{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c8","title":{"source":"VIII. За коньячком","translated":"Over the Brandy"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c8","lines":255},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c9","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c8-s1","source":"Спор кончился, но странное дело, столь развеселившийся Федор Павлович под конец вдруг нахмурился.","translation":"The argument was over, but, strange to say, Fyodor Pavlovitch, who had grown so merry, suddenly scowled toward the end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"странное дело","title":"«странное дело» — strange to say","body":"A frozen parenthetical, literally \"a strange thing\", used like English \"strangely\" or \"oddly enough\" to flag what follows as surprising. It floats outside the clause's grammar as an aside in the narrator's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь развеселившийся","title":"A past active participle as epithet","body":"«развеселившийся» is a reflexive past active participle (\"who had grown so merry\") from «развеселиться», packed in front of the name «Фёдор Павлович» as a compact modifier. It folds a whole «который»-clause — \"who had cheered up so\" — into one bookish adjective, with «столь» (the elevated form of «так») heightening the literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг нахмурился","title":"Perfective «нахмурился»: a sudden single event","body":"The perfective past «нахмурился» (\"scowled / knitted his brow\") names one completed act, reinforced by «вдруг» (\"suddenly\") — against the imperfective background of the preceding merriment. Dostoevsky's narration constantly snaps the story forward with such perfectives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спор","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончился","gloss":"argument"},{"surface":"кончился","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was over"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical expression","gloss":"thing","note":"'странное дело' is a set parenthetical meaning 'strange to say'."},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развеселившийся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"развеселившийся","lemma":"развеселиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Федор","gloss":"who had grown merry"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нахмурился","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончился","gloss":"scowled"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c8-s2","source":"Нахмурился и хлопнул коньячку, и это уже была совсем лишняя рюмка.","translation":"He scowled and tossed back a brandy, and this was already one glass too many.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлопнул коньячку","title":"«хлопнуть» — to knock back a drink","body":"Colloquial «хлопнуть» (literally \"to slap / smack\") is slangy for tossing back a shot. Note the partitive genitive «коньячку» — \"some brandy\" — using the special masculine partitive in -у that 19th-century texts favour for a portion of an uncountable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коньячку","title":"Partitive genitive with a diminutive","body":"«коньячку» is the partitive genitive of the diminutive «коньячок» — \"a drop of brandy\" — marking a portion taken from the mass. The genitive-partitive plus the cozy diminutive together give the line its offhand, indulgent tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лишняя рюмка","title":"«рюмка» and «лишний»","body":"A «рюмка» is a small stemmed glass for spirits. «лишняя» here means \"superfluous, one too many\" — \"this was already a quite unnecessary glass\", the narrator dryly noting Fyodor Pavlovitch has overdone it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he scowled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлопнул","lemma":"хлопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нахмурился","gloss":"tossed back"},{"surface":"коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"partitive object of хлопнул","gloss":"a brandy","note":"Partitive genitive of the diminutive 'коньячок' — 'had a bit of brandy'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишняя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to рюмка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишняя","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"лишняя","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рюмка","gloss":"one too many"},{"surface":"рюмка","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of была","gloss":"glass"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c8-s3","source":"— А убирайтесь вы, иезуиты, вон, — крикнул он на слуг.","translation":"\"Off with you, you Jesuits, get out,\" he shouted at the servants.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убирайтесь вы… вон","title":"Reflexive imperative «убирайтесь»","body":"«убирайтесь» is the plural/polite imperative of the reflexive verb «убираться» (\"to clear off, get out\"), reinforced by «вон» (\"out!\"). The redundant pronoun «вы» here is not politeness but contemptuous emphasis — \"off with you lot\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул он на слуг","title":"«крикнуть на» + accusative — to shout at","body":"«крикнуть на кого-то» governs the accusative «на слуг» and means specifically \"to shout AT (in reproach)\", not merely to call out. «слуг» is the animate accusative plural (borrowing the genitive form) of «слуга»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamatory filler","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"убирайтесь","lemma":"убираться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убирайтесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иезуиты","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Jesuits"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убирайтесь","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"servants"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c8-s4","source":"— Пошел, Смердяков.","translation":"\"Go on, Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пошёл","title":"«Пошёл!» — a past form as brusque command","body":"Literally \"[you] went\" (perfective past), «Пошёл!» is used idiomatically as a curt, even rude imperative: \"Off with you! Get going!\" This past-for-command pattern is colloquial and dismissive, fitting Fyodor Pavlovitch's tone toward the servant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, colloquial command addressed to Смердяков","gloss":"get going","note":"Colloquial use of the past tense as a brusque command, 'off you go'."},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c8-s5","source":"Сегодня обещанный червонец пришлю, а ты пошел.","translation":"I'll send the gold piece I promised today, but you, off you go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обещанный червонец","title":"Past passive participle «обещанный»","body":"«обещанный» (\"promised\") is a past passive participle from perfective «обещать», used attributively before «червонец»: \"the promised gold piece\". It compresses \"the gold piece [that] I promised\" into a single agreeing adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришлю","title":"Perfective future «пришлю»","body":"«пришлю» — \"I'll send\" — is the simple perfective future of «прислать», a single conjugated form with no auxiliary. The present-style endings on a perfective stem deliver a completed future action, contrasting with the dismissive «а ты пошёл» that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлю","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"обещанный","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies червонец","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"червонец","lemma":"червонец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пришлю","gloss":"gold piece"},{"surface":"пришлю","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll send"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришлю","gloss":"off you go"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c8-s6","source":"Не плачь, Григорий, ступай к Марфе, она утешит, спать уложит.","translation":"Don't cry, Grigory, go to Marfa, she'll comfort you and put you to bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не плачь","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не плачь»","body":"«Не плачь» (\"don't cry\") shows the rule that a prohibition normally uses the imperfective imperative — here from «плакать». A perfective imperative under «не» would instead warn against an accidental single act; the imperfective simply forbids the activity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступай","title":"«ступай» — archaic-flavoured \"go\"","body":"«ступай» is the imperative of «ступать» (\"to step\"), an old, folksy way of saying \"go, off with you\". It carries a slightly patriarchal, fairy-tale colouring, softening the command to the weeping old servant Grigory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она утешит, спать уложит","title":"Perfective futures of comfort","body":"«утешит» (\"will comfort\") and «уложит» — in «спать уложит», \"will put to bed\" — are both perfective simple futures, picturing two single completed acts of care. The asyndetic pairing (no \"and\") gives the reassurance a brisk, soothing rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачь","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марфе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Марфе","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступай","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of утешит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"утешит","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"will comfort"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уложит","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"уложит","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утешит","gloss":"will put"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c8-s7","source":"Не дают, канальи, после обеда в тишине посидеть, — досадливо отрезал он вдруг, когда тотчас же по приказу его удалились слуги.","translation":"\"The scoundrels won't let a man sit in peace after dinner,\" he snapped all at once in vexation, the moment the servants withdrew at his command.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"канальи","title":"«каналья» — scoundrel, rascal","body":"A borrowing (ultimately from Italian/French canaille, \"rabble\"), «каналья» is an expressive 19th-century term of abuse, \"rascal, scoundrel\". Half-affectionate, half-contemptuous, it is exactly the kind of theatrical insult Fyodor Pavlovitch relishes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не дают… посидеть","title":"Subjectless «не дают» + infinitive","body":"«Не дают… посидеть» is an impersonal third-person-plural construction (\"they won't let one sit\") with an unnamed \"they\" — a common Russian way to state a general grievance without a subject. The perfective «посидеть» means \"to sit a while\", a brief bounded rest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удалились слуги","title":"Reflexive «удалились» and inverted order","body":"«удалились» is the reflexive perfective of «удалиться» (\"to withdraw\"), the -ся giving an intransitive \"took themselves off\". Verb-before-subject order («удалились слуги») throws the new information — that the servants left — into focus at the clause's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дают","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"дают","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"they let"},{"surface":"канальи","lemma":"каналья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дают","gloss":"the scoundrels"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тишине","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"посидеть","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дают","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"досадливо","lemma":"досадливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"in vexation"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quoted speech","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удалились","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалились","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"приказу","lemma":"приказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалились","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приказу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"удалились","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отрезал","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of удалились","gloss":"servants"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c8-s8","source":"— Смердяков за обедом теперь каждый раз сюда лезет, это ты ему столь любопытен, чем ты его так заласкал? — прибавил он Ивану Федоровичу.","translation":"\"Smerdyakov keeps pushing his way in here at dinner now, every single time — it's you he finds so fascinating; how have you so won him over?\" he added, turning to Ivan Fyodorovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лезет","title":"«лезть» — to push / barge in","body":"«лезть» literally means \"to climb\", but colloquially \"to push one's way in, to intrude\". «сюда лезет» (\"keeps barging in here\") conveys Fyodor Pavlovitch's irritation at the servant Smerdyakov hovering at dinner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты ему столь любопытен","title":"Short adjective «любопытен» + dative","body":"«любопытен» is the short (predicative) masculine form of «любопытный», here meaning \"interesting / fascinating TO someone\", with that someone in the dative «ему». So «ты ему любопытен» = \"you are interesting to him\" — the bookish short form fits the elevated «столь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заласкал","title":"«заласкать» — to win over with fondness","body":"From «ласкать» (\"to caress, fondle\") with the prefix за-: \"how did you so charm / fawn him into liking you?\" The verb hints at something almost seductive in Ivan's hold over the lackey, used here with sneering insinuation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибавил он Ивану Фёдоровичу","title":"Dative of the addressee","body":"«Ивану Фёдоровичу» is in the dative — \"he added TO Ivan Fyodorovich\" — marking the person spoken to. Note the name-plus-patronymic form, the respectful neutral mode of address that the narrator uses for the educated Ivan even amid the father's mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лезет","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"обедом","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лезет","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лезет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лезет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лезет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"лезет","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pushes his way"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft-focus marker with любопытен","gloss":"it's","note":"Cleft construction: 'это ты ему любопытен' = 'it's you he finds fascinating'."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любопытен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of любопытен","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"любопытен","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of this clause","gloss":"fascinating"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заласкал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заласкал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заласкал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заласкал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"заласкал","lemma":"заласкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this question clause","gloss":"won over"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, reporting verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прибавил","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c8-s9","source":"— Ровно ничем, — ответил тот, — уважать меня вздумал; это лакей и хам.","translation":"\"Not in the least,\" the other replied. \"He's taken it into his head to respect me; he's a lackey and a boor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответил тот","title":"«тот» as \"the other one\"","body":"Here the demonstrative «тот» (\"that one\") tracks the second speaker — \"replied the other\" — without naming Ivan again. This use of «тот» to point to the more distant of two referents is a key device that lets Russian dialogue stay terse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уважать меня вздумал","title":"«вздумать» — to take it into one's head","body":"«вздумать» + infinitive means to take some notion into one's head, often whimsically or absurdly: \"he's taken it into his head to respect me\". The word frames Smerdyakov's regard for Ivan as an unaccountable caprice. Fyodor Pavlovitch later quotes it back in scare-quotes (s19)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакей и хам","title":"«лакей» and «хам»","body":"«лакей» is a footman/menial servant, but as a slur it means a servile, fawning soul. «хам» — from the biblical Ham, Noah's disrespectful son — means a boorish, insolent lout. Together they pin Smerdyakov's social and moral type in two words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничем","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical answer","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to respect"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уважать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лакей","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"a lackey"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хам","lemma":"хам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лакей","gloss":"a boor"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c8-s10","source":"Передовое мясо, впрочем, когда срок наступит.","translation":"Advance cannon-fodder, though, when the time comes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Передовое мясо","title":"«передовое мясо» — cannon-fodder of the vanguard","body":"Literally \"advance / forward meat\". «передовой» means \"foremost, advanced, progressive\"; «мясо» (\"meat\") here is grim slang for human material to be expended — \"advance cannon-fodder\". Ivan brands Smerdyakov as the first, disposable wave of a coming social type."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда срок наступит","title":"Perfective future in a «когда»-clause","body":"«наступит» is the perfective future of «наступить» (\"to come, to set in\") of a moment in time. After «когда» (\"when\") Russian uses the future here where English allows the present (\"when the time comes\") — the future tense marks the still-pending arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Передовое","lemma":"передовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мясо","gloss":"advance"},{"surface":"мясо","lemma":"мясо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (fragment)","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies мясо","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c8-s11","source":"— Передовое?","translation":"\"Advance?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Передовое","lemma":"передовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"advance"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c8-s12","source":"— Будут другие и получше, но будут и такие.","translation":"\"There will be others, and better ones, but there will be these as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будут другие и получше","title":"Existential «будут» — \"there will be\"","body":"«Будут» is the imperfective future of «быть», used existentially: \"there will be others\". With no overt subject pronoun, the verb fronts the clause and posits the existence of future people; the repeated «но будут и такие» insists \"these too will exist\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"получше","title":"«получше» — the softened comparative","body":"«получше» is the comparative «лучше» (\"better\") with the prefix по-, which mellows it to \"a bit better / somewhat better\". The suppletive comparative «лучше» comes from «хороший», and the colloquial по- prefix is everywhere in this chatty, vernacular speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Будут","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"получше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with другие","gloss":"better ones"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, parallel to Будут","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"these"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c8-s13","source":"Сперва будут такие, а за ними получше.","translation":"First there will be this kind, and after them the better ones.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сперва… а за ними","title":"Contrastive «а» sequencing","body":"The conjunction «а» here is not \"but\" but the mild contrastive \"and then / whereas\", chaining \"first these, and after them the better ones\". This topic-shifting «а» is the untranslatable hinge of Russian narration, marking succession rather than opposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будут","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"this kind"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies получше (elliptical будут)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"получше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with такие","gloss":"the better ones"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c8-s14","source":"— А когда срок наступит?","translation":"\"And when will the time come?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А когда срок наступит?","title":"Opening «А» in a question","body":"Beginning a question with «А» (\"And…?\") is a conversational pickup, tying the new question to what was just said: \"And when will the time come?\" It keeps the dialogue's thread without adding real \"and\"-meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c8-s15","source":"— Загорится ракета, да и не догорит, может быть.","translation":"\"The rocket will go up, but it may not burn all the way through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Загорится… да и не догорит","title":"Two perfective futures, и one negated","body":"«Загорится» (\"will catch fire / go up\") and «не догорит» (\"will not burn through to the end\") are perfective futures from the prefixed pair за-/до-горе́ть. The prefix до- means \"to complete to the end\", so «не догорит» = \"won't finish burning\" — the image of a rocket that fizzles out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"да и","title":"«да и» — \"and then / but then\"","body":"«да и» is a colloquial connective adding a next or contrasting beat — here \"but then it may not burn all the way\". The folksy «да» (in place of «и» or «но») suits Ivan's deliberately offhand, riddling tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Загорится","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go up"},{"surface":"ракета","lemma":"ракета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Загорится","gloss":"the rocket"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догорит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догорит","lemma":"догореть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Загорится","gloss":"burn through"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c8-s16","source":"Народ этих бульонщиков пока не очень-то любит слушать.","translation":"For now the common folk aren't very fond of listening to these broth-makers.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бульонщиков","title":"«бульонщик» — \"broth-maker\"","body":"A coinage with the agentive suffix -щик on «бульон» (\"bouillon, broth\"), \"broth-makers\". The genitive plural «бульонщиков» is contemptuous slang for shallow purveyors of fashionable ideas — Ivan's dismissive label for the half-baked progressives like Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не очень-то любит слушать","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"In «не очень-то», the hyphenated clitic «-то» leans on «очень» to add a knowing, qualifying emphasis — \"not all THAT fond, mind you\". This is the topic-emphasising «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», and it colours the line with the speaker's wry attitude."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of бульонщиков","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"бульонщиков","lemma":"бульонщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"broth-makers"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"at all","note":"не очень-то is an intensified negation, 'not really/not very'."},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любит","gloss":"to listen to"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c8-s17","source":"— То-то, брат, вот этакая валаамова ослица думает, думает, да и черт знает про себя там до чего додумается.","translation":"\"You know, brother, a Balaam's ass like that one thinks and thinks, and the devil knows what he may think himself round to in there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думает, думает, да и… додумается","title":"Reduplication + perfective «додумается»","body":"The repeated imperfective «думает, думает» depicts drawn-out, ongoing pondering; then «да и… додумается» (perfective future of «додуматься», \"to think one's way to a conclusion\") snaps to the eventual result. The prefix до- again signals reaching an end-point — \"thinks and thinks, and then arrives God-knows-where in his head\"."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то, брат","title":"«То-то» as a knowing exclamation","body":"«То-то» is an emphatic conversational opener meaning roughly \"that's just it / you see\", marking insight or a told-you-so. Paired with the familiar address «брат» (\"brother\", used loosely to any male companion), it sets the cozy, confiding tone of the father's aside to Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the interjection То-то","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of the interjection То-то","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этакая","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"этакая","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ослица","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"валаамова","lemma":"валаамов","morphology":"adjective, possessive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ослица","gloss":"Balaam's","note":"Biblical allusion to Balaam's talking donkey (Numbers 22)."},{"surface":"ослица","lemma":"ослица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"ass"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats думает for emphasis","gloss":"and thinks"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думает","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies додумается","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of додумается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"додумается","lemma":"додуматься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"he'll think himself round to"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c8-s18","source":"— Мыслей накопит, — усмехнулся Иван.","translation":"\"He'll store up his thoughts,\" Ivan said with a smirk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мыслей накопит","title":"Genitive object after «накопить»","body":"«накопит» (perfective future, \"will accumulate / store up\") takes a partitive genitive object «мыслей» — \"will store up [a quantity of] thoughts\". Verbs of accumulating naturally govern the genitive of an indefinite amount, and fronting «мыслей» throws emphasis onto what he hoards."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk","body":"A reflexive perfective from «усмехаться», «усмехнулся» denotes a single small, often ironic or sardonic smile — a smirk or wry grin, not open laughter. It is a favourite Dostoevsky verb for the cool, faintly mocking Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of накопит","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"накопит","lemma":"накопить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will store up"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to накопит","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c8-s19","source":"— Видишь, я вот знаю, что он и меня терпеть не может, равно как и всех, и тебя точно так же, хотя тебе и кажется, что он тебя «уважать вздумал».","translation":"\"You see, I happen to know that he can't stand me, any more than he can stand anyone else, and you just the same, though it seems to you he's 'taken it into his head to respect you.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"терпеть не может","title":"Idiom «терпеть не может» — can't stand","body":"«терпеть не может» (literally \"cannot bear to tolerate\") is a fixed idiom for \"can't stand, detests\". Note the negation sits on the modal «может» while the infinitive «терпеть» stays positive — \"is unable to endure\" — yielding strong dislike."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"равно как и","title":"«равно как и» — \"just as / as well as\"","body":"A bookish connective, «равно как и всех» = \"as much as everyone else\". The slightly formal «равно как» lifts the register a notch above ordinary speech, even inside Fyodor Pavlovitch's rambling confidences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя тебе и кажется","title":"Concessive «хотя» + dative «кажется»","body":"«хотя» (\"although\") opens a concessive clause, and «тебе кажется» is an impersonal dative construction — \"it seems to you\", with the experiencer «тебе» in the dative and no nominative subject. The expletive «и» after «хотя» merely intensifies the concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of терпеть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"терпеть","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно как","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, part of равно как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of терпеть (elided), parallel to меня","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of терпеть (elided), coordinated with меня","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кажется","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause (хотя)","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вздумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уважать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to respect"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"took it into his head"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c8-s20","source":"Алешку подавно, Алешку он презирает.","translation":"Alyosha even more so — Alyosha he despises.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алёшку… Алёшку он презирает","title":"Fronted accusative object","body":"Both clauses front the accusative «Алёшку» before its verb — \"Alyoshka he despises\" — a topic-comment inversion that the free word order permits, hammering the object by repetition. The case ending alone keeps it the object even out of position."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алёшку… подавно","title":"Pejorative-familiar «Алёшка» and «подавно»","body":"«Алёшка», with the -ка suffix on Alyosha, is a rough, familiar (even slighting) diminutive — the offhand way the father names his youngest son. «подавно» means \"all the more, even more so\": Smerdyakov despises Alyosha \"even more so\" than the others."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modified by подавно","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подавно","lemma":"подавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Алешку","gloss":"even more so"},{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презирает, fronted for emphasis","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despises"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c8-s21","source":"Да не украдет он, вот что, не сплетник он, молчит, из дому сору не вынесет, кулебяки славно печет, да к тому же ко всему и черт с ним, по правде-то, так стоит ли об нем говорить?","translation":"But he won't steal, there's that, he's no gossip, he holds his tongue, he won't carry the household's dirty linen abroad, he bakes a splendid fish-pie, and besides all that, the devil take him, truth be told — so is he even worth talking about?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не украдет он","title":"Sentence-initial affirming «Да»","body":"Here «Да» is not \"yes\" but a conceding/affirming particle launching the clause — \"But he won't steal, mind\". The perfective future «не украдёт» states a confident prediction about his character, and the trailing «вот что» (\"there's that\") underscores the point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из дому сору не вынесет","title":"Idiom «не выносить сор из избы»","body":"A play on the proverb «не выносить сор из избы» — literally \"not to carry the litter out of the hut\", i.e. not to air a household's dirty secrets to outsiders. «сору» is the partitive genitive of «сор» (\"rubbish, litter\"). The whole says Smerdyakov keeps the family's shameful affairs to himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по правде-то","title":"«по правде» with emphatic «-то»","body":"«по правде» means \"truly, to tell the truth\"; the appended clitic «-то» (\"по правде-то\") gives it a confiding, qualifying stress — \"truth be told, really now\". Like «не очень-то» in s16, this is the topic-emphasising «-то» of colloquial speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links to previous clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украдет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"украдет","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of украдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase вот что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сплетник","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"сплетник","lemma":"сплетник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with украдет","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сплетник","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вынесет","gloss":"keeps quiet"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынесет","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"сору","lemma":"сор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынесет","gloss":"dirt"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вынесет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"вынесет","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with украдет","gloss":"carry out"},{"surface":"кулебяки","lemma":"кулебяка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of печет","gloss":"fish-pies","note":"Kulebiaka: a traditional Russian savory pie."},{"surface":"славно","lemma":"славно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies печет","gloss":"splendidly"},{"surface":"печет","lemma":"печь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вынесет","gloss":"bakes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тому, complement of ко","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiom черт с ним","gloss":"the devil","note":"черт с ним = idiomatic 'the devil take him/never mind him', not literal."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the idiom черт с ним","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical, complement of по","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"particle attached to правде","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"is it worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"indicates a question"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стоит","gloss":"talking"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c8-s22","source":"— Конечно, не стоит.","translation":"\"Of course he isn't.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стоит","title":"Impersonal «не стоит» — it's not worth it","body":"«стоит» here is the impersonal \"it is worth / one should\" (от «стоить»), negated to \"it's not worth it\". With no subject and an understood infinitive (\"talking about him\"), it is a textbook subjectless evaluative construction, echoing the father's «стоит ли об нём говорить» just before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying стоит","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worth it"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c8-s23","source":"— А что до того, что он там про себя надумает, то русского мужика, вообще говоря, надо пороть.","translation":"\"And as for whatever he may dream up in there to himself — the Russian peasant, generally speaking, ought to be flogged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что до того, что…","title":"«что до… то» — as for X, then Y","body":"The frame «что до + genitive… то…» means \"as for…, then…\", here \"as for whatever he dreams up in there, [then] the peasant ought to be flogged\". The correlative «то» picks up the topic introduced by «что до», a bookish but common dialogue formula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"русского мужика… надо пороть","title":"Impersonal «надо» + accusative + infinitive","body":"«надо пороть» is the impersonal \"one must flog\", with the patient «русского мужика» in the animate accusative — there is no nominative subject, only the necessity «надо» and the infinitive. The dative experiencer (\"to whom it is necessary\") is left unstated, generalising the brutal prescription."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces topic, part of что до того","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of до, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надумает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надумает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надумает","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of надумает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"надумает","lemma":"надумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"may dream up"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пороть","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (impersonal predicate)","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"пороть","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to flog"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c8-s24","source":"Я это всегда утверждал.","translation":"I've always maintained it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда утверждал","title":"Imperfective past for a settled habit","body":"«утверждал» (imperfective past of «утверждать», \"to assert\") with «всегда» reports a repeated, habitual stance — \"I always maintained it\", a position held over time. An imperfective past is the natural choice for an ongoing or recurrent past truth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утверждал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"утверждал","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have maintained"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c8-s25","source":"Мужик наш мошенник, его жалеть не стоит, и хорошо еще, что дерут его иной раз и теперь.","translation":"Our peasant is a swindler, he isn't worth pitying, and it's a good thing they still thrash him now and then even now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мужик наш мошенник","title":"Zero-copula equative sentence","body":"«Мужик наш мошенник» has no verb \"to be\": in the present, Russian simply juxtaposes subject and predicate noun, both nominative — \"our peasant [is] a rogue\". The possessive «наш» follows its noun, a slightly emphatic, folksy word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его жалеть не стоит","title":"Genitive/accusative object + «не стоит»","body":"«его… не стоit» — \"it's not worth pitying him\" — pairs the impersonal evaluative «не стоит» with the infinitive «жалеть» and its object «его». Again no subject: the whole clause judges an action, not an actor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дерут его","title":"«драть» — to thrash","body":"«драть» (here «дерут», 3rd pl. present) is a coarse, expressive verb for flogging or thrashing, more visceral than the neutral «пороть». The unnamed \"they\" subject and the present tense make the beating an ongoing, matter-of-fact reality \"even now\"."