то» clitic on «ты-то» pointedly singles out Smerdyakov by contrast ('whereas YOU, of all people…'). «пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» (before) governing the instrumental «мучителями» (the tormentors)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не о чем и думать-то было","title":"Impersonal «не о чем было» + dative","body":"«больше не о чем… было тебе… думать» is an impersonal negative construction: the dative «тебе» is the experiencer and «не о чем» ('there was nothing to think about') the negative-pronoun predicate. The «-то» and «и» add insistent emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Whereas"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрекся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (emphatic -то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрекся","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителями","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мучителями","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отрекся","gloss":"the tormentors"},{"surface":"отрекся","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"renounced [your faith]"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of было","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать (emphatic -то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (impersonal predicate)","role":"impersonal predicate of the clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of было думать","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies чем (comparison: nothing but faith)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison: nothing but faith)","gloss":"your faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause, with было","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to show"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c7-s80","source":"Так ведь это, брат, составляет, я думаю?","translation":"So that does count for something, brother, I think?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ведь это, брат, составляет","title":"«ведь» appealing for assent","body":"«ведь» again leans on shared understanding — 'so this does count, doesn't it, brother, I think?'. «составляет» here means 'amounts to something, counts'; the tentative «я думаю» softens the assertion into a half-question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составляет","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составляет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counts for something"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c7-s81","source":"— Составляет-то оно составляет, но рассудите сами, Григорий Васильевич, что ведь тем более и облегчает, что составляет.","translation":"\"It counts, true enough; but reason it out for yourself, Grigory Vasilyevich, that the very fact that it counts makes it all the more excusable.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Составляет-то оно составляет, но","title":"Concessive echo «X-то оно X, но…»","body":"The frame «составляет-то оно составляет, но…» repeats the verb around the «-то» clitic and dummy «оно» to concede a point before objecting — 'it counts, true enough, but…'. This X-то-X-но pattern is a very idiomatic Russian way of granting-then-qualifying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем более… что составляет","title":"Correlative «тем более… что»","body":"«тем более и облегчает, что составляет» — 'all the more excuses it, precisely because it counts'. «тем более» ('all the more so') with a «что»-clause builds Smerdyakov's paradoxical turn: the very fact that faith counts is what lets him off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"fronted for emphasis, coordinated with составляет (w4)","gloss":"It counts"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составляет (w1), emphatic -то","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составляет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"reason it out"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies рассудите (emphatic 'yourself')","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий (patronymic)","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of рассудите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем более","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the correlative тем более, modifies облегчает","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облегчает","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies облегчает","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"облегчает","lemma":"облегчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of рассудите","gloss":"makes it easier"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of облегчает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the subject clause (что составляет), subject of облегчает","gloss":"it counts"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c7-s82","source":"Ведь коли бы я тогда веровал в самую во истину, как веровать надлежит, то тогда действительно было бы грешно, если бы муки за свою веру не принял и в поганую Магометову веру перешел.","translation":"\"For if I had believed back then in the very truth, as one ought to believe, then it really would have been sinful not to accept the torments for my faith and to go over to the foul faith of Mahomet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли бы я тогда веровал… то тогда… было бы грешно","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A full irrealis conditional: «коли бы… веровал… было бы грешно» — past-tense verbs plus the particle «бы» in both clauses ('if I had believed… it would have been sinful'). «коли бы» is the folksy variant of «если бы»; «было бы грешно» is the impersonal predicate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как веровать надлежит","title":"Impersonal «надлежит» — 'as one ought'","body":"«как веровать надлежит» ('as one ought to believe') uses the bookish impersonal verb «надлежать» (to be incumbent, fitting) with a bare infinitive — a formal, almost juridical register Smerdyakov adopts to sound theologically exact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying было бы грешно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, marks conditional mood","role":"marks веровал as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истину","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"redundant doubling of в, marking истину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надлежит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"веровать","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надлежит","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"надлежит","lemma":"надлежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"comparison clause modifying веровал","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative 'then', resumes after the коли-clause, modifies грешно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грешно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грешно","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to грешно","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, marks conditional mood","role":"marks было грешно as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"грешно","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принял","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, marks conditional mood","role":"marks принял as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"the torments"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веру","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of веру","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-conditional clause","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordination (принял / перешел)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веру","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"поганую","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"Магометову","lemma":"магометов","morphology":"proper adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"Mahomet's"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"gone over"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c7-s83","source":"Но ведь до мук и не дошло бы тогда-с, потому стоило бы мне в тот же миг сказать сей горе: двинься и подави мучителя, то она бы двинулась и в тот же миг его придавила, как таракана, и пошел бы я как ни в чем не бывало прочь, воспевая и славя бога.","translation":"But it would never have come to the torments at all then, sir, because I'd only have had to say to this mountain in that same instant: 'Move and crush the tormentor,' and it would have moved and in that same instant crushed him like a cockroach, and I'd have walked off as if nothing had happened, singing hymns and glorifying God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоило бы мне… сказать… то она бы двинулась","title":"Dative «мне» in a «стоило бы» conditional","body":"«стоило бы мне… сказать… то она бы двинулась» — 'I'd only have had to say… and it would have moved'. The impersonal «стоило бы» takes the dative experiencer «мне» plus infinitive ('it would have been enough for me to…'); the main clause carries its own «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двинься и подави","title":"Singular imperatives to the mountain","body":"Smerdyakov commands the mountain with perfective singular imperatives: «двинься» (move!, the «-ся» reflexive of «двинуть») and «подави» (crush!, from «подавить»). The reflexive «двинься» is intransitive 'shift yourself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как таракана","title":"'Like a cockroach'","body":"«придавила, как таракана» ('crushed him like a cockroach') — «таракан» (cockroach) in the animate accusative «таракана». The squashed insect is a recurring Dostoevskian image of casual, contemptuous annihilation; here it deflates the miracle into vermin-killing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воспевая и славя бога","title":"Liturgical gerunds «воспевая и славя»","body":"«воспевая и славя» are present gerunds of the elevated «воспевать» (to sing praises of) and «славить» (to glorify) — verbs straight from church hymnody. They paint Smerdyakov sauntering off 'singing and glorifying God', a blasphemously casual picture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мук","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мук","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"the torments"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошло (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дошло","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have come"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, marks conditional mood","role":"marks дошло as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix -с)","role":"modifies тогда (deferential address marker, like 'sir')","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоило (causal, 'because')","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause introduced by потому","gloss":"it would take"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, marks conditional mood","role":"marks стоило as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стоило","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоило","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to the mountain"},{"surface":"двинься","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective, middle","role":"quoted imperative clause, complement of сказать (direct speech)","gloss":"Move"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подави","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинься (quoted imperative)","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"мучителя","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подави","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative 'then', resumes the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of двинулась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, marks conditional mood","role":"marks двинулась as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"двинулась","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have moved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придавила","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придавила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"придавила","lemma":"придавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинулась","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking таракана (comparison)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"таракана","lemma":"таракан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придавила (comparison)","gloss":"a cockroach"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with двинулась","gloss":"I'd have walked"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, marks conditional mood","role":"marks пошел as counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывало","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"воспевая","lemma":"воспевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"славя","lemma":"славить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воспевая","gloss":"glorifying"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воспевая and славя","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c7-s84","source":"А коли я именно в тот же самый момент это всё и испробовал и нарочно уже кричал сей горе: подави сих мучителей, — а та не давила, то как же, скажите, я бы в то время не усомнился, да еще в такой страшный час смертного великого страха?","translation":"But if at that very same moment I tried all this out and on purpose did shout to the mountain, 'Crush these tormentors,' and it didn't crush them — then how, tell me, could I have helped doubting at such a time, and at that, in so dreadful an hour of mortal and overwhelming terror?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"испробовал","title":"«испробовал» — tried out, put to the test","body":"«испробовал» is perfective 'tried out, tested' (from «пробовать» with the thoroughgoing prefix «ис-»), stronger than plain 'tried'. Smerdyakov claims he actually put the mountain-faith to the experimental test — and «нарочно» ('on purpose') makes the impiety deliberate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же… я бы… не усомнился","title":"Rhetorical «как же… бы»","body":"«как же… я бы… не усомнился?» — 'how could I have helped doubting?'. The emphatic «же» on «как» plus the conditional «бы не усомнился» (past «усомнился» + «бы») turns it into a rhetorical question expecting 'of course I would'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смертного великого страха","title":"Genitive chain 'of mortal great terror'","body":"«в такой страшный час смертного великого страха» heaps adjectives in the genitive — «смертного великого страха» ('of mortal, great fear') — and «страшный… страха» chimes the root «страх» for rhetorical dread. The piled genitive modifiers are a mark of heightened, bookish style."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/dialectal conjunction for 'if', not a verb."