{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b4-c1","title":{"source":"I. Отец Ферапонт","translated":"Father Ferapont"},"section":"Book IV — Lacerations","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c1","lines":186},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b3-c11","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-c1-s1","source":"Рано утром, еще до света, был пробужден Алеша.","translation":"Early in the morning, while it was still dark, Alyosha was woken.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был пробужден Алеша","title":"A passive that fronts its verb","body":"«пробуждён» is the short-form past passive participle of perfective «пробудить» (to rouse), joined to «был» to state a result: 'Alyosha was roused'. Note the inversion — predicate first, subject «Алеша» last — which throws the new information onto the name."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"еще до света","title":"«до света» — before daylight","body":"A fixed temporal phrase, literally 'before the light', i.e. before dawn. «свет» here is daylight rather than 'world' (its other sense), and «до» + genitive marks the time before which."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"Early"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробужден","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies света","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking света","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with утром","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of пробужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пробужден","lemma":"пробудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woken"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive пробужден","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-c1-s2","source":"Старец проснулся и почувствовал себя весьма слабым, хотя и пожелал с постели пересесть в кресло.","translation":"The elder had awoken and felt himself to be very weak, yet he wished to move from the bed into his armchair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал себя весьма слабым","title":"«себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«почувствовать себя» (to feel oneself) takes the reflexive object pronoun «себя» plus an instrumental complement «слабым» (weak) describing the resulting state — the instrumental framing a felt condition rather than a permanent quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и пожелал","title":"Concessive «хотя и» + perfective wish","body":"«хотя и» ('though, even though') concedes a point; the perfective «пожелал» (from «пожелать», to desire/wish) marks a single rise of will. The pairing — very weak, yet he willed to move — sets the elder's frailty against his resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пожелал","title":"«пожелать» — a bookish 'to wish'","body":"An elevated synonym of «захотеть», 'to desire, deign to'. Dostoevsky reserves it (and the still loftier «возжелал» below) for the dying elder, lending his small movements a solemn, willed dignity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснулся","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулся","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слабым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of почувствовал","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожелал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пожелал","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожелал","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"пересесть","lemma":"пересесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелал","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пересесть","gloss":"armchair"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-c1-s3","source":"Он был в полной памяти; лицо же его было хотя и весьма утомленное, но ясное, почти радостное, а взгляд веселый, приветливый, зовущий.","translation":"He was in full possession of his mind; and his face, though greatly worn, was clear, almost joyful, his gaze cheerful, kindly, beckoning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо же его","title":"The particle «же» as a hinge","body":"Here «же» is not 'same' but the contrastive-emphatic particle, shifting the topic: 'his face, for its part…'. It leans on the first stressed word «лицо» and gently pivots the description from mind to countenance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зовущий","title":"A present active participle: 'beckoning'","body":"«зовущий», from imperfective «звать» (to call), is a present active participle with adjective endings — 'calling, beckoning'. It caps a chain of predicate adjectives («веселый, приветливый») describing the elder's gaze, condensing 'a gaze that beckons' into one word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"утомленное","title":"«утомлённый» — worn out","body":"Past passive participle of «утомить» (to tire, exhaust), used adjectivally: 'wearied, worn'. Bookish and slightly elevated against the everyday «усталый»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to памяти","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полной","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies памяти","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to утомленное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утомленное","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утомленное","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомленное","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"утомленное","lemma":"утомлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"worn"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ясное","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with утомленное","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радостное","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"радостное","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with утомленное","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веселый","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of взгляд","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"приветливый","lemma":"приветливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселый","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"зовущий","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веселый","gloss":"beckoning"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-c1-s4","source":"«Может, и не переживу наступившего дня сего», — сказал он Алеше; затем возжелал исповедаться и причаститься немедленно.","translation":"\"I may not outlive this day that has come,\" he said to Alyosha; and then he desired to make confession and to receive communion at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не переживу","title":"Perfective future + genitive object","body":"«переживу» is the simple (perfective) future of «пережить» (to outlive, survive) — conjugated like a present, but meaning a completed future. Its object «наступившего дня» stands in the genitive, the article 'this day that has come' pulled into the genitive of the negated outlook."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дня сего","title":"Archaic «сей» for 'this'","body":"«сего» is the genitive of «сей» ('this'), an archaic-bookish demonstrant that the modern language has replaced with «этот». Placed after its noun, «дня сего» rings with liturgical solemnity — the elder speaks in the register of Scripture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возжелал","title":"«возжелать» — solemnly desired","body":"A Church-Slavonic-flavoured intensive of «желать», 'to conceive a desire'. Repeated for the elder throughout the chapter, it colours each of his last wishes as a willed, sacred act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying переживу (perhaps)","gloss":"Maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переживу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переживу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переживу","lemma":"пережить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"outlive"},{"surface":"наступившего","lemma":"наступивший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"that has come"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переживу","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возжелал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возжелал","lemma":"возжелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"desired"},{"surface":"исповедаться","lemma":"исповедаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возжелал","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"причаститься","lemma":"причаститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with исповедаться","gloss":"to receive communion"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies причаститься","gloss":"immediately"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-c1-s5","source":"Духовником его всегда был отец Паисий.","translation":"His confessor had always been Father Paisy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Духовником его всегда был отец Паисий","title":"Instrumental predicate, fronted","body":"With past «был», the role-noun goes in the instrumental: «духовником» ('confessor'). Russian fronts this instrumental complement and leaves the nominative subject «отец Паисий» last — 'his confessor had always been Father Paisy' — weighting the new name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Духовником","lemma":"духовник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"confessor"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Духовником","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Духовником","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-c1-s6","source":"По совершении обоих таинств началось соборование.","translation":"When both sacraments had been performed, the rite of unction began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По совершении обоих таинств","title":"«по» + prepositional = 'after'","body":"«по» with the prepositional of a verbal noun («совершении», 'the performing') means 'upon / after the completion of' — a compact, bookish 'when X had been done'. «обоих таинств» is the genitive governed by that noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"таинств","title":"«таинство» — sacrament, mystery","body":"Literally 'a mystery', this -ство noun is the church term for a sacrament. Genitive plural «таинств» (zero ending) here counts 'both sacraments' just named."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершении","gloss":"Upon"},{"surface":"совершении","lemma":"совершение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of началось","gloss":"completion"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies таинств","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"таинств","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies совершении","gloss":"sacraments"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"соборование","lemma":"соборование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"unction"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-c1-s7","source":"Собрались иеромонахи, келья мало-помалу наполнилась скитниками.","translation":"The hieromonks gathered, and little by little the cell filled with the hermits of the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наполнилась скитниками","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + instrumental of filling","body":"«наполнилась» (perfective, from «наполниться») is a reflexive 'became full / filled', intransitive. The filler stands in the instrumental: «скитниками» — the cell 'filled with hermits'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"A reduplicative adverbial idiom, 'bit by bit, gradually'. The folksy doubling gives the slow filling of the cell an unhurried, almost incantatory rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Собрались","gloss":"hieromonks"},{"surface":"келья","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of наполнилась","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наполнилась","gloss":"little","note":"мало-помалу is a fixed idiom, \"little by little.