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мошенник","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Мужик","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мошенник","lemma":"мошенник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"a swindler"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жалеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"жалеть","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"to pity"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"it's good"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дерут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дерут","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"they thrash"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дерут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some","note":"иной раз is an idiom: 'now and then'."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дерут","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with раз","gloss":"even now"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c8-s26","source":"Русская земля крепка березой.","translation":"The Russian land is held strong by the birch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крепка берёзой","title":"Short adjective + instrumental of means","body":"«крепка» is the short feminine predicative form of «крепкий» (\"strong, firm\"), agreeing with «земля»; «берёзой» is the instrumental \"by means of the birch\". So \"the Russian land is held firm BY the birch\" — the instrumental naming the instrument, here the birch-rod of flogging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крепка","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"крепка","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"is strong"},{"surface":"березой","lemma":"берёза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крепка","gloss":"by the birch"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c8-s27","source":"Истребят леса — пропадет земля русская.","translation":"Lay waste the forests and the Russian land will perish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Истребят леса — пропадёт земля","title":"Conditional by juxtaposition","body":"Two perfective futures set side by side — «истребят» (\"[they] will destroy\") and «пропадёт» (\"will perish\") — form an implicit conditional: \"[if] they lay waste the forests, the land will perish\". The aphoristic dash replaces \"if/then\", a terse proverbial structure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"земля русская","title":"Postposed adjective «русская»","body":"Placing the adjective after its noun («земля русская», not «русская земля») gives a solemn, almost liturgical or epic colouring — \"the Russian land\" as a hallowed phrase. This inverted, weighty order is a marker of elevated 19th-century style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Истребят","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"леса","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Истребят","gloss":"the forests"},{"surface":"пропадет","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will perish"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пропадет","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"Russian"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c8-s28","source":"Я за умных людей стою.","translation":"I stand up for clever men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за умных людей стою","title":"«стоять за» + accusative — to stand up for","body":"«стоять за кого-то» governs the accusative and means \"to stand up for, side with\". «за умных людей» = \"for clever people\" (animate accusative plural). The dropped subject pronoun is recovered from the 1st-singular ending «-ю» of «стою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"умных","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стою","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand up"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c8-s29","source":"Мужиков мы драть перестали с большого ума, а те сами себя пороть продолжают.","translation":"We've stopped thrashing the peasants out of our great cleverness, while they go on flogging themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"драть перестали","title":"Phasal «перестать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«перестать» (\"to stop, cease\") obligatorily takes an imperfective infinitive — «драть» — since one ceases an ongoing process, not a completed act. \"We've stopped thrashing the peasants\": aspect grammar requires the imperfective after verbs of beginning, continuing, and ceasing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами себя пороть продолжают","title":"Intensive «сами» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«сами себя» combines the intensifier «сами» (\"they themselves\") with the reflexive object pronoun «себя» (\"themselves\"), and «продолжают пороть» continues the imperfective — \"they go on flogging their own selves\". The bitter irony is built into the reflexive: the freed peasants now do the lash's work to themselves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с большого ума","title":"Ironic «с большого ума»","body":"Literally \"out of [our] great wits\", «с большого ума» is bitterly ironic — \"in our great wisdom\", meaning the opposite, a foolish over-cleverness. The preposition «с» + genitive here gives cause/source: the abolition of flogging done \"out of\" supposed enlightenment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of драть","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of перестали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"драть","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестали","gloss":"thrashing"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have stopped"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перестали","gloss":"cleverness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of продолжают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"modifies те","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пороть","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"пороть","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжают","gloss":"flogging"},{"surface":"продолжают","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестали","gloss":"go on"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c8-s30","source":"И хорошо делают.","translation":"And they do well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хорошо делают","title":"Subjectless «хорошо делают»","body":"\"And [they] do well\" — the 3rd-plural verb «делают» carries an unexpressed \"they\" (the peasants of the line before), needing no pronoun. The adverb «хорошо» (\"well, rightly\") delivers Fyodor Pavlovitch's mock approval in two words."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делают","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"делают","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they do"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c8-s31","source":"В ту же меру мерится, в ту же и возмерится, или как это там…","translation":"With the measure you mete, it shall be meted to you again — or however it goes…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возмерится","title":"Church-Slavonic «возмериться»","body":"«возмерится» (\"it shall be measured back\") uses the Slavonic prefix воз- and the reflexive/passive -ся, an archaic, liturgical-sounding verb form not in everyday use. The whole maxim wears its biblical register openly — solemn diction in the mouth of a scoffer."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меру","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of меру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мерится","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"мерится","lemma":"мериться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is measured","note":"Echoes Matthew 7:2, 'with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition, part of elliptical в ту же меру","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of меру (elided)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"возмерится","lemma":"возмериться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мерится","gloss":"will be meted back"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial (elliptical), coordinated with мерится","gloss":"goes"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c8-s32","source":"Одним словом, возмерится.","translation":"In a word, it shall be meted back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Одним словом","title":"«одним словом» — in a word","body":"A fixed adverbial in the instrumental, «одним словом» = \"in a word, in short\". The instrumental of «одно слово» here means \"by one word\", a frozen connective wrapping up the muddled paraphrase he could not finish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying возмерится","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"возмерится","lemma":"возмериться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it shall be meted back"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c8-s33","source":"А Россия свинство.","translation":"And Russia is filth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свинство","title":"«свинство» — piggishness, filth","body":"From «свинья» (\"pig\") plus the abstract suffix -ство, «свинство» means \"swinishness, beastly behaviour, a disgrace\". \"And Russia [is] swinishness\" — a zero-copula equation that abruptly damns the whole country, soon echoed in his French cochonnerie (s35)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of свинство","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"свинство","lemma":"свинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"is filth"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c8-s34","source":"Друг мой, если бы ты знал, как я ненавижу Россию… то есть не Россию, а все эти пороки… а пожалуй что и Россию.","translation":"My friend, if only you knew how I hate Russia… that is, not Russia, but all these vices… well, and Russia too, maybe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты знал","title":"Counterfactual «если бы» + past form","body":"«если бы ты знал» is the irrealis conditional — «если бы» plus the past-tense form «знал» — \"if only you knew\". The particle «бы» turns the past form hypothetical; the unstated apodosis (\"you'd be horrified\") is left to the listener, a common emotional ellipsis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пожалуй что и Россию","title":"«пожалуй» — \"perhaps, I dare say\"","body":"«пожалуй» is a hedging particle, \"maybe, I suppose, perhaps after all\". The retraction \"not Russia, but these vices… well, «пожалуй что и Россию»\" — \"and Russia too, I daresay\" — captures the wavering self-correction typical of Fyodor Pavlovitch's drunken sincerity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пороки","title":"«пороки» — vices","body":"«пороки» (plural of «порок») means moral \"vices, depravities\". Fyodor Pavlovitch distinguishes hating «Россию» from hating «все эти пороки» (\"all these vices\") — before collapsing the distinction. The word belongs to the elevated moral vocabulary he mockingly invokes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of знал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause (если)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавижу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавижу","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces clarification, part of то есть","gloss":"that","note":"то есть = 'that is,' a clarifying phrase."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Россию","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (clarified object)","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пороки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пороки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пороки","lemma":"порок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Россию","gloss":"vices"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom пожалуй что","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Россию","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"resumed direct object of ненавижу","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c8-s35","source":"Tout cela c’est de la cochonnerie.","translation":"Tout cela c'est de la cochonnerie.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"word","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"cela","lemma":"cela","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Tout","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"c’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Tout","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Tout","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"la","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Tout","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cochonnerie","lemma":"cochonnerie","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Tout","gloss":"filth","note":"French in the original text: 'all that is filth/piggishness.'"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c8-s36","source":"Знаешь, что люблю?","translation":"Do you know what I love?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаешь, что люблю?","title":"Dropped pronouns in rapid speech","body":"Both \"you\" and \"I\" vanish — «Знаешь» (you know) and «люблю» (I love) are recoverable from their endings alone. The embedded «что люблю» (\"what I love\") is an indirect question with «что» as its object, a tight colloquial turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"I love"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c8-s37","source":"Я люблю остроумие.","translation":"I love wit.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остроумие","title":"«остроумие» — wit","body":"Literally \"sharp-mindedness\" (острый \"sharp\" + ум \"mind\"), «остроумие» means \"wit, cleverness, a quick sharp turn of mind\". It is the prized quality Fyodor Pavlovitch claims to love above virtue or country — and the word he'll apply to the grotesque flogging anecdote."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"остроумие","lemma":"остроумие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"wit"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c8-s38","source":"— Вы опять рюмку выпили.","translation":"\"You've drunk another glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рюмку выпили","title":"Perfective «выпить» with a whole object","body":"«выпили» (perfective past of «выпить», \"to drink up\") takes the accusative «рюмку» — \"you've drunk [a whole] glass\". The perfective stresses the completed downing of the entire glass, with «опять» (\"again\") marking the repetition Alyosha reproaches."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выпили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рюмку","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпили","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"выпили","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have drunk"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c8-s39","source":"Довольно бы вам.","translation":"That should be enough for you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Довольно бы вам","title":"Softening «бы» + dative","body":"«Довольно бы вам» — \"that should be enough for you\" — pairs the dative «вам» (the one for whom it's enough) with the particle «бы», which softens the bare «довольно вам» into a gentle, deferential suggestion rather than a flat order. A textbook dative-experiencer plus polite irrealis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of Довольно","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Довольно","gloss":"for you"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c8-s40","source":"— Подожди, я еще одну и еще одну, а там и покончу.","translation":"\"Wait, one more and then one more, and then I'll be done.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подожди… покончу","title":"Imperative «подожди» and perfective «покончу»","body":"«Подожди» (perfective imperative, \"wait [a moment]\") asks for one act of waiting; «покончу» is the perfective future of «покончить» (\"I'll finish, be done\"). The prefix по- on «кончить» rounds the action off — \"and then I'll have done with it\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ещё одну и ещё одну","title":"Elliptical \"one more\"","body":"«ещё одну и ещё одну» drops the noun «рюмку» entirely — the feminine accusative «одну» carries it: \"one more [glass] and one more\". Such ellipsis, the case ending doing the work alone, gives the line its wheedling, tipsy momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (drink)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided verb (drink)","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second одну","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first одну","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links там and покончу","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покончу","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll be done"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c8-s41","source":"Нет, постой, ты меня перебил.","translation":"No, hold on, you interrupted me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"постой","title":"«постой» — \"hold on\" (perfective imperative)","body":"From «постоять», «постой» literally is \"stand [a bit]\", used idiomatically like «подожди» for \"wait, hold on\". The po- prefix gives it a brief, momentary sense — a quick \"hang on\" to recover his interrupted thread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты меня перебил","title":"Perfective «перебить» — a single interruption","body":"«перебил» (perfective past of «перебивать/перебить», \"to interrupt, cut off\") names one completed act — \"you cut me off\". The prefix пере- carries the sense of breaking across someone's speech; here both pronouns «ты… меня» are kept for emphatic contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to перебил","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"hold on"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of перебил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interrupted"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c8-s42","source":"В Мокром я проездом спрашиваю старика, а он мне: «Мы оченно, говорит, любим пуще всего девок по приговору пороть и пороть даем всё парням.","translation":"Passing through Mokroye I asked an old fellow, and he says to me: 'We're mighty fond, says he, above all else, of flogging the girls by a court ruling, and we let the young men do the flogging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проездом спрашиваю… а он мне","title":"Historic present in storytelling","body":"Mid-anecdote the tense flips to the present «спрашиваю» (\"I ask\") and the quote «он мне» (\"he [says] to me\", verb elided) — the \"historic present\" that makes a past tale vivid and immediate. «проездом» is the instrumental adverb \"in passing, en route\"."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оченно… пуще всего… девок","title":"Peasant dialect markers","body":"The old man's speech is marked as rustic: «оченно» (dialectal for «очень», \"very\"), «пуще всего» (folk-archaic for «больше всего», \"most of all\"), and «девок» (genitive plural of «девка», \"wench, girl\", coarser than «девушка»). Dostoevsky stages the peasant's voice phonetically."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашиваю","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"проездом","lemma":"проезд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спрашиваю (adverbial, \"passing through\")","gloss":"passing through"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided говорит introducing the quote","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal)","role":"modifies любим","gloss":"very much","note":"Dialectal form of очень (\"very\")."},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (\"says he\")","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"we love"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies всего (idiom \"пуще всего\")","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase пуще","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пороть","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приговору","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"приговору","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пороть","gloss":"court ruling"},{"surface":"пороть","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любим","gloss":"to flog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пороть","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of даем","gloss":"flogging"},{"surface":"даем","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любим","gloss":"we let"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies даем (adverbial, \"entirely\")","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"парням","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of даем","gloss":"to the young men"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c8-s43","source":"После эту же, которую ноне порол, завтра парень в невесты берет, так что оно самим девкам, говорит, у нас повадно».","translation":"And afterwards the very girl that one of them flogged today, tomorrow the lad takes her for his bride, so that for the girls themselves, says he, it's become a custom with us.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ноне… повадно","title":"More peasant idiom: «ноне», «повадно»","body":"«ноне» is dialectal for «ныне/сегодня» (\"today, nowadays\"); «повадно» is a folk predicative meaning \"it's become a custom / an easy habit, it's to their liking\". The rustic lexis keeps the old man's reported speech in a distinct, earthy register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эту же, которую ноне порол","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«которую» agrees with its antecedent «эту [девку]» in feminine singular but takes the accusative its own clause demands (object of «порол», \"flogged\"). The emphatic «же» (\"the very [girl]\") pins it to the one just flogged — \"that very girl whom he flogged today\"."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies берет","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun (demonstrative), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of берет","gloss":"her, this one"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эту (emphatic)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun (relative), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of порол","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ноне","lemma":"ноне","morphology":"adverb (dialectal)","role":"modifies порол","gloss":"today","note":"Dialectal for нынче/сегодня (\"today\")."},{"surface":"порол","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on эту","gloss":"flogged"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies берет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"the lad"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"невесты","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom \"взять в невесты\", complement of берет","gloss":"as bride"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повадно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повадно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), dative, plural","role":"modifies девкам","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"девкам","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повадно","gloss":"for the girls"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (\"says he\")","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of повадно","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"повадно","lemma":"повадно","morphology":"predicate adverb, neuter singular (dialectal)","role":"main predicate of the оно-clause","gloss":"customary","note":"Dialectal predicate meaning it has become a habit or custom."}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c8-s44","source":"Каковы маркизы де Сады, а?","translation":"What do you make of those Marquises de Sade, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каковы… а?","title":"Exclamatory «каков»","body":"«каков» (here plural «каковы») is the predicative interrogative \"what sort of…!\", used exclamatorily — \"what do you make of those…!\". The tag «а?» invites Ivan's agreement. «каков» is bookish and emphatic, more pointed than «какой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каковы","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun (predicative), plural","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"what fellows"},{"surface":"маркизы","lemma":"маркиз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Каковы","gloss":"marquises"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the name маркиз де Сад","gloss":"de"},{"surface":"Сады","lemma":"Сад","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with маркизы, part of the name","gloss":"de Sades","note":"Dostoevsky puns by pluralizing \"de Sade\" like the Russian word сад (\"garden\") → сады."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle (interrogative tag)","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c8-s45","source":"А как хочешь, оно остроумно.","translation":"But say what you like, it's witty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А как хочешь","title":"Concessive «как хочешь» — say what you like","body":"«как хочешь» (literally \"as you wish\") works as a concessive idiom: \"whatever you say, say what you like\". It concedes the listener's likely objection before pressing on — \"но оно остроумно\" (\"but it's witty all the same\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно остроумно","title":"Neuter «оно» + short adjective predicate","body":"The vague neuter «оно» (\"it\") refers to the whole situation, and «остроумно» is the short neuter predicative form of «остроумный» — \"it [is] witty\". Short adjectives in the neuter are the standard way to predicate a quality of an abstract \"it\"."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остроумно","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of остроумно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"остроумно","lemma":"остроумный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"witty"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c8-s46","source":"Съездить бы и нам поглядеть, а?","translation":"We ought to drive over and take a look, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Съездить бы и нам поглядеть","title":"«бы» + infinitive — a mooted suggestion","body":"«Съездить бы… поглядеть» is the particle «бы» on a bare infinitive, expressing a wished-for or proposed action — \"we really ought to drive over and have a look\". The dative «нам» names who should do it, and «и» (\"too\") slyly includes himself and Ivan among the gawkers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Съездить… поглядеть","title":"Round-trip «съездить» + purpose infinitive","body":"«съездить» is a prefixed motion verb meaning a there-and-back trip (\"to go and come back\"), and «поглядеть» (perfective \"to take a look\") gives the purpose. The pairing — go over, glance, return — fits the idle excursion he proposes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Съездить","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go and see"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with Съездить","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject (dative) of Съездить","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Съездить","gloss":"take a look"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle (interrogative tag)","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c8-s47","source":"Алешка, ты покраснел?","translation":"Alyoshka, have you blushed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты покраснел?","title":"Inceptive perfective «покраснеть»","body":"«покраснел» (perfective past of «покраснеть», \"to turn red\") marks the completed onset of a blush — \"have you gone red?\". The prefix по- on a colour/state verb gives the sense of entering the state; aspect captures the blush as a single visible event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алёшка","title":"«Алёшка» — the rough diminutive again","body":"Fyodor Pavlovitch keeps calling his son «Алёшка», the -ка diminutive carrying a teasing, faintly belittling familiarity, against the tender «детка» in the next breath. The choice of name-form is itself characterisation of his careless paternal affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blushed"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c8-s48","source":"Не стыдись, детка.","translation":"Don't be ashamed, little one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стыдись","title":"Negated reflexive imperative «не стыдись»","body":"«стыдиться» (\"to be ashamed\") is a verb that exists only with -ся; its negated imperative «не стыдись» = \"don't be ashamed\". The imperfective is required under the prohibition, telling Alyosha not to feel shame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детка","title":"«детка» — \"little one, dear child\"","body":"A tender diminutive of «дитя» (\"child\"), «детка» means \"little one, baby, dear\". After the rough «Алёшка», it shows the lurching swing between mockery and unexpected fondness that defines the old man's manner with his sons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"стыдись","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be ashamed"},{"surface":"детка","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular (vocative)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little one"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c8-s49","source":"Жаль, что давеча я у игумена за обед не сел да монахам про Мокрых девок не рассказал.","translation":"A pity I didn't stay for dinner at the Father Superior's just now and tell the monks about the Mokroye girls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жаль, что… не сел да… не рассказал","title":"Impersonal «жаль» + regret clause","body":"«Жаль» is the impersonal predicative \"[it's] a pity\", introducing a «что»-clause of regret. The two negated perfective pasts «не сел… не рассказал» (\"didn't stay… didn't tell\") name the unperformed acts he now wishes he had done — perfective negation of single completed events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — \"a while ago, just now\"","body":"«давеча» is a homely, slightly archaic adverb for \"earlier today, a little while back\". It belongs to colloquial, old-fashioned speech and recurs in this scene (also s50) as Fyodor Pavlovitch refers back to the morning's monastery visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумена","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the Father Superior's"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обед","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Жаль","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"монахам","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девок","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Мокрых","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies девок","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c8-s50","source":"Алешка, не сердись, что я твоего игумена давеча разобидел.","translation":"Alyoshka, don't be cross that I offended your Father Superior earlier.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сердись, что…","title":"Negated imperative + «что»-clause of cause","body":"«не сердись» is the negated imperfective imperative of the -ся verb «сердиться» (\"to be angry\") — \"don't be cross\" — followed by a «что»-clause giving the reason. Russian commonly uses «что» (rather than «потому что») after emotion verbs to name what one feels about."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разобидел","title":"«разобидеть» — to badly offend","body":"«разобидеть» is «обидеть» (\"to offend\") intensified by the prefix раз-: \"to offend deeply, to hurt thoroughly\". The expressive prefix conveys that he didn't merely slight but genuinely wounded the Father Superior at the morning's scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be cross"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разобидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разобидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of игумена","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разобидел","gloss":"the Father Superior"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разобидел","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"разобидел","lemma":"разобидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сердись","gloss":"offended"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c8-s51","source":"Меня, брат, зло берет.","translation":"It's anger that takes hold of me, brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня… зло берёт","title":"Accusative experiencer: «меня зло берёт»","body":"An impersonal idiom: «зло» (\"anger, spite\", here nominative) is the grammatical force and «меня» the accusative experiencer it \"takes hold of\" — \"anger takes hold of me\". Fronting «Меня» makes the helpless self the topic, the emotion something that seizes him from without."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of берет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"зло","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seizes"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c8-s52","source":"Ведь коли бог есть, существует, — ну, конечно, я тогда виноват и отвечу, а коли нет его вовсе-то, так ли их еще надо, твоих отцов-то?","translation":"For if God exists, if He is real — well, then of course I'm to blame and I'll answer for it; but if there's no God at all, then do they even deserve such treatment, those fathers of yours?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь коли бог есть","title":"«ведь» and dialectal «коли»","body":"The modal particle «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — \"for, after all, you see\". «коли» is a folksy, archaic equivalent of «если» (\"if\"). Together they open Fyodor Pavlovitch's barbed theological gambit in a deliberately homespun key."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог есть, существует","title":"Existential «есть» — God exists","body":"«есть» here is not \"has\" but the emphatic existential present of «быть» — \"God IS, exists\", glossed by the synonym «существует». Russian usually drops the present copula, so retaining «есть» throws full weight on sheer existence: the hinge of the whole conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли нет его вовсе","title":"Genitive of negated existence","body":"«нет его» (\"there is no [Him]\") forces the genitive «его» — the existential negator «нет» always governs the genitive of the thing absent. Set against the affirmative «бог есть», the pair «есть» / «нет + genitive» is the core grammatical contrast of the sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"твоих отцов-то","title":"\"Those fathers of yours\" with «-то»","body":"«отцов» (\"fathers\") here means the monastic fathers, the monks, with «твоих» (\"your\") needling Alyosha's allegiance to them. The clitic «-то» adds a pointed, dismissive emphasis — \"those fathers of YOURS\" — the same topic-stressing «-то» seen throughout the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (dialectal, \"if\")","role":"introduces the clause of виноват","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"is real"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноват","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the main clause (apodosis of коли)","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвечу","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виноват","gloss":"I'll answer for it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (dialectal, \"if\")","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word (negation, \"there is no\")","role":"main predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"there's no"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic enclitic)","role":"attached to вовсе","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так ли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle (interrogative)","role":"part of the phrase так ли","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"main predicate of the так ли clause","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of отцов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to их","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic enclitic)","role":"attached to отцов","gloss":"(emphatic)"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c8-s53","source":"Ведь с них мало тогда головы срезать, потому что они развитие задерживают.","translation":"For then it isn't enough merely to cut off their heads, because they hold back progress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с них мало… головы срезать","title":"«мало» + genitive + infinitive","body":"«мало… головы срезать» means \"it's too little / not enough to cut off their heads\". The impersonal evaluative «мало» governs an infinitive of the action judged insufficient, with no subject — \"merely beheading them isn't enough\". «с них» (\"off them\") locates where the heads would come."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развитие задерживают","title":"«развитие» and «задерживать»","body":"«развитие» is \"development, progress\" — a watchword of the era's progressive discourse — and «задерживают» (imperfective, \"hold back, retard\") presents it as an ongoing obstruction. Fyodor Pavlovitch mockingly ventriloquises radical rhetoric: the monks \"hold back progress\"."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of срезать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"not enough"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies срезать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of срезать","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"срезать","lemma":"срезать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of мало","gloss":"to cut off"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of задерживают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"развитие","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of задерживают","gloss":"progress"},{"surface":"задерживают","lemma":"задерживать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"hold back"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c8-s54","source":"Веришь ты, Иван, что это меня в моих чувствах терзает.","translation":"Do you believe me, Ivan, that this torments me in my very feelings?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь ты, Иван, что…","title":"Appeal-question «веришь ты» + «что»","body":"«Веришь ты…?» (\"do you believe…?\") fronts the verb with the pronoun «ты» for direct appeal, opening a «что»-clause of what is to be believed. The vocative-like address «Иван» (bare first name) sets the intimate, imploring register of the confession that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня… терзает","title":"«терзать» + accusative «меня»","body":"«терзает» (imperfective, \"torments, tears at\") takes the accusative «меня» — \"this torments me\" — and «в моих чувствах» (prepositional, \"in my feelings\") locates the wound within. The imperfective present makes the torment a continuing, present anguish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of терзает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of терзает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of терзает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of терзает","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"терзает","lemma":"терзать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"torments"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c8-s55","source":"Нет, ты не веришь, потому я вижу по твоим глазам.","translation":"No, you don't believe it — I can see it in your eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому я вижу","title":"Causal «потому» (= «потому что»)","body":"Here «потому» stands for «потому что» (\"because\") — \"no, you don't believe it, because I see [it]\". The reduced one-word causal connective, dropping «что», is colloquial and old-fashioned, fitting Fyodor Pavlovitch's loose speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по твоим глазам","title":"«по» + dative — to read by signs","body":"«по твоим глазам» — \"by your eyes\", i.e. \"I can tell from your eyes\". The preposition «по» governs the dative «твоим глазам» and here expresses the evidence one judges by; «видеть по» means to read a truth off someone's face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to веришь","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"can see"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of глазам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c8-s56","source":"Ты веришь людям, что я всего только шут.","translation":"You believe what people say, that I'm nothing but a buffoon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь людям, что…","title":"«верить» + dative person","body":"«верить кому» governs the dative — «людям» (\"[you] believe people\") — distinct from «верить во что» (to believe IN). So \"you believe people [when they say] that I'm only a buffoon\": the dative marks whom one trusts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всего только шут","title":"«шут» — the buffoon / fool","body":"«шут» is the jester, clown, buffoon — historically the court fool, and a key word for Fyodor Pavlovitch's self-cast role. «всего только» (\"nothing but, merely\") sharpens the painful question of whether he is ONLY a clown, repeated four times across these closing lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of веришь","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шут","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"a buffoon"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c8-s57","source":"Алеша, веришь, что я не всего только шут?","translation":"Alyosha, do you believe I'm not merely a buffoon?