{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b3-c9","title":{"source":"IX. Сладострастники","translated":"The Sensualists"},"section":"Book III — The Sensualists","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c9","lines":125},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c8","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c10","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-c9-s1","source":"Сейчас вслед за Дмитрием Федоровичем вбежали в залу и Григорий со Смердяковым.","translation":"Hard on Dmitri Fyodorovich's heels, Grigory and Smerdyakov came rushing into the hall as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вслед за Дмитрием Федоровичем","title":"«за» + instrumental for 'after, behind'","body":"«вслед за» ('hard on the heels of') governs the instrumental, so «Дмитрием Федоровичем» carries instrumental endings -ом/-ем. The preposition «за» takes the instrumental for a static 'behind/after' and the accusative for motion behind something; here it locates the pursuers right behind Dmitri."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вбежали … и Григорий со Смердяковым","title":"Fronted verb, subject held to the end","body":"Russian's free word order lets the perfective verb «вбежали» ('came running in') open the clause while the subject «Григорий со Смердяковым» lands last as the new information. The particle «и» here is not 'and' but emphatic 'too, as well' — Grigory and Smerdyakov also burst in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вбежали","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вбежали","gloss":"right after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вбежали","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came rushing in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежали","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying вбежали, meaning 'also/as well'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вбежали","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-c9-s2","source":"Они же в сенях и боролись с ним, не впускали его (вследствие инструкции самого Федора Павловича, данной уже несколько дней назад).","translation":"They had been struggling with him out in the entry, trying to keep him from coming in (on instructions Fyodor Pavlovich himself had given several days before).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях","title":"«сени» — the cold entry-passage","body":"«сени» (only plural) is the unheated vestibule of a Russian house, the threshold space between the porch and the living rooms. It is where servants intercept an unwanted visitor — exactly the scuffle Dostoevsky stages here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боролись … не впускали","title":"Imperfective for ongoing struggle","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past: «боролись» ('were struggling') and «не впускали» ('kept not letting in'). The imperfective paints the wrestling as a drawn-out process rather than a single completed act, so the English reaches for 'had been struggling, trying to keep him out.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"данной уже несколько дней назад","title":"Past passive participle in the genitive","body":"«данной» is the past passive participle of «дать» ('given'), declined feminine genitive to agree with «инструкции» (genitive after «вследствие»; the instrumental would be «инструкцией»). It compresses a whole relative clause ('which had been given') into one modifier — the dense participial style typical of 19th-century literary Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боролись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Они","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of боролись","gloss":"the entry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying боролись, meaning 'also'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"боролись","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been struggling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of боролись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впускали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"впускали","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боролись","gloss":"letting in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of впускали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking инструкции","gloss":"as a result of"},{"surface":"инструкции","lemma":"инструкция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впускали","gloss":"instructions"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федора","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инструкции","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"данной","lemma":"данный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, genitive, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying инструкции","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of данной","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-c9-s3","source":"Воспользовавшись тем, что Дмитрий Федорович, ворвавшись в залу, на минуту остановился, чтоб осмотреться, Григорий обежал стол, затворил на обе половинки противоположные входным двери залы, ведшие во внутренние покои, и стал пред затворенною дверью, раздвинув обе руки крестом и готовый защищать вход, так сказать, до последней капли.","translation":"Seizing on the fact that Dmitri Fyodorovich, having burst into the hall, had stopped a moment to take stock, Grigory ran round the table, pulled shut both leaves of the doors facing the entrance — the ones leading into the inner rooms — and stood before the closed door, his arms flung out crosswise, ready to defend the way in, so to speak, to the last drop.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воспользовавшись","title":"Perfective adverbial participle","body":"«Воспользовавшись» is a past perfective verbal adverb (деепричастие) from «воспользоваться», 'having taken advantage of.' This -вши/-вшись form names an action completed just before the main verb (here «Григорий обежал», 'Grigory ran round'). Dostoevsky chains several such participles to pack a rapid sequence of finished actions into one sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ворвавшись … раздвинув","title":"A chain of perfective gerunds","body":"Beyond the opening «Воспользовавшись», the sentence stacks more past gerunds — «ворвавшись» ('having burst in') and «раздвинув» ('having spread apart') — each naming a finished action by Grigory or Dmitri attached to the main verbs. Massed деепричастия like this are a signature of Russian narrative density."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведшие во внутренние покои","title":"Past active participle as compressed relative clause","body":"«ведшие» is the past active participle of «вести» ('leading'), agreeing with «двери» and standing in for «которые вели» ('which led'). It is one of several reduced который-clauses that let Dostoevsky modify the doors without a string of separate sentences."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до последней капли","title":"'To the last drop' — of blood","body":"«до последней капли» ('to the last drop [of blood]') is a set heroic idiom for fighting to the death. Dostoevsky hedges it with «так сказать» ('so to speak'), gently mocking the old servant's melodramatic readiness to die defending a door."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воспользовавшись","lemma":"воспользоваться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обежал","gloss":"seizing on"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воспользовавшись","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ворвавшись","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"having burst in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ворвавшись","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of тем","gloss":"had stopped"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмотреться","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"осмотреться","lemma":"осмотреться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"take stock"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обежал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"обежал","lemma":"обежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran round"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обежал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"затворил","lemma":"затворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обежал","gloss":"pulled shut"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половинки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on половинки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"половинки","lemma":"половинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of затворил","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"противоположные","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"входным","lemma":"входной","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"complement of противоположные","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of затворил","gloss":"the doors"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"ведшие","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying двери","gloss":"leading"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покои","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"внутренние","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies покои","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"покои","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ведшие","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обежал","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"затворенною","lemma":"затворённый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, instrumental, singular, perfective","role":"modifies дверью","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"дверью","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"раздвинув","lemma":"раздвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"flinging out"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of раздвинув","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"крестом","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздвинув","gloss":"crosswise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"готовый","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective coordinated with стал","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готовый","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"the way in"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"idiom 'так сказать', parenthetical on защищать","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies капли","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"капли","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of защищать","gloss":"drop"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-c9-s4","source":"Увидав это, Дмитрий не вскрикнул, а даже как бы взвизгнул и бросился на Григория.","translation":"Seeing this, Dmitri did not so much cry out as let loose a kind of shriek, and he hurled himself at Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидав это","title":"Perfective gerund opening the action","body":"«Увидав» is the past perfective gerund of «увидеть» ('having caught sight of'), with the older -в variant Dostoevsky favours over modern «увидев». It marks the prior glimpse that triggers Dmitri's lunge in the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вскрикнул, а даже как бы взвизгнул","title":"Contrastive «а» correcting, not just adding","body":"The pair «не … а …» ('not X but rather Y') uses «а», the contrastive conjunction that substitutes one thing for another. Dostoevsky pushes past the expected verb «вскрикнул» ('cried out') to the sharper «взвизгнул» ('let out a shriek/squeal'), the «а даже» escalating the description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнул","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Увидав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взвизгнул","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies взвизгнул","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"взвизгнул","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнул","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнул","gloss":"hurled himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григория","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-c9-s5","source":"— Значит, она там!","translation":"\"So she is in there!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Значит, она там!","title":"«значит» as an inferential 'so'","body":"«Значит» literally 'it means', but in speech it works as a discourse particle — 'so then, that means.' Dmitri leaps to a conclusion: the locked inner door must be hiding Grushenka. The bare «она там» needs no copula, the present-tense 'is' simply absent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of там","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in there"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-c9-s6","source":"Ее спрятали там!","translation":"They've hidden her in there!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее спрятали там!","title":"Subjectless 3rd-person plural = impersonal passive","body":"«спрятали» ('they hid') is a bare 3rd-person plural with no stated subject — Russian's standard way of saying 'someone hid her / she has been hidden.' The accusative «Ее» ('her') is fronted as the topic, the unnamed hiders kept vague and sinister."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спрятали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спрятали","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have hidden"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятали","gloss":"in there"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-c9-s7","source":"Прочь, подлец! — Он рванул было Григория, но тот оттолкнул его.","translation":"Out of the way, you scoundrel!\" He made to wrench Grigory aside, but the old man shoved him back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"«подлец» is a strong term of abuse, 'scoundrel, vile man', rooted in «подлый» ('base, low, mean'). Hurled at the loyal old servant who blocks his way, it shows Dmitri's fury overriding any sense of justice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рванул было Григория","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun but undone","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action started or attempted but at once cut short or reversed: 'he made to wrench Grigory aside [but…].' Here the very next clause, «но тот оттолкнул его», supplies the reversal. This frozen «было» is a distinctive 19th-century narrative device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но тот оттолкнул","title":"«тот» tracking the second party","body":"The demonstrative «тот» ('that one, the latter') points back not to the nearest noun but to Grigory, neatly distinguishing the two men without naming them. Russian leans on «тот»/«этот» for exactly this clause-internal reference-tracking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"out of the way"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, parallel clause to Прочь","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рванул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рванул","lemma":"рвануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made to wrench"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking an attempted/interrupted action","role":"modifies рванул","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рванул","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оттолкнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оттолкнул","lemma":"оттолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рванул","gloss":"shoved back"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оттолкнул","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-c9-s8","source":"Вне себя от ярости, Дмитрий размахнулся и изо всей силы ударил Григория.","translation":"Beside himself with rage, Dmitri swung his arm back and struck Grigory with all his might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вне себя от ярости","title":"«вне себя» — 'beside oneself'","body":"«вне себя» literally 'outside oneself', the idiom for being out of control with emotion. «от ярости» ('with rage') uses «от» + genitive to name the cause of a state — a standard pattern for the source of an involuntary feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всей силы","title":"«изо всей силы» — with all one's might","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, «из(о) всей силы» ('with all [one's] strength'), where «из» + genitive expresses the source/extent of effort. The spelling «изо» (with the buffer vowel -о) appears before the consonant cluster of «всей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of размахнулся","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярости","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ярости","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of размахнулся","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"размахнулся","lemma":"размахнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swung back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with размахнулся","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-c9-s9","source":"Старик рухнулся как подкошенный, а Дмитрий, перескочив через него, вломился в дверь.","translation":"The old man dropped as though scythed down, and Dmitri, leaping over him, broke through the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рухнулся как подкошенный","title":"'Fell as if scythed down'","body":"«как подкошенный» ('as if mown/scythed down') is a stock simile for a body collapsing all at once, from «подкосить» (to cut at the root). «рухнулся» is an expressive reflexive form of «рухнуть», 'crashed down.' The image likens the felled old man to cut grain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перескочив через него","title":"Perfective gerund + «через» + accusative","body":"«перескочив» ('having leapt over') is a past perfective gerund framing the action just before «вломился» ('broke through'). «через него» ('over him') shows «через» governing the accusative, its usual case for motion across or over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рухнулся","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"рухнулся","lemma":"рухнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подкошенный","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"подкошенный","lemma":"подкошенный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, nominative, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рухнулся","gloss":"scythed down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вломился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"перескочив","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вломился","gloss":"leaping over"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вломился","lemma":"вломиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рухнулся","gloss":"broke through"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вломился","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-c9-s10","source":"Смердяков оставался в зале, на другом конце, бледный и дрожащий, тесно прижимаясь к Федору Павловичу.","translation":"Smerdyakov stayed behind in the hall, at the far end, pale and trembling, pressing himself close against Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тесно прижимаясь к Федору Павловичу","title":"Imperfective gerund for simultaneous action","body":"«прижимаясь» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «прижиматься», 'pressing himself', describing what Smerdyakov does at the same time as «оставался» ('was staying'). The reflexive -сь and «к» + dative ('to Fyodor Pavlovich') complete the cowering image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бледный и дрожащий","title":"Long-form adjectives + present active participle","body":"«бледный» ('pale') is a long-form adjective and «дрожащий» ('trembling') a present active participle from «дрожать», both nominative masculine to agree with Smerdyakov. Used predicatively here, they read like English '-ing/-' modifiers describing his state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed behind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with зале","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with оставался","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дрожащий","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледный","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"тесно","lemma":"тесно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижимаясь","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"прижимаясь","lemma":"прижиматься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставался","gloss":"pressing close"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижимаясь","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-c9-s11","source":"— Она здесь, — кричал Дмитрий Федорович, — я сейчас сам видел, как она повернула к дому, только я не догнал.","translation":"\"She is here,\" Dmitri Fyodorovich was shouting, \"I saw it myself just now, how she turned toward the house — only I couldn't catch up with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как она повернула к дому","title":"«как» introducing a perceived event","body":"After verbs of perception, «как» works like English 'how' or 'as' to report what was seen: «видел, как она повернула» ('saw how she turned'). The perfective «повернула» captures the single completed turn toward the house."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не догнал","title":"«не» + perfective: failed to complete","body":"«не догнал» ('didn't catch up') is negated perfective: the action was aimed at completion but did not reach it. With «только» ('only, just') it conveys regret — he nearly caught her but failed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting-clause verb","gloss":"was shouting"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повернула","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повернула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"повернула","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернула","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догнал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of догнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догнал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догнал","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"catch up"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-c9-s12","source":"Где она?","translation":"Where is she?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-c9-s13","source":"Где она?","translation":"Where is she?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где она?","title":"Repetition as emotional intensifier","body":"The doubled «Где она?» ('Where is she?') needs no verb 'to be' in the present and gains its force purely from repetition — a stylistic marker of Dmitri's mounting frenzy. Russian present-tense identity sentences regularly drop the copula entirely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-c9-s14","source":"Непостижимое впечатление произвел на Федора Павловича этот крик: «Она здесь!» Весь испуг соскочил с него.","translation":"That shout — \"She is here!\" — worked an unaccountable effect on Fyodor Pavlovich. All his fear sprang off him at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Непостижимое впечатление произвел … этот крик","title":"Object first, subject last for drama","body":"Russian fronts the heavy phrase «Непостижимое впечатление» ('an unaccountable impression') as topic and holds the grammatical subject «этот крик» ('this shout') to the very end as the punch. Case endings keep the roles clear despite the inversion: «впечатление» is accusative object, «крик» nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Непостижимое","title":"«непостижимый» — incomprehensible, beyond grasp","body":"«непостижимый» ('incomprehensible, inscrutable'), built on «постичь» ('to grasp, comprehend'), is a bookish, almost theological word for what the mind cannot fathom. It lifts a moment of mere fright into something uncanny."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соскочил с него","title":"Prefixed perfective + «с» + genitive","body":"«соскочил» ('jumped off, sprang away'), from «соскочить», pairs with «с» + genitive «с него» ('off him') to picture the fear physically leaping off Fyodor Pavlovich. The vivid prefix «со-» of removal makes the abstract «испуг» ('fright') almost a living thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непостижимое","lemma":"непостижимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"unaccountable"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел (postposed)","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"in apposition to крик","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of испуг","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-c9-s15","source":"— Держи, держи его! — завопил он и ринулся вслед за Дмитрием Федоровичем.","translation":"\"Hold him, hold him!\" he bawled, and went tearing after Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Держи, держи его!","title":"Imperfective imperative, doubled","body":"«Держи» is the imperfective imperative of «держать» ('hold!'). The imperfective fits an ongoing, urgent command, and its repetition conveys panicked insistence — 'hold him, hold him!' The object «его» ('him') is animate accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил … ринулся","title":"Expressive verbs of outcry and rush","body":"«завопил» ('let out a howl/bawled') and «ринулся» ('rushed, flung himself') are strongly expressive perfectives; the prefix «за-» marks the sudden onset of the shout. Dostoevsky picks loud, kinetic verbs to render the old man's abrupt switch from fear to pursuit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Держи","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"держи","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Держи","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting-clause verb","gloss":"bawled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ринулся","lemma":"ринуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"went tearing"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ринулся","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-c9-s16","source":"Григорий меж тем поднялся с полу, но был еще как бы вне себя.","translation":"Grigory, meanwhile, had picked himself up off the floor, but he was still as if beside himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"меж тем","title":"«меж тем» — bookish 'meanwhile'","body":"«меж тем» is the elevated, slightly archaic variant of «между тем» ('meanwhile'), with the shortened poetic «меж». It belongs to the narrator's literary register, marking a shift back to Grigory's parallel action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся с полу","title":"Old partitive/locative «с полу»","body":"«поднялся» ('got up', reflexive «-ся») takes «с полу» ('from the floor') — note the old short genitive ending -у on «пол» instead of modern «с пола». This second-declension -у form survives in fixed phrases and 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"меж","lemma":"меж","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom меж тем ('meanwhile')","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom меж тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had picked himself up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to себя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы ('as if')","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of был (in вне себя)","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-c9-s17","source":"Иван Федорович и Алеша побежали вдогонку за отцом.