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of испробовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испробовал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of испробовал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links испробовал and кричал","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"испробовал","lemma":"испробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кричал","gloss":"tried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with испробовал","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричал","gloss":"to the mountain"},{"surface":"подави","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мучителей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мучителей,","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подави","gloss":"tormentors"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of давила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давила","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with кричал","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies усомнился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative addressed to the listener","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of усомнился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional particle with усомнился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усомнился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усомнился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"усомнился","lemma":"усомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequent clause","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усомнился","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"смертного","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"overwhelming"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"terror"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c7-s85","source":"И без того уж знаю, что царствия небесного в полноте не достигну (ибо не двинулась же по слову моему гора, значит, не очень-то вере моей там верят, и не очень уж большая награда меня на том свете ждет), для чего же я еще сверх того и безо всякой уже пользы кожу с себя дам содрать?","translation":"Even apart from that I already know I shan't attain the kingdom of heaven in its fullness (for the mountain did not move at my word, which means they don't put much stock up there in my faith, and no very great reward awaits me in the next world) — so why, on top of all that and to no use whatever, should I let my skin be flayed off me besides?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не достигну","title":"Genitive of negation «царствия… не достигну»","body":"«достигнуть» governs the genitive, and under negation it stays genitive: «царствия небесного… не достигну» ('I shall not attain the kingdom'). «не достигну» is also a perfective simple future — perfective present-form endings yielding future sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"Bookish «ибо» — 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is the archaic-literary causal conjunction, far more solemn than «потому что». Smerdyakov uses it to give his parenthetical reasoning a scriptural gravity — the same register as «дабы», «сей», and his other elevated tics."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кожу с себя дам содрать","title":"«себя» + causative 'have my skin flayed'","body":"«кожу с себя дам содрать» — lit. 'I'll let/cause my skin to be flayed off myself'. «дать» + infinitive («дам содрать») forms a causative-permissive ('let, have done'), and the reflexive «с себя» ('off myself') points the flaying back at the speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition без, modifies знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достигну","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"царствия","lemma":"царствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of достигну","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"небесного","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царствия","gloss":"of heaven"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достигну","gloss":"fullness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достигну","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достигну","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"will attain"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of двинулась","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двинулась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двинулась","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двинулась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of двинулась","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"гора","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of двинулась","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верят","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with не очень","gloss":"really","note":"Enclitic '-то' intensifying 'не очень' ('not really very much')."},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of верят","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вере","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верят","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"верят","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with двинулась","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies награда","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"награда","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждет","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with верят","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверх","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"on top of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition сверх","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользы","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пользы","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пользы","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"пользы","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition безо","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"кожу","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of содрать","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"содрать","lemma":"содрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дам","gloss":"be flayed off"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c7-s86","source":"Ибо если бы даже кожу мою уже до половины содрали со спины, то и тогда по слову моему или крику не двинулась бы сия гора.","translation":"For even if my skin were already half flayed from my back, even then, at my word or my cry, this mountain would not budge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы… содрали… не двинулась бы сия гора","title":"Counterfactual: 'even if… still…'","body":"«если бы… до половины содрали… то и тогда… не двинулась бы сия гора» is another irrealis conditional ('even if my skin were half flayed, even then this mountain would not budge'). Both verbs are past + «бы»; «и тогда» ('even then') heightens the concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по слову моему","title":"«по» + dative — 'at my word'","body":"«по слову моему или крику» ('at my word or my cry') uses «по» + dative «слову/крику» to mean 'in response to, on the strength of'. The postposed possessive «моему» and the dative give the phrase a scriptural cadence ('at my word the mountain shall move')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of двинулась","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of содрали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional particle with содрали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies содрали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кожу","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of содрали","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кожу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies содрали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половины","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содрали","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"содрали","lemma":"содрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"flayed"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"спины","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содрали","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двинулась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of двинулась","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"крику","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слову","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двинулась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двинулась","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would budge"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional particle with двинулась","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гора","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"гора","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of