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь, что я не всего только шут?","title":"Negation scoping «не всего только»","body":"The «не» negates the phrase «всего только шут» (\"merely a buffoon\"), not a verb — \"that I'm NOT merely a buffoon\". Placing «не» before «всего только» limits the denial precisely to the \"merely\", the whole sentence pleading to be seen as more than a clown."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алёша","title":"«Алёша» — the gentler name","body":"He now drops the rough «Алёшка» for the plain affectionate «Алёша» — the standard warm short form of Алексей. The shift to the softer diminutive at this pleading, sincere moment quietly marks the change from mockery to need."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шут","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"a buffoon"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c8-s58","source":"— Верю, что не всего только шут.","translation":"\"I believe you're not merely a buffoon.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Верю, что не всего только шут","title":"Echoed negation, subject dropped","body":"Alyosha answers by echoing the structure — «Верю, что не всего только шут» — with both \"I\" and \"you\" omitted, recoverable from context and the «-ю» ending of «Верю». The repeated «не всего только шут» gently affirms exactly what the father begged him to believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Верю","gloss":"a buffoon"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c8-s59","source":"— И верю, что веришь и искренно говоришь.","translation":"\"And I believe that you do believe it and speak sincerely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верю, что веришь","title":"Embedded «что» under «верить»","body":"\"And I believe that you believe\" — «верю, что веришь» nests one belief inside another via the subordinator «что» (reported fact). The mirrored verbs, both 1st/2nd singular with pronouns dropped, capture the dizzying recursion of sincerity the father is chasing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искренно говоришь","title":"Adverb «искренно» — sincerely","body":"«искренно» (a slightly older variant of «искренне», \"sincerely\") modifies «говоришь» — \"you speak sincerely\". The adverb, repeated in the next line, becomes the keynote of the scene's turn toward genuine, if fleeting, candour."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веришь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верю","gloss":"you believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веришь","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c8-s60","source":"Искренно смотришь и искренно говоришь.","translation":"You look at me sincerely and you speak sincerely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Искренно смотришь и искренно говоришь","title":"Anaphora and dropped subject","body":"Both clauses front the repeated adverb «искренно» (\"sincerely\") with the subject «ты» omitted — \"sincerely you look and sincerely you speak\". The parallel, anaphoric word order gives the line a closing, almost tender cadence, the verb endings alone supplying the \"you\"."}],"words":[{"surface":"Искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотришь","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотришь","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c8-s61","source":"А Иван нет.","translation":"But Ivan doesn't.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Иван нет.","title":"«а» as a gentle pivot","body":"The clause opens with the contrastive «а», which marks a shift of topic rather than sharp opposition — here pivoting from one brother to «Иван». It is the untranslatable hinge of Russian dialogue, weaker than «но»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван нет","title":"Elliptical «нет»","body":"The verb is dropped entirely: «А Иван нет» = 'But Ivan does not [do so].' Russian freely gaps a verb recoverable from the prior sentence, leaving the bare negator «нет» to carry the whole denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle (elliptical negation, standing for не верит)","role":"elliptical predicate of the sentence","gloss":"doesn't"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c8-s62","source":"Иван высокомерен…","translation":"Ivan is haughty…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"высокомерен","title":"Short-form adjective as predicate","body":"«высокомерен» is the short (predicative) form of «высокомерный», 'haughty'. The short form can only predicate, never modify a noun, and lends a bookish, characterising weight — Fyodor pronouncing a verdict on his son's nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высокомерен","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"высокомерен","lemma":"высокомерный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"haughty"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c8-s63","source":"А все-таки я бы с твоим монастырьком покончил.","translation":"All the same, I'd have done away with that little monastery of yours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы … покончил","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"Past-tense «покончил» plus the particle «бы» forms the irrealis: 'I would have done away with.' Here «бы» leans on the early «я», showing its typical mobility toward the first stressed word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с твоим монастырьком","title":"Pejorative diminutive «монастырёк»","body":"«монастырёк» (instrumental «монастырьком») shrinks «монастырь» with the suffix -ёк. In Fyodor's mouth it is dismissive — 'that little monastery of yours' — affection's form turned to mockery, a constant emotional signal in the novel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покончил","title":"«покончить с» — to finish off","body":"«покончить с чем-либо» means to make an end of something, do away with it — a perfective with a note of finality and even violence, fitting Fyodor's fantasy of abolishing the monastery wholesale."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies покончил","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies покончил","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покончил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with покончил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырьком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырьком","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"монастырьком","lemma":"монастырёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончил","gloss":"little monastery"},{"surface":"покончил","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would finish off"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c8-s64","source":"Взять бы всю эту мистику да разом по всей русской земле и упразднить, чтоб окончательно всех дураков обрезонить.","translation":"Take all this mysticism and abolish it across the whole Russian land at one stroke, so as to bring all the fools to their senses once and for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взять бы … да … упразднить","title":"Infinitive + «бы» as a wish","body":"A bare infinitive «взять» with «бы» voices a daydreamed wish — 'if only one could take…' This impersonal irrealis, with no subject at all, captures Fyodor's idle, sweeping fantasy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб … обрезонить","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб» + past/infinitive","body":"«чтоб» (colloquial «чтобы») opens a purpose clause, 'so as to.' It demands the irrealis — here an infinitive «обрезонить» — naming a willed, not-yet-real outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрезонить","title":"«обрезонить» — to bring to reason","body":"A colloquial, faintly comic verb from «резон» (reason, French raison): to talk sense into someone, bring them to their senses. Its Gallicism suits Fyodor's buffoonish, half-educated bluster."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разом","title":"«разом» — at one stroke","body":"An adverb meaning 'all at once, in a single go,' from «раз» (one time). It heightens the violence of the fantasy: the whole of Russia's mysticism swept away in one sweep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with Взять","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мистику","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мистику","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мистику","lemma":"мистика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Взять","gloss":"mysticism"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun (adverbial), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упразднить","gloss":"at one stroke"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взять","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упразднить","lemma":"упразднить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взять","gloss":"abolish"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрезонить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрезонить","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дураков","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дураков","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обрезонить","gloss":"fools"},{"surface":"обрезонить","lemma":"обрезонить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of упразднить","gloss":"bring to their senses"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c8-s65","source":"А серебра-то, золота сколько бы на монетный двор поступило!","translation":"And the silver, the gold — think how much would flow into the Mint!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"серебра-то, золота сколько","title":"Partitive genitive of quantity","body":"«серебра» and «золота» stand in the genitive after «сколько» ('how much') — the partitive genitive of measured substance: 'how much of silver, of gold.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"-то","title":"Topic-emphasising clitic «-то»","body":"In «серебра-то» the hyphenated «-то» is not the indefinite suffix but the emphatic topic-marker: 'the silver, mind you…' — singling out a known item for stress, a hallmark of lively speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько бы … поступило","title":"Conditional «бы» in an exclamation","body":"«поступило» plus «бы» keeps the hypothetical mood: 'how much would flow in.' The irrealis frames the gain as imagined, not actual."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серебра","lemma":"серебро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (partitive) of поступило","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic enclitic)","role":"attached to серебра","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"золота","lemma":"золото","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (partitive) of поступило, coordinated with серебра","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступило","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase сколько бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монетный","lemma":"монетный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двор","gloss":"mint"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступило","gloss":"the Mint"},{"surface":"поступило","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would flow in"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c8-s66","source":"— Да зачем упразднять? — сказал Иван.","translation":"\"But why abolish it?\" said Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да зачем упразднять?","title":"Imperfective infinitive of general action","body":"Ivan picks up Fyodor's «упразднить» but uses the imperfective infinitive «упразднять» — questioning the act as a general policy, not a single deed. The opening «Да» here is a softening discourse particle, 'but why…'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упразднять","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упразднять","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"упразднять","lemma":"упразднять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"abolish"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c8-s67","source":"— А чтоб истина скорей воссияла, вот зачем.","translation":"\"So that the truth may shine forth the sooner — that's why.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб истина скорей воссияла","title":"«чтоб» + irrealis past for purpose","body":"«чтоб … воссияла» (past-form verb) states the willed purpose, 'so that the truth may shine forth.' The construction requires the past form precisely because the outcome is desired, not asserted as fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воссияла","title":"«воссиять» — to shine forth","body":"An elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavoured verb (prefix вос-, 'up/forth') used of light and glory: the truth 'blazing forth.' Its scriptural ring sits in heavy irony against Fyodor's mercenary fantasy."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воссияла","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воссияла","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорей","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies воссияла","gloss":"the sooner"},{"surface":"воссияла","lemma":"воссиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"shine forth"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот зачем","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, part of the idiom вот зачем","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c8-s68","source":"— Да ведь коль эта истина воссияет, так вас же первого сначала ограбят, а потом… упразднят.","translation":"\"But if that truth does shine forth, then you'll be the very first to be robbed, and after that… abolished.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь коль … так","title":"Chained colloquial particles and «коль»","body":"The line is studded with speech-particles: «Да» (well), «ведь» (after all, you know — an appeal to shared sense), «коль» (folksy/archaic «если», 'if'), answered by correlative «так» (then). Together they give the utterance its sly, insinuating voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас же первого … ограбят","title":"Indefinite-subject «они» plural","body":"«ограбят» and «упразднят» are third-plural verbs with no stated subject — the impersonal 'they,' i.e. 'people / someone will rob you.' «же» intensifies «вас первого»: 'you of all people, first of all.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коль","title":"«коль» — folksy 'if'","body":"A colloquial, slightly archaic conditional conjunction, shortened from «коли», equivalent to «если». It flavours Fyodor's speech with peasant-tinged homeliness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коль","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (\"if\")","role":"introduces the clause of ограбят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истина","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воссияет","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"воссияет","lemma":"воссиять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"shines forth"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ограбят","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ограбят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вас","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ограбят","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"ограбят","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with воссияет","gloss":"will rob"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упразднят","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"упразднят","lemma":"упразднить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with воссияет","gloss":"will abolish"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c8-s69","source":"— Ба!","translation":"\"Bah!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ба!","title":"Interjection «Ба!»","body":"An exclamation of sudden surprise or recognition — roughly 'Well!' / 'Bah!' / 'Why, look at that!' Here it marks Fyodor's abrupt, delighted realisation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ба","lemma":"ба","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bah"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c8-s70","source":"А ведь, пожалуй, ты прав.","translation":"Why, you may well be right.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь, пожалуй, ты прав.","title":"«ведь» + «пожалуй» — conceding the point","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding ('after all') and «пожалуй» softens to 'perhaps, I dare say.' «прав» is the short-form predicate of «правый», 'right/correct' — the idiomatic «ты прав»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прав","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c8-s71","source":"Ах, я ослица, — вскинулся вдруг Федор Павлович, слегка ударив себя по лбу.","translation":"Ah, what an ass I am,\" Fyodor Pavlovitch flared up suddenly, lightly smacking himself on the forehead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударив себя по лбу","title":"Perfective gerund «ударив»","body":"«ударив» is a perfective past деепричастие, 'having struck / striking,' naming an attendant action sharing the main subject. Such gerund tails are a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя по лбу","title":"Reflexive «себя» as object","body":"«себя» (here accusative) points back to the clause's subject — Fyodor strikes himself. Unlike the verbal clitic -ся, «себя» is a full object pronoun and has no nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ослица","title":"«ослица» — a she-ass","body":"The feminine «ослица» (she-ass) rather than «осёл» is comically self-deprecating from a man; it also carries a faint biblical echo (Balaam's ass). 'What an ass I am.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскинулся","title":"«вскинуться» — to start up","body":"A reflexive verb meaning to jerk or fling oneself up suddenly, to flare up; it conveys Fyodor's abrupt, theatrical animation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to ослица","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ослица","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ослица","lemma":"ослица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"an ass","note":"Idiom for a fool."},{"surface":"вскинулся","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулся","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударив","gloss":"lightly"},{"surface":"ударив","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскинулся","gloss":"smacking"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударив","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударив","gloss":"the forehead"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c8-s72","source":"— Ну, так пусть стоит твой монастырек, Алешка, коли так.","translation":"\"Well then, let your little monastery stand, Alyoshka, if that's how it is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть стоит твой монастырек","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«пусть» plus a present-tense verb forms a third-person command/concession: 'let your little monastery stand.' It is the standard way Russian expresses 'let it be so.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алёшка» — familiar form of Aleksei","body":"The suffix -ка on a name is familiar and often condescending — coarser than the tender «Алёша». Fyodor calling his son «Алёшка» mixes affection with a careless, paternal swagger."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — 'if, since'","body":"Folksy conditional «коли так», 'if that's how it is.' Like «коль» above, it gives the speech a homely, colloquial colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырек","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"монастырек","lemma":"монастырек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"little monastery"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause modifying стоит","gloss":"if","note":"colloquial/archaic for 'если' (if)."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of коли","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c8-s73","source":"А мы, умные люди, будем в тепле сидеть да коньячком пользоваться.","translation":"And we clever men will sit in the warm and enjoy our brandy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будем … сидеть да … пользоваться","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«будем сидеть … пользоваться» is the analytic imperfective future: «будем» (future of «быть») plus imperfective infinitives, naming an ongoing, comfortable state — 'we'll be sitting … enjoying.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коньячком пользоваться","title":"«пользоваться» governs the instrumental","body":"«пользоваться» ('make use of, enjoy') takes its object in the instrumental: «коньячком». The diminutive «коньячок» (from «коньяк») makes the brandy cosy and indulgent — the chapter's titular «за коньячком»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидеть да пользоваться","title":"Folksy connective «да»","body":"Here «да» links the two infinitives as a homely 'and,' warmer and more colloquial than «и» — colouring the picture of clever men idling in the warm."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидеть","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"умные","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сидеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тепле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тепле","lemma":"тепло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"the warm"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сидеть and пользоваться","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коньячком","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пользоваться","gloss":"brandy"},{"surface":"пользоваться","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидеть, second infinitive under будем","gloss":"enjoy"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c8-s74","source":"Знаешь ли, Иван, что это самим богом должно быть непременно нарочно так устроено?","translation":"Do you know, Ivan, that it must surely have been arranged this way on purpose by God Himself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаешь ли, Иван","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Знаешь ли» fronts the verb and follows it with the enclitic «ли», forming a literary, slightly solemn yes/no question — 'Do you know…' — more formal than a mere rising intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самим богом … устроено","title":"Instrumental agent of a passive","body":"«устроено» is a short passive participle; the agent «самим богом» ('by God Himself') stands in the instrumental — the regular way Russian names the doer of a passive. «самим» is the intensifier «сам», 'Himself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть … устроено","title":"Modal «должно быть» + passive","body":"«должно быть» ('must be / surely') stacks with the passive participle and adverbs «непременно нарочно» to pile up Fyodor's mock-theological certainty: it 'must surely deliberately have been arranged so.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаешь","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of устроено","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies богом","gloss":"Himself"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of устроено (by God)","gloss":"by God"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb/modal predicate, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the что-clause, governs быть устроено","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of устроено","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроено","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроено","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроено","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"устроено","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"arranged"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c8-s75","source":"Иван, говори: есть бог или нет?","translation":"Ivan, tell me: is there a God or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говори","title":"Imperfective imperative «говори»","body":"«говори» is the imperative of imperfective «говорить» — a demand to start and keep talking, more insistent and direct than the perfective «скажи». Fyodor is pressing, not requesting a single answer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть бог или нет","title":"«есть» — existential 'there is'","body":"«есть» (the frozen present of «быть») asserts existence: 'is there a God or not.' The bare «нет» supplies the negative pole. This stripped existential frame is the chapter's drumbeat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c8-s76","source":"Стой: наверно говори, серьезно говори!","translation":"Wait: tell me for certain, tell me in earnest!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой","title":"Imperative «стой»","body":"«стой», imperative of «стоять» ('stand'), is used idiomatically for 'wait! stop!' — Fyodor halting the exchange to demand a serious answer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наверно говори, серьезно говори","title":"Fronted adverb + repeated imperative","body":"Twin commands with the adverb pushed before the verb («наверно говори», «серьёзно говори») give an urgent, drumming rhythm. «наверно» here keeps its older sense 'for certain, for sure,' not the modern 'probably.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (interjection: wait)","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with second говори","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second говори","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c8-s77","source":"Чего опять смеешься?","translation":"What are you laughing at again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего опять смеешься?","title":"Colloquial genitive «чего» for «что»","body":"«смеяться» governs «над» + instrumental, but colloquially the cause of laughter appears as bare genitive «чего» ('at what / why'). The genitive «чего» here works as a casual 'what are you laughing at / why are you laughing.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеешься","title":"Reflexive-only verb «смеяться»","body":"«смеяться» exists only in the -ся form; the clitic is lexicalised, not a true reflexive. The present «смеёшься» ('you laugh') marks ongoing, repeated action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you laughing"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c8-s78","source":"— Смеюсь я тому, как вы сами давеча остроумно заметили о вере Смердякова в существование двух старцев, которые могут горы сдвигать.","translation":"\"I'm laughing at the witty remark you yourself made earlier about Smerdyakov's belief in the existence of two elders who can move mountains.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смеюсь я тому, как …","title":"Dative object of «смеяться» via «тому»","body":"«смеюсь … тому, как…» uses the correlative «тому» (dative of «тот») to point forward to the «как»-clause: 'I'm laughing at the thing — namely, how you remarked…' Fronting «смеюсь» throws emphasis onto the act of laughing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые могут горы сдвигать","title":"Relative «которые» + aspect","body":"«которые» ('who') agrees with «старцев» in number but takes nominative as subject of its own clause. The imperfective infinitive «сдвигать» after «могут» frames a general capacity — elders 'able to move mountains.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, now archaic adverb meaning 'earlier today, just now / not long since.' It situates the remark in the recent past with a homely, old-fashioned flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm laughing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of Смеюсь","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complementing тому","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"earlier","note":"colloquial for 'a little while ago'."},{"surface":"остроумно","lemma":"остроумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"wittily"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"the belief"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вере","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существование","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"существование","lemma":"существование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вере (belief in)","gloss":"the existence"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies старцев","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"старцев","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies существование","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on старцев","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сдвигать","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"сдвигать","lemma":"сдвигать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"move"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c8-s79","source":"— Так разве теперь похоже?","translation":"\"What, does it sound like that now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так разве теперь похоже?","title":"Particle «разве» of incredulous question","body":"«разве» opens a question coloured with surprise or doubt — 'what, surely it isn't…?' «похоже» is the impersonal predicate 'it resembles / sounds like [that].' Fyodor half-protests that he hadn't sounded like Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже (questioning particle)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"does it seem"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c8-s80","source":"— Очень.","translation":"\"Very much so.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"very much"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c8-s81","source":"— Ну так, значит, и я русский человек, и у меня русская черта, и тебя, философа, можно тоже на своей черте поймать в этом же роде.","translation":"\"Well then, that means I too am a Russian man, and I have a Russian streak, and you, a philosopher, can likewise be caught out on your own streak in just the same way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и я русский человек, и у меня русская черта","title":"Repeated «и … и …» 'both/also'","body":"The anaphoric «и … и …» chains parallel claims ('and I too… and I have…'), each «и» an additive 'also/and.' Note the zero-copula present: «я русский человек» needs no verb 'to be.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя, философа, … поймать","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«тебя» and the appositive «философа» are accusative objects of «поймать»; «философа» shows the animate-accusative ending (= genitive) that masculine animate nouns take, keeping object distinct from subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно … поймать","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«можно поймать» is a subjectless modal construction, 'one can catch.' Such impersonals, with the predicate «можно» and a bare infinitive, are pervasive in Russian and need no nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Ну так (well then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of у, marks possessor (I have)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive clause (у меня)","gloss":"streak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поймать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"философа","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебя","gloss":"a philosopher"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb/modal predicate","role":"main predicate of the third clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймать","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черте","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"черте","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймать","gloss":"streak"},{"surface":"поймать","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"be caught out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймать","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c8-s82","source":"Хочешь, поймаю.","translation":"Shall I catch you out?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочешь, поймаю.","title":"Asyndetic conditional","body":"Two finite clauses set side by side with no conjunction: «Хочешь, поймаю» = 'If you like, I'll catch you out.' «поймаю» is a perfective present-form verb with future meaning — 'I will catch [you].'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause, modifies поймаю (if you want)","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"поймаю","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll catch you"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c8-s83","source":"Побьемся об заклад, что завтра же поймаю.","translation":"Let's lay a wager that I'll catch you out as soon as tomorrow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Побьемся об заклад","title":"«побиться об заклад» — to lay a wager","body":"A set idiom, 'to make a bet, lay a wager' (with «заклад», a stake or pledge). The reflexive «побьёмся» is reciprocal — the two of them betting against each other."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра же поймаю","title":"Intensifying «же»","body":"«же» fastens onto «завтра» to sharpen it: 'this very tomorrow, as soon as tomorrow.' The particle insists on the immediacy of the boast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Побьемся","lemma":"побиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's bet","note":"idiom 'биться об заклад' = to lay a wager."},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заклад","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заклад","lemma":"заклад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Побьемся","gloss":"a wager"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поймаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймаю","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"поймаю","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"I'll catch you"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c8-s84","source":"А все-таки говори: есть бог или нет?","translation":"But all the same, tell me: is there a God or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А все-таки говори","title":"«всё-таки» — 'all the same'","body":"«всё-таки» concedes yet presses on, 'still, all the same,' and the imperfective imperative «говори» renews the insistent demand. The whole refrain «есть бог или нет» recurs as Fyodor's compulsive question."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies говори","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies говори","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c8-s85","source":"Только серьезно!","translation":"Only in earnest!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только серьезно!","title":"Elliptical adverbial command","body":"A verbless exclamation — only the adverb «серьёзно» survives, the imperative 'tell me' understood from context: 'Only in earnest!' Such ellipsis gives the dialogue its breathless, clipped urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in earnest"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c8-s86","source":"Мне надо теперь серьезно.","translation":"I need it in earnest now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне надо теперь серьезно.","title":"Dative-subject impersonal with «надо»","body":"«Мне надо» is the classic impersonal: the experiencer «мне» in the dative, the predicate «надо» ('it is necessary'), no nominative subject — 'I need [it] now.' This dative-first frame pervades the characters' inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb/modal predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"in earnest"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c8-s87","source":"— Нет, нету бога.","translation":"\"No, there is no God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нету бога","title":"Colloquial «нету» + genitive of negation","body":"«нету» is a folksy, emphatic variant of «нет» ('there is not'). As a negated existential it forces the genitive on its subject: «бога» (gen. of «бог») — 'there is no God.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection answering the previous question","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нету","lemma":"нету","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"negative existential predicate (there isn't)","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нету","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c8-s88","source":"— Алешка, есть бог?","translation":"\"Alyoshka, is there a God?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c8-s89","source":"— Есть бог.","translation":"\"There is a God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c8-s90","source":"— Иван, а бессмертие есть, ну там какое-нибудь, ну хоть маленькое, малюсенькое?","translation":"\"Ivan, and is there immortality, well, some sort of it, even a little one, the tiniest little one?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какое-нибудь","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь»","body":"«какое-нибудь» marks a wholly non-specific 'some sort of, any kind at all.' The «-нибудь» series is the 'any-whatever' indefinite, against «-то»'s 'a specific but unknown one.' Fyodor begs for immortality of any description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малюсенькое","title":"Expressive diminutive «малюсенький»","body":"«малюсенькое» piles diminutive suffixes onto «малый» for an almost pleading tininess — 'teeny-tiny.' The escalation «маленькое, малюсенькое» is pure emotional colour, comic and oddly touching."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бессмертие есть","title":"Existential «есть» again","body":"«есть» asserts existence — 'is there immortality?' — with the noun «бессмертие» fronted as topic. The recurring «есть … / нет …» pairing structures the whole catechism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential): is there","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"particle","role":"part of filler ну там, modifies какое-нибудь","gloss":"or whatever"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of какое-нибудь, modifies бессмертие","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какое to form indefinite determiner","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies маленькое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"маленькое","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бессмертие (elliptical)","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"малюсенькое","lemma":"малюсенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with маленькое","gloss":"the tiniest"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c8-s91","source":"— Нет и бессмертия.","translation":"\"There is no immortality either.