\""},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наполнилась","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"наполнилась","lemma":"наполниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Собрались","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"скитниками","lemma":"скитник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of наполнилась (instrumental of content)","gloss":"hermits"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-c1-s8","source":"Наступил меж тем день.","translation":"Meanwhile the day had come on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наступил меж тем день","title":"Verb-first with the day as new subject","body":"The perfective «наступил» ('set in, came on') opens the clause, the subject «день» held to the end — a presentative word order that introduces the day as fresh information. «меж тем» ('meanwhile') is a bookish variant of «между тем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наступил","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came on"},{"surface":"меж","lemma":"меж","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom меж тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"меж тем is a fixed idiom, \"meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of меж in the idiom меж тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Наступил","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-c1-s9","source":"Стали приходить и из монастыря.","translation":"People began to come over from the monastery as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стали приходить и из монастыря","title":"Subjectless 'people began to come'","body":"No subject is expressed: «стали приходить» ('they began to come') runs in the impersonal plural, the 'people' understood. «и» here is the additive particle 'also', and «из монастыря» (genitive after «из») points from the main monastery toward the hermitage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стали приходить","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive = inceptive","body":"Perfective «стали» ('began to') plus an imperfective infinitive «приходить» (to come, repeatedly/multidirectional) marks the onset of an ongoing, repeated action. «приходить» is the prefixed multidirectional motion verb, fittingly imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стали","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes из монастыря (\"as well\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-c1-s10","source":"Когда кончилась служба, старец со всеми возжелал проститься и всех целовал.","translation":"When the service had ended, the elder wished to take leave of them all, and he kissed each one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда кончилась служба","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of completion","body":"«кончилась» (from «кончиться») is the intransitive reflexive 'came to an end' — the service ends of itself, with no agent. Compare the transitive «кончить» (to end something). «когда» opens the temporal subordinate clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со всеми возжелал проститься","title":"«проститься с» + instrumental","body":"«проститься» (to take leave, say goodbye) is a reflexive verb governing «с» + instrumental: «со всеми» ('with everyone'). The form «со» (not «с») appears before the consonant cluster of «всеми»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончилась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кончилась","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возжелал","gloss":"had ended"},{"surface":"служба","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончилась","gloss":"the service"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возжелал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of проститься (accompaniment: проститься со всеми)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"возжелал","lemma":"возжелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возжелал","gloss":"to take leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возжелал","gloss":"kissed"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-c1-s11","source":"По тесноте кельи, приходившие прежде выходили и уступали другим.","translation":"The cell being cramped, those who had come earlier went out and gave place to others.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По тесноте кельи","title":"Causal «по» + dative","body":"«по» with the dative «тесноте» ('the cramped state') gives a causal 'owing to the cramped cell'. «кельи» is the genitive of «келья» modifying it. This terse causal-«по» is characteristic of formal, bookish narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходившие прежде выходили и уступали","title":"Past active participle as a noun","body":"«приходившие» — past active participle of «приходить» — is used substantively, 'those who had come', the subject of the sentence. The two imperfective past verbs «выходили… уступали» picture the repeated, ongoing flow of people giving way."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тесноте","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"тесноте","lemma":"теснота","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходили","gloss":"the crampedness"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тесноте","gloss":"of the cell"},{"surface":"приходившие","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of выходили","gloss":"those who had come"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходившие","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уступали","lemma":"уступать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходили","gloss":"gave place"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of уступали","gloss":"to others"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-c1-s12","source":"Алеша стоял подле старца, который опять пересел в кресло.","translation":"Alyosha stood beside the elder, who had again moved back into the armchair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который опять пересел в кресло","title":"Relative «который» in the nominative","body":"«который» agrees with its antecedent «старца» in masculine singular but takes the case its own clause needs — here nominative, as subject of «пересел». The comma sets off the relative clause. «пересел в кресло» uses «в» + accusative for motion into the chair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пересел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пересел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пересел","lemma":"пересесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on старца","gloss":"had moved back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пересел","gloss":"the armchair"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-c1-s13","source":"Он говорил и учил сколько мог, голос его, хоть и слабый, был еще довольно тверд.","translation":"He spoke and taught as much as he could; his voice, though weak, was still fairly firm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил и учил сколько мог","title":"Imperfective past of sustained effort","body":"The two imperfective pasts «говорил… учил» ('spoke… taught') present durative, ongoing activity, not single acts. «сколько мог» — 'as much as he could' — measures that effort against his failing strength."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"голос его, хоть и слабый, был еще довольно тверд","title":"Short adjective «тверд» as predicate","body":"«тверд» is the masculine short form of «твёрдый» (firm), used predicatively after «был». The short form here states a current, qualified condition — 'firm enough still'. «хоть и слабый» ('though weak') is the concessive long form modifying «голос»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on учил","gloss":"he could"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тверд","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слабый","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слабый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тверд","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тверд","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"тверд","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, describing голос","gloss":"firm"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-c1-s14","source":"«Столько лет учил вас и, стало быть, столько лет вслух говорил, что как бы и привычку взял говорить, а говоря, вас учить, и до того сие, что молчать мне почти и труднее было бы, чем говорить, отцы и братия милые, даже и теперь при слабости моей», — пошутил он, умиленно взирая на толпившихся около него.","translation":"\"So many years I have taught you, and have therefore spoken aloud so many years, that I have all but formed the habit of speaking — and, speaking, of teaching you — so much so that to keep silent would be almost harder for me than to speak, fathers and dear brethren, even now in my weakness,\" he joked, gazing with tender feeling at those crowding about him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчать мне почти и труднее было бы","title":"Dative experiencer + comparative + «бы»","body":"The impersonal frame has no nominative subject: the experiencer «мне» (dative) governs the comparative predicate «труднее» ('harder'), with «бы» making it hypothetical — 'it would be harder for me to keep silent'. A textbook dative-subject construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и привычку взял говорить","title":"«как бы» — 'as it were'","body":"«как бы» softens the assertion to 'so to speak, all but' — the elder has 'as it were taken on the habit'. This hedging «как бы» recurs across the chapter, marking the tentative, self-qualifying texture of his speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а говоря, вас учить","title":"Imperfective gerund «говоря»","body":"«говоря» is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle of «говорить» — 'while speaking' — sharing the subject of the main clause and naming the simultaneous circumstance. A hallmark of literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцы и братия милые","title":"«братия» — the brotherhood","body":"«братия» is a collective-singular noun for the assembled monks, 'the brethren', warmer and more churchly than plural «братья». «милые» ('dear') in postposition gives the address its tender, valedictory note."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умиленно взирая на толпившихся","title":"Gerund + participle pile-up","body":"«взирая» is the imperfective gerund of the bookish «взирать» (to gaze), and «толпившихся» a past active participle of «толпиться» (to crowd) used as a noun, 'those crowding'. Such stacking of non-finite forms is the dense, period-elevated style flagged in the literary-archaic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of учил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have taught"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of учил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom (\"стало быть\"), modifies говорил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with учил","gloss":"have spoken"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (\"as if\"), modifies взял","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привычку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"привычку","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the habit"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (w12)","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of взял","gloss":"of speaking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies учить","gloss":"in speaking"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of учить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорить (w18)","gloss":"of teaching"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom до того...что (\"to such a degree\")","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject resuming привычка, subject of the до того-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of было бы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молчать","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of было бы","gloss":"to be silent"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of было бы","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies труднее","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies труднее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"труднее","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of было бы","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to труднее","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of труднее","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорить","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on труднее","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase with милые","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"братия","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отцы","gloss":"brethren"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies отцы and братия","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adjunct on труднее","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слабости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слабости","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of труднее (concessive adjunct)","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слабости","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пошутил","lemma":"пошутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb tagging the quotation)","gloss":"he joked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошутил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умилённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взирая","gloss":"with tender feeling"},{"surface":"взирая","lemma":"взирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying пошутил, describing он","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпившихся","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"толпившихся","lemma":"толпиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of взирая","gloss":"those crowding"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толпившихся","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-c1-s15","source":"Алеша упомнил потом кое-что из того, что он тогда сказал.","translation":"Alyosha afterward recalled some of what he said then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кое-что из того, что он тогда сказал","title":"Correlative «то, что»","body":"«из того, что…» is the correlative construction: the demonstrative «того» (genitive after «из») is picked up by the relative «что», 'some of that which he said'. «кое-что» is the indefinite 'a few things, something'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упомнил","title":"«упомнить» — to retain in memory","body":"A folk/colloquial perfective, 'to manage to remember, to keep in mind', narrower than «вспомнить» (to recall). Slightly archaic, it suits the framing of Alyosha's imperfect record of the elder's words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упомнил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"упомнил","lemma":"упомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упомнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кое-что","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упомнил","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомнил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"had