двинулась","gloss":"mountain"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c7-s87","source":"Да в этакую минуту не только что сумление может найти, но даже от страха и самого рассудка решиться можно, так что и рассуждать-то будет совсем невозможно.","translation":"Indeed, at such a moment one might not only fall into doubt — one might, from sheer terror, lose one's very reason, so that there'd be no possibility of reasoning at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только что сумление может найти, но даже… решиться можно","title":"Impersonal possibility «можно»","body":"The sentence runs on impersonal predicates: «может найти» (doubt 'may come over one') and «можно… решиться» ('one might lose'). No nominative subject — the experience is framed as something that befalls anyone in 'such a minute'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рассудка решиться","title":"«решиться» + genitive — to lose one's reason","body":"«от страха и самого рассудка решиться можно» — «решиться» (with genitive «рассудка») here means not 'to decide' but the colloquial 'to lose, be deprived of' (one's reason). The genitive «рассудка» is the thing lost; «от страха» gives the cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этакую","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сумление","lemma":"сумление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может найти","gloss":"doubt","note":"Dialectal/archaic form of сомнение ('doubt'), Smerdyakov's peasant speech."},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modal auxiliary of найти","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come upon one"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решиться","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассудка","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рассудка","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of решиться","gloss":"reason","note":"'решиться рассудка' is idiomatic for 'to lose one's mind'."},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"is possible"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with что, introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет невозможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассуждать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of будет невозможно","gloss":"to reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to рассуждать","gloss":"at all","note":"Enclitic '-то' for emphasis: 'рассуждать-то' = 'reasoning at all'."},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c7-s88","source":"А, стало быть, чем я тут выйду особенно виноват, если, не видя ни там, ни тут своей выгоды, ни награды, хоть кожу-то по крайней мере свою сберегу?","translation":"And so, then, where am I particularly to blame in this, if, seeing no profit for myself either there or here, and no reward, I at least save my own skin?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем я тут выйду особенно виноват","title":"Short adjective «виноват» as predicate","body":"«виноват» (guilty, to blame) is a short-form adjective, used only predicatively, agreeing in gender/number (виноват, виновата). With «выйду» ('I'll turn out [to be]') it asks 'where am I particularly to blame?' — the short form being the idiomatic predicate of guilt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не видя ни там, ни тут… ни награды","title":"Gerund «не видя» with «ни… ни»","body":"«не видя ни там, ни тут своей выгоды, ни награды» — the negated present gerund «не видя» ('seeing no…') governs a string of «ни… ни» ('neither… nor') with negative concord. «свою/своей» is the reflexive possessive, the profit being his own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кожу-то… свою сберегу","title":"Perfective future «сберегу» + topic «-то»","body":"«сберегу» (I'll save/preserve) is a perfective simple future. The «-то» on «кожу-то» topicalizes 'my skin' (the one thing left to save), and «свою» is again the reflexive possessive 'my own'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the discourse phrase стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase стало быть","gloss":"be","note":"'стало быть' is a fixed phrase meaning 'so/therefore'."},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"in what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turn out"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноват","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of выйду","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сберегу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сберегу","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тут, modifies видя","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with там","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выгоды","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"выгоды","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"benefit"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"награды","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with выгоды","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сберегу","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"кожу","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сберегу","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to кожу","gloss":"at least","note":"Enclitic '-то' reinforcing 'хоть': 'кожу-то' = 'at least my skin'."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кожу","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"сберегу","lemma":"сберечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"will save"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c7-s89","source":"А потому, на милость господню весьма уповая, питаюсь надеждой, что и совсем прощен буду-с…","translation":"And therefore, trusting greatly in the mercy of the Lord, I feed on the hope that I shall be wholly pardoned, sir…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на милость господню весьма уповая","title":"Pious closing gerund «уповая»","body":"Smerdyakov ends as he began (s69), in devotional gerunds: «на милость господню… уповая» ('trusting greatly in the Lord's mercy'). «господню» is the possessive adjective of «Господь» (the Lord), and «уповать» the lofty 'to set one's hope in God'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"питаюсь надеждой","title":"«питаться надеждой» — to feed on hope","body":"«питаюсь надеждой» ('I feed on / nourish myself with hope') is a set bookish metaphor; «питаться» is a «-ся» verb taking the instrumental «надеждой» for what one feeds on. The final «-с» on «буду-с» keeps the servile tone to the very last word."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies питаюсь","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking милость","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уповая","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"господню","lemma":"господень","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies милость","gloss":"the Lord's"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уповая","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"уповая","lemma":"уповать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on питаюсь","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"питаюсь","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I feed on"},{"surface":"надеждой","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of питаюсь","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прощен буду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощен","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"прощен","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement, part of passive прощен буду","gloss":"pardoned"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прощен","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential enclitic attached to буду","gloss":"sir","note":"Old sociolect enclitic '-с' (from 'сударь'), a deferential 'sir' tacked onto the verb."}]}]}