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет и бессмертия.","title":"Genitive of negation + additive «и»","body":"«нет» governs the genitive «бессмертия» ('there is no immortality'); the «и» means 'either/too,' tying this denial to the previous 'no God.' The mounting genitives — «бога», «бессмертия», «черта» — are the negative refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"negative existential predicate (there isn't)","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бессмертия","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"бессмертия","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of Нет","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c8-s92","source":"— Никакого?","translation":"\"None at all?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакого?","title":"Negative pronoun «никакой» in the genitive","body":"«никакого» (gen. of «никакой», 'none at all') continues the genitive-of-negation chain, the verb «нет» understood: 'none whatever?' The «ни-» word is part of Russian's obligatory negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"none at all"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c8-s93","source":"— Никакого.","translation":"\"None at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"none at all"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c8-s94","source":"— То есть совершеннейший нуль или нечто?","translation":"\"That is, an absolute zero, or something?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершеннейший нуль","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«совершеннейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «совершенный», formed with «-ейший»: 'a most perfect / absolute zero.' This suffix belongs to elevated, literary style rather than everyday speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нуль … нечто","title":"«нуль» vs «нечто»","body":"Fyodor weighs «нуль» (a flat 'zero, nothing') against «нечто» (an indefinite 'something, a some-thing') — a near-philosophical hesitation between absolute void and a faint residue of being."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"совершеннейший","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нуль","gloss":"an absolute"},{"surface":"нуль","lemma":"нуль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"zero"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with нуль","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c8-s95","source":"Может быть, нечто какое-нибудь есть?","translation":"Perhaps there's some sort of something?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечто какое-нибудь есть","title":"«нечто» + «какое-нибудь» indefinite","body":"The indefinite pronoun «нечто» ('something') is reinforced by «какое-нибудь» ('some sort of any'), the non-specific series — 'some sort of something or other.' «Может быть» ('perhaps') keeps it tentative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть, modifies whole clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of какое-нибудь, modifies нечто","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какое to form indefinite determiner","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c8-s96","source":"Всё же ведь не ничто!","translation":"Surely it can't be nothing at all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё же ведь не ничто!","title":"Double negation «не ничто»","body":"«не ничто» — 'not nothing' — stacks «не» on the negative pronoun «ничто» to assert that there is, after all, something. With «всё же» ('still') and «ведь» ('surely, you know'), Fyodor clutches at a last sliver of being."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё же (still/after all)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё же","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничто","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничто","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ничто","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c8-s97","source":"— Совершенный нуль.","translation":"\"An absolute zero.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совершенный нуль.","title":"Long-form adjective «совершенный»","body":"Ivan answers with the plain long form «совершенный» ('complete, absolute'), flatly cancelling Fyodor's hopeful «нечто». The bare nominal phrase, verbless, lands with finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенный","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нуль","gloss":"an absolute"},{"surface":"нуль","lemma":"нуль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"zero"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c8-s98","source":"— Алешка, есть бессмертие?","translation":"\"Alyoshka, is there immortality?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c8-s99","source":"— Есть.","translation":"\"There is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c8-s100","source":"— И бог, и бессмертие?","translation":"\"Both God and immortality?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И бог, и бессмертие?","title":"Correlative «и … и …» 'both … and'","body":"The paired «и … и …» here means 'both God and immortality,' coordinating two nominatives as a single question. The pattern recurs in Alyosha's answer, knitting the two articles of faith together."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бог","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c8-s101","source":"— И бог, и бессмертие. В боге и бессмертие.","translation":"\"Both God and immortality. Immortality is in God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В боге и бессмертие.","title":"Prepositional «в боге» of location","body":"«в боге» is «бог» in the prepositional after «в», here a figurative 'location': immortality resides 'in God.' Alyosha's terse credo turns Fyodor's either/or into an indwelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бог","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"боге","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided есть (immortality is in God)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бессмертие (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided есть","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c8-s102","source":"— Гм.","translation":"\"Hm.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hm"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c8-s103","source":"Вероятнее, что прав Иван.","translation":"More likely Ivan is right.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вероятнее, что прав Иван.","title":"Comparative «вероятнее» as predicate","body":"«вероятнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «вероятный», 'more probable.' The inverted «прав Иван» (predicate before subject) throws weight onto «прав» — 'it's more likely that Ivan is right.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more likely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прав","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Иван","gloss":"is right"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c8-s104","source":"Господи, подумать только о том, сколько отдал человек веры, сколько всяких сил даром на эту мечту, и это столько уж тысяч лет!","translation":"Lord, only think how much faith man has given up, how many forces of every kind squandered for nothing on this dream, and for so many thousands of years already!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько отдал человек веры","title":"Genitive of quantity «веры»","body":"After «сколько» the things measured stand in the genitive: «веры» (of faith), «сил» (of forces). «человек» here is generic 'man/mankind,' subject of «отдал» — 'how much faith man has given up.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумать только о том, сколько …","title":"Infinitive exclamation + correlative «о том»","body":"The bare infinitive «подумать» with «только» makes an exclamatory 'only to think…!'; «о том» (prep. of «тот») points ahead to the «сколько»-clause it governs. A characteristic loose, speech-like syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господи","title":"Vocative «Господи»","body":"«Господи» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь», 'O Lord.' Here it is reduced to a sigh of exclamation — but the sacred address ironically punctuates Fyodor's lament over wasted faith."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"даром","title":"«даром» — 'for nothing, in vain'","body":"An adverb (frozen instrumental of «дар», 'gift') meaning 'for free' and, by extension, 'for nothing, to no purpose, in vain.' Here: forces squandered «даром» on a mere dream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb (infinitive exclamation)","gloss":"just think"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"introduces the clause of отдал","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"gave up"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал (partitive genitive)","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on сил","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"of every kind"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of elided отдал (parallel to веры)","gloss":"forces"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided отдал (in vain)","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечту","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мечту","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided отдал (on this dream)","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase столько","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of это (this many years)","gloss":"of years"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c8-s105","source":"Кто же это так смеется над человеком?","translation":"Who is it, then, that mocks mankind so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто же это так смеется над человеком?","title":"«кто же» + «над» + instrumental","body":"«смеяться над» governs the instrumental: «над человеком» ('at man'). «же» after «кто» sharpens the question to 'who on earth…?' and «это» here is an emphatic filler, not a demonstrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic filler, part of кто...это construction","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mocks"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"mankind"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c8-s106","source":"Иван?","translation":"Ivan?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c8-s107","source":"В последний раз и решительно: есть бог или нет?","translation":"For the last time and once and for all: is there a God or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В последний раз и решительно","title":"«решительно» — 'decidedly, once and for all'","body":"The adverb «решительно» (from «решить», to decide) means 'decisively, definitively' — Fyodor framing this as the final, settled demand, paired with «в последний раз», 'for the last time.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying the question (for the last time)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with раз","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c8-s108","source":"Я в последний раз!","translation":"I ask it for the last time!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я в последний раз!","title":"Verbless emphatic clause","body":"The verb is gapped ('I [ask] for the last time'), leaving only «Я» and the adverbial phrase. Such ellipsis, recoverable from the prior line, gives the outburst its clipped insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (спрашиваю)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb (спрашиваю)","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c8-s109","source":"— И в последний раз нет.","translation":"\"And for the last time, no.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И в последний раз нет.","title":"Echoing «и» + bare «нет»","body":"Ivan answers by echoing Fyodor's phrase with «и» ('and / likewise') and the flat existential «нет» — 'and for the last time, no.' The repetition mirrors and closes the father's demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"particle answering the question (no)","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c8-s110","source":"— Кто же смеется над людьми, Иван?","translation":"\"Then who is it that mocks mankind, Ivan?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто же смеется над людьми","title":"Irregular plural «людьми»","body":"«людьми» is the instrumental plural of the suppletive «человек → люди» ('people'), governed by «смеяться над». The noun's wholly irregular plural is one to know on sight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mocks"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c8-s111","source":"— Черт, должно быть, — усмехнулся Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"The devil, must be,\" Ivan Fyodorovitch said with a smirk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Черт, должно быть","title":"Modal «должно быть» — 'must be'","body":"«должно быть» as a parenthetical means 'probably, must be' — Ivan's wry hedge. Set off by commas, it modalises the whole answer rather than functioning as a verb of the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smirk","body":"A semelfactive perfective (suffix -ну-): to give a single, slight, often ironic smile or smirk — distinct from open «засмеяться». It pins Ivan's cool, sardonic detachment in one verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb/modal predicate, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom должно быть, parenthetical modifying Черт","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom должно быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"narrative verb (said with a smirk)","gloss":"said with a smirk"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c8-s112","source":"— А черт есть?","translation":"\"And does the devil exist?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А черт есть?","title":"Existential «есть» with «а»","body":"The topic-shifting «а» opens the new question, and «есть» asks after existence — 'and does the devil exist?' The same minimal frame «есть … / нет …» is now turned on the devil."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does exist"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c8-s113","source":"— Нет, и черта нет.","translation":"\"No, there's no devil either.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и черта нет","title":"Genitive of negation «черта»","body":"«черта» is the genitive of «чёрт» ('devil'), required by the negated existential «нет»: 'there's no devil either.' The additive «и» closes the trio of denials — God, immortality, devil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection answering the question","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черта (also/either)","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"negative existential predicate (there isn't)","gloss":"there is no"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c8-s114","source":"— Жаль.","translation":"\"A pity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Жаль.","title":"Impersonal «жаль» — 'a pity'","body":"«жаль» is an invariable predicative word, 'it is a pity, [I'm] sorry.' Standing alone it makes a complete impersonal sentence; the one who feels it would go in the dative («мне жаль»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a pity"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c8-s115","source":"Черт возьми, что б я после того сделал с тем, кто первый выдумал бога!","translation":"Devil take it, what wouldn't I do after that to the man who first invented God!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что б я … сделал с тем, кто …","title":"Conditional «б» + correlative «с тем, кто»","body":"«что б … сделал» is the irrealis with «бы» reduced to «б»: 'what I would do.' «с тем, кто…» pairs the demonstrative «тем» (instr. after «с») with the relative «кто» — 'with the one who…'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Черт возьми","title":"«чёрт возьми» — 'devil take it'","body":"A stock oath, literally 'may the devil take [it],' an imperative-flavoured «возьми». Its appearance just after Ivan has denied the devil's existence is a small grim joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (idiom: черт возьми = damn it)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional particle modifying сделал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выдумал (adverbial: first)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тем","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c8-s116","source":"Повесить его мало на горькой осине.","translation":"Hanging him on a bitter aspen would be too good for him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повесить его мало","title":"Infinitive + «мало» — 'not enough to…'","body":"«Повесить … мало» is an impersonal idiom: 'to hang him is too little / would not be enough.' The infinitive «повесить» is the logical subject, «мало» the predicate — 'hanging him would be too good for him.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Повесить","lemma":"повесить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject clause of мало","gloss":"hanging him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Повесить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb/predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not enough"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking осине","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"горькой","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies осине","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"осине","lemma":"осина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Повесить","gloss":"aspen"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c8-s117","source":"— Цивилизации бы тогда совсем не было, если бы не выдумали бога.","translation":"\"There'd have been no civilization at all then, if they hadn't invented God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цивилизации бы … не было, если бы не выдумали","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы … если бы»","body":"A full irrealis: main clause «не было бы» and protasis «если бы не выдумали» both carry «бы» — 'there would have been none, if they hadn't invented.' «цивилизации» is genitive under the negated «не было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выдумали","title":"Indefinite-subject plural «выдумали»","body":"«выдумали» is third-plural with no subject — the impersonal 'they,' i.e. 'people / mankind invented.' Russian routinely expresses an unspecified agent this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цивилизации","lemma":"цивилизация","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдумали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of выдумали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдумали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдумали","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on было","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумали","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c8-s118","source":"— Не было бы?","translation":"\"There wouldn't have been?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не было бы?","title":"Echoed counterfactual","body":"Fyodor echoes the apodosis as a question: «не было бы?» — the negated «было» plus «бы», 'there wouldn't have been?' Picking up the irrealis verbatim is a natural conversational uptake."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c8-s119","source":"Это без бога-то?","translation":"Without God, you mean?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это без бога-то?","title":"Emphatic «-то» on the topic","body":"The clitic «-то» attaches to «бога» to underline the just-raised topic — 'without God, you mean / this is the no-God scenario, then?' «без» governs the genitive «бога»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes бога","gloss":"then","note":"Enclitic -то adds emphasis, roughly 'without God, then?'"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c8-s120","source":"— Да.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c8-s121","source":"И коньячку бы не было.","translation":"And there'd have been no brandy either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коньячку бы не было","title":"Conditional «бы» + genitive of negation","body":"The particle «бы» joined to the past «не было» makes the irrealis: 'there would have been no…'. And the absent subject «коньячку» stands in the genitive, as a negated existential always demands — here a partitive genitive in «-у» («коньячку», not «коньяк»), giving the cosy 'a bit of brandy' feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"brandy","note":"Partitive genitive after negation, and a diminutive of коньяк."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have been"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c8-s122","source":"А коньяк все-таки у вас взять придется.","translation":"But the brandy I'll have to take off your hands all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас взять придется","title":"Impersonal «придётся» + «у» of possession","body":"«придётся» ('it will be necessary, one will have to') is an impersonal future with no nominative subject; the obliged person, if named, would go in the dative. The phrase «у вас взять» ('to take from you') uses «у» + genitive, Russian's standard way of marking the person one takes something away from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все-таки","title":"Concessive «всё-таки»","body":"«всё-таки» means 'all the same, nonetheless' — a concessive particle that concedes a prior point ('there'd have been no brandy…') while pressing on regardless. It is one of the small connective words that give Fyodor Pavlovich's drunken patter its grudging logic."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"brandy","note":"Fronted for emphasis; inanimate masculine accusative looks identical to the nominative."},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"all the same","note":"Split halves of the idiom все-таки, 'all the same, nevertheless.'"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have to"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c8-s123","source":"— Постой, постой, постой, милый, еще одну рюмочку.","translation":"\"Wait, wait, wait, my dear, one more little glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постой, постой, постой","title":"Perfective imperative «постой»","body":"«постой» is the imperative of perfective «постоять», literally 'stand a moment' but idiomatically 'wait, hold on'. The triple repetition is colloquial insistence, and the singular form (not «постойте») marks the intimate «ты» he uses with Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рюмочку","title":"«рюмочка» — a little glass","body":"A «рюмка» is the small stemmed glass for spirits; the diminutive «рюмочка» (here accusative «рюмочку») coaxes — 'just one wee glass'. The suffix «-очк-» does the wheedling that the whole drunken scene runs on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Постой","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Постой","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рюмочку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"рюмочку","lemma":"рюмочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided verb (let's have)","gloss":"little glass"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c8-s124","source":"Я Алешу оскорбил.","translation":"I've offended Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алешу оскорбил","title":"Animate accusative «Алёшу»","body":"«Алёшу» is the accusative direct object of «оскорбил» ('I offended'). Because the diminutive «Алёша» declines like a feminine «-а» noun and names a person, it takes the «-у» accusative — the object of the offense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оскорбил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"оскорбил","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offended"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c8-s125","source":"Ты не сердишься, Алексей?","translation":"You're not angry, Alexey?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не сердишься","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb «сердиться»","body":"«сердиться» ('to be angry') exists only in the «-ся» form — there is no plain «сердить себя» here. The clitic «-ся» (here «-шься») marks a middle, emotional state rather than a true reflexive action; «не сердишься» is present-tense, second-person singular «ты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердишься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are angry"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-c8-s126","source":"Милый Алексейчик ты мой, Алексейчик!","translation":"My dear little Alexey, my own little Alexey!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алексейчик","title":"Affectionate diminutives","body":"Russian builds emotional diminutives with suffixes. From the name «Алексей», the suffix «-чик» yields «Алексейчик», a tender, coaxing form ('dear little Alexey'). The chapter is full of such forms — «рюмочку», «девчоночка», «кликушечка» — where «-очк-/-ечк-» and «-чик» soften a word and add warmth or condescension; English usually needs 'little' or 'dear' to convey it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты мой","title":"Postposed possessive «ты мой»","body":"In «Алексейчик ты мой» the pronoun «ты» and possessive «мой» fall after the noun — an affectionate, vocative-like word order ('Alexey of mine, you'). The free placement, impossible in English, is exactly the topic-comment flexibility Russian cases allow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексейчик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алексейчик","lemma":"Алексейчик","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative head of the phrase","gloss":"little Alexey"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексейчик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate determiner of ты","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Алексейчик","lemma":"Алексейчик","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to Алексейчик","gloss":"little Alexey"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-c8-s127","source":"— Нет, не сержусь.","translation":"\"No, I'm not angry.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as the answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сержусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сержусь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am angry"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-c8-s128","source":"Я ваши мысли знаю.","translation":"I know your thoughts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваши мысли знаю","title":"Object-first word order","body":"Neutral order would be «Я знаю ваши мысли», but here the object «ваши мысли» ('your thoughts') is fronted before the verb «знаю», throwing the weight onto what Alyosha knows. The cases keep the sense unambiguous, freeing word order for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-c8-s129","source":"Сердце у вас лучше головы.","translation":"Your heart is better than your head.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сердце у вас лучше головы","title":"Comparative «лучше» + genitive of comparison","body":"«лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший» ('better'). The thing compared against, «головы» ('than your head'), stands in the bare genitive — Russian's terser alternative to «чем» — so the whole means 'your heart is better than your head'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас","title":"«у вас» — the possessor","body":"«Сердце у вас» literally 'the heart with you', i.e. 'your heart'. Russian regularly expresses 'your X is…' with «у» + genitive rather than a possessive adjective, locating the trait in its owner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessive complement, 'your'","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше (than)","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b3-c8-s130","source":"— У меня-то сердце лучше головы?","translation":"\"My heart better than my head?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня-то","title":"The topic-emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"Here «-то» is not the indefinite suffix but the hyphenated topic clitic: «У меня-то» singles out 'my heart, of all things' with incredulous emphasis — 'MY heart better than my head?'. It pins the spotlight on a known topic, the speaker himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive complement, 'my'","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes меня","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic -то, emphatic: 'as for ME.'"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше (than)","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b3-c8-s131","source":"Господи, да еще кто это говорит?","translation":"Lord, and who is it saying so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да еще кто это говорит","title":"Intensifying «да» + «же/ещё»","body":"The opening «да» is not 'yes' but an intensifying particle launching an emphatic exclamation; «ещё» here piles on the incredulity — 'and to think who's saying it!'. These stacked particles are the texture of spoken indignation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is saying"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b3-c8-s132","source":"Иван, любишь ты Алешку?","translation":"Ivan, do you love Alyoshka?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешку","title":"«Алёшка» — the rough-fond diminutive","body":"Where «Алёшенька» would be tender, the «-к-» suffix in «Алёшка» is blunter and more familiar — affectionate but slightly coarse, fitting the boozy intimacy. The form is accusative «Алёшку», object of «любишь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любишь ты Алешку","title":"Inverted verb-subject in a question","body":"Placing the verb «любишь» before the pronoun «ты» («любишь ты…» rather than «ты любишь») gives a colloquial questioning lilt, a softer cousin of the formal «ли» question. The pronoun is kept, not dropped, for the direct buttonholing of Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"Alyoshka"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b3-c8-s133","source":"— Люблю.","translation":"\"I do.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люблю","title":"Pronoun-dropping reply","body":"The bare «Люблю» ('[I] love [him]') drops both subject and object — the present-tense ending «-лю» already fixes 'I', and the object is clear from context. Russian's verb morphology lets a whole answer shrink to one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love him"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b3-c8-s134","source":"— Люби.","translation":"\"Then love him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люби","title":"Imperfective imperative «люби»","body":"«Люби» is the singular imperative of imperfective «любить» — 'go on loving him'. The imperfective imperative urges a continuing or general action rather than a single act, fitting Fyodor's command to keep loving Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love him"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b3-c8-s135","source":"(Федор Павлович сильно хмелел).","translation":"(Fyodor Pavlovich was getting badly drunk.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильно хмелел","title":"Imperfective «хмелел» — a process","body":"«хмелел» is the imperfective past of «хмелеть» ('to grow tipsy'), viewing the drunkenness as an ongoing process — 'was getting drunk', not 'got drunk'. The imperfective is the natural choice for this parenthetical stage-direction of background state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хмелел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хмелел","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"хмелел","lemma":"хмелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was getting drunk"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b3-c8-s136","source":"Слушай, Алеша, я старцу твоему давеча грубость сделал.","translation":"\"Listen, Alyosha, I was rude to your elder just now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старцу твоему","title":"Dative «старцу» of the person wronged","body":"«грубость сделать кому» ('to be rude to someone') takes the dative for the offended party, so «старцу твоему» ('to your elder') is dative. The possessive «твоему» agrees with it in case, gender, and number."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a moment ago","body":"«давеча» is a folksy, slightly archaic adverb meaning 'a little while ago, earlier today'. It colours Fyodor's speech as old-fashioned and homely, the register of a provincial buffoon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старцу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"грубость","lemma":"грубость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"rude thing"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b3-c8-s137","source":"Но я был в волнении.","translation":"But I was worked up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был в волнении","title":"«в волнении» — prepositional of state","body":"«в волнении» ('in agitation') uses «в» + the prepositional case to name a state one is in, much like English 'in a state of'. «волнение» is one of the bookish «-ение» abstract nouns Russian forms freely from verbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to волнении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b3-c8-s138","source":"А ведь в старце этом есть остроумие, как ты думаешь, Иван?","translation":"And yet there's a wit about that elder — what do you think, Ivan?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь","title":"«а ведь» — 'and yet, you know'","body":"The pairing «а ведь» opens the thought with a mild contrastive «а» plus the appeal-to-shared-knowledge particle «ведь»: 'and yet, after all'. «ведь» invites Ivan to agree with something Fyodor presents as obvious — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's coaxing dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в старце этом","title":"Postposed demonstrative «этом»","body":"«в старце этом» places the demonstrative «этом» after its noun ('in this elder here'), a colloquial, slightly disparaging order — pointing at Zosima with a dismissive gesture. Both words sit in the prepositional after «в», agreeing in case."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старце","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"остроумие","lemma":"остроумие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"how","note":"как literally = 'how'; 'как ты думаешь' is the standard Russian way of asking 'what do you think', but the word itself is not что ('what') and should not be glossed that way for a learner."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"independent clause, parallel to есть","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b3-c8-s139","source":"— Пожалуй что и есть.","translation":"\"Maybe there is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пожалуй что и есть","title":"«пожалуй» — 'I daresay'","body":"«пожалуй» is a hedging particle, 'maybe, I suppose, I daresay', conceding a point grudgingly. With «что и есть» Ivan grants 'perhaps there is [something to it]' — his characteristically cool, half-committed assent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase пожалуй что","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b3-c8-s140","source":"— Есть, есть, il y a du Piron là-dedans.","translation":"\"There is, there is, il y a du Piron là-dedans.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"French pronoun","role":"subject of a","gloss":"there","note":"French il y a = 'there is'."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"French adverb","role":"depends on a","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"French verb, present","role":"main verb of the French phrase","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"du","morphology":"French partitive article","role":"determiner of Piron","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"Piron","lemma":"Piron","morphology":"French proper noun","role":"object of a","gloss":"Piron","note":"Alexis Piron, an 18th-c. French wit — 'there's a touch of Piron here.'"},{"surface":"là","lemma":"là","morphology":"French adverb","role":"modifies dedans","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dedans","lemma":"dedans","morphology":"French adverb","role":"oblique complement of a","gloss":"inside"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b3-c8-s141","source":"Это иезуит, русский то есть.","translation":"He's a Jesuit — a Russian one, that is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русский то есть","title":"«то есть» — the corrective 'that is'","body":"«то есть» ('that is to say') marks a self-correction or clarification, here tacked on after the noun: 'a Jesuit — a Russian one, that is'. Fyodor uses it repeatedly to refine and qualify his own slippery claims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of иезуит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"иезуит","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Jesuit"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иезуит","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b3-c8-s142","source":"Как у благородного существа, в нем это затаенное негодование кипит на то, что надо представляться… святыню на себя натягивать.","translation":"As befits a noble creature, there boils up in him a hidden indignation at having to put on a show… to pull holiness over himself like a coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как у благородного существа","title":"«как у» — 'as in / as befits'","body":"«Как у благородного существа» ('as with a noble creature') uses «у» + genitive to mean 'as is the case with', framing what follows as typical of such a nature. The adjective «благородного» agrees with «существа» in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представляться","title":"Reflexive «представляться» — to put on a show","body":"«представляться» (here infinitive, '-ться') means 'to pose, pretend, put on an act' — the «-ся» giving the verb its self-presenting, performative sense. Fyodor's whole charge is that the elder must 'pretend' to holiness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святыню на себя натягивать","title":"«натягивать святыню» — pulling holiness on like a garment","body":"A vivid coinage: «натягивать» is to pull or tug on (clothing), so 'to drag holiness (святыню) over himself' pictures sanctity as an ill-fitting coat yanked on. «себя» is the reflexive object, 'onto oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"затаенное негодование кипит","title":"Participle as adjective «затаённое»","body":"«затаённое» is a past passive participle of «затаить» ('to conceal') used adjectivally — 'hidden, pent-up' indignation. Its long form agrees with the neuter «негодование», which is the nominative subject of «кипит» ('boils up')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существа","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существа","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кипит","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кипит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодование","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"затаенное","lemma":"затаённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодование","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"негодование","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кипит","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"кипит","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boils"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кипит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"put on a show"},{"surface":"святыню","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of натягивать","gloss":"holiness"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of натягивать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"натягивать","lemma":"натягивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated clause with представляться","gloss":"pull over"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b3-c8-s143","source":"— Да ведь он же верует в бога.","translation":"\"But surely he does believe in God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он же","title":"Stacked particles «да… ведь… же»","body":"Alyosha's protest piles three particles: «да» launches the objection, «ведь» appeals to the obvious, and «же» insists — 'but surely he DOES believe!'