said"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-c1-s16","source":"Но хоть и внятно говорил, и хоть и голосом достаточно твердым, но речь его была довольно несвязна.","translation":"But though he spoke distinctly, and in a voice firm enough, his speech was rather disjointed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и внятно говорил, и хоть и голосом достаточно твердым","title":"Doubled concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"Two «хоть и» clauses ('though… and though…') are answered by «но» ('yet'): a balanced concession-plus-reversal. «голосом… твердым» is an instrumental of manner, 'in a firm-enough voice'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of говорил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внятно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"внятно","lemma":"внятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adjunct of говорил (manner), modified by твердым","gloss":"in a voice"},{"surface":"достаточно","lemma":"достаточно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердым","gloss":"sufficiently"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of несвязна","gloss":"his speech"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несвязна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несвязна","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"несвязна","lemma":"несвязный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была, main clause","gloss":"disjointed"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-c1-s17","source":"Говорил он о многом, казалось, хотел бы всё сказать, всё высказать еще раз, пред смертною минутой, изо всего недосказанного в жизни, и не поучения лишь одного ради, а как бы жаждая поделиться радостью и восторгом своим со всеми и вся, излиться еще раз в жизни сердцем своим…","translation":"He spoke of many things, and it seemed he wished to say everything, to utter it all once more before the minute of his death, all that had been left unsaid in his life — and not for the sake of instruction alone, but as if thirsting to share his joy and rapture with all and everything, to pour out his heart once more in this life…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел бы всё сказать","title":"Conditional «хотел бы» — 'would wish'","body":"Past «хотел» + «бы» builds the conditional/subjunctive, 'he would wish'. Inside reported perception («казалось, хотел бы»), it softens the elder's longing into something the narrator infers rather than asserts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поучения лишь одного ради","title":"Postposed «ради» + genitive","body":"«ради» ('for the sake of') governs the genitive and, archaically, follows its noun: «поучения… ради» = 'for the sake of instruction'. The fronted «не… лишь одного» ('not solely') negates and restricts it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы жаждая поделиться","title":"Gerund «жаждая» of «жаждать»","body":"«жаждая» is the imperfective gerund of the elevated «жаждать» (to thirst, crave), 'as if thirsting'. It governs the perfective infinitive «поделиться» (to share, with «с» + instrumental «со всеми»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со всеми и вся","title":"«всеми и вся» — one and all","body":"A frozen pairing 'with all and everything', where «вся» is an archaic neuter-plural of «весь» surviving only in this set phrase (cf. «всё и вся»). It recurs as a refrain in the elder's teaching on universal guilt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недосказанного","title":"«недосказанное» — the unsaid","body":"A substantivized past passive participle with the privative prefix «недо-» ('under-, not fully'): 'that which was left unsaid'. The genitive «изо всего недосказанного» = 'out of all that had gone unsaid'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Говорил","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, governs хотел","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal subject of казалось","gloss":"he wished"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотел","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказать","gloss":"to utter"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высказать","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"смертною","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минутой","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"the minute"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of недосказанного","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"недосказанного","lemma":"недосказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"complement of изо, content of сказать/высказать","gloss":"left unsaid"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недосказанного","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поучения","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поучения","lemma":"поучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ради","gloss":"instruction"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поучения","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition governing поучения","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (\"as if\")","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"жаждая","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb modifying Говорил (manner)","gloss":"thirsting"},{"surface":"поделиться","lemma":"поделиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of жаждая","gloss":"to share"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поделиться","gloss":"his joy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восторгом","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with радостью","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторгом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of поделиться","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with всеми","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"излиться","lemma":"излиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поделиться","gloss":"to pour out"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of излиться","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies излиться","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of излиться","gloss":"with his heart"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-c1-s18","source":"«Любите друг друга, отцы, — учил старец (сколько запомнил потом Алеша).","translation":"\"Love one another, fathers,\" the elder taught (so far as Alyosha remembered afterward).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любите друг друга","title":"Plural imperative + reciprocal «друг друга»","body":"«Любите» is the plural/polite imperative of «любить» (to love). «друг друга» ('one another') is the invariable reciprocal pronoun — the first «друг» frozen, the second declining for case. An echo of John 13:34."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцы","title":"«отцы» — fathers, as address","body":"Here a respectful vocative-style address to the monks, 'fathers'. Russian no longer has a true vocative case, so the plain nominative plural does the work (contrast the old «отче» for a single elder)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, first part of reciprocal pronoun","role":"part of the reciprocal pronoun друг друга, direct object of Любите","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second part of reciprocal pronoun","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, tags the quotation","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of учил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying учил","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-c1-s19","source":" — Любите народ божий.","translation":"\"Love the people of God.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Любите","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"of God"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-c1-s20","source":"Не святее же мы мирских за то, что сюда пришли и в сих стенах затворились, а, напротив, всякий сюда пришедший, уже тем самым, что пришел сюда, познал про себя, что он хуже всех мирских и всех и вся на земле…","translation":"We are no holier than those in the world for having come here and shut ourselves within these walls; on the contrary, every man who has come here, by that very coming, has acknowledged of himself that he is worse than all those in the world, and worse than all and everything on earth…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не святее же мы мирских","title":"Comparative + genitive of comparison","body":"«святее» is the predicative comparative of «святой» (holy), 'holier'; the thing compared takes the bare genitive «мирских» — 'holier than the worldly'. The particle «же» insists, 'we are by no means holier'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сих стенах затворились","title":"Archaic «сих» + reflexive «затвориться»","body":"«сих» is the prepositional/genitive plural of archaic «сей» ('these'). «затворились» is the perfective reflexive 'shut themselves in', the «-ся» turning «затворить» (to shut) inward upon the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякий сюда пришедший","title":"Participle «пришедший» as a noun","body":"«пришедший» — past active participle of «прийти» (to arrive) — substantivized with «всякий», 'everyone who has come here'. The perfective stem marks a completed arrival."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мирских","title":"«мирские» — worldly folk","body":"Substantivized adjective from «мир» (the world): 'people of the world, laypeople' as opposed to monastics. A key opposition in the elder's homily — monk versus «мирской»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies святее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"святее","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"holier"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies святее","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of святее","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"мирских","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies святее (comparison)","gloss":"than those of the world"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of святее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришли","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"we came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies стенах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of затворились","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"затворились","lemma":"затвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришли","gloss":"shut ourselves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, modifies познал","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пришедший","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришедший","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пришедший","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of познал","gloss":"who has come"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adjunct of познал (\"by that very fact\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем (w22)","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"познал","lemma":"познать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has acknowledged"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of познал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хуже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хуже","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of познал","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"мирских","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"those of the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with мирских","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-c1-s21","source":"И чем долее потом будет жить инок в стенах своих, тем чувствительнее должен и сознавать сие.","translation":"And the longer afterward a monk lives within his walls, the more keenly must he be aware of this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем долее… тем чувствительнее","title":"«чем… тем…» with comparatives","body":"The correlative comparative frame 'the more… the more…': «чем долее» ('the longer') answered by «тем чувствительнее» ('the more keenly'). Both are predicative comparatives; «долее» is the bookish form of «дольше»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен и сознавать сие","title":"«должен» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«должен» ('must, ought') governs the imperfective infinitive «сознавать» (to be aware of, ongoingly) — a continuing duty, not a single act. «сие» is the archaic neuter 'this'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инок","title":"«инок» — a monk","body":"An old, churchly word for monk, from «иной» ('other'): one who has chosen a life set apart. Loftier and more spiritual in flavour than the plain «монах», and central to the elder's discourse on «путь иноческий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of долее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"долее","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of жить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жить","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies инок","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of стенах","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with чем, modifies должен","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"чувствительнее","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"more keenly"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознавать","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сознавать","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сознавать","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-c1-s22","source":"Ибо в противном случае незачем ему было и приходить сюда.","translation":"For otherwise there was no reason for him to have come here at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"незачем ему было и приходить сюда","title":"Impersonal «незачем» + dative","body":"«незачем» ('there is no point / reason to') heads a subjectless construction; the person is dative «ему», the predicate the past «было», and the action an infinitive «приходить» — 'there was no reason for him to come'. The particle «и» adds 'even, at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because","body":"An archaic-bookish causal conjunction, 'for', far loftier than «потому что». It opens several of the elder's sentences, marking his speech as scriptural and sermon-like."