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich and Alyosha ran in pursuit of their father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"побежали вдогонку за отцом","title":"«за» + instrumental for pursuit","body":"«вдогонку за» ('in pursuit of, chasing after') governs the instrumental, hence «за отцом» ('after their father'). «побежали», a perfective with the inceptive prefix «по-», marks the start of the running."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежали","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"побежали","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"вдогонку","lemma":"вдогонку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежали","gloss":"in pursuit"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вдогонку","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-c9-s18","source":"В третьей комнате послышалось, как вдруг что-то упало об пол, разбилось и зазвенело: это была большая стеклянная ваза (не из дорогих) на мраморном пьедестале, которую, пробегая мимо, задел Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"In the third room something was suddenly heard to fall to the floor, shatter, and ring out: it was a large glass vase (not an expensive one) on a marble pedestal, which Dmitri Fyodorovich had caught with his sleeve as he ran past.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послышалось, как … что-то упало","title":"Impersonal «послышалось» + «как»-clause","body":"«послышалось» ('it was heard / there came a sound') is an impersonal reflexive verb with no subject, introducing the perceived event with «как» ('how/that'). The chain of perfectives «упало, разбилось и зазвенело» ('fell, shattered, rang out') gives three crisp completed sounds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую, пробегая мимо, задел","title":"«который» relative with an embedded gerund","body":"The relative pronoun «которую» is feminine accusative, agreeing in gender/number with «ваза» but taking accusative as the object of «задел» ('caught, brushed'). Nested inside is the imperfective gerund «пробегая» ('while running past'), a clause within a clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на мраморном пьедестале","title":"«пьедестал» — a French loan for the salon","body":"«пьедестал» ('pedestal'), borrowed via French, signals the genteel furnishing of Fyodor Pavlovich's house — a marble stand for a vase. The narrator's aside «(не из дорогих)» ('not an expensive one') quietly punctures the pretension."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"третьей","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послышалось","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"послышалось","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упало","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то, subject of упало","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то, subject of упало","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"упало","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of послышалось","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упало","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"разбилось","lemma":"разбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упало","gloss":"shattered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зазвенело","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упало","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to ваза","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ваза","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"стеклянная","lemma":"стеклянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ваза","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"ваза","lemma":"ваза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative complement of была","gloss":"vase"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорогих","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогих","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"дорогих","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ваза","gloss":"the expensive ones"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьедестале","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мраморном","lemma":"мраморный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пьедестале","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"пьедестале","lemma":"пьедестал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ваза","gloss":"pedestal"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"пробегая","lemma":"пробегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on задел","gloss":"running past"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробегая","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"задел","lemma":"задеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying ваза","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-c9-s19","source":"— Ату его! — завопил старик. — Караул!","translation":"\"Sic him!\" bawled the old man. \"Help, murder!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ату его!","title":"A hunting cry turned on a person","body":"«Ату!» is the shout a hunter uses to set hounds on their quarry, roughly 'Sic him! After him!' By screaming it at his own son Dmitri, Fyodor Pavlovich grotesquely treats him like prey being run down. We render it 'Sic him!' to keep the cruel hunting image, which a neutral 'At him!' would flatten away."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Караул!","title":"«Караул!» — the cry for help","body":"«Караул!» (originally 'guard, watch', from a Turkic loan) is the conventional shout of alarm — 'Help! Murder!' — used when one is being attacked or robbed. The old man raises the public hue and cry against his own son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ату","lemma":"ату","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sic him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Ату","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting-clause verb","gloss":"bawled"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"Караул","lemma":"караул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, used as an interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"help, murder"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-c9-s20","source":"Иван Федорович и Алеша догнали-таки старика и силою воротили в залу.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich and Alyosha did catch up with the old man and forced him back into the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догнали-таки","title":"The particle «-таки» — 'did after all'","body":"The clitic «-таки», hyphenated to the verb, means 'after all, nevertheless, did manage to.' «догнали-таки старика» conveys that they finally did catch the old man despite the chase. It is a colloquial particle of mild triumph or concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"силою воротили","title":"Instrumental of means + archaic «воротили»","body":"«силою» is the instrumental of «сила» ('by force'), the instrumental's core 'by means of' use; the older -ою ending sits beside the modern -ой. «воротили» ('brought back') is the folk/archaic equivalent of «возвратили / вернули», colouring the narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догнали","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"догнали","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did catch up with"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying догнали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of догнали, shared with воротили","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"силою","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воротили","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"воротили","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with догнали","gloss":"forced back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротили","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-c9-s21","source":"— Чего гонитесь за ним! Он вас и впрямь там убьет! — гневно крикнул на отца Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"What are you chasing after him for! He really will kill you in there!\" Ivan Fyodorovich shouted angrily at his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего гонитесь за ним!","title":"Genitive «чего» in an exasperated question","body":"«Чего» is the genitive of «что», used colloquially for 'why on earth, what for'. With the reflexive «гонитесь» ('you chase', «гнаться» + «за» + instrumental) it forms an indignant rhetorical question — not really asking, but rebuking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и впрямь","title":"«впрямь» — 'really, sure enough'","body":"«и впрямь» ('really, truly, sure enough') is a colloquial intensifier affirming a likelihood. Ivan warns that Dmitri «и впрямь там убьет» — really will kill him in there; «убьет» is perfective future ('will kill [outright]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of гонитесь ('what for')","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"гонитесь","lemma":"гнаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you chasing"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гонитесь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убьет","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убьет","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"гневно","lemma":"гневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-c9-s22","source":"— Ванечка, Лешечка, она, стало быть, здесь, Грушенька здесь, сам, говорит, видел, что пробежала…","translation":"\"Vanechka, Lyoshechka, so she really is here, Grushenka is here — he says he saw her himself, that she ran in...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'so, therefore'","body":"«стало быть» is a fixed inferential phrase, 'so then, it follows, that means' — bookish-colloquial and a verbal tic of several Dostoevsky characters. It frames the old man's eager deduction that Grushenka really is in the house."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам, говорит, видел","title":"Inserted «говорит» for reported speech","body":"The parenthetical «говорит» ('he says') is dropped into the clause to attribute the claim to Dmitri without a full 'he says that…' frame — a hallmark of lively spoken Russian. «сам» ('himself') stresses that Dmitri personally saw her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ванечка","lemma":"ванечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative use)","role":"address term (vocative)","gloss":"Vanechka"},{"surface":"Лешечка","lemma":"лешечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative use)","role":"address term, coordinated with Ванечка","gloss":"Lyoshechka"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase 'стало быть' ('so, it seems')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase стало","gloss":"it seems","note":"'стало быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'so' / 'apparently'."},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Грушенька","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided subject of видел ('he himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb introducing видел","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пробежала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пробежала","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"ran in"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-c9-s23","source":"Он захлебывался.","translation":"He was gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захлебывался","title":"«захлёбываться» — to choke on one's own words","body":"«захлёбываться» literally 'to gulp/choke (as on water)', here means he was gasping and stumbling over his words in agitation. The imperfective past «захлебывался» gives the ongoing, breathless state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захлебывался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"захлебывался","lemma":"захлебываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was gasping"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-c9-s24","source":"Он не ждал в этот раз Грушеньки, и вдруг известие, что она здесь, разом вывело его из ума.","translation":"He had not expected Grushenka this time, and the sudden news that she was here had thrown him clean out of his wits.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разом вывело его из ума","title":"«вывести из ума» — drove him out of his wits","body":"«вывело из ума» ('drove out of [his] mind'), with «из» + genitive «ума», is an idiom of losing one's senses; «разом» ('all at once') stresses the suddenness. The subject is the abstract «известие» ('the news'), which grammatically does the driving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying ждал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вывело","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying известие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она, within the что-clause","gloss":"was here"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывело","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"вывело","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had thrown"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывело","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывело","gloss":"his wits"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-c9-s25","source":"Он весь дрожал, он как бы обезумел.","translation":"He was trembling all over; he seemed to have gone out of his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он как бы обезумел","title":"«как бы» softening the verb","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, as if, sort of') hedges the strong perfective «обезумел» ('went mad'), so the narrator says he seemed to lose his mind rather than asserting it flatly. This «как бы» recurs through the chapter as a narratorial qualifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дрожал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он (apposition, 'all over')","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"дрожал","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was trembling"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обезумел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'как бы' ('as if'), modifies обезумел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"обезумел","lemma":"обезуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дрожал","gloss":"had gone out of his mind"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-c9-s26","source":"— Да ведь вы видели сами, что она не приходила! — кричал Иван.","translation":"\"But you saw for yourself that she didn't come!\" Ivan shouted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь вы видели сами","title":"«да ведь» — appealing to shared knowledge","body":"«да» opens the retort with exasperated 'but', and «ведь» is the modal particle that appeals to what both know — 'but you saw it yourself, after all.' Together they give Ivan's protest its frustrated, you-know-this-already tone, which no single English word captures."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы, emphatic ('yourselves')","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приходила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходила","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видели","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-c9-s27","source":"— А может, через тот вход?","translation":"\"Then maybe by that other entrance?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А может, через тот вход?","title":"Topic-shifting «а» + elliptical question","body":"«А» here is the contrastive/topic-shifting conjunction launching a new possibility, and «может» is short for «может быть» ('maybe'). The verb is left out entirely — 'Then maybe by that other entrance?' — typical clipped dialogue. «через» + accusative «тот вход» marks motion through the entrance."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical adverbial ('maybe')","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вход","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вход","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"entrance"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-c9-s28","source":"— Да ведь он заперт, тот вход, а ключ у вас…","translation":"\"But that entrance is locked, and you have the key...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он заперт","title":"Short-form past passive participle as predicate","body":"«заперт» is the short-form past passive participle of «запереть» ('to lock'), used predicatively to state a result: 'it is locked.' Short participles like «заперт, заперта, заперто» join (an implied) «быть» to express the standing condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ключ у вас","title":"«у» + genitive for possession","body":"«у вас» ('with you / in your keeping') is the «у» + genitive construction Russian uses for possession instead of a verb 'to have': 'and you have the key.' The copula is again unspoken in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заперт","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заперт","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заперт","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is locked"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вход","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause ('you have the key')","gloss":"key"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у (possession: 'you have')","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-c9-s29","source":"Дмитрий вдруг появился опять в зале.","translation":"Dmitri suddenly reappeared in the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reappeared"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-c9-s30","source":"Он, конечно, нашел тот вход запертым, да и действительно ключ от запертого входа был в кармане у Федора Павловича.","translation":"He had found that entrance locked, of course, for the key to the locked entrance really was in Fyodor Pavlovich's pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и действительно ключ … был","title":"«да и» linking with 'and indeed'","body":"«да и» joins the clause with a confirming 'and indeed, and what's more', reinforced by «действительно» ('really'). The narrator steps in to verify Dmitri's failure: the key really was in the father's pocket."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ключ от запертого входа","title":"«от» + genitive for the key 'to' something","body":"Russian says «ключ от» + genitive ('the key of/from'), not 'to': «ключ от запертого входа» = 'the key to the locked entrance.' «запертого» is the past passive participle declined as an adjective, masculine genitive, agreeing with «входа»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of нашел","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had found"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вход","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"запертым","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"secondary predicate complement of нашел","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"key"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входа","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"запертого","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies входа","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"входа","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ключ","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (copula)","role":"main verb of the sentence (copula)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармане","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-c9-s31","source":"Все окна во всех комнатах были тоже заперты; ниоткуда, стало быть, не могла пройти Грушенька и ниоткуда не могла выскочить.","translation":"All the windows in every room were locked as well; so there was nowhere Grushenka could have come in by, and nowhere she could have slipped out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ниоткуда … не могла пройти … ниоткуда не могла выскочить","title":"Negative concord with «ниоткуда»","body":"«ниоткуда» ('from nowhere') is a «ни»-adverb that obligatorily co-occurs with verbal «не»: «ниоткуда … не могла». Russian doubles the negation — 'from nowhere could she not get in' literally — yet means a single emphatic 'nowhere at all.' The pattern repeats for both entering and escaping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все окна … были тоже заперты","title":"Short passive participle, plural","body":"«заперты» is the plural short-form past passive participle ('were locked') agreeing with «окна», joined to «были» to state the past result. It parallels «заперт» a few lines earlier, sealing the room logically against Grushenka's entry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of окна","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive заперты","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of комнатах","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"комнатах","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заперты","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заперты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперты","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"заперты","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"ниоткуда","lemma":"ниоткуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"from nowhere"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase 'стало быть' ('so')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"it followed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заперты","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"get in"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла/пройти","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ниоткуда","lemma":"ниоткуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"from nowhere"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заперты","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выскочить","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"slip out"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-c9-s32","source":"— Держи его! — завизжал Федор Павлович, только что завидел опять Дмитрия, — он там в спальне у меня деньги украл! — И, вырвавшись от Ивана, он опять бросился на Дмитрия.","translation":"\"Hold him!\" Fyodor Pavlovich screeched the moment he caught sight of Dmitri again. \"He's stolen money from my bedroom in there!\" And, tearing himself free of Ivan, he flung himself at Dmitri once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что завидел","title":"«только что» + perfective: 'the moment he…'","body":"«только что» here means 'as soon as, the moment that', and the perfective «завидел» ('caught sight of', with inceptive «за-») marks the instantaneous trigger. The old man screeches the very instant he sees Dmitri again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвавшись от Ивана","title":"Perfective gerund of breaking free","body":"«вырвавшись» is the past perfective gerund of «вырваться» ('having torn oneself free'), reflexive «-ся», with «от» + genitive «от Ивана» ('out of Ivan's grip'). It names the completed wrench just before he flings himself («бросился») at Dmitri."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завизжал","title":"«завизжать» — to start shrieking","body":"«завизжал» ('shrieked, squealed', inceptive «за-» + «визжать') is a shrill, almost animal cry — Dostoevsky keeps choosing high-pitched verbs («взвизгнул», «завизжал») to dehumanize the screaming father and son. We render it 'screeched.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Держи","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Держи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"завизжал","lemma":"завизжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"screeched"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завизжал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'только что'","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только, introduces завидел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"завидел","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завизжал","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завидел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies украл","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спальне","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вырвавшись","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"tearing himself free"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвавшись","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-c9-s33","source":"Но тот поднял обе руки и вдруг схватил старика за обе последние космы волос его, уцелевшие на висках, дернул его и с грохотом ударил об пол.","translation":"But the latter raised both hands and suddenly seized the old man by the last two wisps of hair still surviving at his temples, gave them a yank, and slammed him down on the floor with a crash.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил старика за обе последние космы","title":"«схватить за» + accusative for the body part","body":"Russian idiom seizes a person by a part using «за» + accusative: «схватил старика за … космы» ('seized the old man by the … wisps'). The person («старика») is animate accusative, the grabbed part follows «за». This is the standard frame for grabbing someone's hair, arm, collar."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"космы … уцелевшие на висках","title":"«космы» — straggly wisps of hair","body":"«космы» (plural) are unkempt, straggling locks of hair, a contemptuous word. «уцелевшие» is a past active participle ('that had survived/remained'), underscoring how few hairs cling to the old man's temples — a grotesque, pitiable detail."