. Russian routinely clusters these tiny words where English manages only intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верует в бога","title":"Bookish «верует» + «в» + accusative","body":"«верует» is the elevated, Church-flavoured present of «веровать» ('to believe [religiously]'), loftier than everyday «верит». 'To believe IN God' takes «в» + accusative («в бога»), the construction of religious faith."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верует","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верует","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"верует","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верует","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b3-c8-s144","source":"— Ни на грош.","translation":"\"Not a kopeck's worth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ни на грош","title":"«ни на грош» — not a farthing's worth","body":"A «грош» was a tiny copper coin (half a kopeck); «ни на грош» means 'not in the slightest, not a whit'. The «ни» intensifies the negation to zero — he doesn't believe even a coin's worth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грош","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грош","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"грош","lemma":"грош","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a kopeck"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b3-c8-s145","source":"А ты не знал?","translation":"And you didn't know?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знал","title":"Imperfective «не знал»","body":"«не знал» is imperfective past — 'you didn't know / weren't aware', a state rather than an event. Negated verbs of knowing and perceiving naturally take the imperfective, since one negates an ongoing awareness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b3-c8-s146","source":"Да он всем говорит это сам, то есть не всем, а всем умным людям, которые приезжают.","translation":"Why, he tells everyone so himself — well, not everyone, but every clever man who comes to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем умным людям, которые приезжают","title":"Dative «людям» + relative «которые»","body":"«всем умным людям» is dative — the recipients of «говорит» ('tells [to] everyone clever') — with «всем» and «умным» agreeing in the dative plural. The relative «которые» then opens a clause, agreeing with «люди» in number but taking nominative as its own subject of «приезжают»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то есть не всем, а всем","title":"Self-correcting «а»","body":"The contrastive «а» ('not… but rather') executes Fyodor's instant retraction: «не всем, а всем умным» — 'not to everyone, but to every clever one'. This is «а»'s job as the gentle pivot of correction, untranslatable by a single English word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"contrasts with всем (w3), corrected below","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of говорит, replacing всем/не всем","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приезжают","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"приезжают","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on людям","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b3-c8-s147","source":"Губернатору Шульцу он прямо отрезал: credo, да не знаю во что.","translation":"To Governor Schultz he came straight out with it: credo, but I don't know in what.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to cut off / retort bluntly","body":"Literally 'to cut off', «отрезал» here means he 'snapped out' a curt, decisive reply — to retort so flatly there is no answering it. The perfective captures the single sharp stroke of the rejoinder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Губернатору","lemma":"губернатор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отрезал","gloss":"the governor"},{"surface":"Шульцу","lemma":"Шульц","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Губернатору","gloss":"Schultz"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"credo","lemma":"credo","morphology":"Latin word","role":"quoted clause, parallel to отрезал","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b3-c8-s148","source":"— Неужто?","translation":"\"Really?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Неужто","title":"«неужто» — 'you don't say!'","body":"«неужто» is a folksy variant of «неужели», an exclamation of incredulous surprise — 'really? surely not!'. The «-то» form is homelier and more colloquial than the standard «неужели»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"really"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b3-c8-s149","source":"— Именно так.","translation":"\"Exactly so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно так","title":"«именно» — precisely","body":"«именно» is an emphatic particle, 'exactly, precisely, just so', affirming the prior word with full conviction — here 'exactly so'. It sharpens assent to a fine point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b3-c8-s150","source":"Но я его уважаю.","translation":"But I respect him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его уважаю","title":"Animate accusative «его» fronted","body":"«его» here is the accusative object of «уважаю» ('I respect him'), placed before the verb. The contrastive «Но» ('but yet') frames the respect against the disbelief just confessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уважаю","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respect"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b3-c8-s151","source":"Есть в нем что-то мефистофелевское или, лучше, из «Героя нашего времени»… Арбенин али как там… то есть, видишь, он сладострастник; он до того сладострастник, что я бы и теперь за дочь мою побоялся аль за жену, если бы к нему исповедоваться пошла.","translation":"There's something Mephistophelean in him, or rather something out of A Hero of Our Time… Arbenin, or whatever his name is… that is, you see, he's a sensualist; he's such a sensualist that even now I'd be afraid for my daughter or my wife, if she went to him to make confession.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастник","title":"«сладострастник» — a sensualist","body":"«сладострастник» ('voluptuary, sensualist') is built from «сладкий» (sweet) + «страсть» (passion) — literally a lover of 'sweet passion'. It is a key, recurring word in the novel for the Karamazov appetite, lust dignified as a temperament."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы и теперь… побоялся… если бы… пошла","title":"Full conditional with «бы… если бы»","body":"A complete unreal conditional: main clause «я бы… побоялся» ('I would be afraid') plus «если бы… пошла» ('if she went'), both verbs in the past form carrying «бы». «и теперь» means 'even now'; the construction is Russia's single irrealis mood at full stretch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али, аль","title":"«али / аль» — folksy 'or'","body":"«али» and its clipped «аль» are colloquial, peasant-tinged variants of «или» ('or'). They lend Fyodor's monologue a homespun, story-teller's lilt, mixing oddly with his French and literary name-dropping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the word что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"мефистофелевское","lemma":"мефистофелевский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Есть","gloss":"Mephistophelean"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мефистофелевское","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Героя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"Героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of из","gloss":"Hero"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Героя","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Арбенин","lemma":"Арбенин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Arbenin"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Арбенин","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как там","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Арбенин","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сладострастник","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сладострастник","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сладострастник","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of он","gloss":"sensualist"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сладострастник (w25)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сладострастник (w25)","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"сладострастник","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with сладострастник (w21)","gloss":"sensualist"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побоялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of побоялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of побоялся","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побоялся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побоялся","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"побоялся","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сладострастник (w25)","gloss":"would fear"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links жену to дочь","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жену","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побоялся","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошла","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пошла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исповедоваться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"исповедоваться","lemma":"исповедоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purposive infinitive complement of пошла","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on побоялся","gloss":"went"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b3-c8-s152","source":"Знаешь, как начнет рассказывать…","translation":"You know, once he gets to telling a story…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как начнет рассказывать","title":"«как» + perfective future = 'once he gets going'","body":"«как начнёт рассказывать» uses «как» with the perfective future «начнёт» in a vivid colloquial idiom — 'the moment he starts telling…', setting up an anticipated burst of action. «начнёт» is a conjugated perfective, hence future in meaning, with imperfective infinitive «рассказывать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнет","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"starts"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"telling"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b3-c8-s153","source":"Третьего года он нас зазвал к себе на чаек, да с ликерцем (барыни ему ликер присылают), да как пустился расписывать старину, так мы животики надорвали…","translation":"Year before last he lured us over to his place for a little tea, and with liqueur (the ladies send him liqueur), and once he set off describing the old days, we nearly split our sides…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Третьего года","title":"«третьего года» — the year before last","body":"«третьего года» (genitive of time) idiomatically means 'two years ago, the year before last' — counting this year as the first. It is a homely temporal phrase typical of oral storytelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чаек… ликерцем","title":"Coaxing diminutives «чаёк», «ликерец»","body":"«чаёк» (from «чай», tea) and «ликерец» (from «ликёр», liqueur) are affectionate diminutives — 'a nice little tea, a drop of liqueur' — that make the indulgence sound cosy and tempting. The suffixes do the seducing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как пустился расписывать… животики надорвали","title":"Idioms of getting carried away and laughing","body":"«пуститься расписывать» is 'to launch into embroidering [a tale]', and «животики надорвали» (literally 'we strained our little bellies') is the set idiom for 'we split our sides laughing'. The diminutive «животики» heightens the helpless mirth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"before last","note":"Idiom 'третьего года' = 'the year before last', on the model of 'третьего дня' (the day before yesterday)."},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвал","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зазвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зазвал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"зазвал","lemma":"зазвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of зазвал","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чаек","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чаек","lemma":"чаёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвал","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ликерцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ликерцем","lemma":"ликёрец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чаек","gloss":"liqueur"},{"surface":"барыни","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of присылают","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of присылают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ликер","lemma":"ликёр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of присылают","gloss":"liqueur"},{"surface":"присылают","lemma":"присылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустился","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зазвал","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"расписывать","lemma":"расписывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустился","gloss":"describing"},{"surface":"старину","lemma":"старина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расписывать","gloss":"old times"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надорвали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of надорвали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"животики","lemma":"животик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of надорвали","gloss":"our sides","note":"Idiom надорвать животики, literally 'tear one's little belly', means to split one's sides laughing."},{"surface":"надорвали","lemma":"надорвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"split"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b3-c8-s154","source":"Особенно как он одну расслабленную излечил.","translation":"Especially how he'd cured some paralytic woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расслабленную","title":"«расслабленная» — the Gospel 'paralytic'","body":"«расслабленный» (here feminine accusative «расслабленную») is the old scriptural word for a paralytic, the 'palsied' man Christ heals in the Gospels. Its biblical colour makes the 'cure' story a parody of a miracle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одну расслабленную излечил","title":"Perfective «излечил» — completed cure","body":"«излечил» is the perfective past of «излечить» ('to cure [fully]'), naming the single accomplished event — he 'cured' her. The prefix «из-» and perfective aspect together signal the result, ripe for the tale's punchline."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies излечил","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Особенно как","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of излечил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies расслабленную","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"расслабленную","lemma":"расслабленная","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of излечил","gloss":"paralytic woman"},{"surface":"излечил","lemma":"излечить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cured"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b3-c8-s155","source":"«Если бы ноги не болели, я бы вам, говорит, протанцевал один танец».","translation":"'If only my legs didn't ache,' he says, 'I'd dance you a dance.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы ноги не болели, я бы… протанцевал","title":"Unreal conditional with «бы»","body":"A contrary-to-fact conditional: «Если бы ноги не болели» ('if [my] legs didn't ache') + «я бы… протанцевал» ('I'd dance'). Both past-form verbs carry «бы»; the perfective «протанцевал» imagines the whole dance carried through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит","title":"«говорит» as a quotative tag","body":"The inserted «говорит» ('he says') is the oral-narrative quotative, dropped mid-sentence to flag reported speech — 'I'd, he says, dance you a dance'. Fyodor sprinkles it through the anecdote, mimicking the elder's own voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болели","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of болели","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of болели","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies болели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"болели","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on протанцевал","gloss":"ached"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of протанцевал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of протанцевал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of протанцевал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"протанцевал","lemma":"протанцевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would dance"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies танец","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"танец","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протанцевал","gloss":"dance"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b3-c8-s156","source":"А, каков?","translation":"Eh, how's that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А, каков?","title":"«каков?» — 'how about that?'","body":"«каков» is the short interrogative 'what sort / how is he', here a rhetorical 'eh, how's that for you?' inviting amazed agreement. The short form, predicative only, is brisk and exclamatory."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, short-form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how's that"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b3-c8-s157","source":"«Наафонил я, говорит, на своем веку немало».","translation":"'I've been quite the holy rogue in my day,' he says.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Наафонил","title":"«наафонить» — Dostoevsky's holy-rogue coinage","body":"«наафонить» is coined from «Афон», Mount Athos, the great monastic mountain — so 'I've done a lot of Athos-ing', i.e. played the pious holy man (with a wink at humbug). The prefix «на-» adds 'plenty of'. A nonce verb mocking sham sanctity, hard to render except by something like 'holy rogue'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на своем веку","title":"«на своём веку» — in my time","body":"«на своём веку» (literally 'in my own age/lifetime') is the set idiom 'in all my days, in my time'. «век» here means a lifespan, and «своём» reflexively points to the speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наафонил","lemma":"наафонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played the holy rogue"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Наафонил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting speech, attached to Наафонил","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of веку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"веку","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Наафонил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"немало","lemma":"немало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Наафонил","gloss":"quite a lot"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b3-c8-s158","source":"Он у Демидова-купца шестьдесят тысяч тяпнул.","translation":"He fleeced sixty thousand off the merchant Demidov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шестьдесят тысяч тяпнул","title":"Genitive plural after the numeral","body":"After «шестьдесят» ('sixty', 5-and-above) the counted noun goes to the genitive plural: «шестьдесят тысяч» ('sixty thousand'). The whole sum is the object of «тяпнул»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тяпнул","title":"«тяпнуть» — to filch, snatch","body":"«тяпнуть» is low colloquial for 'to grab, swipe, knock off' a sum — to make off with it slyly. The perfective «-ну-» suffix gives a single quick snatch, perfectly suited to the dishonest grab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тяпнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Демидова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Демидова","lemma":"демидов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяпнул","gloss":"Demidov"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Демидова","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"шестьдесят","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of тяпнул","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"тяпнул","lemma":"тяпнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swiped"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b3-c8-s159","source":"— Как, украл?","translation":"\"What — stole it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как, украл?","title":"Perfective «украл» — the deed done","body":"Alyosha's startled «украл?» is perfective past of «украсть» ('to steal') — 'he STOLE it?', the single completed act. The bare «Как,» ('what — ?') registers the shock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing украл","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stole it"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b3-c8-s160","source":"— Тот ему как доброму человеку привез: «Сохрани, брат, у меня назавтра обыск».","translation":"\"The man brought it to him as to an honest fellow: 'Keep it for me, brother, they're searching my place tomorrow.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот ему как доброму человеку привез","title":"Correlative «тот» + dative «доброму человеку»","body":"«Тот» ('that one, the man') is the demonstrative used as a tracking pronoun for the other party. «как доброму человеку» ('as to an honest man') is dative, the recipient — with «как» framing the trust placed in him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сохрани, брат","title":"Imperative «сохрани» + address «брат»","body":"«Сохрани» is the perfective imperative of «сохранить» ('keep, safeguard [it]') — a single act of safekeeping. «брат» ('brother') is familiar address between men, not a literal kinsman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привез","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of привез","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison доброму человеку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"доброму","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привез","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"keep it"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address within the quote","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of обыск","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"назавтра","lemma":"назавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыск","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"обыск","lemma":"обыск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of an implied есть","gloss":"a search"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b3-c8-s161","source":"А тот и сохранил.","translation":"And he kept it, all right.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А тот и сохранил","title":"Emphatic «и» — 'and kept it he did'","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' the conjunction but the emphatic particle stressing the verb: «А тот и сохранил» — 'and keep it he did [for good]'. The deadpan «и» carries the punchline's irony: he 'kept' it by keeping it for himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сохранил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сохранил","gloss":"did indeed"},{"surface":"сохранил","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept it"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b3-c8-s162","source":"«Ты ведь на церковь, говорит, пожертвовал».","translation":"'But you'd donated it to the church,' he says.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты ведь… пожертвовал","title":"«ведь» appealing to a shared 'fact'","body":"The rogue justifies himself with «ведь» — 'but you HAD, after all, donated it to the church'. The particle conjures a supposed shared knowledge to license the theft. «пожертвовал» is perfective past, the supposed completed gift."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пожертвовал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожертвовал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовал","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"пожертвовал","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had donated"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b3-c8-s163","source":"Я ему говорю: подлец ты, говорю.","translation":"I say to him: you're a scoundrel, I say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel","body":"«подлец» is a strong term of contempt, 'scoundrel, villain, base wretch'. Placed first — «подлец ты» — for full force, it is a recurring insult in the novel's overheated quarrels."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подлец ты, говорю","title":"Predicate-first + quotative «говорю»","body":"«подлец ты» fronts the predicate noun before «ты» for emphasis ('a scoundrel, you are'), with no copula in the present. The framing «говорю» ('says I') twice marks this as quoted speech inside the anecdote."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of ты","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b3-c8-s164","source":"Нет, говорит, не подлец, а я широк…","translation":"No, he says, I'm no scoundrel, only I'm broad-natured…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я широк","title":"Short adjective «широк»","body":"«широк» is the short (predicative) form of «широкий» ('broad'), here figuratively 'broad of nature, expansive'. The short form, bookish and absolute, states a defining trait — the Karamazov 'breadth' that excuses every excess."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не подлец, а","title":"Contrastive «а» after negation","body":"«не подлец, а…» ('not a scoundrel, but rather…') is the textbook «не X, а Y» frame, where «а» introduces the corrected alternative. He rejects the label only to reframe himself flatteringly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker answering the previous line","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of implied я","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of широк","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"широк","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"broad-natured"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b3-c8-s165","source":"А впрочем, это не он… Это другой.","translation":"But no, that wasn't him… That was somebody else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А впрочем, это не он","title":"«впрочем» — 'though, on second thought'","body":"«впрочем» reverses course — 'but then again, however' — as Fyodor abruptly disowns his own story. «это не он» ('that wasn't him') with no copula relies on bare nominatives flanking the negated 'be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of он","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of другой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"someone else"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b3-c8-s166","source":"Я про другого сбился… и не замечаю.","translation":"I got muddled, telling it about someone else… and never noticed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбился","title":"«сбиться» — to get muddled","body":"«сбиться» (reflexive «-ся») means to lose one's way, get mixed up, lose the thread — here 'I got muddled, telling it about someone else'. The «-ся» gives the intransitive 'went astray on my own'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я про другого сбился","title":"«про» + accusative — 'about'","body":"«про другого» ('about the other man') uses colloquial «про» + accusative for 'concerning, about', homelier than «о». «другого» is the animate accusative of «другой», equal to the genitive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбился","gloss":"someone else"},{"surface":"сбился","lemma":"сбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got muddled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечаю","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сбился","gloss":"notice it"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b3-c8-s167","source":"Ну, вот еще рюмочку, и довольно; убери бутылку, Иван.","translation":"Well, one more little glass and that's enough; clear away the bottle, Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убери бутылку, Иван","title":"Perfective imperative «убери»","body":"«убери» is the perfective imperative of «убрать» ('clear away, take away [it]'), commanding a single completed act. «бутылку» is the accusative object; «Иван», nominative, is the one addressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рюмочку","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"рюмочку","lemma":"рюмочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of an implied verb (let's have)","gloss":"little glass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with рюмочку","gloss":"that's enough"},{"surface":"убери","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clear away"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убери","gloss":"the bottle"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to убери","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b3-c8-s168","source":"Я врал, отчего ты не остановил меня, Иван… и не сказал, что вру?","translation":"I was talking rubbish — why didn't you stop me, Ivan… why didn't you tell me I was lying?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врал… вру","title":"«врать» — to lie, to talk rubbish","body":"«врать» (imperfective «врал», 'I was lying / talking nonsense'; present «вру», 'I'm lying') is blunt, colloquial 'to lie' or 'to talk rot' — coarser than «лгать». Its repetition is Fyodor turning on himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отчего ты не остановил меня… и не сказал","title":"«отчего» + perfective negatives","body":"«отчего» ('why, for what reason') opens the reproach; the two perfective past negatives «не остановил» and «не сказал» mean 'why didn't you [actually] stop me… and tell me' — each a single act left undone. Perfective negation faults the omission of a specific deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of врал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"врал","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was talking rubbish"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to врал","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to остановил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to остановил","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вру","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"I was lying"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b3-c8-s169","source":"— Я знал, что вы сами остановитесь.","translation":"\"I knew you'd stop of your own accord.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я знал, что вы сами остановитесь","title":"Reported clause «что» + perfective future","body":"«что» opens the reported clause after «знал» ('I knew that…'). «остановитесь» is the perfective future of reflexive «остановиться» ('you would stop [yourself]') — conjugated like a present but future in force, and «-ся» giving the self-arresting sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы сами","title":"Intensifier «сам» — 'of your own accord'","body":"«сами» (the intensifier «сам», agreeing with «вы») stresses that Fyodor would stop 'himself, on his own', without prompting. It is distinct from the reflexive «себя»: «сам» emphasises the agent, not an object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановитесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остановитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies остановитесь","gloss":"of your own accord"},{"surface":"остановитесь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would stop"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b3-c8-s170","source":"— Врешь, это ты по злобе на меня, по единственной злобе.","translation":"\"That's a lie — you did it out of spite toward me, sheer spite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по злобе… по единственной злобе","title":"«по злобе» — out of spite","body":"«по злобе» ('out of malice, from spite') uses «по» + dative to give the motive. The repetition with «единственной» ('sole, sheer') hammers it: 'out of spite, pure spite alone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're lying"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобе","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобе","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ты","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies злобе","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобе","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"единственной","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобе","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"злобе","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобе","gloss":"spite"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b3-c8-s171","source":"Ты меня презираешь.","translation":"You despise me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты меня презираешь","title":"Object «меня» + present «презираешь»","body":"«меня» is the accusative object fronted before the verb for emphasis, «презираешь» the present of «презирать» ('you despise [me]'). Keeping «ты» rather than dropping it makes the accusation pointed and personal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of презираешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презираешь","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b3-c8-s172","source":"Ты приехал ко мне и меня в доме моем презираешь.","translation":"You came to my house and despise me under my own roof.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в доме моем","title":"Prepositional «в доме» + possessive «моём»","body":"«в доме моём» ('in my house') is «в» + prepositional for location, with «моём» postposed for an injured, emphatic ring. The doubling «меня в доме моём презираешь» piles the affront — 'under my own roof' — on the repeated «презираешь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of презираешь","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"презираешь","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приехал","gloss":"despise"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b3-c8-s173","source":"— Я и уеду; вас коньяк разбирает.","translation":"\"I'll go away, then; the brandy's getting the better of you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я и уеду","title":"Perfective future «уеду» + emphatic «и»","body":"«уеду» is the perfective (prefixed) future of the motion verb «уехать» ('I'll leave, drive off') — a single departure. The particle «и» adds resolve: 'I'll just go away, then'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вас коньяк разбирает","title":"«разбирает» — 'the drink is getting to you'","body":"Impersonal «коньяк вас разбирает» — literally 'the brandy is taking you apart', idiomatically 'the drink is getting the better of you / going to your head'. «вас» is the accusative of the person overcome; «коньяк» the nominative force at work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уеду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уеду","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go away"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разбирает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разбирает","gloss":"the brandy"},{"surface":"разбирает","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is getting the better of"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b3-c8-s174","source":"— Я тебя просил Христом-богом в Чермашню съездить… на день, на два, а ты не едешь.","translation":"\"I begged you, for the love of Christ and God, to go to Chermashnya… for a day or two, and you won't go.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в Чермашню съездить","title":"«съездить» + «в» of motion-toward","body":"«съездить» is the perfective 'to make a [round] trip', and «в Чермашню» ('to Chermashnya') uses «в» + accusative for motion toward a place. Chermashnya — the errand to Chermashnya — becomes a fateful thread later in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"Христом","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"for Christ's"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"and God's sake"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездить","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"съездить","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездить","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking два","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of едешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies едешь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"едешь","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просил","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b3-c8-s175","source":"— Завтра поеду, коли вы так настаиваете.","translation":"\"I'll go tomorrow, if you insist on it so.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«коли» is an old, colloquial conjunction for «если» ('if'). It tints Ivan's curt concession — 'I'll go tomorrow, if you insist' — with a faint archaic, popular flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завтра поеду","title":"Perfective future «поеду»","body":"«поеду» is the perfective future of the motion verb «поехать» ('I'll go [by vehicle]'), a single planned departure for tomorrow. The «по-» prefix sets the journey in motion as one completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"поеду","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of настаиваете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of настаиваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаиваете","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"настаиваете","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying поеду","gloss":"insist"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b3-c8-s176","source":"— Не поедешь.","translation":"\"You won't go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не поедешь","title":"Negated perfective future","body":"«Не поедешь» ('you won't go') flatly negates the perfective future Ivan just used, throwing his promise back at him. The drunken father contradicts the very act his son has just agreed to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"поедешь","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b3-c8-s177","source":"Тебе подсматривать здесь за мной хочется, вот тебе чего хочется, злая душа, оттого ты и не поедешь?","translation":"You'd rather stay here and spy on me — that's what you want, you malicious soul, and that's why you won't go, isn't it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе подсматривать здесь… хочется","title":"Dative-subject «тебе… хочется»","body":"A classic impersonal: «тебе… хочется» ('you feel like, you want to'), with the experiencer «тебе» in the dative and the reflexive «хочется» impersonal — no nominative subject. The infinitive «подсматривать» ('to spy') names what is wanted; this dative-want pattern is everywhere in Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот тебе чего хочется","title":"Genitive «чего» with «хочется»","body":"«чего хочется» uses the genitive «чего» (of «что») because «хотеться», like «хотеть», governs the genitive of the thing wanted — 'that's what you want'. «вот» points triumphantly: 'there, that's it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злая душа","title":"«злая душа» — 'you malicious soul'","body":"«злая душа» ('evil/malicious soul') is hurled as direct address, in the nominative as Russian abuse typically is. «злой» here means spiteful, ill-natured — the charge Fyodor keeps pressing on the cold Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of хочется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подсматривать","lemma":"подсматривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to spy"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсматривать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсматривать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of хочется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хочется","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поедешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"поедешь","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочется","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b3-c8-s178","source":"Старик не унимался.","translation":"The old man would not let up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не унимался","title":"Imperfective «не унимался» — kept on","body":"«унимался» is imperfective past of reflexive «униматься» ('to calm down, let up'); negated, «не унимался» means 'would not let up, kept at it' — a sustained, repeated state. The imperfective is exactly right for ongoing, unrelenting behaviour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унимался","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унимался","gloss":"would not"},{"surface":"унимался","lemma":"униматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let up"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b3-c8-s179","source":"Он дошел до той черточки пьянства, когда иным пьяным, дотоле смирным, непременно вдруг захочется разозлиться и себя показать,","translation":"He had reached that little notch of drunkenness where certain drunkards, peaceable until that moment, are seized all at once with the urge to turn nasty and make a show of themselves,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до той черточки","title":"«черточка» — 'that little notch'","body":"«черта» is a line or mark; the diminutive «черточка» ('little line, fine point') here means a precise threshold — 'that exact little notch of drunkenness'. «до» + genitive marks the point reached."