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence (causal)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"противном","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, adjunct of было","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"незачем","lemma":"незачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"no reason to"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of было","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula supporting незачем","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of незачем","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходить","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-c1-s23","source":"Когда же познает, что не только он хуже всех мирских, но и пред всеми людьми за всех и за вся виноват, за все грехи людские, мировые и единоличные, то тогда лишь цель нашего единения достигнется.","translation":"But when he comes to know that he is not only worse than all those in the world, but is also guilty before all people for all and for everything, for all human sins, the world's and each man's alone — only then is the aim of our communion attained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же познает… то тогда лишь","title":"«когда… то тогда» correlative","body":"The temporal «когда» clause is answered by the correlative «то тогда» ('then, only then') in the main clause — a balanced 'when… then' favoured in solemn prose. «же» after «когда» adds insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"цель… достигнется","title":"Reflexive passive «достигнется»","body":"«достигнется» is a reflexive-passive perfective future, 'will be attained' — the «-ся» yields an agentless passive, the goal reaching itself. (A slightly non-standard form for «достигнется/будет достигнута», but characteristic of the elder's idiom.)"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за всех и за вся","title":"«за всех и за вся» — for all and everything","body":"The chapter's central refrain: guilt 'for all and for everything'. «вся» is again the archaic neuter-plural of «весь», alive only in this fixed Slavonic pairing, lending the doctrine its scriptural cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of познает","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"познает","lemma":"познавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on достигнется","gloss":"comes to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хуже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хуже","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of познает","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"мирских","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"those of the world"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of людьми","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вся","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with всех (w17)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хуже","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехи","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of грехи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"людские","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies грехи","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"мировые","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with людские","gloss":"the world's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"единоличные","lemma":"единоличный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with людские","gloss":"each man's own"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the когда-clause, before достигнется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достигнется","gloss":"only then"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive достигнется","gloss":"the aim"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of единения","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"единения","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"communion"},{"surface":"достигнется","lemma":"достигнуться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be attained"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-c1-s24","source":"Ибо знайте, милые, что каждый единый из нас виновен за всех и за вся на земле несомненно, не только по общей мировой вине, а единолично каждый за всех людей и за всякого человека на сей земле.","translation":"For know, my dear ones, that each single one of us is beyond doubt guilty for all and for everything on earth — not only by the common guilt of the world, but each man singly for all people and for every man upon this earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знайте, милые","title":"Imperative «знайте» of address","body":"«знайте» — plural imperative of «знать» (to know) — opens a direct exhortation, 'know, my dear ones'. «милые» (substantivized 'dear ones') is the addressee in nominative-as-vocative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единый","title":"«единый» — every single one","body":"An elevated «один/каждый», 'one, single, sole'. «каждый единый из нас» heightens 'each one of us' to 'each and every single one', a bookish reinforcement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единолично","title":"«единолично» — singly, individually","body":"An adverb 'individually, each on his own', set against «по общей мировой вине» (by the common guilt of the world). The contrast — collective versus personal guilt — is the doctrinal heart of the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знайте","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (substantivized)","role":"vocative address to the listeners","gloss":"dear ones"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of единый","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"single one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies единый (partitive)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is guilty"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вся","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural (archaic)","role":"oblique complement of виновен, coordinated with всех","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"doubtless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только (не только)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with а below (не только...а)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вине","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"общей","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вине","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"мировой","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вине, coordinated with общей","gloss":"world's"},{"surface":"вине","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"единолично","lemma":"единолично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided predicate (parallel to виновен)","gloss":"individually"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided predicate, parallel to каждый единый","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with людей","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-c1-s25","source":"Сие сознание есть венец пути иноческого, да и всякого на земле человека.","translation":"This knowledge is the crown of the monk's path, and indeed of every man's on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сие сознание есть венец","title":"Overt copula «есть»","body":"Modern Russian drops the present 'to be', but the elder keeps the archaic «есть» as copula: 'this knowledge IS the crown'. Retaining «есть» is a mark of solemn, scriptural style. «сие» is again archaic 'this'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"венец пути иноческого","title":"«венец» — crown, culmination","body":"«венец» literally 'a wreath/crown' (as worn at an Orthodox wedding), figuratively the crowning summit of a path. «иноческого» ('monastic'), from «инок», modifies «пути» (the monk's path)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сознание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"венец","lemma":"венец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"crown"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies венец","gloss":"of the path"},{"surface":"иноческого","lemma":"иноческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пути","gloss":"monk's"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да (да и, \"and indeed\")","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пути, parallel to иноческого","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-c1-s26","source":"Ибо иноки не иные суть человеки, а лишь только такие, какими и всем на земле людям быть надлежало бы.","translation":"For monks are no different sort of men, but only such as all people on earth ought to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иноки не иные суть человеки","title":"Archaic plural copula «суть»","body":"«суть» is the old third-person-plural present of 'to be', 'are' — a deeply bookish, Church-Slavonic survival. «человеки» is likewise the archaic plural of «человек» (modern «люди»). The whole clause breathes liturgical Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какими… быть надлежало бы","title":"Impersonal «надлежало бы» + dative","body":"«надлежало» ('it behoved, ought') is an impersonal predicate; the experiencer «всем… людям» is dative, the action infinitive «быть», and «бы» makes it counterfactual — 'such as all people ought to be'. «какими» is the instrumental predicate of «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of суть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of суть","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies человеки","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (archaic copula)","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"человеки","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural (archaic)","role":"predicate complement of суть","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только (лишь только)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь (лишь только)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of суть, coordinated with человеки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"какими","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate instrumental complement of быть, relative to такие","gloss":"as which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"dative subject of надлежало","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надлежало","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"надлежало","lemma":"надлежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by какими","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of надлежало","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-c1-s27","source":"Тогда лишь и умилилось бы сердце наше в любовь бесконечную, вселенскую, не знающую насыщения.","translation":"Only then would our heart be moved to a love that is boundless, universal, knowing no satiety.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда лишь и умилилось бы сердце наше","title":"Conditional «умилилось бы»","body":"Past «умилилось» + «бы» gives the counterfactual 'would be moved/softened'. The reflexive «умилиться» means to be touched to tenderness. Verb-first order with «бы» fronted to «тогда лишь и» ('only then') foregrounds the condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знающую насыщения","title":"Participle «знающую» + genitive of negation","body":"«знающую» — present active participle of «знать», feminine accusative agreeing with «любовь» — 'knowing'. Under negation its object goes genitive: «насыщения» ('satiety'), the genitive of negation, 'knowing no satiety'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умилилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умилилось","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying умилилось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"умилилось","lemma":"умилиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be moved"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of умилилось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of умилилось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"goal complement of умилилось","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"бесконечную","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"вселенскую","lemma":"вселенский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь, coordinated with бесконечную","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знающую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знающую","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies любовь, coordinated with бесконечную/вселенскую","gloss":"knowing no"},{"surface":"насыщения","lemma":"насыщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знающую (genitive under negation)","gloss":"satiety"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-c1-s28","source":"Тогда каждый из вас будет в силах весь мир любовию приобрести и слезами своими мировые грехи омыть…","translation":"Then each of you will have the power to win the