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударил об пол","title":"«об» + accusative for impact against","body":"«об пол» ('against the floor') uses «об/о» + accusative to mark the surface struck — the case of forceful contact. The chain of perfectives «схватил … дернул … ударил» ('seized, yanked, slammed') drives the violence forward blow by blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking космы","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on космы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies космы","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"космы","lemma":"космы","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"wisps"},{"surface":"волос","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies космы","gloss":"of hair"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies волос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уцелевшие","lemma":"уцелеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, accusative, feminine, plural, perfective","role":"modifies космы","gloss":"still surviving"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking висках","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"висках","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уцелевшие","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"дернул","lemma":"дёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"yanked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дернул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грохотом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"грохотом","lemma":"грохот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"a crash"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"slammed"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-c9-s34","source":"Он успел еще два или три раза ударить лежачего каблуком по лицу.","translation":"He even managed to kick the prostrate man two or three times in the face with his heel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел … ударить лежачего","title":"Substantivized adjective «лежачий»","body":"«лежачего» ('the prostrate one') is an adjective used as a noun — animate accusative — from «лежать» ('to lie'). It evokes the proverb «лежачего не бьют» ('one doesn't hit a man who's down'), making Dmitri's kicking of the fallen man pointedly dishonourable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каблуком по лицу","title":"Instrumental of instrument + «по» + dative","body":"«каблуком» ('with [his] heel') is the instrumental of means, and «по лицу» ('over/across the face') uses «по» + dative for a blow distributed over a surface. Together they give the brutal 'kicked him in the face with his heel.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies два","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударить","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"ударить","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to kick"},{"surface":"лежачего","lemma":"лежачий","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударить","gloss":"the prostrate man"},{"surface":"каблуком","lemma":"каблук","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ударить","gloss":"with his heel"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударить","gloss":"the face"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-c9-s35","source":"Старик пронзительно застонал.","translation":"The old man let out a piercing groan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронзительно застонал","title":"Inceptive «за-» on the groan","body":"«застонал» ('let out a groan / began to groan') uses the inceptive prefix «за-» that marks the sudden onset of a sound, paired with the adverb «пронзительно» ('piercingly'). The perfective captures the single sharp cry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застонал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"пронзительно","lemma":"пронзительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застонал","gloss":"piercingly"},{"surface":"застонал","lemma":"застонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let out a groan"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-c9-s36","source":"Иван Федорович, хоть и не столь сильный, как брат Дмитрий, обхватил того руками и изо всей силы оторвал от старика.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich, though not as strong as his brother Dmitri, threw his arms around him and dragged him off the old man with all his strength.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и не столь сильный, как","title":"«столь … как» — bookish 'as … as'","body":"«не столь сильный, как брат» ('not as strong as his brother') uses the elevated «столь» ('so, to such a degree') where everyday speech says «такой … как» or «настолько». «хоть и» ('though') concedes the point. The whole frame belongs to the literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оторвал от старика","title":"«оторвать от» + genitive","body":"«оторвал» ('tore/dragged off', perfective) governs «от» + genitive «от старика» ('off the old man'). «изо всей силы» ('with all his strength') again uses «из» + genitive for the extremity of effort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обхватил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сильный","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison брат Дмитрий","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сильный","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"обхватил","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw his arms around"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of обхватил (means)","gloss":"with his arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оторвал","gloss":"his strength"},{"surface":"оторвал","lemma":"оторвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обхватил","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оторвал","gloss":"the old man"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-c9-s37","source":"Алеша всею своею силенкой тоже помог ему, обхватив брата спереди.","translation":"Alyosha helped him too with what little strength he had, gripping his brother from the front.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всею своею силенкой","title":"«силёнка» — pitiful little strength","body":"«силёнка» is «сила» ('strength') with the diminutive-pejorative suffix -ёнк-, conveying 'his poor little strength.' Applied to the gentle Alyosha helping pull his giant brother off, it is tender and slightly rueful, which is why the English says 'with what little strength he had.' Note also the archaic instrumental endings «всею своею»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обхватив брата спереди","title":"Perfective gerund of how he gripped","body":"«обхватив» ('having flung his arms around') is a past perfective gerund showing the manner of Alyosha's help, attached to «помог» ('helped'). «брата» is animate accusative; «спереди» ('from the front') specifies the grip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помог","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силенкой","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силенкой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"силенкой","lemma":"силёнка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of помог (means)","gloss":"little strength"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помог","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"помог","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помог","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обхватив","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on помог","gloss":"gripping"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватив","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"спереди","lemma":"спереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обхватив","gloss":"from the front"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-c9-s38","source":"— Сумасшедший, ведь ты убил его! — крикнул Иван.","translation":"\"You madman, you've killed him!\" Ivan cried.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь ты убил его","title":"«ведь» dramatizing the accusation","body":"«ведь» appeals to the shared, dawning realization — 'why, you've killed him!' — turning the line into a horrified appeal rather than a flat statement. «убил» is perfective past, the deed seen as accomplished."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сумасшедший","title":"«сумасшедший» — out of one's mind","body":"«сумасшедший» ('madman, lunatic'), literally 'gone off one's mind' (from «с ума сшедший»), is hurled at Dmitri as both insult and diagnosis. It is the adjective used substantively as a vocative-like address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address term (vocative)","gloss":"you madman"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-c9-s39","source":"— Так ему и надо! — задыхаясь, воскликнул Дмитрий. — А не убил, так еще приду убить. Не устережете!","translation":"\"Serves him right!\" Dmitri exclaimed, panting. \"And if I haven't killed him, I'll come again and finish it. You won't keep him safe from me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ему и надо!","title":"Dative + «надо» idiom: 'serves him right'","body":"«Так ему и надо» ('serves him right') is a fixed impersonal construction: the dative «ему» ('to him') marks the person it befalls, with no nominative subject. It is a textbook dative-experiencer phrase, the «и» adding emphasis ('exactly so')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не убил, так еще приду убить","title":"Conditional «а … так» without «если»","body":"Russian can build a conditional by simple juxtaposition: «А не убил, так … приду» = 'and if I didn't kill (him), then I'll come.' «так» introduces the apodosis. «приду убить» is perfective future ('I'll come [to] kill'), the prefixed motion verb «прийти»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не устережете!","title":"Negated perfective future, 2nd pl.","body":"«не устережете» is the negated perfective future of «устеречь» ('to keep/guard safely'): 'you won't manage to keep him safe (from me).' The perfective future here denies the successful completion of guarding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"serves right"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"panting"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"haven't"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так, modifies приду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приду","gloss":"to finish him"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устережете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"устережете","lemma":"устеречь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll keep him safe"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-c9-s40","source":"— Дмитрий! Иди отсюда вон сейчас! — властно вскрикнул Алеша.","translation":"\"Dmitri! Get out of here this instant!\" Alyosha cried with authority.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иди отсюда вон сейчас!","title":"Imperfective imperative of command","body":"«Иди … вон» ('get out!') is the imperfective imperative of the unidirectional motion verb «идти», reinforced by «вон» ('out, away') and «отсюда» ('from here'). The imperfective imperative suits a direct, urgent order to leave at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"властно вскрикнул Алеша","title":"Inversion: adverb–verb–subject","body":"The speech tag inverts to «властно вскрикнул Алеша» ('cried Alyosha, with authority'), verb before subject as is normal after direct speech. «властно» ('imperiously') is striking for the usually meek Alyosha, marking a rare flash of command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address term (vocative)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Иди","gloss":"out of here"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Иди","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Иди","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"властно","lemma":"властно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"with authority"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-c9-s41","source":"— Алексей! Скажи ты мне один, тебе одному поверю: была здесь сейчас она или не была?","translation":"\"Alexei! You alone tell me — you are the only one I'll believe: was she here just now or was she not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе одному поверю","title":"Dative object of «верить»","body":"«верить» ('to believe [someone]') governs the dative, so «тебе одному» ('you alone') is dative — to trust a person, not a fact. «поверю» is perfective future ('I will believe'). Dmitri singles Alyosha out as the one person he can trust."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была здесь сейчас она или не была","title":"Yes/no alternative with «или … не»","body":"The double question «была … или не была» ('was she or was she not') sets up a stark yes/no alternative. Note the gendered past «была» (feminine, agreeing with «она») — the past tense marks gender, not person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address term (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты, emphatic ('you alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебе, emphatic ('you alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"поверю","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll believe"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была (first instance)","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-c9-s42","source":"Я ее сам видел, как она сейчас мимо плетня из переулка в эту сторону проскользнула.","translation":"I saw her myself just now, how she slipped past the fence from the lane and over to this side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как она … проскользнула","title":"Perfective of a single slipping motion","body":"«проскользнула» ('slipped past/through'), perfective with the prefix «про-» of passing-by, names one completed furtive movement Dmitri claims to have seen. The «как»-clause after «видел» reports the perceived event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мимо плетня из переулка","title":"«плетень» and «переулок» — the back-lane setting","body":"«плетень» is a wattle fence of woven branches, a humble rural boundary; «переулок» is a back lane or side-alley. «мимо плетня» ('past the wattle fence') uses «мимо» + genitive. The detail roots the scene in a provincial, half-rustic townscape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проскользнула","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проскользнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проскользнула","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетня","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"плетня","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition мимо","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"переулка","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сторону","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проскользнула","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"проскользнула","lemma":"проскользнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"slipped"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-c9-s43","source":"Я крикнул, она убежала…","translation":"I shouted, and she ran off...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я крикнул, она убежала","title":"Two perfectives in sequence","body":"«крикнул» ('shouted') and «убежала» ('ran off') are both perfective past, chained to narrate two quick completed events one after the other — the engine of Russian event-by-event storytelling. The trailing «…» leaves the thought hanging in distress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of убежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"убежала","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"ran off"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-c9-s44","source":"— Клянусь тебе, она здесь не была, и никто здесь не ждал ее вовсе!","translation":"\"I swear to you, she was not here, and no one here was expecting her at all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто здесь не ждал ее вовсе","title":"Negative concord: «никто … не»","body":"«никто … не ждал» pairs the «ни»-pronoun 'nobody' with verbal «не» — obligatory negative concord ('nobody was-not expecting'), meaning simply 'no one expected her.' «вовсе» ('at all') intensifies the denial, and «ждать» here takes the accusative «ее»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Клянусь тебе","title":"«клясться» — to swear an oath","body":"«Клянусь» ('I swear') is the reflexive «клясться», a solemn oath verb governing the dative of the person sworn to («тебе»). Alyosha's swearing lends weight to his denial that Grushenka was ever in the house."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"object clause of Клянусь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"was expecting"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-c9-s45","source":"— Но я ее видел… Стало быть, она… Я узнаю сейчас, где она… Прощай, Алексей!","translation":"\"But I saw her... So she must be... I'll find out at once where she is... Goodbye, Alexei!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я узнаю сейчас, где она","title":"Perfective future masquerading as present","body":"«узнаю» can be present ('I find out') or, as here, the perfective future of «узнать» ('I'll find out [at once]') — only context and «сейчас» ('right now, presently') disambiguate. The perfective stresses he will get the single, definite answer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Стало быть, она…","title":"Broken-off inference","body":"«Стало быть, она…» ('So she must…') trails off, the unfinished «она» leaving the conclusion unspoken — Dmitri reasons aloud and stops himself. Such ruptured syntax mirrors his racing, half-coherent mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical connector introducing она","gloss":"so","note":"Idiom \"стало быть\" = \"so, that means.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided clause after Стало быть","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll find out"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause complement of узнаю","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause introduced by где","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address of Прощай","gloss":"Alexei"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-c9-s46","source":"Езопу теперь о деньгах ни слова, а к Катерине Ивановне сейчас же и непременно: «Кланяться велел, кланяться велел, кланяться!","translation":"Not a word to Aesop now about the money, but go to Katerina Ivanovna at once and without fail: 'He bade me bow to you, he bade me bow to you, to bow!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о деньгах ни слова","title":"«ни слова» — genitive 'not a word'","body":"«ни слова» ('not a word') is the «ни» + genitive of total negation, the verb 'say' elided: 'not a word about the money.' «о деньгах» uses «о» + prepositional for the topic. The genitive «слова» under «ни» marks the complete absence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Езопу","lemma":"езоп","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of an elided verb (say/tell)","gloss":"to Aesop","note":"Fyodor's mocking nickname for Smerdyakov, after the fabulist Aesop."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of the elided verb, part of idiom ни слова","gloss":"a word","note":"Idiom \"ни слова\" = \"not a word.\""},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided verb (go)","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сейчас, modifies the elided verb","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"Кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to bow"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"he told me"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел (repeated)","gloss":"to bow"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with велел","gloss":"he told me"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кланяться","gloss":"to bow"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-c9-s47","source":"Именно кланяться и раскланяться!» Опиши ей сцену.","translation":"To bow and take my leave, precisely!' Describe the scene to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опиши ей сцену","title":"Perfective imperative + dative addressee","body":"«Опиши» is the perfective imperative of «описать» ('describe!'), calling for a single completed act; «ей» ('to her') is the dative of the person addressed. Dmitri commissions Alyosha to recount the whole scene to Katerina Ivanovna."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскланяться","title":"«раскланяться» — to bow and take leave","body":"«раскланяться» ('to exchange bows, take ceremonious leave') intensifies plain «кланяться» with «рас-», meaning a formal bowing-out, a parting. The word-play «кланяться и раскланяться» ('to bow and take my leave') is Dmitri's loaded gesture of final farewell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кланяться","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to bow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раскланяться","lemma":"раскланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with кланяться","gloss":"take my leave"},{"surface":"Опиши","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"describe"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Опиши","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Опиши","gloss":"the scene"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-c9-s48","source":"Тем временем Иван и Григорий подняли старика и усадили в кресла.","translation":"Meanwhile Ivan and Grigory lifted the old man and settled him into an armchair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подняли … и усадили в кресла","title":"Two perfectives + «в» + accusative of motion","body":"«подняли … усадили» ('lifted … settled') are paired perfectives narrating completed acts. «усадить в кресла» uses «в» + accusative for motion into the seat. «кресла» can be read as the plural of a deep armchair (or its 'arms') into which they ease the old man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of временем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"временем","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подняли","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняли","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усадили","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"settled him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресла","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кресла","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of усадили","gloss":"the armchair"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-c9-s49","source":"Лицо его было окровавлено, но сам он был в памяти и с жадностью прислушивался к крикам Дмитрия.","translation":"His face was covered in blood, but he was conscious and listened greedily to Dmitri's shouting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его было окровавлено","title":"Short passive participle: 'was bloodied'","body":"«окровавлено» is the neuter short-form past passive participle of «окровавить» ('to make bloody'), joined to «было» — 'his face was covered in blood', stating the result. It agrees neuter with «лицо»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был в памяти","title":"«в памяти» — conscious, in one's senses","body":"«быть в памяти» ('to be conscious, in possession of one's senses') is an idiom built on «память» ('memory'); «в памяти» is «в» + prepositional. The detail matters: bloodied but lucid, he keeps eavesdropping greedily on Dmitri."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с жадностью прислушивался","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner; imperfective listening","body":"«с жадностью» ('greedily, avidly') is «с» + instrumental forming an adverbial of manner. «прислушивался к крикам» is imperfective ('kept straining to listen'), «прислушиваться к» + dative — the ongoing, hungry attention of the old lecher."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive окровавлено","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of окровавлено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"окровавлено","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered in blood"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to памяти","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"conscious","note":"\"в памяти\" is an idiom meaning \"conscious, in his right mind.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жадностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жадностью","lemma":"жадность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислушивался","gloss":"greedily"},{"surface":"прислушивался","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крикам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крикам","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прислушивался","gloss":"the shouting"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крикам","gloss":"Dmitri's"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-c9-s50","source":"Ему всё еще казалось, что Грушенька вправду где-нибудь в доме.","translation":"He still imagined that Grushenka really was somewhere in the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему всё еще казалось, что","title":"Dative experiencer of «казаться»","body":"«Ему … казалось, что…» ('it still seemed to him that…') is an impersonal construction: the experiencer «ему» is dative, the verb neuter «казалось» with no nominative subject. This dative-experiencer frame is the natural Russian way into a character's inner conviction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где-нибудь в доме","title":"«-нибудь» — somewhere, anywhere","body":"«где-нибудь» ('somewhere [or other], anywhere') uses the non-specific indefinite particle «-нибудь»: he imagines Grushenka is in the house, but in no definite place. Contrast «где-то», which would point to a specific-but-unknown spot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of казалось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of всё еще, modifies казалось","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of всё еще, modifies казалось","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of казалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb (была)","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (была)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies the elided verb","gloss":"somewhere","note":"\"где-нибудь\" is one indefinite adverb meaning \"somewhere.\""},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-c9-s51","source":"Дмитрий Федорович ненавистно взглянул на него уходя.