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда иным пьяным… захочется разозлиться","title":"Dative-subject «иным пьяным захочется»","body":"Another impersonal want: «иным пьяным… захочется» ('certain drunkards suddenly feel the urge'), with the experiencers «иным пьяным» in the dative plural and the impersonal perfective «захочется». The infinitives «разозлиться» and «показать» name what they crave."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дотоле смирным","title":"Archaic «дотоле» + agreeing «смирным»","body":"«дотоле» ('until then, theretofore') is a bookish, archaic adverb of the literary register. «смирным» ('peaceable') agrees in the dative plural with «пьяным» — a participial-style modifier, 'drunkards, peaceable until that moment'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя показать","title":"Reflexive «себя показать» — to show off","body":"«себя показать» (literally 'to show oneself') is the idiom 'to make a display of oneself, show off'. «себя» is the full reflexive object pronoun, referring back to the would-be braggart drunkards."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had reached"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черточки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточки","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"черточки","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошел","gloss":"notch"},{"surface":"пьянства","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies черточки","gloss":"of drunkenness"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of пьяным","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"пьяным","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of захочется","gloss":"drunk men"},{"surface":"дотоле","lemma":"дотоле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смирным","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"смирным","lemma":"смирный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with пьяным","gloss":"peaceable"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захочется","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"захочется","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дошел","gloss":"feel the urge"},{"surface":"разозлиться","lemma":"разозлиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочется","gloss":"to turn nasty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with разозлиться","gloss":"show off"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b3-c8-s180","source":"— Что ты глядишь на меня?","translation":"\"Why are you looking at me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты глядишь на меня?","title":"«что» as 'why' + «глядеть на»","body":"Here «что» is colloquial for 'why, what for' — 'why are you looking at me?'. «глядеть на» ('to look at') governs «на» + accusative «меня». «глядеть» is the homelier synonym of «смотреть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядишь","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядишь","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b3-c8-s181","source":"Какие твои глаза?","translation":"What sort of eyes are those of yours?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какие твои глаза?","title":"«какой» asking 'what kind'","body":"«какие» is the interrogative «какой» ('which / what kind of') agreeing with plural «глаза». It does not ask 'which eyes' but 'what sort of eyes are these' — a qualitative, almost accusatory question, fitting Fyodor's drunken jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b3-c8-s182","source":"Твои глаза глядят на меня и говорят мне: «Пьяная ты харя».","translation":"Your eyes look at me and say to me: 'You drunken mug.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядят на меня","title":"Imperfective process verbs","body":"Both «глядят» (look) and «говорят» (say) are imperfective presents, framing the eyes' staring and speaking as an ongoing, repeated reproach rather than a single event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"харя","title":"«харя» — a coarse 'mug'","body":"«харя» is a crude, abusive word for a face — 'mug', 'ugly snout'. «Пьяная ты харя» ('you drunken mug') is gutter invective; Fyodor is voicing the contempt he imagines in Ivan's eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пьяная ты харя","title":"Pronoun wedged into an insult","body":"Inserting «ты» between adjective and noun («Пьяная ты харя») is a colloquial vocative-of-abuse pattern — the personal pronoun pinned inside the phrase makes the insult land directly on the addressee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of глядят","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"глядят","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядят","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорят","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Пьяная","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies харя","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of харя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"харя","lemma":"харя","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"mug"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b3-c8-s183","source":"Подозрительные твои глаза, презрительные твои глаза…","translation":"Suspicious eyes you have, contemptuous eyes…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подозрительные твои глаза","title":"Fronted adjective for emphasis","body":"The order «Подозрительные твои глаза» (adjective before possessive + noun) front-loads the quality — 'suspicious, your eyes are'. Russian's free word order lets the predicate-like adjective head the phrase for rhetorical weight, an effect repeated with «презрительные»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подозрительные","lemma":"подозрительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"suspicious"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"презрительные","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with глаза","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b3-c8-s184","source":"Ты себе на уме приехал.","translation":"You came here with something on your mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"себе на уме","title":"«себе на уме» — keeping one's own counsel","body":"A set idiom: to be «себе на уме» is to be secretly shrewd, to have a private agenda one doesn't reveal — 'cagey', 'with something up your sleeve'. Fyodor accuses Ivan of arriving with a hidden purpose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехал","title":"Perfective of arrival","body":"«приехал» is the prefixed perfective of vehicular motion («при-» + «-ехать»), naming the single completed act of arriving. The directional prefix «при-» turns the motion pair into an ordinary aspect pair meaning 'to arrive'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the idiom себе на уме, modifying приехал","gloss":"shrewdly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"your mind"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b3-c8-s185","source":"Вот Алешка смотрит, и глаза его сияют.","translation":"Now Alyoshka there is looking on, and his eyes are shining.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алешка» — the blunt diminutive","body":"«Алешка» is the «-ка» form of Alyosha's name: familiar and a touch rough or dismissive, the form an elder or drunk uses downward. It contrasts pointedly with the tender «Алеша» Fyodor uses elsewhere in the same scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глаза его сияют","title":"Postposed possessive «его»","body":"«глаза его» places the frozen genitive possessive «его» after the noun — a bookish, rhythmical ordering ('his eyes') common in 19th-century narration, where the neutral order would be «его глаза»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is looking on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сияют","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сияют","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"are shining"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b3-c8-s186","source":"Не презирает меня Алеша.","translation":"Alyosha doesn't despise me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не презирает меня Алеша","title":"Negation fronted before the subject","body":"The verb-first, subject-last order «Не презирает меня Алеша» throws the negated verb into focus — 'does NOT despise me, Alyosha doesn't'. The subject «Алеша» trails as given information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирает","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирает","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b3-c8-s187","source":"Алексей, не люби Ивана…","translation":"Alexey, don't love Ivan…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не люби Ивана","title":"Imperfective negative imperative","body":"«не люби» is a negative command in the imperfective («любить»), the normal aspect for prohibitions — 'don't love Ivan'. With «не», Russian strongly prefers the imperfective imperative for telling someone not to do something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивана","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"The object «Ивана» takes an animate-accusative ending identical to the genitive: for animate masculine nouns the accusative borrows the genitive form, distinguishing the loved object from a subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люби","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b3-c8-s188","source":"— Не сердитесь на брата!","translation":"\"Don't be angry at my brother!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не сердитесь на брата!","title":"Polite/plural negative imperative + «на»","body":"«сердитесь» is the «-те» (polite/plural) imperative of the reflexive «сердиться» ('to be angry'), and the anger is directed with «на» + accusative («на брата»). Alyosha addresses his father with respectful «вы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердитесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердитесь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердитесь","gloss":"my brother"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b3-c8-s189","source":"Перестаньте его обижать, — вдруг настойчиво произнес Алеша.","translation":"Stop hurting him,\" Alyosha said suddenly and insistently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перестаньте его обижать","title":"Phasal verb + imperfective infinitive","body":"«перестаньте … обижать» pairs the perfective phasal imperative 'stop' with an imperfective infinitive 'hurting'. Verbs of beginning, continuing, and stopping obligatorily take the imperfective infinitive, since they describe an ongoing process being halted."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настойчиво","title":"«настойчиво» — insistently","body":"An adverb from «настойчивый» ('persistent, insistent'), marking that the gentle Alyosha speaks with sudden firmness («вдруг настойчиво») — a small but telling shift in his usual meekness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перестаньте","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обижать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обижать","lemma":"обижать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Перестаньте","gloss":"hurting"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Перестаньте","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b3-c8-s190","source":"— Ну что ж, я пожалуй.","translation":"\"Oh, very well, if you like.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну что ж, я пожалуй","title":"«пожалуй» — grudging assent","body":"Here «пожалуй» is the concessive particle 'all right then / I suppose / if you like', signalling reluctant agreement, not the polite «пожалуйста». Coupled with «Ну что ж» ('well, all right'), it is the spoken texture of Fyodor giving in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ну что ж","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"very well"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b3-c8-s191","source":"Ух, голова болит.","translation":"Ugh, my head aches.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голова болит","title":"«болит» — the verb for aching","body":"Russian states a bodily ache with the verb «болеть» (3rd person «болит/болят»), the aching part as nominative subject: «голова болит» = 'the head aches'. No 'have' construction — the head itself does the aching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болит","gloss":"my head"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aches"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b3-c8-s192","source":"Убери коньяк, Иван, третий раз говорю.","translation":"Take away the brandy, Ivan — I'm telling you for the third time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убери коньяк","title":"Perfective imperative","body":"«убери» is the perfective imperative of «убрать» ('take away, clear off') — a single, result-bearing command. Perfective imperatives, unlike negated ones, push for one decisive completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"третий раз говорю","title":"Accusative of repeated time","body":"«третий раз» ('for the third time') is a bare accusative time-phrase with no preposition — the standard way Russian counts repetitions of an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убери","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Убери","gloss":"the brandy"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Убери","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Убери","gloss":"I'm telling you"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b3-c8-s193","source":"— Он задумался и вдруг длинно и хитро улыбнулся:","translation":"He fell to musing, and suddenly broke into a long, sly smile:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"длинно и хитро улыбнулся","title":"Perfective «-ся» of onset","body":"«улыбнулся» is the perfective reflexive «улыбнуться» ('to smile / break into a smile'), with the «-ну-» suffix marking a single momentary act and «-ся» as a lexical part of the verb. The adverbs «длинно и хитро» ('long and slyly') color the one completed smile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задумался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell to musing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хитро","lemma":"хитро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with длинно","gloss":"slyly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задумался","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b3-c8-s194","source":"— Не сердись, Иван, на старого мозгляка.","translation":"\"Don't be angry, Ivan, at an old weakling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мозгляк","title":"«мозгляк» — a feeble wretch","body":"«мозгляк» is a contemptuous word for a puny, sickly, worthless man — 'weakling, runt'. Fyodor applies it to himself («на старого мозгляка», 'at an old weakling') in a gesture of self-abasing charm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не сердись","title":"Familiar «ты» negative imperative","body":"«не сердись» is the singular, familiar imperative of «сердиться» — to Ivan, Fyodor uses intimate «ты», where to Alyosha just above he used polite «вы» («не сердитесь»). The aspect is imperfective, as expected after «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to сердись","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгляка","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мозгляка","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"мозгляка","lemma":"мозгляк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердись","gloss":"weakling"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b3-c8-s195","source":"Я знаю, что ты не любишь меня, только все-таки не сердись.","translation":"I know you don't love me, but all the same don't be angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты не любишь меня","title":"«что» reporting a fact","body":"«знаю, что ты не любишь меня» uses «что» ('that') to open a clause of reported fact — distinct from «чтобы», which would add will or hypothesis. The comma before «что» is obligatory in Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"все-таки","title":"«всё-таки» — all the same","body":"«всё-таки» means 'nevertheless, all the same, even so' — a concessive that hinges Fyodor's plea: granted you don't love me, still don't be angry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любишь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любишь","gloss":"be angry"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b3-c8-s196","source":"Не за что меня и любить-то.","translation":"There's nothing in me to love anyway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не за что меня и любить-то","title":"Impersonal «не за что» + the -то clitic","body":"«не за что любить» is an impersonal negative — 'there is nothing to love (me) for', with no subject. The clitic «-то» on «любить-то» emphasizes the topic ('as for loving'), and «и» adds 'even', deepening the self-deprecation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to любить","gloss":"anyway"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b3-c8-s197","source":"В Чермашню съездишь, я к тебе сам приеду, гостинцу привезу.","translation":"Go off to Chermashnya, and I'll come to you myself, bring you a present.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"съездишь … приеду, привезу","title":"Perfective futures throughout","body":"«съездишь», «приеду», «привезу» are all conjugated perfective verbs carrying future meaning — 'you'll make a trip', 'I'll come', 'I'll bring'. A perfective conjugated like a present yields the simple future of completed acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездишь (destination)","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"съездишь","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"go off"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приеду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"приеду","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"гостинцу","lemma":"гостинец","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привезу","gloss":"a present"},{"surface":"привезу","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приеду","gloss":"I'll bring"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b3-c8-s198","source":"Я тебе там одну девчоночку укажу, я ее там давно насмотрел.","translation":"I'll point out a little wench to you there — I've had my eye on her a long while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девчоночку","title":"«девчоночка» — a leering diminutive","body":"«девчоночка» is a double-diminutive of «девка/девчонка» ('girl, wench'), here dripping with Fyodor's lecherous relish — 'a sweet little wench'. Russian diminutives can carry exactly this coarse, possessive tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"насмотрел","title":"«насмотрел» — picked out by long looking","body":"The prefixed perfective «насмотреть» here means to have spotted and marked out by watching — 'I've had my eye on her'. The «на-» prefix conveys accumulated, sufficient looking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of укажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of укажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укажу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies девчоночку","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"девчоночку","lemma":"девчоночка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of укажу","gloss":"little wench"},{"surface":"укажу","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll point out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of насмотрел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of насмотрел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмотрел","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмотрел","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"насмотрел","lemma":"насмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had my eye on"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b3-c8-s199","source":"Пока она еще босоножка.","translation":"She still goes about barefoot, for now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"босоножка","title":"«босоножка» — barefoot girl","body":"«босоножка» (from «босой», 'barefoot') is a girl who goes barefoot — a peasant child too poor for shoes, hence very young and untouched. Fyodor's «пока еще босоножка» ('still barefoot, for now') is grimly suggestive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пока она еще босоножка","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"«она ещё босоножка» — 'she is still a barefoot girl' — has no verb 'to be'. Present-tense predication links subject and predicate noun with a bare nominative and no copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb modifying the clause (for now/for the time being) — not a subordinating conjunction, since this is a standalone single-clause sentence with no clause left to subordinate","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of босоножка","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies босоножка","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"босоножка","lemma":"босоножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of она","gloss":"a barefoot girl"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b3-c8-s200","source":"Не пугайся босоножек, не презирай — перлы!..","translation":"Don't be frightened of barefoot girls, don't scorn them — they're pearls!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пугайся босоножек","title":"Genitive after «пугаться»","body":"The reflexive «пугаться» ('to be frightened') governs the genitive of what one fears: «босоножек» is genitive plural. Reflexive verbs of fearing and shunning regularly take a genitive object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перлы","title":"«перлы» — pearls","body":"«перл» (plural «перлы») is a bookish, French/Latin-flavored word for 'pearl', loftier than the plain «жемчуг». Fyodor's exclamation 'they're pearls!' lends a mock-poetic gloss to his predation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугайся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"пугайся","lemma":"пугаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"be frightened"},{"surface":"босоножек","lemma":"босоножка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive object of пугайся","gloss":"barefoot girls"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"презирай","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"scorn"},{"surface":"перлы","lemma":"перл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of an elided они","gloss":"pearls"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b3-c8-s201","source":"И он чмокнул себя в ручку.","translation":"And he kissed his own hand with a smack.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чмокнул себя в ручку","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» as object","body":"«чмокнул себя в ручку» — 'smacked a kiss on his own hand'. The full object pronoun «себя» (not the verbal «-ся») points back to the subject; «в ручку» marks the spot kissed with «в» + accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручку","title":"«ручка» — affectionate 'little hand'","body":"«ручка» is the diminutive of «рука». The mawkish little-hand softens the gesture into theatrical self-relish, typical of Fyodor's buffoonery."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чмокнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чмокнул","lemma":"чмокнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чмокнул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чмокнул","gloss":"the hand"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b3-c8-s202","source":"— Для меня, — оживился он вдруг весь, как будто на мгновение отрезвев, только что попал на любимую тему, — для меня…","translation":"\"For me,\" he came suddenly all alive, as if for an instant he had sobered up the moment he hit upon a favorite theme, \"for me…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для меня","title":"«для» + genitive","body":"«для меня» ('for me') uses «для», which always governs the genitive. The repeated, stranded «для меня…» that frames the speech is a rhetorical false start, broken off and resumed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто на мгновение отрезвев","title":"Perfective gerund «отрезвев»","body":"«отрезвев» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «отрезветь» ('to sober up') — 'having sobered for a moment'. The gerund compresses a prior completed action into an adverbial sharing the main subject 'he'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оживился","title":"«оживился весь» — came all alive","body":"«оживиться» ('to liven up, come alive') with intensifying «весь» ('all over') captures Fyodor's whole body kindling as he hits his favorite theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of оживился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"оживился","lemma":"оживиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came alive"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оживился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оживился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он (emphatic)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase будто (idiom как будто)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (idiom как будто)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрезвев","gloss":"an instant"},{"surface":"отрезвев","lemma":"отрезветь","morphology":"verb, past, adverbial participle, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying оживился","gloss":"having sobered up"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что (idiom только что)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только (idiom только что)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оживился","gloss":"hit upon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"любимую","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тему","gloss":"favorite"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"theme"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b3-c8-s203","source":"Эх вы, ребята!","translation":"Ah, you lads!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эх вы, ребята!","title":"«эх» + familiar «ребята»","body":"The interjection «эх» voices wistful, indulgent feeling, and «ребята» ('lads, fellows') addresses the young men with rough affection. Together they set the coaxing, paternal-buffoon tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"part of the vocative phrase with Эх","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ребята","lemma":"ребята","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"lads"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b3-c8-s204","source":"Деточки, поросяточки вы маленькие, для меня… даже во всю мою жизнь не было безобразной женщины, вот мое правило!","translation":"You children, you little sucklings, for me… why, in my whole life there was never an ugly woman — there's my rule!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Деточки, поросяточки","title":"Cooing diminutives of address","body":"«деточки» ('dear little children') and «поросяточки» (a double-diminutive of «поросёнок», 'piglet' → 'little sucklings') are heaped endearments. The piling of «-очки/-ятк-» diminutives is mock-tender, half-affectionate, half-condescending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было безобразной женщины","title":"Genitive of negation in existential","body":"«не было … женщины» — 'there was no … woman' — puts the absent subject in the genitive with neuter «не было». Negated existentials obligatorily take the genitive and an invariable «не было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всю мою жизнь","title":"«весь» in a time-phrase","body":"«во всю мою жизнь» ('in my whole life') is «в» + accusative with «весь» ('all, whole') agreeing with feminine «жизнь» — a duration spanned. The «во» form of «в» appears before the consonant cluster «вс-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деточки","lemma":"деточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"поросяточки","lemma":"поросяточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"little piglets"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of маленькие","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"маленькие","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective of вы","gloss":"little ones"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of маленькие","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"безобразной","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"ugly"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive subject of было (negation)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces мое правило","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of правило","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"правило","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun in elliptical clause with вот","gloss":"rule"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b3-c8-s205","source":"Можете вы это понять?","translation":"Can you grasp that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можете вы это понять?","title":"Modal «мочь» + perfective infinitive","body":"«можете … понять» joins the modal «мочь» ('to be able') to the perfective infinitive «понять» ('to grasp [fully]'). The perfective frames the comprehension as an achievable, completed act — can you actually get it?"}],"words":[{"surface":"Можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Можете","gloss":"grasp"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b3-c8-s206","source":"Да где же вам это понять: у вас еще вместо крови молочко течет, не вылупились!","translation":"But how could you grasp it: you've still got milk in your veins instead of blood, you're not even hatched yet!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же вам это понять","title":"Dative-subject 'how could you' + «же»","body":"«где вам это понять» is an impersonal dative construction — literally 'where [is it] for you to grasp this', i.e. 'how could you'. The experiencer «вам» stands in the dative with a bare infinitive and no nominative subject; the particle «же» adds incredulous emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молочко","title":"«молочко» — milk, diminutive","body":"«молочко» is the affectionate diminutive of «молоко» ('milk'). 'Milk instead of blood' mocks the young men as unripe; the cozy diminutive sharpens the jeer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не вылупились","title":"«вылупиться» — to hatch","body":"«вылупиться» ('to hatch, break out of the shell'); «не вылупились» — 'you're not even hatched yet'. The barnyard image extends the chicks/piglets motif of Fyodor's taunt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of течет (possessive у вас)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies течет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of течет","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"молочко","lemma":"молочко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of течет","gloss":"milk"},{"surface":"течет","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вылупились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вылупились","lemma":"вылупиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with течет","gloss":"hatched"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b3-c8-s207","source":"По моему правилу, во всякой женщине можно найти чрезвычайно, черт возьми, интересное, чего ни у которой другой не найдешь, — только надобно уметь находить, вот где штука!","translation":"By my rule, in every woman there's something extraordinarily — devil take it — interesting, something you won't find in any other, only you have to know how to find it, and there's the trick of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего ни у которой другой не найдешь","title":"Genitive of negation + «ни»-concord","body":"«чего … не найдёшь» negates with the object «чего» in the genitive ('something you won't find'), while «ни у которой другой» ('in not any other') uses «ни» for negative concord — the «не» on the verb and the «ни»-phrase together make one emphatic negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надобно уметь находить","title":"Archaic impersonal «надобно»","body":"«надобно» is a bookish, dated variant of «надо» ('one must, it is necessary'), here in an impersonal predicate with infinitives 'one must know how to find'. Its old-fashioned flavor suits Fyodor's mock-sententious tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот где штука!","title":"«штука» — 'the trick of it'","body":"«штука» literally 'a thing/item', but in «вот где штука» it means 'there's the catch / the knack / the point of it'. A lively colloquial flourish closing the boast."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правилу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of правилу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"правилу","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"rule"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщине","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересное","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьми (idiom черт возьми)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical interjection (idiom черт возьми)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"интересное","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"something interesting"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of найдешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies которой","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of найдешь","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies которой","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найдешь","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying интересное","gloss":"you'll find"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the second clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"уметь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"находить","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уметь","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate locative, with штука as subject","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"the trick"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b3-c8-s208","source":"Это талант!","translation":"That's a talent!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это талант!","title":"«это» as a pointing predicate","body":"«Это талант!» — 'That's a talent!' — uses «это» as an invariable demonstrative subject with a zero copula. «это …» summing up a preceding idea is a staple of emphatic spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of талант","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"талант","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"a talent"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b3-c8-s209","source":"Для меня мовешек не существовало: уж одно то, что она женщина, уж это одно половина всего… да где вам это понять!","translation":"For me there were never any plain ones: the mere fact that she's a woman, that alone is half of everything… but how are you to grasp that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мовешек","title":"«мовешка» — from French 'mauvaise'","body":"«мовешка» is a Russified slang noun from French «mauvaise» ('bad [one]'), meaning a plain or homely woman. Fyodor sprinkles such French-derived gallantries («мовешка», later «вьельфилька») to ape worldly connoisseurship."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мовешек не существовало","title":"Genitive of negation, again","body":"«мовешек не существовало» — 'plain ones did not exist [for me]' — puts the absent subject «мовешек» (genitive plural) with neuter «не существовало». The pattern echoes «не было … женщины» a few lines earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж одно то, что она женщина","title":"Correlative «то, что» + «уж»","body":"«одно то, что она женщина» — 'the one fact that she is a woman' — uses the correlative neuter «то» picked up by the «что»-clause. The particle «уж» ('already, even just') intensifies: the mere fact alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of существовало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мовешек","lemma":"мовешка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive subject of существовало (negation)","gloss":"plain women"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существовало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"существовало","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the subject phrase, resumed by это","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женщина","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of женщина","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, clause modifying то","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of половина","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to это (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"grasp"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b3-c8-s210","source":"Даже вьельфильки, и в тех иногда отыщешь такое, что только диву дашься на прочих дураков, как это ей состариться дали и до сих пор не заметили!","translation":"Even among the withered old ones you'll sometimes turn up something that leaves you marveling at the other fools — how they ever let her grow old and never noticed her till now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вьельфильки","title":"«вьельфилька» — from French 'vieille fille'","body":"«вьельфилька» is another Russified French coinage, from «vieille fille» ('old maid, spinster') — a withered older woman. Like «мовешка», it flaunts Fyodor's pseudo-cosmopolitan vocabulary of lechery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только диву дашься","title":"Idiomatic «диву дашься»","body":"«диву дашься» (lit. 'you will give yourself to amazement') is a fixed expression — 'you'll be astonished, you can only marvel'. «диву» is a frozen dative inside the idiom; «дашься» is the perfective future of «даться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состариться дали","title":"«дать» + infinitive = 'let'","body":"«состариться дали» — 'they let [her] grow old'. The perfective «дать» plus an infinitive means 'to allow/let'; «дали» is a generalized 3rd-person plural 'they/people', the agent left vague."