whole world by love, and to wash away the world's sins with his tears…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет в силах… приобрести","title":"Compound future «будет» + infinitive","body":"«будет в силах» ('will have the power') uses the future of «быть»; it then governs perfective infinitives «приобрести» (to win, acquire) and «омыть» (to wash away) — completed future acts. «в силах» is an idiom, 'able, capable'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любовию… слезами своими","title":"Instrumental of means + archaic «-ию»","body":"«любовию» and «слезами» are instrumentals of means, 'by love… with one's tears'. «любовию» shows the old, poetic instrumental ending «-ию» (for modern «любовью»), heightening the register. «своими» is the reflexive possessive 'one's own'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies каждый","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula introducing the predicate в силах","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate noun in idiom быть в силах (\"to be able\"), complement of будет","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приобрести","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"любовию","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic)","role":"oblique complement of приобрести","gloss":"by love"},{"surface":"приобрести","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силах (будет в силах ... приобрести)","gloss":"to win"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of омыть","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of слезами","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мировые","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies грехи","gloss":"the world's"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of омыть","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"омыть","lemma":"омыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with приобрести, complement of силах","gloss":"to wash away"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-c1-s29","source":"Всяк ходи около сердца своего, всяк себе исповедайся неустанно.","translation":"Let each man keep watch about his own heart; let each confess himself untiringly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всяк ходи около сердца своего","title":"Archaic «всяк» + imperative","body":"«всяк» is the short, archaic form of «всякий» ('everyone'); paired with the singular imperative «ходи» it forms a distributive command, 'let each man walk/keep watch'. «около… своего» = 'about his own (heart)', genitive after «около»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всяк себе исповедайся","title":"Imperative of «-ся» verb + dative «себе»","body":"«исповедайся» is the imperative of reflexive «исповедаться» (to confess); «себе» (dative reflexive 'to oneself') reinforces the inwardness. «неустанно» ('untiringly') marks the ceaseless self-examination the elder enjoins."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всяк","lemma":"всяк","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular (archaic)","role":"subject of ходи","gloss":"let each"},{"surface":"ходи","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep watch"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходи","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всяк","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular (archaic)","role":"subject of исповедайся","gloss":"let each"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive dative complement of исповедайся","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"исповедайся","lemma":"исповедаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исповедайся","gloss":"untiringly"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-c1-s30","source":"Греха своего не бойтесь, даже и сознав его, лишь бы покаяние было, но условий с богом не делайте.","translation":"Do not fear your own sin, even once you have acknowledged it, so long as there is repentance; but make no conditions with God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Греха своего не бойтесь","title":"Genitive after «бояться» + negative imperative","body":"«бояться» (to fear) governs the genitive: «греха своего» ('your own sin'). The negative imperative «не бойтесь» fronts its genitive object for emphasis — 'do not fear your sin'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и сознав его","title":"Perfective gerund «сознав»","body":"«сознав» is the perfective past gerund of «сознать» (to acknowledge), '-в' marking a prior, completed act: 'even having acknowledged it'. «даже и» adds 'even'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь бы покаяние было","title":"«лишь бы» — provided that","body":"«лишь бы» ('so long as, if only') with the past-form «было» builds a conditional-of-sufficiency: 'provided there be repentance'. The «бы» here is the irrealis particle fused into the connective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бойтесь (genitive object)","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Греха","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознав","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying сознав","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сознав","lemma":"сознать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бойтесь","gloss":"having acknowledged"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сознав","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the conjunction лишь бы, introduces the было-clause","gloss":"so long as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь (лишь бы)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"покаяние","lemma":"покаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the лишь бы clause (existential \"there be\")","gloss":"there be"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"условий","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делайте (genitive under negation)","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies условий","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"делайте","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бойтесь","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-c1-s31","source":"Паки говорю — не гордитесь.","translation":"Again I say to you — be not proud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не гордитесь","title":"Negated imperative of «-ся» verb","body":"«гордитесь» is the imperative of reflexive «гордиться» (to be proud, with instrumental object); negated, 'be not proud'. The imperfective imperative under «не» is the normal way to forbid an attitude or state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Паки","title":"«паки» — again, anew","body":"A purely Church-Slavonic adverb, 'again, once more', familiar from liturgy («паки и паки», 'again and again'). Its use here is unmistakably ecclesiastical, marking the elder's sermon-voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Паки","lemma":"паки","morphology":"adverb (archaic)","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гордитесь","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорю","gloss":"be proud"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-c1-s32","source":"Не гордитесь пред малыми, не гордитесь и пред великими.","translation":"Be not proud before the small, and be not proud before the great.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред малыми… пред великими","title":"Archaic «пред» + substantivized adjectives","body":"«пред» is the bookish form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), here governing the instrumental. «малыми» and «великими» are substantivized adjectives, 'the small (lowly)' and 'the great', a biblical antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гордитесь","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be proud"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малыми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"малыми","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of гордитесь","gloss":"the small"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гордитесь","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гордитесь","gloss":"be proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking великими","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"великими","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of гордитесь","gloss":"the great"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-c1-s33","source":"Не ненавидьте и отвергающих вас, позорящих вас, поносящих вас и на вас клевещущих.","translation":"Hate not those who reject you, who shame you, who revile you and slander you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергающих вас, позорящих вас, поносящих вас","title":"A chain of present active participles","body":"Three present active participles in -щий («отвергающих, позорящих, поносящих»), all genitive-accusative agreeing with the animate object of «не ненавидьте» — 'those rejecting, shaming, reviling you'. Stacked participles compress three «который»-clauses into one rhetorical sweep."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вас клевещущих","title":"Participle «клевещущий» of «клеветать»","body":"«клевещущих» is the present active participle of «клеветать» (to slander), governing «на» + accusative «на вас» ('against you'). The consonant alternation т→щ is regular in this verb's present stem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавидьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ненавидьте","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before the coordinated list","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвергающих","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective (substantivized)","role":"direct object of ненавидьте","gloss":"those who reject"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отвергающих","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позорящих","lemma":"позорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective (substantivized)","role":"coordinated with отвергающих, direct object of ненавидьте","gloss":"those who shame"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позорящих","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поносящих","lemma":"поносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective (substantivized)","role":"coordinated with отвергающих, direct object of ненавидьте","gloss":"those who revile"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поносящих","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of клевещущих","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"клевещущих","lemma":"клеветать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective (substantivized)","role":"coordinated with отвергающих, direct object of ненавидьте","gloss":"those who slander"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-c1-s34","source":"Не ненавидьте атеистов, злоучителей, материалистов, даже злых из них, не токмо добрых, ибо и из них много добрых, наипаче в наше время.","translation":"Hate not the atheists, the teachers of evil, the materialists — not even the wicked among them, let alone the good, for there are many good ones among them too, the more so in our time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже злых из них, не токмо добрых","title":"Archaic «токмо» — only","body":"«токмо» is the Church-Slavonic 'only' (modern «только»); «не токмо» here means 'not to say, let alone'. The construction 'even the wicked among them, let alone the good' turns on this archaic adverb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наипаче","title":"«наипаче» — all the more","body":"A Slavonic superlative-comparative adverb, 'especially, all the more so'. From «паче» ('rather, more than'), itself archaic. 'The more so in our time' lands with sermon weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавидьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ненавидьте","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"атеистов","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural (genitive under negation)","role":"direct object of ненавидьте","gloss":"atheists"},{"surface":"злоучителей","lemma":"злоучитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural (genitive under negation)","role":"coordinated with атеистов","gloss":"false teachers"},{"surface":"материалистов","lemma":"материалист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural (genitive under negation)","role":"coordinated with атеистов","gloss":"materialists"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злых","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"злых","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (substantivized)","role":"coordinated with атеистов, direct object of ненавидьте","gloss":"the wicked"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of злых","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies токмо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"токмо","lemma":"токмо","morphology":"particle (archaic, \"only/let alone\")","role":"correlative with даже, modifies добрых","gloss":"let alone"},{"surface":"добрых","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (substantivized)","role":"coordinated with злых, direct object of ненавидьте","gloss":"the good"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of много","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies них","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"predicate of the existential clause","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"добрых","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (substantivized)","role":"complement of много","gloss":"good people"},{"surface":"наипаче","lemma":"наипаче","morphology":"adverb (archaic, \"all the more\")","role":"intensifies the phrase в наше время","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наипаче","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-c1-s35","source":"Поминайте их на молитве тако: спаси всех, господи, за кого некому помолиться, спаси и тех, кто не хочет тебе молиться.","translation":"Remember them in prayer thus: save all, O Lord, for whom there is no one to pray; save also those who do not wish to pray to thee.