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich shot him a hateful look as he was leaving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ненавистно взглянул на него уходя","title":"Imperfective gerund «уходя» at the clause-end","body":"«уходя» ('as he was leaving') is the present imperfective gerund of «уходить», marking an action ongoing simultaneously with the glance «взглянул». «ненавистно» ('with hatred') colours the look. The gerund floats to the end, framing the parting glare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ненавистно","lemma":"ненавистно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглянул","gloss":"hatefully"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уходя","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies взглянул","gloss":"as he left"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-c9-s52","source":"— Не раскаиваюсь за твою кровь! — воскликнул он, — берегись, старик, береги мечту, потому что и у меня мечта! Проклинаю тебя сам и отрекаюсь от тебя совсем…","translation":"\"I feel no remorse for your blood!\" he exclaimed. \"Beware, old man, guard your dream, for I too have a dream! I curse you of my own will and renounce you altogether...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не раскаиваюсь за твою кровь","title":"Reflexive «раскаиваться» — to repent","body":"«раскаиваюсь» is the reflexive imperfective «раскаиваться» ('to repent, feel remorse'), here negated: 'I feel no remorse.' Russian normally pairs it with «в» + prepositional; Dmitri's «за твою кровь» ('for your blood') is heightened, near-biblical phrasing of an unrepented act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"берегись … береги мечту","title":"Reflexive vs plain imperative side by side","body":"«берегись» ('beware, watch out!') is the reflexive imperative of «беречься», while «береги» ('guard, cherish!') is the plain transitive imperative of «беречь» + accusative «мечту». The minimal pair shows how «-ся» flips 'protect yourself' into 'protect [it].'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрекаюсь от тебя","title":"«отрекаться» — to renounce, disown","body":"«отрекаюсь от тебя» ('I renounce you'), reflexive «отрекаться» + «от» + genitive, is the grave language of disowning — the same verb used of renouncing one's faith or kin. Dmitri's curse and renunciation of his father carry an almost ritual, theological weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раскаиваюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раскаиваюсь","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I don't repent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскаиваюсь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to раскаиваюсь","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"берегись","lemma":"беречься","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскаиваюсь","gloss":"beware"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to берегись","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"береги","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with берегись","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"мечту","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of береги","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause и у меня мечта","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у, possessive construction with мечта","gloss":"me","note":"\"у меня мечта\" = \"I have a dream\" (possessive construction)."},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive clause у меня мечта","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"Проклинаю","lemma":"проклинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I curse"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Проклинаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the elided subject (я) of Проклинаю","gloss":"of my own will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отрекаюсь","lemma":"отрекаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Проклинаю","gloss":"I renounce"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекаюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрекаюсь","gloss":"altogether"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-c9-s53","source":"Он выбежал из комнаты.","translation":"He ran out of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежал из комнаты","title":"Prefixed motion verb of exit","body":"«выбежал» ('ran out'), with the prefix «вы-» of motion out, is a perfective prefixed verb of motion taking «из» + genitive «из комнаты» ('out of the room'). It closes Dmitri's stormy exit in a single completed dash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-c9-s54","source":"— Она здесь, она верно здесь! Смердяков, Смердяков, — чуть слышно хрипел старик, пальчиком маня Смердякова.","translation":"\"She is here, she's surely here! Smerdyakov, Smerdyakov,\" the old man wheezed, scarcely audible, beckoning Smerdyakov with one finger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"она верно здесь","title":"«верно» as a modal 'surely'","body":"Here «верно» is not the adverb 'correctly' but a modal particle of probability, 'surely, no doubt' — 'she's surely here.' Context tells the two senses apart. The line has no copula: «она … здесь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальчиком маня","title":"«пальчик» — a feeble little finger","body":"«пальчиком» is the diminutive of «палец» ('finger'), instrumental of means: he beckons 'with one little finger.' The diminutive plus the imperfective gerund «маня» ('beckoning') paints the dying old man's gesture as faint and pitiful."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хрипел","title":"«хрипеть» — to wheeze, rasp","body":"«хрипел» ('wheezed, rasped', imperfective past) names a hoarse, labored sound from a damaged throat. With «чуть слышно» ('barely audible'), it conveys the old man's broken, near-spent voice after the beating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, part of quoted speech","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердяков","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышно","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хрипел","gloss":"audible"},{"surface":"хрипел","lemma":"хрипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wheezed"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хрипел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"пальчиком","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of маня","gloss":"with a finger"},{"surface":"маня","lemma":"манить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb, coordinated with хрипел","gloss":"beckoning"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of маня","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-c9-s55","source":"— Нет ее здесь, нет, безумный вы старик, — злобно закричал на него Иван. — Ну, с ним обморок! Воды, полотенце! Поворачивайся, Смердяков!","translation":"\"She's not here, no, you mad old man,\" Ivan shouted at him spitefully. \"There — he's fainting! Water, a towel! Look sharp, Smerdyakov!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет ее здесь","title":"«нет» + genitive of absence","body":"«Нет её здесь» ('she's not here') is the negative-existential «нет» governing the genitive «её» — Russian's standard way of denying presence: the absent thing stands in the genitive, never the nominative. Compare «нет времени», 'there's no time.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безумный вы старик","title":"Pronoun wedged inside an address","body":"«безумный вы старик» ('you mad old man') inserts «вы» between adjective and noun — an emphatic, scornful Russian vocative pattern (compare «дурак ты этакий»). The intruding pronoun sharpens the abuse Ivan flings at his father."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поворачивайся, Смердяков!","title":"«поворачивайся» — colloquial 'look sharp!'","body":"Literally 'turn yourself' (reflexive imperative of «поворачиваться»), «поворачивайся!» is a colloquial command meaning 'get a move on, look sharp!' Ivan barks it at the servant to fetch water quickly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential, present","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is not"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of Нет","gloss":"her","note":"\"нет\" negates existence with the genitive: \"её нет\" = \"she isn't [here].\""},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative interjection","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"безумный","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition with старик, vocative address","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with Нет","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Нет","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обморок","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обморок","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fainting"},{"surface":"Воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of an elided verb (bring)","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Воды","gloss":"a towel"},{"surface":"Поворачивайся","lemma":"поворачиваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look sharp"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Поворачивайся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-c9-s56","source":"Смердяков бросился за водой.","translation":"Smerdyakov rushed off for water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился за водой","title":"«за» + instrumental of purpose ('to fetch')","body":"«за водой» ('for water') uses «за» + instrumental in its 'to fetch / go after' sense — going after something to bring it back. «бросился» ('dashed', reflexive perfective) conveys Smerdyakov's instant scramble to obey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed off"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-c9-s57","source":"Старика наконец раздели, снесли в спальню и уложили в постель.","translation":"At last they got the old man undressed, carried him into the bedroom, and laid him in bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старика … раздели, снесли … и уложили","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural narration","body":"Three perfectives «раздели, снесли, уложили» ('undressed, carried, laid down') run with no stated subject — the impersonal 3rd-person plural 'they' for the helpers acting together. «Старика» ('the old man'), animate accusative, is fronted as the shared object/topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздели","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздели","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"раздели","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"undressed"},{"surface":"снесли","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздели","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спальню","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снесли","gloss":"the bedroom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уложили","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздели","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложили","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-c9-s58","source":"Голову обвязали ему мокрым полотенцем.","translation":"They bound his head up with a wet towel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голову обвязали ему мокрым полотенцем","title":"Dative of the possessor + instrumental of means","body":"Russian marks the affected body-part's owner with the dative «ему» ('his') rather than a possessive: «обвязали ему голову» = 'they bound his head.' The means «мокрым полотенцем» ('with a wet towel') is instrumental. The fronted «голову» is the topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обвязали","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"обвязали","lemma":"обвязать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обвязали","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мокрым","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полотенцем","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"полотенцем","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обвязали","gloss":"towel"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-c9-s59","source":"Ослабев от коньяку, от сильных ощущений и от побоев, он мигом, только что коснулся подушки, завел глаза и забылся.","translation":"Weakened by the cognac, by the violent emotions, and by the beating, the moment his head touched the pillow he rolled his eyes back and sank into oblivion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ослабев от коньяку","title":"Perfective gerund + «от» + genitive of cause","body":"«Ослабев» is the past perfective gerund of «ослабеть» ('having grown weak'), and the repeated «от» + genitive — «от коньяку, от … ощущений, от побоев» — names the three causes of his weakness. «коньяку» shows the old partitive genitive -у beside modern «коньяка»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что коснулся подушки","title":"«коснуться» + genitive: the moment of touching","body":"«коснулся подушки» ('touched the pillow') — the verb «коснуться» governs the genitive of the thing touched. «только что» ('the moment that') makes it a near-instantaneous trigger: as soon as his head touched the pillow he was gone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забылся","title":"«забыться» — to sink into oblivion","body":"«забылся» is the reflexive «забыться», not 'forgot' but 'sank into a doze / lost consciousness' — to slip out of awareness. Paired with «завел глаза» ('rolled his eyes back'), it renders his collapse into stupor after the cognac and the beating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ослабев","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"modifies он, adverbial","gloss":"weakened"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коньяку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"коньяку","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ослабев","gloss":"the cognac"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ощущений","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"сильных","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ощущений","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"ощущений","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with коньяку","gloss":"emotions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побоев","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"побоев","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ощущений","gloss":"the beating"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завел and забылся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"мигом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завел","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of коснулся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"коснулся","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying завел","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of коснулся","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"завел","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rolled"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of завел","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забылся","lemma":"забыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завел","gloss":"sank into oblivion"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-c9-s60","source":"Иван Федорович и Алеша вернулись в залу.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich and Alyosha returned to the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вернулись в залу","title":"Prefixed motion verb of return + «в» + accusative","body":"«вернулись» ('returned', reflexive perfective of «вернуться») takes «в» + accusative «в залу» ('into the hall') for motion toward. The chapter's frantic action settles as the brothers come back to the room where it began."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вернулись","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вернулись","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернулись","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-c9-s61","source":"Смердяков выносил черепки разбитой вазы, а Григорий стоял у стола, мрачно потупившись.","translation":"Smerdyakov was carrying out the shards of the broken vase, and Grigory stood by the table, scowling at the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выносил","title":"Imperfective for ongoing work","body":"«выносил» is imperfective past — Smerdyakov was in the middle of carrying the shards out, an action still in process as the scene opens. A perfective «вынес» would have meant he had finished and removed them all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а Григорий стоял","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«а» here is the mild contrastive conjunction that pivots from one subject to another — Smerdyakov doing one thing «а» Grigory doing another. It sets two simultaneous tableaux side by side rather than opposing them, the way English 'while/and' would."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потупившись","title":"Gerund «потупившись»","body":"A perfective past gerund («деепричастие») in -вшись from «потупиться» (to cast one's eyes down): 'having lowered his gaze, with eyes downcast'. It compresses a second, attendant action into one indeclinable word sharing Grigory's subject — a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выносил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"выносил","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was carrying out"},{"surface":"черепки","lemma":"черепок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выносил","gloss":"the shards"},{"surface":"разбитой","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies вазы","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"вазы","lemma":"ваза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черепки","gloss":"the vase"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выносил","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потупившись","gloss":"grimly"},{"surface":"потупившись","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"converb modifying стоял","gloss":"looking down"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-c9-s62","source":"— Не намочить ли и тебе голову и не лечь ли тебе тоже в постель, — обратился к Григорию Алеша. — Мы здесь за ним посмотрим; брат ужасно больно ударил тебя… по голове.","translation":"\"Shouldn't you wet your own head too and lie down as well?\" Alyosha said, turning to Grigory. \"We'll keep an eye on him here; my brother struck you a terrible blow... on the head.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не намочить ли и тебе голову","title":"«не…ли» as a gentle suggestion","body":"The interrogative particle «ли» attached to a negated infinitive turns the line into a softened proposal — literally 'shouldn't (one) wet your head too?' The dative «тебе» supplies the subject of the impersonal infinitive: it is to/for you that this should perhaps happen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился к Григорию Алеша","title":"Inverted speech tag","body":"The verb «обратился к» (turned to) governs the dative «к Григорию», and the subject «Алеша» is pushed to the very end. Free word order lets the speech-tag verb lead and the speaker's name land last — standard rhythm for Dostoevsky's dialogue attributions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за ним посмотрим","title":"«посмотреть за» — to keep an eye on","body":"Here «посмотреть» plus «за» + instrumental «ним» means 'watch over, look after', not simply 'look at'. The preposition «за» with the instrumental is what shifts the plain verb of seeing into one of supervision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намочить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"намочить","lemma":"намочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намочить","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of намочить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of намочить","gloss":"your head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лечь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лечь","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with намочить","gloss":"lie down"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лечь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of лечь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лечь","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to намочить","gloss":"said, turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of посмотрим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрим","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"посмотрим","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will watch"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"my brother"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to посмотрим","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the head"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-c9-s63","source":"— Он меня дерзнул! — мрачно и раздельно произнес Григорий.","translation":"\"He dared lay hands on me!\" Grigory pronounced, dark and deliberate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дерзнул","title":"«дерзнуть» — to dare, presume","body":"«дерзнуть» is a bookish, indignant verb: 'to have the audacity to'. In Grigory's mouth it is almost a self-quotation — the old servant's outraged word for a son raising his hand to him, and the novel will turn it into a refrain (note the scare-quotes when others throw it back)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мрачно и раздельно","title":"Adverbs of manner on the verb","body":"«мрачно» (darkly) and «раздельно» (separately, deliberately — pronouncing each word apart) are manner adverbs modifying «произнес». Stacking two adverbs before the verb paints how Grigory speaks: grimly and word by word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дерзнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дерзнул","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дерзнул","lemma":"дерзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"darkly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to дерзнул","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-c9-s64","source":"— Он и отца «дерзнул», не то что тебя! — заметил, кривя рот, Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"He 'dared lay hands' on his own father too, not just on you!\" Ivan Fyodorovich remarked, his mouth twisting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он и отца «дерзнул», не то что тебя!","title":"Emphatic «и» and «не то что»","body":"«и» before «отца» is the emphatic particle 'even' (he 'dared' even his father), and «не то что тебя» means 'let alone / not just you'. Both «отца» and «тебя» are accusative objects of «дерзнул», which Ivan keeps in mocking quotation marks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кривя рот","title":"Present gerund «кривя»","body":"An imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») from «кривить»: 'twisting his mouth', an action going on simultaneously with the remark. It modifies Ivan and shares his subject, adding the sneer to his words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дерзнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes отца","gloss":"even","note":"Here \"и\" means \"even/too,\" not \"and.\""},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дерзнул","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"дерзнул","lemma":"дерзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"to say","note":"\"Не то что\" is a set phrase meaning \"let alone / not to mention.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дерзнул","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to дерзнул","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"кривя","lemma":"кривить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"twisting"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кривя","gloss":"his mouth"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-c9-s65","source":"— Я его в корыте мыл… он меня дерзнул! — повторял Григорий.","translation":"\"I washed him in the tub when he was a baby... and he dared lay hands on me!\" Grigory kept repeating.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял","title":"Imperfective of repetition","body":"«повторял» (imperfective past) marks the action as iterative — Grigory 'kept repeating' it, going over the grievance again and again. A perfective «повторил» would name a single repetition; the imperfective gives the obsessive loop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мыл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корыте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"корыте","lemma":"корыто","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыл","gloss":"the tub"},{"surface":"мыл","lemma":"мыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"washed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дерзнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дерзнул","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дерзнул","lemma":"дерзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to дерзнул","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-c9-s66","source":"— Черт возьми, если б я не оторвал его, пожалуй, он бы так и убил. Много ли надо Езопу? — прошептал Иван Федорович Алеше.","translation":"\"Devil take it, if I hadn't dragged him off, he'd likely have gone and killed him outright. It wouldn't take much to finish Aesop, would it?\" Ivan Fyodorovich whispered to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я не оторвал его… он бы так и убил","title":"Past counterfactual with «бы»","body":"A contrary-to-fact conditional: «если б(ы)» + past «не оторвал» in the if-clause, and the result clause «он бы… убил» also pairs past tense with «бы». Both halves use the past form because Russian's whole irrealis mood is built from past + «бы», regardless of real time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много ли надо Езопу?","title":"Dative experiencer in an impersonal question","body":"Literally 'Is much needed to Aesop?' — «надо» (one needs / it takes) is impersonal, with no nominative subject, and the one for whom little is needed stands in the dative «Езопу». «ли» frames it as a rhetorical yes/no question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative addressed by возьми","gloss":"devil","note":"\"Черт возьми\" is an idiom meaning \"Damn it!\""},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оторвал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks оторвал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оторвал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оторвал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оторвал","lemma":"оторвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying убил","gloss":"dragged off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оторвал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"likely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks убил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"outright","note":"\"Так и\" intensifies the verb, roughly \"outright/actually.