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вьельфильки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вьельфильки","lemma":"вьельфилька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"topic resumed by тех (oblique complement of отыщешь)","gloss":"old maids","note":"Garbled colloquial borrowing from French vieille fille (\"old maid\")."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отыщешь","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыщешь","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"отыщешь","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"you'll find"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отыщешь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause modifying такое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дашься","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"диву","lemma":"диво","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom диву дашься","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"дашься","lemma":"даться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (idiom диву даться)","gloss":"you'll marvel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дураков","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прочих","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дураков","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"дураков","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дашься","gloss":"fools"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive object introducing дали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of состариться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"состариться","lemma":"состариться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"grow old"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying дураков","gloss":"they let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom до сих пор)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заметили (idiom до сих пор)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дали","gloss":"noticed"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b3-c8-s211","source":"Босоножку и мовешку надо сперва-наперво удивить — вот как надо за нее браться.","translation":"A barefoot girl or a plain one you have first of all to astonish — that's how you've got to go about her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо сперва-наперво удивить","title":"Impersonal «надо» + perfective infinitive","body":"«надо … удивить» is an impersonal 'one must astonish', with the object «босоножку и мовешку» fronted as topic. The perfective «удивить» frames the astonishing as a single decisive stroke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сперва-наперво","title":"«сперва-наперво» — first of all","body":"A folksy reduplicated intensifier of «сперва» ('first') — 'first and foremost, before anything else'. The rhyming doubling gives it a proverbial, peasant ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за нее браться","title":"«браться за» + accusative","body":"«браться за неё» — 'to take her on / set about her'. The reflexive «браться» with «за» + accusative means 'to get down to, tackle' something, here crudely applied to a woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Босоножку","lemma":"босоножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удивить","gloss":"the barefoot girl"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мовешку","lemma":"мовешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Босоножку","gloss":"the plain girl"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивить (idiom сперва-наперво)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"наперво","lemma":"наперво","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сперва (idiom сперва-наперво)","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"удивить","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"astonish"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее (idiom браться за)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of браться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"браться","lemma":"браться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"go about"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b3-c8-s212","source":"А ты не знал?","translation":"And you didn't know that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты не знал?","title":"Contrastive «а» opening a question","body":"«А ты не знал?» — the hinge «а» ('and / but / why') turns to Ivan with a teasing shift of address. This mild contrastive «а», hard to translate, threads through Russian dialogue marking a turn of topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b3-c8-s213","source":"Удивить ее надо до восхищения, до пронзения, до стыда, что в такую чернявку, как она, такой барин влюбился.","translation":"You have to astonish her into rapture, into a pang, into shame that such a gentleman as you should have fallen for a swarthy little thing like her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до восхищения, до пронзения, до стыда","title":"«до» + genitive of degree","body":"The anaphora «до восхищения, до пронзения, до стыда» uses «до» + genitive to express the point reached — 'to the point of rapture, of a pang, of shame'. «до» always governs the genitive, and the triple repetition builds rhetorical climax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чернявку","title":"«чернявка» — a dark, swarthy girl","body":"«чернявка» (from «чёрный», 'black') is a colloquial-affectionate word for a dark-haired, swarthy-complexioned girl. The diminutive «-ка» adds a possessive, slightly belittling warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Удивить","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"astonish"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Удивить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"восхищения","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пронзения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пронзения","lemma":"пронзение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with восхищения","gloss":"a pang"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with восхищения","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining стыда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чернявку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чернявку","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чернявку","lemma":"чернявка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбился","gloss":"a swarthy girl"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative clause modifying чернявку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb in the comparison как","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барин","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюбился","gloss":"a gentleman"},{"surface":"влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause explaining стыда","gloss":"fell in love"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b3-c8-s214","source":"Истинно славно, что всегда есть и будут хамы да баре на свете, всегда тогда будет и такая поломоечка, и всегда ее господин, а ведь того только и надо для счастья жизни!","translation":"It's truly a fine thing that there always are and always will be churls and gentry in the world, so there'll always be a little scrubwoman of that sort and always her master, and that's all one needs for the happiness of life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда есть и будут хамы да баре","title":"«есть» and «будут» — present and future of 'to be'","body":"«есть и будут» pairs the present 'there are' with the future «будут» ('will be') of «быть» — affirming a timeless state. The folksy «да» joins «хамы да баре» where neutral Russian would use «и»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поломоечка","title":"«поломоечка» — little scrubwoman","body":"«поломоечка» is a diminutive of «поломойка», a woman who scrubs floors — the lowliest household drudge. The endearing «-ечка» makes her a cherished little servant-girl in Fyodor's leering social fantasy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ведь того только и надо","title":"«ведь» appealing to shared sense","body":"«а ведь того только и надо» — 'and that, after all, is all one needs'. The particle «ведь» appeals to the listener's assumed agreement, and «того … надо» takes a genitive object of need with impersonal «надо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Истинно","lemma":"истинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies славно","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"славно","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective (impersonal predicate), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a fine thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links есть and будут","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"хамы","lemma":"хам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть and будут","gloss":"churls"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links хамы and баре","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"баре","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with хамы","gloss":"gentry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поломоечка","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"поломоечка","lemma":"поломоечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"little scrubwoman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with поломоечка (subject of будет)","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастья","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"the happiness"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies счастья","gloss":"of life"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b3-c8-s215","source":"Постой… слушай, Алешка, я твою мать-покойницу всегда удивлял, только в другом выходило роде.","translation":"Wait… listen, Alyoshka, I always used to astonish your late mother, only it came out in another way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постой… слушай","title":"Two familiar imperatives","body":"«Постой» (perfective, 'wait, hold on') and «слушай» (imperfective, 'listen') are both «ты»-imperatives to Alyosha. The perfective «постой» asks for one brief halt; the imperfective «слушай» opens an ongoing act of attention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда удивлял","title":"Imperfective of habit","body":"«удивлял» is imperfective past with «всегда» ('always') — a repeated, habitual 'I always used to astonish'. The imperfective is the aspect of recurring background action across the whole narrated past."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мать-покойницу","title":"«покойница» — the deceased","body":"«покойница» (feminine of «покойник», from «покой», 'rest') means a dead woman, 'the late one'. «мать-покойницу» — 'your late mother' — is the customary respectful way of naming the dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Постой","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивлял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удивлял","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"покойницу","lemma":"покойница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мать","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлял","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"удивлял","lemma":"удивлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"used to astonish"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходило","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роде","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"выходило","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивлял","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходило","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b3-c8-s216","source":"Никогда, бывало, ее не ласкаю, а вдруг, как минутка-то наступит, — вдруг пред нею так весь и рассыплюсь, на коленях ползаю, ножки целую и доведу ее всегда, всегда, — помню это как вот сейчас, — до этакого маленького такого смешка, рассыпчатого, звонкого, не громкого, нервного, особенного.","translation":"I'd never caress her, but then all of a sudden, when the moment came — all of a sudden I'd just throw myself down before her, crawl on my knees, kiss her little feet, and I'd always, always bring her — I remember it as if it were now — to a little laugh of a certain kind, a crumbling, ringing laugh, not loud, nervous, peculiar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда, бывало, ее не ласкаю","title":"«бывало» + present for habitual past","body":"«бывало» ('it used to happen') paired with present-tense imperfectives («ласкаю», «ползаю», «целую») is a vivid storytelling device: it narrates a recurring past habit in the present, making the scene immediate. «никогда … не» supplies negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как минутка-то наступит","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"«минутка-то» attaches the emphatic clitic «-то» to a known topic — 'the moment, you know'. This «-то» (distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то») foregrounds an already-understood item in colloquial speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рассыплюсь … рассыпчатого","title":"«рассыпаться» — to scatter/crumble","body":"«рассыплюсь» here means to gush, to fall all over someone ('pour myself out before her'), and the matching «рассыпчатый смешок» is a 'crumbling, scattering' little laugh — Dostoevsky binds gesture and laugh with the same root «рассып-»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ножки","title":"«ножки» — little feet","body":"«ножки» is the diminutive of «ноги» ('feet/legs'). Kissing the 'little feet' is part of Fyodor's grovelling theatre; the diminutive lends mock-worshipful tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ласкаю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical marking habit of ласкаю","gloss":"used to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ласкаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ласкаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ласкаю","lemma":"ласкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd caress"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассыплюсь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"минутка","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes минутка","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause introduced by как","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассыплюсь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассыплюсь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies subject (я) of рассыплюсь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes рассыплюсь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"рассыплюсь","lemma":"рассыпаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ласкаю","gloss":"I'd throw myself down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of ползаю","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"ползаю","lemma":"ползать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ласкаю","gloss":"I crawl"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целую","gloss":"little feet"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ласкаю","gloss":"I kiss"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доведу","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ласкаю","gloss":"I'd bring"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of доведу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доведу","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доведу","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause with сейчас","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешка","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этакого","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешка","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешка","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смешка","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"смешка","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доведу","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"рассыпчатого","lemma":"рассыпчатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешка","gloss":"crumbling"},{"surface":"звонкого","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешка","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies громкого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"громкого","lemma":"громкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешка","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"нервного","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешка","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешка","gloss":"peculiar"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b3-c8-s217","source":"У ней только он и был.","translation":"That was the only laugh she had.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У ней только он и был","title":"«у» + genitive possession + emphatic «и»","body":"«у ней … был» is the standard Russian 'have' frame: «у» + genitive of the possessor («ней», a colloquial variant of «неё») with «быть». The «только … и был» ('was the only one she had') uses «и» to underline exclusivity."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b3-c8-s218","source":"Знаю, бывало, что так у ней всегда болезнь начиналась, что завтра же она кликушей выкликать начнет и что смешок этот теперешний, маленький, никакого восторга не означает, ну да ведь хоть и обман, да восторг.","translation":"I knew, you see, that her illness always began that way with her, that the very next day she'd start shrieking out like a possessed woman, and that this present little laugh meant no rapture at all — but still, deception though it was, it was rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кликуша","title":"The 'shrieker'","body":"A «кликуша» (from «кликать», 'to cry out') was a village woman subject to fits of screaming and convulsions, often during church services, popularly thought to be possessed. The related verb «выкликать» means to shriek out such cries. We render «кликушей выкликать начнет» as 'start shrieking out like a possessed woman'; Dostoevsky uses the loaded folk term to mark Alyosha's mother's condition and the religious atmosphere around it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кликушей выкликать начнет","title":"Instrumental of role + phasal «начать»","body":"«кликушей» is the instrumental of «кликуша», marking the role she takes on — 'she'd start [as] a shrieker'. «начнёт … выкликать» joins perfective phasal «начать» ('begin') to an imperfective infinitive, as verbs of beginning require."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну да ведь хоть и обман, да восторг","title":"Particle pile-up: «да ведь … хоть … да»","body":"This clause is dense with spoken particles: «ну да» ('well yes'), «ведь» appealing to shared knowledge, «хоть … да» as a concessive 'even if … still'. The texture of Fyodor's grudging admission lives entirely in these tiny modal words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical marking habit of Знаю","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начиналась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начиналась","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начиналась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начиналась","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начиналась","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"начиналась","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнет","gloss":"the next day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начнет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кликушей","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of выкликать","gloss":"like a possessed woman"},{"surface":"выкликать","lemma":"выкликать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"shriek out"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"would start"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of означает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смешок","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of означает","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смешок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"теперешний","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешок","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with теперешний","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторга","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of означает","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies означает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"означает","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обман","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обман","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"concessive predicate, contrasted with восторг","gloss":"deception"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обман","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b3-c8-s219","source":"Вот оно что значит свою черточку во всем уметь находить!","translation":"That's what it means to know how to find your own little notch in everything!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточку","title":"«чёрточка» — a little line/notch","body":"«чёрточка» is the diminutive of «черта» ('line, trait, feature'). Fyodor's «свою черточку … находить» — finding 'one's own little notch/line' in everything — turns a small word into his whole cynical philosophy of pleasure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою черточку … уметь находить","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«свою» (reflexive possessive «свой») means 'one's own', pointing back to the implied subject of the act of finding — your own notch, not someone else's. Choosing «свой» over «его/её» is precisely what makes it 'your own'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточку","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"черточку","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of находить","gloss":"little notch"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"уметь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"находить","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уметь","gloss":"to find"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b3-c8-s220","source":"Раз Белявский — красавчик один тут был и богач, за ней волочился и ко мне наладил ездить — вдруг у меня же и дай мне пощечину, да при ней.","translation":"Once Belyavsky — there was a handsome fellow here, and rich, who hung about after her and took to coming to my house — suddenly, in my own home, ups and gives me a slap, and right in front of her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"красавчик","title":"«красавчик» — a pretty fellow","body":"«красавчик» is the diminutive of «красавец» ('a handsome man'), here faintly ironic — 'a pretty boy'. Fyodor sizes up his rival Belyavsky with a touch of mocking diminution."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг у меня же и дай мне пощечину","title":"«дай» — narrative imperative for sudden action","body":"«дай мне пощёчину» uses the imperative form «дай» not as a command but as the 'sudden-action' narrative imperative: a vivid colloquial device where an imperative reports an abrupt, unexpected past act — 'ups and gives me a slap'. The «же … и» heighten the surprise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"волочился","title":"«волочиться за» — to chase after","body":"«волочиться за кем-то» (lit. 'to drag oneself after') is the period idiom for courting, dangling after, pursuing a woman — 'hung about after her'. The reflexive «-ся» is lexical here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Белявский","lemma":"Белявский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Belyavsky"},{"surface":"красавчик","lemma":"красавчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a handsome fellow"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies красавчик","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красавчик","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to красавчик","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богач","lemma":"богач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with красавчик","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of волочился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"волочился","lemma":"волочиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate describing Белявский, coordinated with был","gloss":"hung about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of наладил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"наладил","lemma":"наладить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with волочился","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"ездить","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of наладил","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дай","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of дай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пощечину","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дай","gloss":"a slap"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дай","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b3-c8-s221","source":"Так она, этакая овца, — да я думал, она изобьет меня за эту пощечину, ведь как напала: «Ты, говорит, теперь битый, битый, ты пощечину от него получил!","translation":"And she, that lamb of a woman — why, I thought she'd beat me herself for that slap, the way she flew at me: 'You,' she says, 'you've been struck now, struck, you've taken a slap from him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этакая овца","title":"«овца» — 'lamb/sheep' as character","body":"«овца» ('sheep, ewe') stands for a meek, submissive creature — 'that lamb of a woman'. «этакая» ('such a, that kind of') is a colloquial-expressive variant of «такая», coloring the image with rueful fondness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь как напала","title":"«ведь» + exclamatory «как»","body":"«ведь как напала» — 'why, the way she flew at me'. «ведь» appeals to the listener and exclamatory «как» ('how, to what a degree') heightens the verb «напала» ('attacked, set upon')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты, говорит, теперь битый","title":"«говорит» as a quotative tag","body":"«говорит» ('says') is dropped into the middle of the quoted speech as a parenthetical quotative — the spoken Russian way of marking reported direct speech, like English 'she says' or 'goes'. «битый» is the short-ish past passive participle of «бить», 'struck, beaten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing она","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"dangling topic, resumed at изобьет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"этакая","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies овца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"овца","lemma":"овца","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"lamb"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изобьет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"изобьет","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"would beat"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of изобьет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пощечину","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пощечину","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пощечину","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изобьет","gloss":"slap"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker before как напала","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces exclamatory clause with напала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"напала","lemma":"напасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of exclamatory clause","gloss":"she flew at me"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of битый","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies битый","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"битый","lemma":"битый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Ты","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"битый","lemma":"битый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with битый","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пощечину","lemma":"пощёчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"a slap"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with битый","gloss":"have taken"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b3-c8-s222","source":"Ты меня, говорит, ему продавал…","translation":"You were selling me to him,' she says…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты меня, говорит, ему продавал","title":"Imperfective of accusation","body":"«продавал» is imperfective past — 'you were selling me / you kept selling me'. The imperfective casts the act as a drawn-out, ongoing betrayal rather than one transaction; «ему» is the dative recipient 'to him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of продавал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of продавал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of продавал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"продавал","lemma":"продавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were selling"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b3-c8-s223","source":"Да как он смел тебя ударить при мне!","translation":"How dared he strike you in front of me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да как он смел тебя ударить","title":"«сметь» + infinitive = 'dare'","body":"«как он смел … ударить» — 'how dared he strike'. The verb «сметь» ('to dare') takes a bare infinitive; «смел» is its past. The opening «да» is here an emphatic intensifier ('how on earth'), not 'yes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ударить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ударить","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смел","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударить","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b3-c8-s224","source":"И не смей ко мне приходить никогда, никогда!","translation":"And don't you dare come to me ever again, never, never!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не смей ко мне приходить никогда, никогда!","title":"Prohibitive «не смей» + imperfective + «никогда»","body":"«не смей … приходить» is the sharp prohibition 'don't you dare come', with imperfective «приходить» (the multidirectional motion verb prefixed, now imperfective). The doubled «никогда, никогда» piles on negative concord with the «не» of «не смей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смей","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смей","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смей","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b3-c8-s225","source":"Сейчас беги, вызови его на дуэль…»","translation":"Go this instant, challenge him to a duel…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас беги, вызови его на дуэль","title":"Two imperatives: imperfective then perfective","body":"«беги» (imperfective, 'run, go this instant') urges immediate setting-out; «вызови» (perfective of «вызвать», 'summon/challenge') names the single decisive act. «вызвать на дуэль» = 'challenge to a duel', with «на» + accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беги","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"вызови","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with беги","gloss":"challenge"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызови","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызови","gloss":"a duel"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b3-c8-s226","source":"Так я ее тогда в монастырь для смирения возил, отцы святые ее отчитывали.","translation":"So then I took her off to the monastery to be humbled, and the holy fathers read prayers over her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для смирения","title":"«для» of purpose + genitive","body":"«для смирения» — 'for [the purpose of] humbling'. «для» + the genitive «смирения» expresses purpose; «смирение» ('humility, submission') is a key Orthodox-monastic virtue, here imposed coercively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возил","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смирения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"смирения","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возил","gloss":"humbling"},{"surface":"возил","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of отчитывали","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies отцы","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отчитывали","gloss":"over her"},{"surface":"отчитывали","lemma":"отчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возил","gloss":"read prayers"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b3-c8-s227","source":"Но вот тебе бог, Алеша, не обижал я никогда мою кликушечку!","translation":"But as God's my witness, Alyosha, I never once wronged my little shrieker!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот тебе бог","title":"«вот тебе бог» — as God is my witness","body":"«вот тебе бог» (literally 'here's God for you') is a colloquial oath — 'as God is my witness, I swear by God'. From the mouth of the blasphemous Fyodor it is heavily ironic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кликушечку","title":"«кликушечка» — tender 'little shrieker'","body":"«кликушечка» softens the harsh «кликуша» with a double diminutive «-ечк-», 'my poor little shrieker'. Fyodor wraps his dead wife's affliction in mawkish endearment — a chilling tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот тебе бог","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"part of the idiom вот тебе бог","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase вот тебе бог","gloss":"God's witness"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обижал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"обижал","lemma":"обижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обижал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обижал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кликушечку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"кликушечку","lemma":"кликушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обижал","gloss":"little shrieker"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b3-c8-s228","source":"Раз только разве один, еще в первый год: молилась уж она тогда очень, особенно богородичные праздники наблюдала и меня тогда от себя в кабинет гнала.","translation":"Just the one time, perhaps, that first year: she was praying a great deal then, kept the feasts of the Mother of God especially, and would drive me out of her room into my study.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молилась … наблюдала … гнала","title":"Chain of imperfective pasts","body":"«молилась», «наблюдала», «гнала» are all imperfective pasts describing her habitual conduct in that first year — praying, keeping the feasts, driving him off. Imperfective past is the aspect of standing background and repeated action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раз только разве один","title":"Hedging particle «разве»","body":"«разве» here is the dubitative-concessive particle 'perhaps, unless, only maybe', softening the admission — 'just the one time, perhaps'. It hedges Fyodor's claim of never wronging her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun, modified by один","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal phrase, in apposition to раз","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"молилась","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced after colon","gloss":"she was praying"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of молилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молилась","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдала","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"богородичные","lemma":"богородичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies праздники","gloss":"of the Mother of God"},{"surface":"праздники","lemma":"праздник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of наблюдала","gloss":"feasts"},{"surface":"наблюдала","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молилась","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of гнала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гнала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of гнала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабинет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кабинет","lemma":"кабинет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гнала","gloss":"my study"},{"surface":"гнала","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молилась","gloss":"would drive"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b3-c8-s229","source":"Думаю, дай-ка выбью я из нее эту мистику!","translation":"I think to myself, let me knock this mysticism out of her!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Думаю, дай-ка выбью я из нее эту мистику","title":"Hortative «дай-ка» + perfective future","body":"«дай-ка выбью» is the self-exhortation 'let me knock out', where «дай» + the perfective future «выбью» ('I'll beat out') means 'come on, let me…'. The softening particle «-ка» makes it coaxing; «из неё» is «из» + genitive, 'out of her'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эту мистику","title":"«мистика» — 'mysticism'","body":"«мистика» ('mysticism, otherworldly stuff') is Fyodor's dismissive label for his wife's religious fervor. Calling her devotion «мистика» he means to 'beat' out reveals his coarse materialism set against her faith."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"hortative particle with выбью","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes дай","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"выбью","lemma":"выбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Думаю","gloss":"knock out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мистику","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мистику","lemma":"мистика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выбью","gloss":"mysticism"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b3-c8-s230","source":"«Видишь, говорю, видишь, вот твой образ, вот он, вот я его сниму.","translation":"'You see,' I say, 'you see, here's your holy icon, here it is, watch me take it down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видишь, говорю, видишь","title":"Inserted quotative «говорю»","body":"«говорю» ('I say') is dropped into the quoted taunt as a parenthetical quotative tag, the same device used earlier with «говорит». The repeated «видишь» ('you see') mimics live, jeering speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот я его сниму","title":"Demonstrative «вот» + perfective future","body":"«вот … сниму» — 'watch, I'll take it down now'. «вот» points to the imminent act and «сниму» (perfective future of «снять») names the single completed removal Fyodor is about to perform."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Видишь","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces образ","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of presentational clause (with вот)","gloss":"icon"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of presentational clause (with вот)","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces clause with сниму","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сниму","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сниму","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сниму","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause introduced by вот","gloss":"take down"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b3-c8-s231","source":"Смотри же, ты его за чудотворный считаешь, а я вот сейчас на него при тебе плюну, и мне ничего за это не будет!..»","translation":"Now look here: you hold it for a wonder-worker, and I'm going to spit on it this minute, right before you, and nothing will come of it for me!..'