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поминайте их на молитве тако","title":"Archaic «тако» — thus","body":"«тако» is the Church-Slavonic 'so, thus' (modern «так»), introducing the very words of a prayer. «поминайте» is the imperative of «поминать» (to commemorate, esp. in prayer)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за кого некому помолиться","title":"Impersonal «некому» + dative-infinitive","body":"«некому помолиться» is the negative-impersonal pattern: «некому» (dative 'there is no one to') + infinitive, 'for whom there is no one to pray'. The «-кому» is the negative counterpart built on «кто»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господи","title":"«Господи» — O Lord (vocative)","body":"«Господи» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (the Lord), used only in direct prayerful address. Likewise «тебе… молиться» uses «тебе», the intimate 'thee' proper to addressing God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поминайте","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Поминайте","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Поминайте","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"тако","lemma":"тако","morphology":"adverb (archaic, \"thus\")","role":"modifies Поминайте, introduces the following prayer text","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"спаси","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted prayer clause","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спаси","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of помолиться","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"некому","lemma":"некому","morphology":"predicative pronoun, dative (archaic, \"there is no one\")","role":"relative clause modifying всех","gloss":"there is no one"},{"surface":"помолиться","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of некому","gloss":"to pray"},{"surface":"спаси","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спаси above, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спаси","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of молиться","gloss":"to thee"},{"surface":"молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to pray"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-c1-s36","source":"И прибавьте тут же: не по гордости моей молю о сем, господи, ибо и сам мерзок есмь паче всех и вся…","translation":"And add this at once: it is not out of my pride that I pray for this, O Lord, for I too am viler than all and everything…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам мерзок есмь паче всех","title":"Archaic 1sg copula «есмь»","body":"«есмь» is the ancient first-person-singular present of 'to be', 'I am' — wholly liturgical, modern Russian dropping it entirely. With the short adjective «мерзок» (vile) and «паче всех» ('than all'), the line reads like a penitential prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молю о сем","title":"«молить о» + archaic «сем»","body":"«молю» (1sg of «молить», to pray/beseech) governs «о» + prepositional. «сем» is the archaic prepositional of «сей» ('this'), 'I pray about this' — the high «о сем» for everyday «об этом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прибавьте","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тут же (\"at once\"), modifies прибавьте","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тут же","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молю","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордости","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"молю","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I pray"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"oblique complement of молю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мерзок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject of есмь","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"мерзок","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есмь","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective (archaic)","role":"main verb (copula) of the ибо-clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"паче","lemma":"паче","morphology":"preposition (archaic, \"more than\")","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of паче","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, plural (archaic)","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-c1-s37","source":"Народ божий любите, не отдавайте стада отбивать пришельцам, ибо если заснете в лени и в брезгливой гордости вашей, а пуще в корыстолюбии, то придут со всех стран и отобьют у вас стадо ваше.","translation":"Love the people of God, do not let the flock be lured away by newcomers, for if you fall asleep in sloth and in your fastidious pride, and still more in covetousness, then they will come from every land and carry off your flock from you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если заснете в лени… то придут","title":"Real conditional «если… то»","body":"A real (not counterfactual) condition: perfective future «заснете» ('if you fall asleep') answered by «то придут» ('then they will come'). No «бы» — the outcome is presented as a genuine threat, not a hypothesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отдавайте стада отбивать","title":"Genitive of negation + double infinitive","body":"Under the negated imperative «не отдавайте», the object «стада» appears in the genitive (genitive of negation), and «отбивать» (to lure/beat away) is a dependent infinitive of purpose — 'do not give the flock up to be lured away'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще… в корыстолюбии","title":"«пуще» and «корыстолюбие»","body":"«пуще» is a folk-archaic 'more, worse, still more'; «корыстолюбие» ('love of gain, covetousness') is a compound abstract noun (корысть + любие). Both deepen the warning's old-Russian colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Народ","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдавайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдавайте","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любите","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"стада","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular (genitive under negation)","role":"direct object of отдавайте","gloss":"the flock"},{"surface":"отбивать","lemma":"отбивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of отдавайте","gloss":"be lured away"},{"surface":"пришельцам","lemma":"пришелец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of отбивать","gloss":"by newcomers"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придут","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заснете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"заснете","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on придут","gloss":"you fall asleep"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лени","lemma":"лень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснете","gloss":"sloth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"брезгливой","lemma":"брезгливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"fastidious"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лени","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb (comparative, \"still more\")","role":"intensifies the coordinated phrase в корыстолюбии","gloss":"still more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корыстолюбии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"корыстолюбии","lemma":"корыстолюбие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лени/гордости, oblique complement of заснете","gloss":"covetousness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction (correlative with если)","role":"introduces the clause of придут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стран","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of стран","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"стран","lemma":"страна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of придут","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отобьют","lemma":"отбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придут","gloss":"will carry off"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отобьют","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отобьют","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стадо","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-c1-s38","source":"Толкуйте народу Евангелие неустанно…","translation":"Expound the Gospel to the people untiringly…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Толкуйте народу Евангелие","title":"Imperative with dative + accusative","body":"«толкуйте» (imperative of «толковать», to expound, interpret) takes the dative addressee «народу» ('to the people') and accusative object «Евангелие'. A clean double-object frame: expound the Gospel to the people."}],"words":[{"surface":"Толкуйте","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expound"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Толкуйте","gloss":"to the people"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Толкуйте","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Толкуйте","gloss":"untiringly"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-c1-s39","source":"Не лихоимствуйте…","translation":"Practice no usury…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не лихоимствуйте","title":"«лихоимствовать» — to practise usury","body":"A heavy archaic verb from «лихоимство» ('usury, extortion, taking unlawful gain'), itself from «лихо» (evil) + «иметь» (to have). The negated imperative forbids the taking of dishonest profit — a sin much denounced in church teaching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лихоимствуйте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лихоимствуйте","lemma":"лихоимствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"practice usury"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-c1-s40","source":"Сребра и золота не любите, не держите…","translation":"Love not silver and gold, and keep none of it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сребра и золота не любите, не держите","title":"Genitive of negation with the verbs of holding","body":"Both objects stand in the genitive under the negated imperatives «не любите, не держите» — «сребра», «золота» (genitive of negation): 'love no silver and gold, keep none'. The bare genitive after negation here also carries a partitive 'none of it' force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сребра","title":"«сребро» — Slavonic 'silver'","body":"«сребро» is the Church-Slavonic, non-pleophonic doublet of Russian «серебро» (silver) — like «град»/«город», «злато»/«золото». Pairing «сребра и злата/золота» evokes biblical injunctions against treasure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сребра","lemma":"сребро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular (archaic, genitive under negation)","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"золота","lemma":"золото","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Сребра","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies держите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"держите","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любите","gloss":"keep"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-c1-s41","source":"Веруйте и знамя держите.","translation":"Have faith, and hold fast the banner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веруйте и знамя держите","title":"Bookish «веровать» imperative","body":"«веруйте» is the imperative of «веровать» (to have faith, believe in), the elevated, religious counterpart of everyday «верить». «знамя» ('banner') is a neuter -мя noun (gen. «знамени»), here accusative object of «держите»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веруйте","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with держите","gloss":"have faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знамя","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of держите","gloss":"the banner"},{"surface":"держите","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Веруйте","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-c1-s42","source":"Высоко возносите его…»","translation":"Raise it on high…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Высоко возносите его","title":"Imperfective imperative «возносите»","body":"«возносите» — imperative of «возносить» (to raise on high, elevate), a lofty verb also used of prayer 'raised up' to God. The imperfective stresses the continual lifting; «его» refers back to «знамя»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возносите","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"возносите","lemma":"возносить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возносите","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-c1-s43","source":"Старец, впрочем, говорил отрывочнее, чем здесь было изложено и как записал потом Алеша.","translation":"The elder, however, spoke more brokenly than it is set down here and than Alyosha later recorded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил отрывочнее, чем здесь было изложено","title":"Comparative «отрывочнее» + «чем»","body":"«отрывочнее» is the predicative comparative of «отрывочный» (fragmentary), 'more brokenly'; the standard of comparison is a full clause introduced by «чем» ('than'). «было изложено» is a short past-passive periphrasis, 