\""},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional sentence","gloss":"would have killed"},{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"Езопу","lemma":"Эзоп","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of надо","gloss":"Aesop","note":"\"Ezop\" (Aesop) is Fyodor Pavlovich's mocking nickname for Grigory (not Smerdyakov) — the context is Ivan worrying that Grigory, whom he just pulled off Dmitri, could easily be killed."},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прошептал","gloss":"to Alyosha"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-c9-s67","source":"— Боже сохрани! — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"God forbid!\" Alyosha exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative addressed by сохрани","gloss":"God","note":"\"Боже сохрани\" is an idiom meaning \"God forbid!\""},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сохрани","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-c9-s68","source":"— А зачем «сохрани»? — всё тем же шепотом продолжал Иван, злобно скривив лицо. — Один гад съест другую гадину, обоим туда и дорога!","translation":"\"And why 'forbid'?\" Ivan went on in the same whisper, his face screwed up with spite. \"One reptile will eat the other, and good riddance to the pair of them!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё тем же шепотом","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«тем же шепотом» (in the same whisper) is the instrumental case used adverbially to express the manner of speaking, with «тем же» ('the same') agreeing in the instrumental. «всё» here means 'still, continually'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"злобно скривив лицо","title":"Perfective gerund «скривив»","body":"«скривив» is a perfective past gerund: 'having twisted his face'. It expresses an action completed just before or as he speaks, set off as attendant circumstance to «продолжал». The adverb «злобно» (spitefully) colours it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гад… гадину","title":"«гад» and «гадина» — vermin, reptile","body":"«гад» is a 'reptile, vermin, vile creature'; «гадина» its feminine/expressive form. Ivan's 'one гад will eat the other гадина' reduces father and son to two repellent animals — the verbal cruelty that makes Alyosha shudder in the next line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обоим туда и дорога","title":"«туда и дорога» — good riddance","body":"An idiom: «туда им и дорога» = 'that's just where they belong / good riddance to them'. The dative «обоим» ('to both') names who is being consigned to that fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохрани","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шепотом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скривив","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"скривив","lemma":"скривить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"twisting"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скривив","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies гад","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"гад","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съест","gloss":"reptile"},{"surface":"съест","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will eat"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гадину","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"гадину","lemma":"гадина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of съест","gloss":"reptile"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"dative modifying дорога","gloss":"for both","note":"\"Обоим туда и дорога\" is an idiom: \"good riddance to both of them.\""},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорога","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the idiom обоим туда дорога","gloss":"the road"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-c9-s69","source":"Алеша вздрогнул.","translation":"Alyosha shuddered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнул","title":"Perfective of a single shudder","body":"«вздрогнул» is perfective past — one sudden, complete flinch. The prefix «вз-» adds the sense of an abrupt upward start; the whole verb names an instantaneous reaction, not a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shuddered"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-c9-s70","source":"— Я, разумеется, не дам совершиться убийству, как не дал и сейчас. Останься тут, Алеша, я выйду походить по двору; у меня голова начала болеть.","translation":"\"I won't let a murder happen, of course — just as I didn't let it happen now. Stay here, Alyosha; I'll go and walk about the yard, my head has begun to ache.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дам совершиться убийству","title":"«дать» + dative + infinitive","body":"«не дам совершиться убийству» = 'I will not let a murder take place'. «дать» here means 'allow', taking a dative «убийству» (to the murder) and the reflexive infinitive «совершиться» (to be accomplished). «дам» is perfective-future — a single resolved future act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Останься","title":"Perfective imperative «останься»","body":"«Останься» is the singular imperative of perfective «остаться» (to stay), with the reflexive «-сь». A perfective command asks for one concrete act — 'stay (put)' here and now — rather than a general policy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня голова начала болеть","title":"«у меня» possession of a state","body":"«у меня голова начала болеть» literally 'by me the head began to hurt' — Russian locates the ache with «у» + genitive «меня» rather than a possessive 'my'. «начала болеть» pairs perfective «начать» (began) with imperfective infinitive «болеть» (to ache, ongoing)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to дам","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дам","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"убийству","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement, logical subject of совершиться","gloss":"a murder"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to дам","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"Останься","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Останься","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative addressed by Останься","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go out"},{"surface":"походить","lemma":"походить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of выйду","gloss":"to walk about"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двору","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"двору","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of походить","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive complement of голова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has begun"},{"surface":"болеть","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to ache"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-c9-s71","source":"Алеша пошел в спальню к отцу и просидел у его изголовья за ширмами около часа.","translation":"Alyosha went into the bedroom to his father and sat at the head of his bed, behind the screen, for about an hour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел… и просидел","title":"Chain of perfectives","body":"Two perfective pasts move the narrative forward event by event: «пошел» (set off, went) and «просидел» (sat through). The prefix «про-» on «сидел» means 'spent the whole span sitting', which is why it pairs naturally with «около часа»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у его изголовья за ширмами","title":"«изголовье» and «ширмы»","body":"«изголовье» is the head of a bed (from «голова»); «ширмы» a folding screen. The detail of sitting 'at the head of the bed, behind the screen' evokes the cramped, partitioned bedrooms of the period and the sickroom intimacy of the vigil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спальню","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the bedroom"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просидел","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изголовья","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of изголовья","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"изголовья","lemma":"изголовье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"bedside"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ширмами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"the screens"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"an hour"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-c9-s72","source":"Старик вдруг открыл глаза и долго молча смотрел на Алешу, видимо припоминая и соображая.","translation":"The old man suddenly opened his eyes and looked a long while at Alyosha in silence, evidently trying to remember and to collect his thoughts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго молча смотрел","title":"Imperfective for sustained gaze","body":"«смотрел» (imperfective past) with «долго» (a long while) presents the looking as a drawn-out process. «молча» is itself a frozen gerund of «молчать» ('being silent'), used adverbially — 'in silence'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видимо припоминая и соображая","title":"Paired present gerunds","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds, «припоминая» (recalling) and «соображая» (figuring out, collecting his wits), describe what the old man is doing as he stares. Chaining gerunds to layer simultaneous mental activity onto a main verb is classic 19th-century literary style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открыл","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of открыл","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with открыл","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"припоминая","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соображая","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with припоминая","gloss":"collecting his thoughts"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-c9-s73","source":"Вдруг необыкновенное волнение изобразилось в его лице.","translation":"Suddenly an extraordinary agitation showed in his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"необыкновенное волнение изобразилось в его лице","title":"Reflexive «изобразилось» — middle voice","body":"«изобразилось» is the «-ся» (here «-сь») form of «изобразить»: the agitation 'depicted itself / showed' in his face, an intransitive middle. The new information «необыкновенное волнение» leads, and the «-ся» verb avoids naming any outside agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изобразилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"an extraordinary"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изобразилось","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"изобразилось","lemma":"изобразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изобразилось","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-c9-s74","source":"— Алеша, — зашептал он опасливо, — где Иван?","translation":"\"Alyosha,\" he whispered apprehensively, \"where is Ivan?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашептал","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»","body":"«зашептал» is perfective: the prefix «за-» marks the onset of an action — 'began to whisper, broke into a whisper'. Russian routinely lexicalises 'starting to X' this way rather than with a separate verb 'begin'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опасливо","title":"«опасливо» — warily, fearfully","body":"An adverb from «опасливый» (apprehensive, on guard): he whispers 'warily', as one afraid of being overheard. It plants the old man's fear of Ivan before he even names him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative addressed by зашептал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"зашептал","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опасливо","lemma":"опасливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашептал","gloss":"apprehensively"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to зашептал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-c9-s75","source":"— На дворе, у него голова болит. Он нас стережет.","translation":"\"Out in the yard, his head aches. He's keeping watch over us.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На дворе","title":"«на дворе» — locative with «на»","body":"«на дворе» (out in the yard) uses «на» + prepositional for location. «двор» (yard, courtyard) is one of the nouns that idiomatically take «на» rather than «в», and «на дворе» also colloquially means 'outside'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стережет","title":"Present tense «стережёт»","body":"«стережёт» (he is guarding/watching over) is the present of imperfective «стеречь», a verb with consonant mutation in its stem. Only imperfectives have a true present; it pictures Ivan keeping watch right now."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical answer, locates Иван","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of болит","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болит","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aches"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стережет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of стережет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"стережет","lemma":"стеречь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is watching over"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-c9-s76","source":"— Подай зеркальце, вон там стоит, подай!","translation":"\"Hand me the little mirror, it's standing over there, hand it here!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подай","title":"Perfective imperative «подай»","body":"«Подай» is the imperative of perfective «подать» (to hand, pass) — a request for one specific act, 'hand it here'. The repetition «подай!» at the end gives the old man's fretful insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зеркальце","title":"Diminutive «зеркальце»","body":"«зеркальце» is the diminutive of «зеркало» (mirror) — a 'little mirror'. The suffix «-це» here is mostly literal (it is small) but, in this querulous, intimate scene, also colours the request with the old man's fussy tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подай","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hand me"},{"surface":"зеркальце","lemma":"зеркальце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Подай","gloss":"the little mirror"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"describes зеркальце's location","gloss":"is standing"},{"surface":"подай","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стоит","gloss":"hand it"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-c9-s77","source":"Алеша подал ему маленькое складное кругленькое зеркальце, стоявшее на комоде.","translation":"Alyosha handed him a small, round, folding mirror that stood on the chest of drawers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"маленькое складное кругленькое зеркальце","title":"Stacked agreeing adjectives","body":"Three neuter singular adjectives — «маленькое», «складное», «кругленькое» — all agree with «зеркальце» in gender, number, and (here accusative) case. «кругленькое» carries the affectionate diminutive «-еньк-», echoing «зеркальце» itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоявшее на комоде","title":"Past active participle «стоявшее»","body":"«стоявшее» is a past active participle from «стоять» (to stand), agreeing with neuter «зеркальце» in the accusative: 'the mirror that was standing on the chest'. It packs a whole «которое стояло» relative clause into one declining word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"комод","title":"«комод» — chest of drawers","body":"A «комод» is a low chest of drawers, a standard piece of bedroom furniture in a 19th-century Russian household — a small, telling prop in Fyodor Pavlovich's sickroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"маленькое","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зеркальце","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"складное","lemma":"складной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зеркальце","gloss":"folding"},{"surface":"кругленькое","lemma":"кругленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зеркальце","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"зеркальце","lemma":"зеркальце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"стоявшее","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying зеркальце","gloss":"that stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комоде","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"комоде","lemma":"комод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшее","gloss":"the chest of drawers"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-c9-s78","source":"Старик погляделся в него: распух довольно сильно нос, и на лбу над левою бровью был значительный багровый подтек.","translation":"The old man examined himself in it: his nose was rather badly swollen, and on his forehead, above his left eyebrow, was a sizable crimson bruise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"распух довольно сильно нос","title":"Comment-first word order","body":"The new information — that the nose «распух» (had swollen up) 'довольно сильно' — leads, and the topic «нос» lands last. Russian's free order lets the result be announced before the noun it describes, mirroring the old man's gaze finding the damage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"над левою бровью","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«над левою бровью» = 'above the left eyebrow', with «над» governing the instrumental. «левою» uses the older, fuller feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой») — a bookish, 19th-century flavour very common in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"багровый подтек","title":"«багровый подтёк» — a livid bruise","body":"«багровый» is a dark crimson-purple (the colour of dried blood under the skin), and «подтёк» a bruise or contusion where blood has seeped (from «течь», to flow). Together a vivid 'crimson bruise' — the physical mark of Dmitri's blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погляделся","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"погляделся","lemma":"поглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погляделся","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"распух","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to погляделся","gloss":"had swollen"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильно","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распух","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распух","gloss":"his nose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бровью","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"левою","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бровью","gloss":"his left"},{"surface":"бровью","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лбу","gloss":"eyebrow"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, existential 'was'","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"значительный","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подтек","gloss":"a sizable"},{"surface":"багровый","lemma":"багровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подтек","gloss":"crimson"},{"surface":"подтек","lemma":"подтёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"bruise"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-c9-s79","source":"— Что говорит Иван? Алеша, милый, единственный сын мой, я Ивана боюсь; я Ивана больше, чем того, боюсь. Я только тебя одного не боюсь…","translation":"\"What is Ivan saying? Alyosha, my dear, my only son, I'm afraid of Ivan; I'm more afraid of Ivan than of the other one. You're the only one I'm not afraid of...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я Ивана боюсь","title":"«бояться» + genitive of the feared thing","body":"«бояться» (a verb existing only in the «-ся» form) governs the genitive of what is feared, so «Ивана» is genitive: 'I'm afraid of Ivan'. The repeated fronting of «Ивана» before the verb hammers home the object of his dread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше, чем того, боюсь","title":"Comparative «больше, чем»","body":"«больше, чем того» is the suppletive comparative of «много/большой» used adverbially — 'more than the other one'. «того» (genitive of «тот») both feeds «бояться» and stands for Dmitri, 'that one', kept at a wary distance by the demonstrative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единственный сын мой","title":"«единственный» — only, sole","body":"«единственный» means 'one and only, sole'. Fyodor Pavlovich's calling Alyosha 'my only son' is pure sentiment in the moment (he has three sons) — the maudlin, manipulative affection that colours the whole deathbed-style scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is saying"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеша","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of Ivan"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of Ivan"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of того","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"compared object of больше","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-c9-s80","source":"— Не бойтесь и Ивана, Иван сердится, но он вас защитит.","translation":"\"Don't be afraid of Ivan either; Ivan is angry, but he will protect you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бойтесь и Ивана","title":"Negated imperative «не бойтесь»","body":"«Не бойтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of «бояться»; Alyosha addresses his father with «вы». Negated commands in Russian strongly favour the imperfective, as here — 'don't be afraid', a general state rather than one act. «и» = 'either, even'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вас защитит","title":"Perfective future «защитит»","body":"«защитит» is the perfective verb «защитить» conjugated like a present, which yields future meaning: 'he will protect (you)'. «вас» is the accusative object. The perfective promises a single, decisive act of protection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Ивана","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бойтесь","gloss":"of Ivan"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сердится","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бойтесь","gloss":"is angry"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of защитит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of защитит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"защитит","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бойтесь","gloss":"will protect"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-c9-s81","source":"— Алеша, а тот-то? К Грушеньке побежал! Милый ангел, скажи правду: была давеча Грушенька али нет?","translation":"\"Alyosha, but what about the other one? He ran off to Grushenka! My dear angel, tell me the truth: was Grushenka here just now or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а тот-то?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"In «тот-то» the hyphenated clitic «-то» highlights a known topic — 'but that one (you know the one)?' — singling out Dmitri without naming him. This is the topic-emphasising «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то». «а» opens with a contrastive turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К Грушеньке побежал!","title":"Prefixed motion verb «побежать»","body":"«побежал» is perfective: «по-» on «бежать» marks the setting-off, 'he ran off / took off running'. «к Грушеньке» (to Grushenka) is the dative of direction governed by «к» — the destination of that flight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча… али","title":"Colloquial «давеча» and «али»","body":"«давеча» is a folksy, old-fashioned 'a while ago, earlier today', and «али» a rustic variant of «или» ('or'). Both mark Fyodor Pavlovich's lapse into a homelier, peasant-tinged register as he wheedles Alyosha — a recurring texture in his speech this chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тот","gloss":"though","note":"\"-то\" is a colloquial emphatic/topicalizing particle, roughly \"though.\""},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажи","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was here"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"alternative to была (or not)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-c9-s82","source":"— Никто ее не видал. Это обман, не была!","translation":"\"No one saw her. It was a delusion, she wasn't here!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто ее не видал","title":"Negative concord","body":"«Никто… не видал» is double negation working as a single 'no one saw her': the negative pronoun «никто» still requires «не» on the verb. «ее» is the accusative object. «видал» is a colloquial iterative-flavoured past of «видеть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обман","title":"«обман» — deception, illusion","body":"«обман» is 'a deception, a trick, an illusion'. Here Alyosha uses it for a phantom of the old man's overheated mind — 'it was a delusion' — soothing rather than accusing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обман","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a delusion"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was here"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-c9-s83","source":"— Ведь Митька-то на ней жениться хочет, жениться!","translation":"\"You know, Mitka wants to marry her, to marry her!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь Митька-то","title":"«ведь» + «-то» appeal","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know' — and the clitic «-то» on «Митька» again spotlights a known figure. Together they give the old man's confiding, you-realise-of-course tone as he frets over Mitya's plans."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митька","title":"«Митька» — pejorative diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митька» is a diminutive of Dmitri with the «-ка» suffix that, applied to an adult, carries scorn or rough familiarity (vs the affectionate «Митя/Митенька»). Fyodor Pavlovich belittles his rival-son even while fearing him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жениться хочет","title":"«жениться на» + prepositional","body":"«жениться» (of a man, to marry) is a «-ся» verb that takes «на» + prepositional for the bride — «на ней» (her). The bare repetition «жениться, жениться!» conveys the old man's agitation; «хочет» governs the imperfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Митька","gloss":"though","note":"\"-то\" is a colloquial emphatic particle attached to Митька."