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне ничего за это не будет","title":"Dative + double negation 'nothing will happen to me'","body":"«мне ничего … не будет» is an impersonal dative construction — 'nothing will come of it for me'. The experiencer «мне» is dative, «ничего … не» is negative concord, and «будет» is the future of «быть» used impersonally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на него при тебе плюну","title":"«плюнуть на» + accusative; «при» + prepositional","body":"«плюну на него» — 'I'll spit on it' (perfective future of «плюнуть», «на» + accusative for the target). «при тебе» ('in your presence') uses «при» + the prepositional «тебе» — exactly the cruelty: doing it before her eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смотри","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считаешь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чудотворный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"чудотворный","lemma":"чудотворный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies считаешь","gloss":"a wonder-worker"},{"surface":"считаешь","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плюну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плюну","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плюну","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"oblique complement of плюну","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"плюну","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with считаешь","gloss":"will spit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of будет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плюну","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b3-c8-s232","source":"Как она увидела, господи, думаю: убьет она меня теперь, а она только вскочила, всплеснула руками, потом вдруг закрыла руками лицо, вся затряслась и пала на пол… так и опустилась…","translation":"When she saw it — Lord, I think, now she'll kill me — but all she did was jump up, throw up her hands, then suddenly cover her face with her hands, begin shaking all over, and fall to the floor… just sank straight down…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочила, всплеснула … закрыла … затряслась и пала","title":"Chain of perfective pasts","body":"A rapid string of perfective pasts — «вскочила, всплеснула, закрыла, затряслась, пала» — drives the action forward event by event: jumped up, threw up [her hands], covered, began shaking, fell. Perfective is the narrative aspect that advances the sequence of completed acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пала","title":"«пала» — bookish 'fell'","body":"«пала» (from «пасть») is the elevated, literary counterpart of the everyday «упала» ('fell'). The loftier verb, echoed by «опустилась» ('sank down'), lends a solemn, almost liturgical fall to the swooning woman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убьет она меня теперь","title":"Perfective future inside thought","body":"«убьёт она меня теперь» — 'now she'll kill me' — is reported inner speech: the perfective future «убьёт» imagines a single completed act, with «господи, думаю» ('Lord, I think') framing it as a flash of dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидела","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of увидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"увидела","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убьет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскочила","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of а-clause","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"всплеснула","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"threw up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of всплеснула","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрыла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрыла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of закрыла","gloss":"with her hands"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies (implicit) она, subject of затряслась","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"затряслась","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"began shaking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пала","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пала","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустилась","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опустилась","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пала","gloss":"sank down"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b3-c8-s233","source":"Алеша, Алеша! Что с тобой, что с тобой!","translation":"Alyosha, Alyosha! What's wrong, what's wrong with you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что с тобой","title":"Idiomatic «что с тобой» (+ instrumental)","body":"«что с тобой?» — 'what's wrong with you?' — is a fixed idiom using «с» + the instrumental «тобой», literally 'what [is] with you'. It is the ordinary Russian way of asking after someone's sudden distress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (copula omitted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of что","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b3-c8-s234","source":"Старик вскочил в испуге.","translation":"The old man jumped up in fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил в испуге","title":"«в испуге» — state expressed with «в» + prepositional","body":"«в испуге» ('in fright') uses «в» + the prepositional «испуге» to express the emotional state accompanying the act «вскочил» ('jumped up'). Russian frequently names a state of feeling this way, 'in fear / in joy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b3-c8-s235","source":"Алеша с самого того времени, как он заговорил о его матери, мало-помалу стал изменяться в лице.","translation":"From the very moment he had begun to speak about his mother, Alyosha's face had little by little begun to change.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал изменяться в лице","title":"Inceptive «стал» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стал изменяться» pairs the perfective «стать» ('began to') with the imperfective infinitive «изменяться» ('to change') — 'began to change'. «стать» + imperfective infinitive is the standard inceptive 'started doing'; «в лице» = 'in [the] face'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"«мало-помалу» is a fixed reduplicative adverb 'little by little, gradually'. Its slow, paired rhythm fits the gradual transformation of Alyosha's face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on времени","gloss":"had begun to speak"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of матери","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мало","gloss":"by little","note":"мало-помалу is a fixed phrase meaning \"little by little\"."},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"изменяться","lemma":"изменяться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, middle, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to change"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменяться","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b3-c8-s236","source":"Он покраснел, глаза его загорелись, губы вздрогнули…","translation":"He had flushed red, his eyes had blazed up, his lips had trembled…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покраснел … загорелись … вздрогнули","title":"Ingressive perfectives","body":"«покраснел» ('flushed'), «загорелись» ('blazed up'), «вздрогнули» ('quivered') are perfective pasts marking the onset of new states — the «по-» and «за-» prefixes are ingressive, naming the moment a process begins. Together they paint Alyosha's sudden physical change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had flushed red"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of загорелись","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"загорелись","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснел","gloss":"had blazed up"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of вздрогнули","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"вздрогнули","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснел","gloss":"had trembled"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b3-c8-s237","source":"Пьяный старикашка брызгался слюной и ничего не замечал до той самой минуты, когда с Алешей вдруг произошло нечто очень странное, а именно с ним вдруг повторилось точь-в-точь то же самое, что сейчас только он рассказал про «кликушу».","translation":"The drunken old wretch went on spluttering and noticed nothing until the very minute when something very strange happened to Alyosha all at once — namely, that the very same thing was suddenly repeated in him, point for point, that he had just been telling about the 'shrieker.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старикашка","title":"«старикашка» — contemptible old man","body":"«старикашка» carries the pejorative suffix «-ашк-», belittling «старик» ('old man') into 'a wretched/nasty little old man'. The narrator's word choice tilts our view of Fyodor as he splutters on, oblivious."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторилось точь-в-точь то же самое, что … рассказал","title":"Reflexive «повториться» + «то же, что» relative","body":"«повторилось … то же самое, что … рассказал» — 'the very same thing repeated that he had told'. The middle-voice «-ся» verb «повториться» ('to recur'), the correlative «то же самое» ('the very same'), and the relative «что» knit the eerie repetition together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly, point for point","body":"«точь-в-точь» is an expressive reduplicated adverb 'exactly, precisely the same, point for point'. Its insistent repetition (it recurs in the next sentence) underscores the uncanny mirroring of mother in son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старикашка","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"старикашка","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брызгался","gloss":"old wretch"},{"surface":"брызгался","lemma":"брызгаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on spluttering"},{"surface":"слюной","lemma":"слюна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брызгался","gloss":"with saliva"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of замечал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечал","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with брызгался","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замечал","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on минуты","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on минуты","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а именно","gloss":"namely","note":"а именно is a fixed phrase meaning \"namely\"."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"повторилось","lemma":"повториться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произошло","gloss":"was repeated"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning \"exactly, point for point\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies повторилось","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повторилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кликушу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"кликушу","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"the \"shrieker\""}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b3-c8-s238","source":"Алеша вдруг вскочил из-за стола, точь-в-точь как, по рассказу, мать его, всплеснул руками, потом закрыл ими лицо, упал как подкошенный на стул и так и затрясся вдруг весь от истерического припадка внезапных, сотрясающих и неслышных слез.","translation":"Alyosha suddenly sprang up from the table, exactly as, by the account, his mother had done, threw up his hands, then covered his face with them, dropped onto a chair as if cut down, and all at once began shaking all over in a hysterical fit of sudden, convulsing, soundless tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил … всплеснул … закрыл … упал … затрясся","title":"Perfective cascade mirroring the mother","body":"Alyosha's actions repeat the mother's in the same perfective-past cascade — «вскочил, всплеснул, закрыл, упал, затрясся» — deliberately echoing «вскочила, всплеснула, закрыла … затряслась» of segment 232. The matched aspect and verbs make the resemblance grammatical as well as thematic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как подкошенный","title":"«как подкошенный» — as if mown down","body":"«как подкошенный» (from «подкосить», 'to cut down at the root, scythe') is a set simile for collapsing suddenly and helplessly — 'as if cut down'. «подкошенный» is a past passive participle frozen into the idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от истерического припадка … слез","title":"Cause with «от» + genitive","body":"«затрясся … от … припадка … слёз» uses «от» + genitive to give the cause of the shaking — 'from a hysterical fit of … tears'. «от» + genitive regularly marks the involuntary cause of a physical reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies вскочил","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь как = \"exactly as\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies вскочил","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause of мать (verb омитted, understood as вскочила)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказу","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"рассказу","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (like вскочил)","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (like вскочил)","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всплеснул","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"threw up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of всплеснул","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрыл","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of закрыл","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыл","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подкошенный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"подкошенный","lemma":"подкосить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on упал","gloss":"cut down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и, modifies затрясся","gloss":"all at once","note":"так и is emphatic, underscoring затрясся."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"began shaking"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша (predicative, \"all over\")","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"истерического","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадка","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"припадка","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затрясся","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"внезапных","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слез","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"сотрясающих","lemma":"сотрясать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with внезапных","gloss":"convulsing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неслышных","lemma":"неслышный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with сотрясающих","gloss":"soundless"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies припадка","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b3-c8-s239","source":"Необычайное сходство с матерью особенно поразило старика.","translation":"The extraordinary resemblance to the mother particularly struck the old man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Необычайное сходство с матерью особенно поразило старика","title":"Subject-object distinguished by case","body":"Word order puts the long subject «необычайное сходство» first and the object «старика» (animate accusative = genitive) last around the perfective «поразило» ('struck'). Case, not position, keeps subject and object apart; «с матерью» is «с» + instrumental, 'resemblance with/to the mother'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сходство","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"сходство","lemma":"сходство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"resemblance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходство","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"the old man"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b3-c8-s240","source":"— Иван, Иван! скорей ему воды.","translation":"\"Ivan, Ivan! Quick, get him some water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скорей ему воды","title":"Elliptical command + dative + partitive genitive","body":"«скорей ему воды» is a verbless, urgent command — the verb 'give/bring' is omitted. «ему» is the dative recipient ('to him') and «воды» a partitive genitive ('some water'), the genitive used for an indefinite quantity of a mass noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies the elided verb (bring)","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided verb","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b3-c8-s241","source":"Это как она, точь-в-точь как она, как тогда его мать!","translation":"It is like her, exactly like her, like his mother that time!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly so","body":"A reduplicative colloquial intensifier meaning 'exactly, to a tee, the spitting image'. It heightens «как она» ('like her') into an uncanny precision — the old man sees his dead wife in Alyosha's face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как тогда его мать","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"Russian uses no verb 'to be' in the present, so «Это как она… как тогда его мать» strings predicates onto an implied 'is'. The naked nominative «мать» stands as the present-tense complement with no link verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison predicate of Это","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies она","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison predicate of Это","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison predicate of Это","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b3-c8-s242","source":"Вспрысни его изо рта водой, я так с той делал.","translation":"Spray some water from your mouth onto him — that is what I used to do with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспрысни","title":"Perfective imperative «вспрысни»","body":"A perfective imperative (from «вспрыснуть», 'to sprinkle/spray once') formed with stressed -и on a consonant stem. The perfective frames it as a single decisive act — do it now, once — rather than the repeated habit named just after in «я так… делал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так с той делал","title":"Imperfective past of habit «делал»","body":"The imperfective past «делал» reports a repeated, customary action: 'that is what I used to do'. Against the one-shot perfective command «вспрысни», it sets habit (background) beside a single event (foreground)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с той","title":"«с той» — bare demonstrative as a person","body":"The demonstrative «тот» in the instrumental feminine «с той» stands alone, without a noun: 'with that one (woman)'. Avoiding her name, the old man refers to his dead wife only as 'her' — «с» governs the instrumental of accompaniment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспрысни","lemma":"вспрыснуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Spray"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Вспрысни","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рта","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рта","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вспрысни","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вспрысни","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking той","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to do"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b3-c8-s243","source":"Это он за мать свою, за мать свою… — бормотал он Ивану.","translation":"It is on account of his mother, his own mother… — he muttered to Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за мать свою","title":"«за» + accusative; reflexive «свою»","body":"«за» with the accusative here means 'on account of, for the sake of'. The reflexive possessive «свою» ('his own') points back to the clause's subject — it is Alyosha's own mother, not someone else's; «его» would have pointed elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бормотал","title":"Imperfective «бормотал» — muttering as process","body":"The imperfective past presents the muttering as an ongoing, unfocused process rather than a finished utterance, which suits the old man's drunken, repetitive trailing-off (note the repeated «за мать свою»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (copula omitted)","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Это","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мать","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мать","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мать","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бормотал","gloss":"to Ivan"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b3-c8-s244","source":"— Да ведь и моя, я думаю, мать его мать была, как вы полагаете? — вдруг с неудержимым гневным презрением прорвался Иван.","translation":"— But surely my mother too, I suppose, was his mother — or what is your opinion? — Ivan burst out all at once, with an irrepressible, wrathful scorn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь","title":"Particles «да» and «ведь»","body":"Ivan opens with a cluster of speech particles: «да» as an emphatic 'but, why' launching the retort, and «ведь» appealing to a shared, obvious fact ('surely, after all'). They carry the indignant 'but you know perfectly well…' that English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мать его мать была","title":"Instrumental predicate dropped — bare nominative in the past","body":"Here «моя… мать… его мать была» links two nouns with past «была»; in elevated/neutral style a predicate after «быть» would often take the instrumental («была его матерью»). The nominative «мать» keeps the identification flat and insistent, as if stating a plain equation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы полагаете","title":"Polite «вы» turned to a sneer","body":"«как вы полагаете» ('what is your opinion') uses the formal/plural «вы» to a father — and «полагать» is a bookish, deliberative verb for 'to suppose'. The cold formality is itself the scorn: Ivan addresses his father like a stranger."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прорвался","title":"«прорваться» — to burst out","body":"Literally 'to break/burst through' (as a dam or abscess), the reflexive «прорвался» pictures Ivan's scorn finally rupturing the surface — long-pent feeling forcing its way out, not a mere 'said'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была (whole clause)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of была","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies полагаете","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of полагаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"полагаете","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорвался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неудержимым","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"irrepressible"},{"surface":"гневным","lemma":"гневный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"wrathful"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прорвался","gloss":"scorn"},{"surface":"прорвался","lemma":"прорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прорвался","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b3-c8-s245","source":"Старик вздрогнул от его засверкавшего взгляда.","translation":"The old man flinched at the sudden flash of his glare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнул","title":"Perfective «вздрогнул» — a single flinch","body":"The perfective past names one instantaneous, completed start of fright. The prefix «вз-» adds the sense of an abrupt upward jolt — a body's involuntary twitch caught in a single point of time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от его засверкавшего взгляда","title":"Past active participle «засверкавшего»","body":"«засверкавший» is a past active participle from «засверкать» ('to begin flashing'), declined here in the genitive after «от». It packs a whole relative clause — 'the glare that had begun to flash' — into one bookish adjective, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flinched"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"засверкавшего","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"glare"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b3-c8-s246","source":"Но тут случилось нечто очень странное, правда на одну секунду: у старика действительно, кажется, выскочило из ума соображение, что мать Алеши была и матерью Ивана…","translation":"But here something very strange happened — for one second only, it is true: it seems the old man had genuinely lost hold of the notion that Alyosha's mother had also been Ivan's mother…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случилось нечто очень странное","title":"Neuter «случилось» with indefinite «нечто»","body":"The reflexive «случиться» ('to happen') takes its subject «нечто» ('something'), an indefinite neuter pronoun; the verb and adjective all agree in neuter singular. «нечто» is more bookish than «что-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочило из ума соображение","title":"Topic–comment: subject after the verb","body":"The grammatical subject «соображение» ('the notion') comes last, after «выскочило из ума» ('jumped out of the mind'); the new, weighty information is held to the end. Free word order, licensed by the case endings, here mimics the thought slipping away before it is named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что мать Алеши была и матерью Ивана","title":"Instrumental predicate «матерью»","body":"In the «что»-clause the predicate noun after «была» takes the instrumental: «была… матерью Ивана» ('had been Ivan's mother'). This is the standard instrumental of the predicate in the past tense, framing the role rather than naming an identity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соображение","title":"«соображение» — the grasping of a fact","body":"A noun in bookish -ение from «соображать» ('to make sense of, work out'). Less 'an idea' than 'the mental hold on a fact': the old man had, for a second, genuinely lost his grip on knowing the two boys shared a mother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies секунду","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of случилось","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочило","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочило","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"выскочило","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had slipped"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочило","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выскочило","gloss":"the notion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of соображение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to матерью","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies матерью","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of была","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies матерью","gloss":"Ivan's"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b3-c8-s247","source":"— Как так твоя мать? — пробормотал он, не понимая.","translation":"— How do you mean, your mother? — he mumbled, not understanding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как так твоя мать?","title":"Verbless astonishment with «как так»","body":"«Как так твоя мать?» has no verb at all — an idiomatic 'How do you mean, your mother?' «как так» is a set colloquial expression of baffled disbelief, the bare nominative «твоя мать» echoing Ivan's words back as a question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не понимая","title":"Imperfective gerund «не понимая»","body":"«понимая» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие): 'while not understanding'. It names an attendant circumstance simultaneous with «пробормотал», sharing that verb's subject — the old man mumbles and fails to grasp at the same moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как так","gloss":"so","note":"как так is a fixed phrase, \"how do you mean\"."},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"understanding"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b3-c8-s248","source":"— Ты за что это? Ты про какую мать?.. да разве она… Ах, черт!","translation":"— What are you on about? Which mother do you mean?.. why, was she really… Ah, the devil!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты за что это?","title":"«за что» — 'what for, on what grounds'","body":"«за что» (literally «за» + accusative «что») asks 'for what reason, what have I done to deserve this'. The dangling «это» and absent verb give the clipped, drunk-startled syntax of speech: 'What are you on about?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про какую мать","title":"«про» + accusative; interrogative «какую»","body":"«про» governs the accusative and means 'about, concerning' — colloquial beside the more formal «о» + prepositional. «какую» is the interrogative «какой» ('which/what kind') agreeing with «мать» in accusative feminine."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да разве она","title":"Particle «разве» — incredulous question","body":"«разве» opens a question expecting a startled 'surely not?': 'why, was she really…'. Trailing off unfinished, it marks the moment realization dawns. Like «ведь» and «же», it colours the utterance with the speaker's disbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мать","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b3-c8-s249","source":"Да ведь она и твоя!","translation":"Why, of course she was yours too!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь она и твоя!","title":"«да ведь… и» — 'why, of course… too'","body":"A verbless exclamation: «она и твоя» = 'she (is) yours too', with zero copula. «да ведь» insists on the now-obvious shared fact and «и» here means 'also' — the old man concedes the point he had momentarily forgotten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твоя (whole clause)","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of твоя","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твоя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b3-c8-s250","source":"Ах, черт!","translation":"Ah, the devil!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ах, черт!","title":"«Ах, чёрт!» — the devil!","body":"A mild oath, «чёрт» being the folk devil. Repeated here (it closes s248 and stands alone as s250), it is Fyodor Pavlovich's habitual buffoon's exclamation — and, in a novel obsessed with the devil, never quite innocent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b3-c8-s251","source":"Ну это, брат, затмение как никогда, извини, а я думал, Иван… Хе-хе-хе! — Он остановился.","translation":"Well, brother, my mind went blank as never before — forgive me, I had thought, Ivan… He-he-he! — He broke off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат","title":"«брат» as familiar address","body":"Here «брат» ('brother') is not literal kinship but a chummy buttonholing vocative — 'old chap, my friend' — flung at Ivan to smooth over the gaffe. The forced intimacy is pure Fyodor Pavlovich."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затмение","title":"«затмение» — eclipse, blackout","body":"Literally an 'eclipse' (of sun or moon), «затмение» is used figuratively for a sudden mental blackout: 'my mind went dark'. The bookish -ение noun lends his excuse a mock-grand, theatrical color."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"извини","title":"Imperative «извини» (singular)","body":"A perfective imperative, 'forgive (me)', addressed with the intimate singular «ты» — the same familiarity as «брат». Note he flips to it after the icy «вы» Ivan had just used; the asymmetry is the father trying to reclaim closeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затмение (copula omitted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"затмение","lemma":"затмение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"a blackout"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of никогда","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затмение","gloss":"never before"},{"surface":"извини","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative clause","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the interjection хе-хе-хе","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хе","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хе","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b3-c8-s252","source":"Длинная, пьяная, полубессмысленная усмешка раздвинула его лицо.","translation":"A long, drunken, half-witless grin spread his face wide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Длинная, пьяная, полубессмысленная усмешка раздвинула","title":"Stacked agreeing adjectives","body":"Three adjectives — «длинная, пьяная, полубессмысленная» — all agree with feminine singular «усмешка» in the nominative, building the grin detail by detail before the verb «раздвинула» arrives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмешка","title":"«усмешка» — a smirk, not a smile","body":"Distinct from «улыбка» (an open smile), «усмешка» is a knowing, sardonic, or leering grin. With «полубессмысленная» ('half-witless') it captures the drunk, half-vacant smirk spreading across his face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Длинная","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешка","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"пьяная","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Длинная","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"полубессмысленная","lemma":"полубессмысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Длинная","gloss":"half-witless"},{"surface":"усмешка","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раздвинула","gloss":"grin"},{"surface":"раздвинула","lemma":"раздвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread wide"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of раздвинула","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b3-c8-s253","source":"И вот вдруг в это самое мгновение раздался в сенях страшный шум и гром, послышались неистовые крики, дверь распахнулась и в залу влетел Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"And just then, at that very instant, there rose up in the entrance hall a fearful din and clatter, frenzied shouts rang out, the door flew open, and Dmitri Fyodorovich came hurtling into the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздался… шум и гром, послышались… крики, дверь распахнулась и… влетел","title":"Chain of perfectives drives the action","body":"A rapid string of perfective past verbs — «раздался», «послышались», «распахнулась», «влетел» — fires off one completed event after another, the perfective's job in narrative: it moves the scene forward in sharp, sequential bursts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в залу влетел Дмитрий Федорович","title":"Subject held to the end for impact","body":"The adverbials and verb come first; the subject «Дмитрий Федорович» bursts in last, mirroring his eruption into the room. This topic-comment ordering — known information first, the new arrival climactically last — is exactly what free word order buys."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях","title":"«сени» — the entrance passage","body":"«сени» (only plural, here prepositional «в сенях») is the unheated entry hall or vestibule of a traditional Russian house, between the porch and the living rooms. The din comes from this threshold space before Dmitri bursts through into the «зала»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"the entrance hall"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шум","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"шум","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гром","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шум","gloss":"clatter"},{"surface":"послышались","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздался","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"неистовые","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of послышались","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of распахнулась","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"распахнулась","lemma":"распахнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздался","gloss":"flew open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"влетел","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздался","gloss":"came hurtling"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влетел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b3-c8-s254","source":"Старик бросился к Ивану в испуге:","translation":"The old man flung himself at Ivan in terror:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился к Ивану","title":"«броситься к» + dative","body":"The reflexive perfective «бросился» ('flung himself') takes «к» governing the dative «Ивану» — 'rushed toward Ivan'. «к» + dative is the standard frame for motion toward a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в испуге","title":"«в испуге» — state in the prepositional","body":"«в» + prepositional «испуге» expresses the state he is in — 'in fright, in terror'. Russian often locates an emotion as a place one is inside of («в страхе», «в гневе»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"terror"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b3-c8-s255","source":"— Убьет, убьет! Не давай меня, не давай! — выкрикивал он, вцепившись в полу сюртука Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"— He will kill me, he will kill me! Don't give me up, don't give me up! — he kept crying out, clutching at the skirt of Ivan Fyodorovich's frock coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убьет, убьет!","title":"Perfective present = future «убьёт»","body":"«убьёт» is the perfective «убить» conjugated like a present, which yields a single completed future: 'he will kill (me)'. There is no auxiliary — the future sits in the ending. The doubling conveys panic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не давай меня","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не давай»","body":"Under negation the imperative normally switches to the imperfective: «не давай» (not «не дай») — 'don't give me up, don't let them have me'. Negated commands take the imperfective for a general prohibition or plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вцепившись в полу сюртука","title":"Perfective gerund «вцепившись»","body":"A perfective past gerund (деепричастие) in -вшись from the reflexive «вцепиться» ('to clutch at'): 'having clutched / clutching'. It marks the prior/accompanying action of the same subject as «выкрикивал», and «вцепиться в» governs the accusative «полу»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в полу сюртука","title":"«пола сюртука» — the skirt of a frock coat","body":"«пола» (here accusative «полу») is the front flap or tail of a coat; a «сюртук» is the long 19th-century frock coat of a gentleman. He grabs the very hem of Ivan's coat — a vivid, abasing detail of the cowering old man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll kill"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Убьет","gloss":"he'll kill"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give me up"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of давай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давай","gloss":"give me up"},{"surface":"выкрикивал","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept crying out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выкрикивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вцепившись","lemma":"вцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выкрикивал","gloss":"clutching"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пола","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепившись","gloss":"skirt","note":"Here полу is the accusative of пола (\"coat-skirt/flap\"), not пол (\"floor\") — a false friend in form."},{"surface":"сюртука","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полу","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сюртука","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"}]}]}