'was set out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies говорил","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"отрывочнее","lemma":"отрывочно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"complement of говорил","gloss":"more brokenly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изложено","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложено","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of изложено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"изложено","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чем-clause, comparative standard to отрывочнее","gloss":"is set down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the second comparative clause, parallel to чем","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"записал","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изложено","gloss":"recorded"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of записал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-c1-s44","source":"Иногда он пресекал говорить совсем, как бы собираясь с силами, задыхался, но был как бы в восторге.","translation":"At times he broke off speaking altogether, as if gathering his strength; he gasped for breath, yet he seemed to be in a state of rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы собираясь с силами","title":"Gerund «собираясь» + «как бы»","body":"«собираясь» is the imperfective gerund of reflexive «собираться» (to gather oneself); «собираться с силами» is a set idiom 'to summon one's strength'. «как бы» ('as if') marks it as the narrator's surmise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пресекал говорить","title":"«пресекать» — to cut short","body":"«пресекать» (to break off, cut short, suppress) is a bookish, slightly formal verb; «пресекал говорить» = 'broke off speaking'. The imperfective past pictures the repeated breakings-off of the failing voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в восторге","title":"«восторг» — rapture","body":"«восторг» is ecstatic, exalted joy — 'rapture, transport', stronger than mere delight. The phrase «как бы в восторге» ('as if in rapture') keys the elder's dying state to the novel's recurring theme of spiritual ecstasy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пресекал","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пресекал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пресекал","lemma":"пресекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пресекал","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (\"as if\"), modifies собираясь","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"собираясь","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on задыхался","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"силами","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of собираясь","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пресекал","gloss":"gasped for breath"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to восторге","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies восторге","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-c1-s45","source":"Слушали его с умилением, хотя многие и дивились словам его и видели в них темноту…","translation":"They listened to him with deep emotion, though many marveled at his words and saw in them an obscurity…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слушали его с умилением","title":"Subjectless imperfective + «с» + instrumental","body":"«Слушали» ('they listened') is again subjectless plural, the brethren understood. The manner phrase «с умилением» uses «с» + instrumental, 'with tender emotion' — «умиление» being the soft, melting compunction prized in Orthodox piety."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многие и дивились словам его","title":"«дивиться» + dative","body":"«дивиться» (to marvel, wonder at) governs the dative: «словам его» ('at his words'). The particle «и» here is 'even/also' — 'though many even marvelled'. A bookish synonym of «удивляться»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"видели в них темноту","title":"«темнота» — obscurity","body":"Beyond 'darkness', «темнота» here means obscurity or unclarity of meaning — the listeners 'saw an obscurity' in his words, an abstract sense carried by the same noun as physical dark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушали","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They listened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Слушали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слушали","gloss":"deep emotion"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дивились","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дивились","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивились","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дивились","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Слушали","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of дивились","gloss":"his words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дивились","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of видели","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"темноту","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"an obscurity"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-c1-s46","source":"Потом все эти слова вспомнили.","translation":"Afterward all these words were remembered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потом все эти слова вспомнили","title":"Subjectless 'were remembered'","body":"Once more the subjectless impersonal-plural: «вспомнили» ('they remembered / were remembered'), the object «все эти слова» fronted as topic. Russian's agentless plural neatly renders an English passive without any passive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнили","gloss":"Afterward"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of вспомнили","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"вспомнили","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were remembered"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-c1-s47","source":"Когда Алеше случилось на минуту отлучиться из кельи, то он был поражен всеобщим волнением и ожиданием толпившейся в келье и около кельи братии.","translation":"When Alyosha happened to step out of the cell for a moment, he was struck by the general agitation and expectancy of the brethren crowding within the cell and around it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда Алеше случилось… отлучиться","title":"Impersonal «случилось» + dative","body":"«случилось» ('it happened') is impersonal; the person is dative «Алеше» and the event an infinitive «отлучиться» — 'when it happened to Alyosha to step out'. A classic dative-experiencer framing of chance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он был поражен… волнением","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental cause","body":"«поражён» is the short past-passive participle of «поразить» (to strike), with «был» — 'he was struck'. What struck him stands in the instrumental: «волнением и ожиданием» ('by the agitation and expectancy')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"толпившейся… братии","title":"Participle «толпившейся» + collective «братия»","body":"«толпившейся» — past active participle of «толпиться» (to crowd), feminine genitive — modifies «братии», the collective-singular 'brotherhood'. Hence singular agreement for a plurality of monks: 'the brethren crowding…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилось","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of случилось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поражен","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучиться","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"отлучиться","lemma":"отлучиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of случилось","gloss":"to step out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучиться","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive поражен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"всеобщим","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнением","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражен","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ожиданием","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with волнением","gloss":"expectancy"},{"surface":"толпившейся","lemma":"толпиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying братии","gloss":"crowding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толпившейся","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of около, coordinated with келье","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ожиданием","gloss":"the brethren"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-c1-s48","source":"Ожидание было между иными почти тревожное, у других торжественное.","translation":"The expectancy was, among some, almost anxious, and among others solemn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"между иными… у других","title":"«иные… другие» correlative","body":"A balanced 'among some… among others': «между иными» (instrumental after «между») set against «у других» (genitive after «у»). «иные» here is the substantivized 'some (people)', not 'other' in the plain sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти тревожное… торжественное","title":"Predicate adjectives without copula","body":"The present-tense predication drops the copula: '[the expectancy was] almost anxious… solemn' — long-form adjectives «тревожное, торжественное» agreeing with «ожидание» (neuter). The zero-copula present is the Russian default."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тревожное","gloss":"The expectancy"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тревожное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иными","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"иными","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тревожное","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"тревожное","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было, subject Ожидание","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у, parallel to иными","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"торжественное","lemma":"торжественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided было), coordinated with тревожное","gloss":"solemn"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-c1-s49","source":"Все ожидали чего-то немедленного и великого тотчас по успении старца.","translation":"Everyone was waiting for something immediate and great the instant the elder passed away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидали чего-то немедленного и великого","title":"«ожидать» + genitive; indefinite «-то»","body":"«ожидать» (to await) governs the genitive of its object: «чего-то немедленного и великого» ('something immediate and great'). «что-то» with the particle «-то» marks a specific-but-unknown referent — the awaited 'something'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по успении старца","title":"Temporal «по» + prepositional","body":"«по» + prepositional «успении» again means 'after, upon' — 'the instant after the elder's repose'. «тотчас по» heightens the immediacy of the awaited miracle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ожидали","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ожидали","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with чего","gloss":"something","note":"'Чего-то' is one indefinite pronoun ('something') split across two tokens."},{"surface":"немедленного","lemma":"немедленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего-то","gloss":"immediate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with немедленного","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидали","gloss":"the instant"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking успении","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"успении","lemma":"успение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидали","gloss":"the passing"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies успении","gloss":"of the elder"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-c1-s50","source":"Ожидание это, с одной точки зрения, было почти как бы и легкомысленное, но даже и самые строгие старцы подвергались сему.","translation":"This expectancy was, from one point of view, almost frivolous, and yet even the strictest of the elders were subject to it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и самые строгие старцы подвергались сему","title":"«подвергаться» + dative; superlative «самые»","body":"«подвергаться» (to be subject to, undergo) governs the dative «сему» (archaic 'this'). «самые строгие» is the periphrastic superlative with «самый» ('the strictest'), «самые» declining to agree with «старцы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти как бы и легкомысленное","title":"Hedge-stacking «почти как бы и»","body":"Three hedges in a row — «почти» (almost), «как бы» (as it were), «и» (even) — pile up before «легкомысленное» (frivolous), so that the narrator scarcely commits to the judgment. This cautious qualifying is a signature of the chapter's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of легкомысленное","gloss":"This expectancy"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Ожидание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies точки","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"точки","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"зрения","lemma":"зрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"compound with точки","gloss":"of view"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легкомысленное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легкомысленное","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легкомысленное","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легкомысленное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"легкомысленное","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старцы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies строгие","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"строгие","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies старцы","gloss":"strict"},{"surface":"старцы","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подвергались","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"подвергались","lemma":"подвергаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of clause coordinated with было","gloss":"were subject"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of подвергались","gloss":"to this","note":"Archaic dative of the demonstrative 'сей' ('this')."