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жениться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"echoes жениться for emphasis","gloss":"marry"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-c9-s84","source":"— Она за него не пойдет.","translation":"\"She won't have him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она за него не пойдет","title":"«пойти за» — to marry (of a woman)","body":"«пойти за» + accusative «него» idiomatically means 'to marry (a man)', of the woman's side — the counterpart to «жениться на». «не пойдет» is perfective future: 'she won't marry him'. The whole exchange neatly pairs the two gendered verbs for 'to wed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for","note":"\"Пойти за (кого)\" is an idiom meaning \"to marry (someone).\""},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will marry"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-c9-s85","source":"— Не пойдет, не пойдет, не пойдет, не пойдет, ни за что не пойдет!.. — радостно так весь и встрепенулся старик, точно ничего ему не могли сказать в эту минуту отраднее.","translation":"\"She won't, she won't, she won't, she won't, not for anything will she have him!..\" the old man fairly quivered all over with joy, as though nothing could have been said to him more gratifying at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что не пойдет","title":"«ни за что» — not for anything","body":"«ни за что» ('not for anything, on no account') is built on intensifying «ни» and reinforces the «не» on «пойдет» — negative concord again. After the four-fold «не пойдет», it caps the old man's gleeful certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь и встрепенулся","title":"Emphatic «и» + perfective start","body":"«встрепенулся» (perfective, «-ся») is to give a sudden start, to rouse oneself with a quiver; «весь» means 'all over', «и» here is the emphatic 'fairly, just'. Together: 'the old man fairly quivered all over' — one vivid burst of motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего ему не могли сказать… отраднее","title":"Dative experiencer + comparative","body":"Impersonal-flavoured construction: nothing 'could be said to him' «ему» (dative) that was «отраднее» ('more gratifying', comparative of «отрадный»). The dative marks Fyodor Pavlovich as the one delighted, and «точно» introduces the simile 'as though'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she'll go","note":"Elliptical for \"пойдет за него\" (will marry/choose him) — the object is understood from context."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"she'll go"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"she'll go"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"she'll go"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"anything","note":"\"ни за что\" is a set phrase meaning \"not for anything, no matter what.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"will she have him"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встрепенулся","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радостно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встрепенулся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"встрепенулся","lemma":"встрепенуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quivered"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встрепенулся","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"be said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"отраднее","lemma":"отрадный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"more gratifying"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-c9-s86","source":"В восхищении он схватил руку Алеши и крепко прижал ее к своему сердцу.","translation":"In his rapture he seized Alyosha's hand and pressed it hard to his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил… и крепко прижал","title":"Perfectives of seizing and pressing","body":"«схватил» (seized) and «прижал» (pressed) are both perfective pasts — two abrupt, completed gestures. «к своему сердцу» uses «к» + dative for direction, and reflexive-possessive «своему» specifies it is his own heart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В восхищении","title":"«восхищение» — rapture","body":"«восхищение» is 'rapture, delight, ecstasy' (from a root of being 'carried away'). «в восхищении» — 'in his rapture' — marks the theatrical, almost ecstatic swing of the old sensualist's mood from fear to bliss."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восхищении","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижал","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"прижал","lemma":"прижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прижал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижал","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-c9-s87","source":"Даже слезы засветились в глазах его. — Образок-то, божией-то матери, вот про который я давеча рассказал, возьми уж себе, унеси с собой.","translation":"Tears even glistened in his eyes. \"That little icon, the one of the Mother of God, the one I told you about earlier — take it for yourself, carry it away with you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"божией-то матери","title":"Archaic genitive «божией»","body":"«божией матери» is genitive 'of the Mother of God'; «божией» shows the older bookish/Church feminine genitive ending «-ией» (vs everyday «-ьей»). The interleaved «-то» clitics give the old man's coaxing, sing-song rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот про который я давеча рассказал","title":"Relative «который» after «вот»","body":"«про который… рассказал» is a relative clause: «который» (accusative governed by «про», 'about which') refers back to «образок». «вот» points to it deictically — 'this very one I told you about earlier'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьми… унеси","title":"Twin perfective imperatives","body":"«возьми» (take) and «унеси» (carry away) are both perfective singular imperatives — single completed acts. «уж» before «возьми себе» is a softening, persuasive particle ('go on, do take it for yourself')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of засветились","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"засветились","lemma":"засветиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glistened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засветились","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Образок","lemma":"образок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"the little icon"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Образок","gloss":"that","note":"Colloquial \"-то\" is a topicalizing clitic attached to a noun, roughly \"that (one)\" — very common in folk speech, no independent meaning of its own."},{"surface":"божией","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies божией","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Образок","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies который","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Образок","gloss":"told you"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьми","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of возьми","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"унеси","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми","gloss":"carry away"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of унеси","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-c9-s88","source":"И в монастырь воротиться позволяю… давеча пошутил, не сердись.","translation":"And I give you leave to go back to the monastery... I was joking earlier, don't be angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давеча пошутил, не сердись","title":"Perfective «пошутил» + negated imperative","body":"«пошутил» (perfective, 'I had a joke, I was joking') treats the earlier teasing as a single past act. «не сердись» is the negated imperfective imperative of «сердиться» — 'don't be angry', a state-command, with the reflexive «-сь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволяю","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"позволяю","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I allow"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошутил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"пошутил","lemma":"пошутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was joking"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пошутил","gloss":"be angry"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-c9-s89","source":"Голова болит, Алеша… Леша, утоли ты мое сердце, будь ангелом, скажи правду!","translation":"My head aches, Alyosha... Lyosha, soothe my heart, be an angel, tell me the truth!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Леша","title":"«Лёша» — the intimate name","body":"Within one line the father slides from «Алеша» to the still shorter «Лёша» — the most intimate rung of the diminutive ladder for Alexei. The contraction itself is the tenderness, signalling how he leans on the boy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"утоли ты мое сердце, будь ангелом","title":"Imperatives «утоли» and «будь»","body":"«утоли» is the imperative of bookish «утолить» (to soothe, slake — usually thirst or grief), and «будь» the irregular imperative of «быть». «будь ангелом» ('be an angel') takes the predicate noun in the instrumental «ангелом» after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болит","gloss":"my head"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aches"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Леша","lemma":"Лёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Lyosha"},{"surface":"утоли","lemma":"утолить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"soothe"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утоли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утоли","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ангелом","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ангелом","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утоли","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажи","gloss":"the truth"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-c9-s90","source":"— Вы всё про то: была ли она или не была? — горестно проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"You're still on about the same thing: was she here or wasn't she?\" Alyosha said mournfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была ли она или не была?","title":"Embedded «ли» — whether","body":"«была ли она или не была» is an embedded yes/no question after «про то» ('about that'): «ли» = 'whether', and «была/не была» are the gendered past of «быть» (she was / was not [here]). The whole construction is the old man's looping obsession."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горестно","title":"«горестно» — sorrowfully","body":"«горестно» (from «горесть», grief) means 'mournfully, with distress'. It marks Alyosha's pained weariness at the father's circling fixation, not anger — a small tonal cue in the speech tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the clause","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-c9-s91","source":"— Нет, нет, нет, я тебе верю, а вот что: сходи ты к Грушеньке сам аль повидай ее как; расспроси ты ее скорей, как можно скорей, угадай ты сам своим глазом: к кому она хочет, ко мне аль к нему? Ась? Что? Можешь аль не можешь?","translation":"\"No, no, no, I believe you — but here's the thing: go to Grushenka yourself, or see her somehow; question her quickly, as quickly as you can, and judge with your own eyes which of us she wants — me or him. Eh? Well? Can you do it or can't you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сходи… повидай… расспроси… угадай","title":"Volley of perfective imperatives","body":"Four perfective imperatives in a row — «сходи» (go and), «повидай» (see), «расспроси» (question), «угадай» (guess) — fire off discrete tasks. The emphatic «ты» tucked after each ('you, you do it') makes the commands urgent and personal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим глазом","title":"Instrumental of means «своим глазом»","body":"«угадай своим глазом» — 'judge with your own eye': the instrumental «глазом» expresses the means/instrument, and reflexive «своим» ties it to the subject 'you'. The singular «глаз» here is idiomatic for 'eye / discernment'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ась?","title":"«Ась?» — Eh? What?","body":"«Ась?» is a folksy, old-style interjection meaning 'Eh? What's that?', the speech of an older or peasant speaker asking for a reply. It deepens the homely register Fyodor Pavlovich slips into when pleading."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"Rustic «аль» for «или»","body":"«аль» (as in «ко мне аль к нему») is a colloquial, dialectal 'or', a variant of «али/или». Its repetition keeps the old man's speech in a familiar, almost sing-song peasant key."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"сходи","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сходи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходи","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"\"Аль\" is a folk/dialect variant of \"или\" (\"or\"), common in Fyodor Pavlovich's colloquial speech."},{"surface":"повидай","lemma":"повидать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходи","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of повидай","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повидай","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"расспроси","lemma":"расспросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повидай","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расспроси","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расспроси","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies расспроси","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скорей","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно скорей","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of the idiom как можно скорей","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"угадай","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расспроси","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of угадай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глазом","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"глазом","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угадай","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"restates the clause, parallel to кому","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"restates the clause, parallel to мне","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ась","lemma":"ась","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, stands alone","gloss":"Eh?","note":"Folk interjection roughly meaning \"eh? what did you say?\" — an invitation to repeat or answer."},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"Well?"},{"surface":"Можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can you"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можешь","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-c9-s92","source":"— Коль ее увижу, то спрошу, — пробормотал было Алеша в смущении.","translation":"\"If I see her, I'll ask,\" Alyosha mumbled, embarrassed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коль ее увижу, то спрошу","title":"Conditional with «коль… то»","body":"«Коль» is an archaic/colloquial 'if' (for «если»), answered by correlative «то» ('then'). Both verbs are perfective future — «увижу» (I'll see) and «спрошу» (I'll ask) — a real (not hypothetical) condition about the future, so no «бы» appears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал было","title":"The particle «было»","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action just begun and then checked or undone — 'started to mutter (but…)'. It is a subtle 19th-century device: Alyosha began his embarrassed reply, only to be cut off in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увижу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увижу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрошу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спрошу","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll ask"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробормотал","gloss":"just","note":"\"Было\" after a past-tense verb is a discourse particle marking a brief/interrupted action, not the verb \"to be\" here — roughly \"went and mumbled.\""},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смущении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смущении","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"embarrassment"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-c9-s93","source":"— Нет, она тебе не скажет, — перебил старик, — она егоза.","translation":"\"No, she won't tell you,\" the old man broke in, \"she's a sly little thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она тебе не скажет","title":"Dative role + perfective future","body":"«не скажет» is perfective future, 'she won't tell'; «тебе» is the dative indirect object (tell to you). «перебил» in the tag is perfective, 'interrupted, cut in' — one sharp completed act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"егоза","title":"«егоза» — a fidget, a sly minx","body":"«егоза» is a colloquial, expressive word for a restless, wriggling, can't-sit-still person (originally a fidgety child), here aimed at Grushenka as a 'slippery, sly little thing'. It is dismissive and intimate at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of егоза","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"егоза","lemma":"егоза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a sly little thing"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-c9-s94","source":"Она тебя целовать начнет и скажет, что за тебя хочет.","translation":"She'll start kissing you and tell you it's you she wants.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целовать начнет","title":"«начнёт» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«начнет целовать» pairs perfective future «начнёт» (will begin) with the imperfective infinitive «целовать» (to kiss, as an ongoing activity). After phase verbs like «начать/кончить», Russian requires the imperfective infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что за тебя хочет","title":"«за тебя» — for/on your side","body":"«за тебя хочет» here means 'wants you / is for you (in marriage)', echoing «пойти за» — «за» + accusative «тебя». «что» introduces the reported content ('will say that…'). The ellipsis of «пойти/выйти» is colloquial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начнет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on начнет","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will start"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начнет","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажет","gloss":"wants","note":"\"Хотеть за тебя\" echoes the earlier idiom \"пойти за\" — it means she wants him, not just wants something from him."}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-c9-s95","source":"Она обманщица, она бесстыдница, нет, тебе нельзя к ней идти, нельзя!","translation":"She's a cheat, she's a shameless creature — no, you mustn't go to her, you mustn't!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обманщица… бесстыдница","title":"Feminine agent nouns of reproach","body":"«обманщица» (a [female] cheat, deceiver) and «бесстыдница» (a shameless woman, from «стыд», shame, with negating «без-») are feminine «-ица» agent nouns. The old man heaps them on Grushenka — fascination curdled into abuse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе нельзя к ней идти","title":"«нельзя» + dative — prohibition","body":"«тебе нельзя… идти» is an impersonal construction: «нельзя» (it is not allowed / one must not), with the affected person in the dative «тебе» and no nominative subject — 'you mustn't go'. The repeated «нельзя!» drives home the ban."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обманщица","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обманщица","lemma":"обманщица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a cheat"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бесстыдница","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"бесстыдница","lemma":"бесстыдница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with обманщица","gloss":"a shameless creature"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"mustn't"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats the first нельзя, exclamatory","gloss":"mustn't"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-c9-s96","source":"— Да и нехорошо, батюшка, будет, нехорошо совсем.","translation":"\"And it wouldn't be right, father, it wouldn't be right at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нехорошо… будет","title":"«нехорошо» as impersonal predicate","body":"«нехорошо будет» is an impersonal future — 'it won't be good / right', with the invariable predicative «нехорошо» (neuter/adverbial) and «будет» as the future of «быть». No subject is named; the judgement is left general."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — father (respectful/affectionate)","body":"«батюшка» is a warm, deferential 'father, dear sir' (diminutive-augmentative of «батя»). Alyosha uses it to his real father here; the same word is the standard reverent address to an Orthodox priest — a resonance Dostoevsky's readers feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"not good"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"father","note":"\"Батюшка\" (\"father, dear sir\") is grammatically masculine despite its -a ending; a common term of respectful/affectionate address."},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats the first нехорошо, intensified by совсем","gloss":"not good"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нехорошо","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-c9-s97","source":"— Куда он посылал-то тебя давеча, кричал: «Сходи», когда убежал?","translation":"\"Where was it he was sending you earlier, when he shouted 'Go!' as he ran off?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посылал-то тебя","title":"Imperfective «посылал» + topic «-то»","body":"«посылал» (imperfective past) views the sending as the situation/process — 'where was he sending you'. The clitic «-то» on the verb foregrounds the known act being asked about. «Куда» fronts the question of destination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кричал: «Сходи», когда убежал","title":"Imperfective vs perfective in the clause","body":"«кричал» (imperfective, was shouting) sets the background, while the quoted command «сходи» and «убежал» (ran off) are perfective single acts. The pairing shows aspect's narrative division of labour within one breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sending"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посылал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посылал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылал","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посылал","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Сходи","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted speech, complement of кричал","gloss":"Go!"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on кричал","gloss":"ran off"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-c9-s98","source":"— К Катерине Ивановне посылал.","translation":"\"He was sending me to Katerina Ivanovna.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылал","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sending me"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-c9-s99","source":"— За деньгами? Денег просить?","translation":"\"For money? To ask for money?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За деньгами? Денег просить?","title":"Two cases of «деньги»","body":"«за деньгами» uses «за» + instrumental for going 'after/for money' (to fetch it), while «денег просить» puts «деньги» in the genitive — «просить» governs the genitive of the thing requested. Same noun, two cases, two grammatical jobs in one breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"Денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to ask for"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-c9-s100","source":"— Нет, не за деньгами.","translation":"\"No, not for money.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не за деньгами","title":"Negated «за» + instrumental","body":"«не за деньгами» echoes the previous line in the negative: «за» + instrumental 'for money', negated by «не». The terse reply leaves the real errand (to Katerina Ivanovna, about something else) pointedly unsaid."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньгами","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-c9-s101","source":"— У него денег нет, нет ни капли. Слушай, Алеша, я полежу ночь и обдумаю, а ты пока ступай. Может, и ее встретишь… Только зайди ты ко мне завтра наверно поутру; наверно.","translation":"\"He has no money, not a drop. Listen, Alyosha, I'll lie here through the night and think it over, and you go along for now. Maybe you'll even run into her... Only be sure to come to me tomorrow in the morning, be sure of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У него денег нет, нет ни капли","title":"Genitive of absence with «нет»","body":"«нет» (there is no) forces the absent thing into the genitive: «денег нет» (no money), «ни капли» (not a drop). «ни» intensifies the negation. «У него» + genitive expresses 'he has' — so 'he has no money, not a drop'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полежу… ступай… встретишь","title":"Aspect across the planning","body":"«полежу» (perfective future, 'I'll lie a while'), «обдумаю» (perfective, 'think it through') and «встретишь» (perfective, 'you'll run into') name completed future acts, while imperative «ступай» (an old-style 'go along') sends Alyosha off. «ступать» is a bookish, slightly archaic verb of going."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поутру… наверно","title":"«поутру» and «наверно» (= for sure)","body":"«поутру» is a bookish 'in the morning' (with the old prefix «по-» + locative «утру»). Note that «наверно» here means 'for certain, without fail' (its older sense), not the modern 'probably' — 'be sure to come, for certain'."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there isn't"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"капли","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"a drop"},{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"stands alone as an imperative, addresses Алеша","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"полежу","lemma":"полежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will lie"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полежу","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обдумаю","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with полежу","gloss":"think it over"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ступай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступай","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а","gloss":"go along"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретишь","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встретишь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of встретишь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"встретишь","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll meet"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зайди","gloss":"be sure to"},{"surface":"зайди","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зайди","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайди","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поутру","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зайди","gloss":"for sure"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зайди","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зайди","gloss":"for sure"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-c9-s102","source":"Я тебе завтра одно словечко такое скажу; зайдешь?","translation":"Tomorrow I'll tell you a certain little something; will you come?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одно словечко такое","title":"Diminutive «словечко»","body":"«словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» (word) — 'a little word, a certain something'. The diminutive plus «такое» ('a certain such') makes it teasingly intimate and conspiratorial, baiting Alyosha to come back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зайдешь?","title":"Perfective future as a question","body":"«зайдёшь?» is the perfective «зайти» (to drop by) in its future-meaning conjugation — 'will you come by?' The prefix «за-» on the motion verb adds 'drop in / call round on the way'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словечко","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"little thing","note":"\"Словечко\" is a diminutive of \"слово\" (word) — here \"a certain little something.\""},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словечко","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"зайдешь","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you come"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-c9-s103","source":"— Зайду.","translation":"\"I'll come.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зайду","title":"One-word perfective future","body":"Alyosha's whole answer is the single perfective future «Зайду» — 'I'll come by'. The subject pronoun «я» is dropped because the «-у» ending already marks first-person; the perfective promises one definite future visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зайду","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll come"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-c9-s104","source":"— Коль придешь, сделай вид, что сам пришел, навестить пришел. Никому не говори, что я звал. Ивану ни слова не говори.","translation":"\"When you come, make it look as though you came on your own, came to visit. Don't tell anyone I called for you. Not a word to Ivan.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коль придешь, сделай вид, что сам пришел","title":"«сделать вид, что» — to pretend","body":"«сделай вид, что…» is the idiom 'make it look as if / pretend that…', here followed by «сам пришел» — «сам» ('on your own, of your own accord') stressing the pretence. «коль» reprises the colloquial 'if'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никому не говори… Ивану ни слова","title":"Negative concord, twice over","body":"«Никому не говори» ('don't tell anyone') chains negative «никому» (dative) with «не» on the verb; «Ивану ни слова не говори» adds «ни слова» ('not a word', genitive) for emphasis. Negated imperatives stay imperfective («говори»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придешь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"придешь","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"you come"},{"surface":"сделай","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделай","gloss":"appearance","note":"\"Сделать вид\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"to pretend, to make it look as though.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of пришел","gloss":"on your own"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause introduced by что","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"навестить","lemma":"навестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришел","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говори","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of звал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of звал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"звал","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говори","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говори","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говори","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-c9-s105","source":"— Хорошо.","translation":"\"All right.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Хорошо","title":"«Хорошо» — all right","body":"A bare «Хорошо» ('good, all right, fine') serves as a full-sentence assent. As a one-word reply it carries Alyosha's tired, patient agreement to the old man's scheming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b3-c9-s106","source":"— Прощай, ангел, давеча ты за меня заступился, век не забуду. Я тебе одно словечко завтра скажу… только еще подумать надо…","translation":"\"Goodbye, angel; you stood up for me earlier, I'll never forget it. I'll tell you that little something tomorrow... only I still need to think it over...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"век не забуду","title":"«век не забуду» — I'll never forget","body":"«век» literally 'an age/century', used adverbially with negation to mean 'never (in my life)'. «век не забуду» = 'I'll never forget it' — a warm, slightly folksy hyperbole of gratitude."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за меня заступился","title":"«заступиться за» — to stand up for","body":"«заступился за меня» (perfective «-ся») = 'you stood up / interceded for me', with «за» + accusative «меня» for the person defended. It recalls Alyosha pulling the brothers apart earlier in the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заступился","gloss":"earlier","note":"давеча is a colloquial adverb ('a while ago, earlier'), not a proper noun."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заступился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заступился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"заступился","lemma":"заступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Прощай","gloss":"stood up for"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration modifying забуду","gloss":"as long as I live","note":"век here is an adverbial accusative of extent ('all my life'), not a subject."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забуду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Прощай","gloss":"will forget"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словечко","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"little thing"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to think over"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need to"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-c9-s107","source":"— А как вы теперь себя чувствуете?","translation":"\"And how are you feeling now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы теперь себя чувствуете?","title":"Reflexive «чувствовать себя»","body":"«чувствовать себя» ('to feel [a certain way]') pairs the verb with the reflexive object pronoun «себя» — distinct from the bound clitic «-ся». «вы» is the polite address Alyosha keeps for his father; «как» asks 'how'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствуете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of чувствуете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствуете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствуете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"чувствуете","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are feeling"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-c9-s108","source":"— Завтра же, завтра встану и пойду, совсем здоров, совсем здоров, совсем здоров!..","translation":"\"Tomorrow, yes, tomorrow I'll be up and about, perfectly well, perfectly well, perfectly well!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завтра же","title":"Insistent particle «же»","body":"«же» after «завтра» insists and pins it down — 'tomorrow, yes, this very tomorrow'. It adds the speaker's emphatic certainty, exactly the texture English supplies only with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встану и пойду, совсем здоров","title":"Perfective future + short adjective","body":"«встану» (I'll get up) and «пойду» (I'll go) are perfective futures of resolve. «совсем здоров» uses the short predicative adjective «здоров» ('well, healthy'), the bookish form reserved for predicates and for temporary states — fitting the boast of recovery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Завтра","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встану","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"встану","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встану","gloss":"will go about"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здоров","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to встану","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здоров","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to встану","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здоров","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to встану","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-c9-s109","source":"Проходя по двору, Алеша встретил брата Ивана на скамье у ворот: тот сидел и вписывал что-то в свою записную книжку карандашом.","translation":"Crossing the yard, Alyosha came upon his brother Ivan on the bench by the gate: he was sitting there writing something in his notebook with a pencil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проходя по двору","title":"Present gerund «проходя»","body":"«Проходя по двору» ('crossing the yard') is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») setting the simultaneous frame for the main clause. «по двору» uses «по» + dative for movement over/across a surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот сидел и вписывал","title":"«тот» as 'he' + imperfective pair","body":"«тот» ('that one') resumes Ivan as the topic. «сидел» and «вписывал» are imperfective pasts giving a held, ongoing scene — Ivan sitting and writing. «вписывать» (to enter/inscribe into) is the «в-»-prefixed verb of putting words into a book."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проходя","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретил","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двору","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"двору","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Проходя","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came upon"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамье","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies скамье","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to встретил","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вписывал","lemma":"вписывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"was writing in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вписывал","gloss":"something","note":"что-то ('something') is split into two tokens by the tagger; together they mean 'something'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вписывал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книжку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of книжку","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"записную","lemma":"записной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книжку","gloss":"note-"},{"surface":"книжку","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вписывал","gloss":"notebook"},{"surface":"карандашом","lemma":"карандаш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of вписывал","gloss":"with a pencil"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-c9-s110","source":"Алеша передал Ивану, что старик проснулся и в памяти, а его отпустил ночевать в монастырь.","translation":"Alyosha told Ivan that the old man had woken and was in his right mind, and had let him go to spend the night at the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в памяти","title":"«в памяти» — in one's right mind","body":"«в памяти» (literally 'in [his] memory') is the idiom 'conscious, in one's right senses', the opposite of «без памяти». Alyosha reports that the old man had come to himself after the blow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его отпустил ночевать в монастырь","title":"«отпустить» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«отпустил его ночевать» = 'let him go to spend the night', with «отпустить» (release, let go) plus the imperfective infinitive «ночевать» (to stay/sleep the night). «его» is the accusative object; «в монастырь» is «в» + accusative of destination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проснулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснулся","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of передал","gloss":"had woken up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links проснулся and в памяти","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel predicate to проснулся (elided был)","gloss":"his right mind"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отпустил","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулся","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"ночевать","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of отпустил","gloss":"to spend the night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ночевать","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-c9-s111","source":"— Алеша, я с большим удовольствием встретился бы с тобой завтра поутру, — привстав, приветливо проговорил Иван — приветливость даже совсем для Алеши неожиданная.","translation":"\"Alyosha, I would very much like to meet with you tomorrow morning,\" said Ivan, rising and speaking cordially — a cordiality quite unexpected from him, to Alyosha's mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я… встретился бы с тобой завтра","title":"Conditional «бы» for politeness","body":"«встретился бы» (past «-ся» form + «бы») is the conditional used here as soft, courteous wishing — 'I would very much like to meet'. «встретиться с» takes «с» + instrumental «с тобой» for the person met. The irrealis softens the request."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"привстав, приветливо проговорил","title":"Gerund «привстав»","body":"«привстав» is a perfective past gerund: 'having half-risen / rising a little'. The prefix «при-» gives the partial movement (not fully standing). It sets the action attendant on Ivan's cordial speech, «приветливо проговорил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приветливость… совсем для Алеши неожиданная","title":"Long adjective as detached appositive","body":"«неожиданная» (unexpected) is a long-form adjective agreeing with feminine «приветливость» (cordiality), here trailing the noun as an afterthought-modifier — 'a cordiality quite unexpected for Alyosha'. «для Алеши» (for/to Alyosha) gives the vantage point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встретился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретился","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"встретился","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would meet"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with встретился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретился","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретился","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"привстав","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"rising slightly"},{"surface":"приветливо","lemma":"приветливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"cordially"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to встретился","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"приветливость","lemma":"приветливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of неожиданная","gloss":"a cordiality"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданная","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданная","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"неожиданная","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of приветливость","gloss":"unexpected"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-c9-s112","source":"— Я завтра буду у Хохлаковых, — ответил Алеша. — Я у Катерины Ивановны, может, завтра тоже буду, если теперь не застану…","translation":"\"I'll be at the Khokhlakovs' tomorrow,\" Alyosha answered. \"I may be at Katerina Ivanovna's tomorrow too, if I don't find her in now...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я завтра буду у Хохлаковых","title":"Compound future «буду» + «у» + genitive","body":"«буду» here is the simple future of «быть» meaning 'I will be (at)'. «у Хохлаковых» = «у» + genitive plural of the family name 'at the Khokhlakovs'' — the Russian way of saying 'at someone's place'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если теперь не застану","title":"«застать» — to catch in / find at home","body":"«застать» (perfective) means 'to find someone in, catch them at home'. «если… не застану» is a real future condition with perfective future «застану» — 'if I don't find her in now'. The object «её» is understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Хохлаковых","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлаковых","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Хохлаковых","lemma":"хохлаковы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of буду","gloss":"the Khokhlakovs'"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to буду","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду (w15)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of буду (w15)","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifier of буду","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of застану","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застану","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застану","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on буду","gloss":"find (her) in"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-c9-s113","source":"— А теперь все-таки к Катерине Ивановне! Это «раскланяться-то, раскланяться»? — улыбнулся вдруг Иван.","translation":"\"So it's off to Katerina Ivanovna after all! To 'take your leave, take your leave'?\" Ivan suddenly smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскланяться… раскланяться","title":"«раскланяться» — to take formal leave with bows","body":"«раскланяться» (and the variant «откланяться» in the next exchange) means to take one's leave with bows and courtesies — and figuratively to break off relations politely. Ivan's mocking quotation of it skewers Dmitri's grandiose way of 'releasing' Katerina Ivanovna."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскланяться-то","title":"Mocking topic «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «раскланяться-то» foregrounds the very word as a quoted, loaded term — 'this \"taking-your-leave\" business'. Ivan repeats it inside quotation marks to needle Alyosha's errand."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb (going)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the implied verb (going)","gloss":"still","note":"все-таки ('still, nonetheless') is split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the implied verb (going)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раскланяться","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раскланяться","lemma":"раскланяться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate infinitive after Это","gloss":"take your leave"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to раскланяться","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"раскланяться","lemma":"раскланяться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскланяться","gloss":"take your leave"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-c9-s114","source":"Алеша смутился.","translation":"Alyosha grew flustered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смутился","title":"Reflexive change of state «смутился»","body":"«смутился» is the «-ся» form of «смутить»: he 'became flustered / embarrassed' — an intransitive change of inner state. The «-ся» turns the transitive 'to disconcert' inward onto the subject himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew flustered"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-c9-s115","source":"— Я, кажется, всё понял из давешних восклицаний и кой из чего прежнего. Дмитрий, наверно, просил тебя сходить к ней и передать, что он… ну… ну, одним словом, «откланивается»?","translation":"\"I think I've understood everything from the things shouted just now and a little from what came before. Dmitri probably asked you to go to her and tell her that he... well... well, in a word, that he 'takes his leave'?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё понял из давешних восклицаний","title":"«из» + genitive of source","body":"«из давешних восклицаний» ('from the earlier exclamations') uses «из» + genitive plural to mark the source of his inference. «давешних» is the adjective from colloquial «давеча» (earlier today) — 'just-now, recent'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просил тебя сходить… и передать","title":"«просить» + infinitives","body":"«просил тебя сходить… и передать» = 'asked you to go… and to convey', with «просить» governing accusative «тебя» plus perfective infinitives. «передать» (to pass on, deliver a message) is the verb for relaying words to someone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"откланивается","title":"«откланиваться» — to bow oneself out","body":"«откланивается» is the imperfective of «откланяться» — 'he is taking his (formal) leave, bowing himself off'. Ivan again wraps Dmitri's chivalric word in quotation marks to mark its inflated theatricality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifier of понял","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восклицаний","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"давешних","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies восклицаний","gloss":"just-now's"},{"surface":"восклицаний","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"exclamations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, indeclinable, colloquial","role":"coordinated with восклицаний","gloss":"a bit of"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кой","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сходить","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходить","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of он","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of откланивается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of откланивается","gloss":"word","note":"одним словом is a fixed idiom meaning 'in a word, in short'."},{"surface":"откланивается","lemma":"откланиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"takes his leave"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-c9-s116","source":"— Брат! Чем весь этот ужас кончится у отца и Дмитрия? — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"Brother! How will all this horror between father and Dmitri end?\" Alyosha exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем весь этот ужас кончится","title":"«кончиться» + instrumental of outcome","body":"«кончится чем» — 'will end in/with what' — uses the instrumental «чем» (interrogative «что» in the instrumental) for the result something ends in. «кончиться» is the «-ся» intransitive 'to come to an end'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у отца и Дмитрия","title":"«у» + genitive of the parties","body":"«у отца и Дмитрия» here means 'between / with father and Dmitri' — «у» + genitive locating the conflict among them. The horror «весь этот ужас» is set as their shared, festering situation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужас","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончится","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-c9-s117","source":"— Нельзя наверно угадать. Ничем, может быть: расплывется дело. Эта женщина — зверь. Во всяком случае, старика надо в доме держать, а Дмитрия в дом не пускать.","translation":"\"There's no telling for certain. In nothing, perhaps: the whole thing may just dissolve. That woman is a beast. In any case, the old man must be kept indoors, and Dmitri must not be let into the house.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя наверно угадать. Ничем","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + instrumental «ничем»","body":"«Нельзя угадать» is impersonal — 'one cannot guess', no subject. The reply «Ничем» ('in nothing') answers the earlier «чем kончится» with the negative instrumental «ничем», requiring negative concord whenever a verb is present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эта женщина — зверь","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"«Эта женщина — зверь» ('that woman is a beast') has no verb 'to be' in the present; Russian leaves the copula empty and (in writing) marks the gap with a dash. Both subject and predicate noun stand in the bare nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старика надо в доме держать, а Дмитрия… не пускать","title":"«надо» + infinitive, contrastive «а»","body":"Impersonal «надо» (one must) governs the infinitives «держать» (keep) and «не пускать» (not let in), with the accusatives «старика» and «Дмитрия» as their objects. «а» pivots between the two opposite measures — keep one in, keep the other out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадать","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Нельзя","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"Ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"parallel clause to может","gloss":"in nothing"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifier, forms idiom может быть = 'perhaps', modifying Ничем","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"forms parenthetical может быть with может (w5)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"расплывется","lemma":"расплыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of its own clause, subject дело","gloss":"will dissolve"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of расплывется","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of женщина (elided copula)","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of надо","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держать","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держать","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пускать","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускать","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пускать","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо (elided)","gloss":"let in"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-c9-s118","source":"— Брат, позволь еще спросить: неужели имеет право всякий человек решать, смотря на остальных людей, кто из них достоин жить и кто более недостоин?","translation":"\"Brother, let me ask you one more thing: can it really be that every man has the right to decide, looking at the rest of mankind, which of them is worthy to live and which is the more unworthy?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели имеет право всякий человек","title":"The particle «неужели»","body":"«неужели» opens an incredulous question — 'can it really be that…?', expecting a troubled 'surely not'. It frames Alyosha's challenge as moral astonishment, not neutral inquiry. «всякий человек» = 'every / any man'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на остальных людей","title":"Gerund «смотря на»","body":"«смотря на остальных людей» is a present gerund ('looking at the rest of mankind'), the simultaneous circumstance of deciding. «на» + accusative «остальных людей» gives the object looked at; «остальных» is the animate accusative/genitive plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто… достоин жить и кто более недостоин","title":"Indirect question + comparative","body":"Two embedded «кто»-questions ('who is worthy… and who more unworthy') depend on «решать». «достоин/недостоин» are short adjectives governing the infinitive «жить»; «более недостоин» builds the comparative analytically with «более» ('more')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволь","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решать","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"решать","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of право","gloss":"to decide"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решать","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of достоин","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"достоин","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement clause of решать","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of достоин","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with кто (w15)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недостоин","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"недостоин","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with достоин","gloss":"unworthy"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-c9-s119","source":"— К чему же тут вмешивать решение по достоинству? Этот вопрос всего чаще решается в сердцах людей совсем не на основании достоинств, а по другим причинам, гораздо более натуральным. А насчет права, так кто же не имеет права желать?","translation":"\"Why bring worthiness into the deciding at all? That question is most often settled in people's hearts on grounds that have nothing to do with worthiness, but for other reasons, far more natural ones. And as for the right — well, who hasn't the right to wish?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решается в сердцах людей","title":"Passive «-ся» + prepositional","body":"«решается» is the imperfective «-ся» passive/middle — 'is decided / gets settled', with no named agent. «в сердцах людей» ('in people's hearts') uses «в» + prepositional plural «сердцах» for location."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо более натуральным","title":"Reinforced comparative «гораздо более»","body":"«гораздо более натуральным» — 'far more natural ones' — stacks «гораздо» ('by far') onto the analytic comparative «более натуральным». The ending «-ным» is dative plural here: «по» governs the dative «(другим) причинам», with «натуральным» agreeing in the dative ('for reasons far more natural'); the instrumental plural would be «причинами… натуральными»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же не имеет права желать?","title":"«же» + genitive of negation","body":"«кто же не имеет права желать?» — 'who, then, has not the right to wish?' «же» sharpens the rhetorical thrust; under the negated «не имеет» the object «право» goes genitive «права» (genitive of negation), governing the infinitive «желать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вмешивать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вмешивать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вмешивать","lemma":"вмешивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring in"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вмешивать","gloss":"the deciding"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достоинству","gloss":"based on"},{"surface":"достоинству","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"worthiness"},{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решается","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чаще","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"чаще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решается","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"решается","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is settled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердцах","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of решается","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сердцах","gloss":"people's"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase на основании достоинств","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основании","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"основании","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решается","gloss":"the basis"},{"surface":"достоинств","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies основании","gloss":"of worthiness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причинам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies причинам","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"причинам","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with основании","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натуральным","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"натуральным","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies причинам","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking права","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of насчет","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"желать","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies права","gloss":"to wish"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-c9-s120","source":"— Не смерти же другого?","translation":"\"Not for another man's death, surely?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смерти же другого?","title":"Genitive of negation + insistent «же»","body":"An elliptical horrified question — '(But) not the death of another, surely?' «смерти» is genitive (continuing the negated 'right to wish' of the prior line), «другого» genitive 'of another (man)', and «же» presses the appalled appeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive attribute of смерти (elided человека)","gloss":"another's"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-c9-s121","source":"— А хотя бы даже и смерти? К чему же лгать пред собою, когда все люди так живут, а пожалуй, так и не могут иначе жить. Ты это насчет давешних моих слов о том, что «два гада поедят друг друга»? Позволь и тебя спросить в таком случае: считаешь ты и меня, как Дмитрия, способным пролить кровь Езопа, ну, убить его, а?","translation":"\"And what if it were death itself? Why lie to oneself, when everyone lives this way — and perhaps cannot live otherwise? You say this on account of my words earlier, that 'two vipers will devour each other'? Then let me ask you in turn: do you reckon me too, like Dmitri, capable of shedding Aesop's blood — of killing him, well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы","title":"«хотя бы» — even if, were it only","body":"Ivan picks up Alyosha's unspoken word with «хотя бы даже и смерти» — 'even were it death itself'. The «бы» is the irrealis particle in its concessive use, here governing the genitive «смерти» carried over from the prior verb; the cluster «хотя бы… даже и» piles up concessive force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К чему же лгать пред собою","title":"Rhetorical «к чему же» and the particle «же»","body":"«К чему лгать?» is 'what's the use of lying?' — dative-flavoured к + interrogative что for purpose. The inserted «же» is the insistent modal particle, sharpening the question to 'why on earth lie to oneself', the texture of spoken exasperation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред собою","title":"Bookish «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред собою» uses the elevated, shortened «пред» rather than everyday «перед» ('before, in front of'), and the archaic instrumental ending «-ою» for «-ой». Both are 19th-century literary touches that lend Ivan's confession a slightly solemn cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лгать пред собою","title":"Reflexive «себя» as object, not «-ся»","body":"'To lie to oneself' uses the full reflexive pronoun «собою» (instrumental of «себя»), which points back to the subject and has no nominative. Contrast the verbal clitic «-ся»: here the reflexive is an independent object governed by «пред»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могут иначе жить","title":"Negated modal «не могут»","body":"«а пожалуй, так и не могут иначе жить» — 'and perhaps cannot even live otherwise'. The basic negator «не» sits before the verb it denies; «пожалуй» ('perhaps, I dare say') and «и» here ('even') hedge and intensify the concession."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешних","title":"«давешний» — earlier, just now's","body":"«насчёт давешних моих слов» means 'about my words from earlier today'. «давешний» is a colloquial-archaic adjective meaning 'of a little while ago', built on «даве/давеча'; it has largely dropped out of modern speech and flavours the dialogue as 19th-century."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"два гада поедят друг друга","title":"«гад» — viper, reptile, vile creature","body":"«гад» literally means a reptile or creeping thing, but figuratively a loathsome person — 'two vipers will devour each other'. Ivan quotes his own earlier image of Dmitri and their father as mutually destructive predators. «поедят» is perfective future ('will eat up')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считаешь ты и меня… способным пролить кровь","title":"Object + instrumental complement «способным»","body":"'Do you reckon me too… capable of shedding blood' — «считать кого-л. каким-л.» takes the accusative object «меня» and an instrumental predicative complement «способным», the case of a quality ascribed through a linking verb of judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the emphatic phrase хотя бы даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лгать","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгать","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of живут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живут","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying лгать","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живут","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of the elliptical clause (implied verb of saying)","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the elided verb","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"давешних","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of the preposition насчет","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слов, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поедят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on гада","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"гада","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поедят","gloss":"vipers"},{"surface":"поедят","lemma":"поесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"will devour","note":"future perfective of есть/поедать, not present tense."},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг друга","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of поедят, part of друг друга","gloss":"other","note":"друг друга is the frozen reciprocal 'each other'; only the second element inflects."},{"surface":"Позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Allow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позволь","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"считаешь","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you consider"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of считаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the comparison with Дмитрия","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to меня","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"способным","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считаешь","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"пролить","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способным","gloss":"of shedding"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пролить","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"Езопа","lemma":"Езоп","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"Aesop's"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"in apposition to пролить, restates the act","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-c9-s122","source":"— Что ты, Иван! Никогда и в мыслях этого у меня не было! Да и Дмитрия я не считаю…","translation":"\"What are you saying, Ivan! Such a thing has never even entered my mind! And Dmitri I do not consider…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что ты, Иван!","title":"«Что ты!» — an idiom of protest","body":"Not a literal question ('what are you?') but a fixed exclamation of dismay or remonstrance — 'what are you saying!', 'how can you!'. Alyosha recoils at the very suggestion; the bare «ты» marks the close, brotherly register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда и в мыслях этого у меня не было","title":"Negative concord and genitive of negation","body":"'Such a thing never even entered my mind.' «Никогда… не было» is obligatory double negation (the «ни-»word still needs «не»). Under the negated existential «не было», the subject «этого» stands in the genitive — the genitive of negation at work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня не было","title":"Possession with «у» + genitive","body":"Russian frames 'I had (it)' as «у меня было» — literally 'by me there was'. The possessor «меня» follows «у» in the genitive, and the existential verb agrees with the thing possessed, not with the person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия я не считаю","title":"Fronted object «Дмитрия» — topic before comment","body":"The animate accusative object «Дмитрия» (= genitive form, by animacy) is moved to the front for emphasis: 'And Dmitri — I don't consider [him capable] either.' Free word order lets Alyosha foreground the brother he is defending; «Да и» links it as 'and besides'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of the exclamatory phrase Что ты","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Ivan","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"Never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мыслях","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мыслях","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мыслях","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считаю","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считаю","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-c9-s123","source":"— Спасибо хоть за это, — усмехнулся Иван. — Знай, что я его всегда защищу. Но в желаниях моих я оставляю за собою в данном случае полный простор. До свидания завтра. Не осуждай и не смотри на меня как на злодея, — прибавил он с улыбкою.","translation":"\"Thank you at least for that,\" Ivan said with a wry smile. \"Know that I will always defend him. But as for my wishes, in this matter I reserve full latitude for myself. Until tomorrow, then. Do not condemn me, and do not look upon me as a villain,\" he added with a smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться» — to smile wryly","body":"Not a warm smile but a one-sided, ironic or sardonic smirk. The perfective «-нуть» stem and reflexive «-ся» give a single, momentary facial movement; Dostoevsky uses it repeatedly for Ivan's cool, distancing irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знай","title":"Imperative «знай» — 'know this'","body":"The singular imperative of imperfective «знать», formed by adding «-й» to the present stem. Used absolutely ('Know that…'), it has a solemn, almost admonitory ring, fitting Ivan's pledge to defend his brother."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я его всегда защищу","title":"Perfective future «защищу»","body":"«защищу» is the perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings — which, in the perfective, yields the simple future: 'I will (always) defend him.' The choice frames the defence as a settled, resolved commitment rather than an ongoing process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я оставляю за собою… полный простор","title":"Reflexive «за собою» — 'for myself'","body":"'I reserve full latitude for myself.' «оставлять за собой» is an idiom 'to reserve (a right) to oneself'; «собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя» governed by «за», pointing back to the subject «я». The archaic «-ою» ending adds bookish weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полный простор","title":"«простор» — open space, free rein","body":"Literally 'open expanse, broad space'; figuratively 'free scope, latitude'. Ivan keeps for himself «полный простор» 'in his wishes' (в желаниях) — chillingly conceding the desire for his father's death while denying the deed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не осуждай и не смотри","title":"Negated imperatives — imperfective for prohibition","body":"'Do not condemn me and do not look upon me…' Both are imperfective imperatives, the normal aspect for a negative command (a general prohibition, not a single act). «смотреть на кого как на» — 'to look on someone as' — takes «на» + accusative twice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с улыбкою","title":"Instrumental of manner «с улыбкою»","body":"'With a smile' — «с» + instrumental «улыбкою» (the archaic «-ою» for «-ой»). The instrumental after «с» here expresses accompaniment/manner. Note the narrator's repetition of the smile bracketing Ivan's unsettling words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Thank you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Спасибо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"narration verb accompanying the quote","gloss":"smiled wryly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of защищу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of защищу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защищу","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"защищу","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знай","gloss":"will defend"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желаниях","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"желаниях","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставляю","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies желаниях","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"оставляю","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reserve"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"данном","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляю","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"полный","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простор","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"простор","lemma":"простор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляю","gloss":"latitude"},{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"Until"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"we meet","note":"до свидания is the fixed idiom for 'goodbye'."},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осуждай","gloss":"Do not"},{"surface":"осуждай","lemma":"осуждать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"condemn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотри","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with осуждай","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотри","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the comparison злодея","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злодея","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"злодея","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотри","gloss":"a villain"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"narration verb accompanying the quote","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"улыбкою","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"a smile"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-c9-s124","source":"Они крепко пожали друг другу руки, как никогда еще прежде.","translation":"They clasped hands firmly, as they never had before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крепко пожали друг другу руки","title":"«пожать руку» — to shake hands; «друг другу»","body":"The idiom for a handshake is «пожать руку (кому)» — literally 'to press the hand to someone', hence the dative «друг другу» ('to one another') and accusative «руки'. «крепко» ('firmly') marks the warmth of a gesture between estranged brothers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"друг другу","title":"Reciprocal «друг друга» — 'each other'","body":"The reciprocal phrase «друг друга» declines its second element for the case the verb demands; here the dative «друг другу» ('to each other') is governed by «пожать руку». The first «друг» stays frozen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как никогда еще прежде","title":"Negated comparison «как никогда»","body":"'As never before' — the «ни-»word «никогда» again triggers the negative-concord pattern across the clause, intensified by «ещё прежде» ('ever before'). The brief, unadorned sentence lands the emotional weight of a first true contact between the brothers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пожали","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожали","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"пожали","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clasped"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг другу","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of пожали, part of друг другу","gloss":"other's"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пожали","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on пожали","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-c9-s125","source":"Алеша почувствовал, что брат сам первый шагнул к нему шаг и что сделал он это для чего-то, непременно с каким-то намерением.","translation":"Alyosha felt that his brother had been the first to take a step toward him, and that he had done so for some reason, unquestionably with some intention behind it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал, что брат… шагнул","title":"Reported clause with «что» + perfective past","body":"«почувствовал, что…» opens an indirect-statement clause with the subordinator «что» ('that'), set off by a comma. The chain of perfective pasts («почувствовал… шагнул… сделал») narrates discrete completed events, moving the moment forward step by step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат сам первый шагнул к нему шаг","title":"Intensifier «сам» and cognate object «шагнул шаг»","body":"«сам первый» — '(he) himself, first of all' — uses the intensive pronoun «сам» to stress that the initiative was the brother's own. «шагнул… шаг» is a cognate-object figure ('took a step a step'), and «к нему» is «к» + dative for direction toward a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделал он это","title":"Inverted «сделал он это» — verb before subject","body":"Within the second «что»-clause the verb «сделал» precedes the subject «он», a stylistic inversion that throws focus onto the act. Russian's free word order allows this re-weighting without changing who did what."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего-то… с каким-то намерением","title":"Indefinite «-то» — a specific but unknown reason","body":"Both «чего-то» and «каким-то» carry the clitic «-то», marking a referent that is real and definite but unidentified to Alyosha — 'for some reason', 'with some intention'. The «-то» series (vs. «-нибудь») signals 'a particular one, though I can't say which'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail, surely","body":"An emphatic adverb meaning 'unfailingly, certainly'. Set between the two indefinites, it conveys Alyosha's intuitive conviction: the gesture was vague in motive yet unmistakably deliberate — 'for some reason, but certainly with some intention'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шагнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагнул","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had stepped"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of шагнул","gloss":"a step"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал, parallel to шагнул","gloss":"had done"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of сделал, part of чего-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of чего","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерением","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of намерением, part of каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of каким","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"намерением","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"intention"}]}]}