}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-c1-s51","source":"Всего строже было лицо старца иеромонаха Паисия.","translation":"Sternest of all was the face of the hieromonk Father Paisy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всего строже было лицо","title":"Superlative comparative «всего строже»","body":"«строже всего/всех» ('sternest of all') is the comparative «строже» raised to superlative by «всего» (genitive 'than everything'). Fronted for emphasis — 'sternest of all was the face…' — with verb-subject inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строже","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"строже","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sternest"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to строже","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of строже","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"иеромонаха","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"the hieromonk"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонаха","gloss":"Paisy"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-c1-s52","source":"Алеша отлучился из кельи лишь потому, что был таинственно вызван, чрез одного монаха, прибывшим из города Ракитиным со странным письмом к Алеше от госпожи Хохлаковой.","translation":"Alyosha had stepped out of the cell only because he had been mysteriously summoned, through one of the monks, by Rakitin, who had come from the town with a strange letter for Alyosha from Madame Khokhlakova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был таинственно вызван, чрез одного монаха","title":"Short passive + archaic «чрез»","body":"«вызван» is the short past-passive participle of «вызвать» (to summon), with «был» — 'was summoned'. «чрез» is the bookish form of «через» ('through, by means of'), governing the accusative «одного монаха»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибывшим из города Ракитиным","title":"Participle + instrumental agent","body":"The passive's agent stands in the instrumental: «Ракитиным» ('by Rakitin'), modified by the past active participle «прибывшим» ('having arrived from the town'). The participle and noun agree in instrumental case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отлучился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отлучился","lemma":"отлучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had stepped out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучился","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отлучился","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вызван","gloss":"because","note":"'Потому что' ('because') is split across two tokens here."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вызван","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызван","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"вызван","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монаха","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies монаха","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"монаха","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чрез","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"прибывшим","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитиным","gloss":"having arrived"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывшим","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"Ракитиным","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of вызван","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмом","gloss":"a strange"},{"surface":"письмом","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывшим","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмом","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies письмом","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-c1-s53","source":"Та сообщила Алеше одно любопытное, чрезвычайно кстати пришедшее известие.","translation":"She had passed on to Alyosha a curious piece of news that came at an exceedingly opportune moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрезвычайно кстати пришедшее известие","title":"Participle modifying its noun: 'a piece of news that came…'","body":"«пришедшее» — past active participle of «прийти», neuter — agrees with «известие» (news): 'news that had come exceedingly opportunely'. «кстати» ('aptly, at the right moment') modifies the participle. A compact attributive that English must unpack into a clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та сообщила Алеше","title":"Demonstrative «та» as topic-tracker","body":"«Та» ('she, that one') is the far demonstrative «тот» used pronominally to pick up the antecedent «госпожа Хохлакова» from the previous sentence — a typical Russian device for tracking who-is-who across clauses without repeating the name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сообщила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"сообщила","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had passed on"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщила","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of известие","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"любопытное","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кстати","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришедшее","gloss":"opportunely"},{"surface":"пришедшее","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying известие","gloss":"that came"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщила","gloss":"piece of news"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-c1-s54","source":"Дело состояло в том, что вчера между верующими простонародными женщинами, приходившими поклониться старцу и благословиться у него, была одна городская старушка, Прохоровна, унтер-офицерская вдова.","translation":"The matter was this: that on the previous day, among the believing women of the common people who had come to bow before the elder and receive his blessing, there had been one old townswoman, Prokhorovna, the widow of a non-commissioned officer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело состояло в том, что","title":"«состоять в том, что» — the matter was that","body":"A fixed presentational frame: «дело состояло в том, что…» = 'the matter consisted in this, that…'. The correlative «в том» (prepositional after «в») is unpacked by the «что»-clause that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходившими поклониться… и благословиться","title":"Participle + purpose infinitives","body":"«приходившими» (past active participle, instrumental, agreeing with «женщинами») governs two purpose infinitives: «поклониться» (to bow before) and reflexive «благословиться» (to receive a blessing) — 'who had come to bow and be blessed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старушка","title":"«старушка» — dear little old woman","body":"The diminutive of «старуха» (old woman), warm and affectionate — 'a little old lady'. The suffix «-ушк-» softens and endears, marking the narrator's tenderness toward the simple believer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состояло","gloss":"The matter"},{"surface":"состояло","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женщинами","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женщинами","gloss":"the previous day"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщинами","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"верующими","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies женщинами","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"простонародными","lemma":"простонародный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies женщинами","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"женщинами","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of между","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"приходившими","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying женщинами","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"поклониться","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приходившими","gloss":"to bow"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of поклониться","gloss":"before the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благословиться","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поклониться","gloss":"receive a blessing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb, subject старушка","gloss":"there had been"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies старушка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"городская","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старушка","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"старушка","lemma":"старушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"Прохоровна","lemma":"Прохоровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старушка","gloss":"Prokhorovna"},{"surface":"унтер","lemma":"унтер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound modifying вдова","gloss":"non-commissioned","note":"'Унтер-офицерская' is a hyphenated compound adjective, 'non-commissioned officer's'."},{"surface":"офицерская","lemma":"офицерский","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies вдова","gloss":"officer's"},{"surface":"вдова","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старушка","gloss":"widow"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-c1-s55","source":"Спрашивала она старца: можно ли ей помянуть сыночка своего Васеньку, заехавшего по службе далеко в Сибирь, в Иркутск, и от которого она уже год не получала никакого известия, вместо покойника в церкви за упокой?","translation":"She had asked the elder whether she might commemorate her little son Vasenka — who had gone far away on service into Siberia, to Irkutsk, and from whom she had received no news whatever for a year now — in church as one departed, for the repose of his soul, as though he were dead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли ей помянуть","title":"Embedded «ли» = 'whether'","body":"In indirect question, «ли» means 'whether': «спрашивала… можно ли ей помянуть» = 'asked whether she might commemorate'. «можно… ей» is the impersonal permission frame with dative experiencer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сыночка своего Васеньку","title":"Diminutive cascade: «сыночек», «Васенька»","body":"Two affectionate diminutives heap up the mother's tenderness: «сыночек» (dear little son, from «сын») and «Васенька» (from Вася ← Василий). The endearing «-еньк-» suffix turns the boy into the object of her doting grief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого она… не получала никакого известия","title":"Relative «который» + negative concord","body":"«от которого» ('from whom', genitive after «от») opens the relative clause. Inside, negative concord operates: «никакого известия» (genitive of negation after negated «не получала») — 'received no news whatever', the ни-word and «не» reinforcing one negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спрашивала","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had asked"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Спрашивала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Спрашивала","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by ли","gloss":"whether she might"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"помянуть","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to commemorate"},{"surface":"сыночка","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помянуть","gloss":"little son"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Васеньку","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Васеньку","lemma":"Васенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыночка","gloss":"Vasenka"},{"surface":"заехавшего","lemma":"заехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Васеньку","gloss":"who had gone"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехавшего","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сибирь","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехавшего","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иркутск","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Иркутск","lemma":"Иркутск","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Сибирь","gloss":"Irkutsk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of получала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получала","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получала","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Васеньку, coordinated with заехавшего","gloss":"had received"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of известия","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"известия","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получала","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покойника","gloss":"as though for"},{"surface":"покойника","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помянуть","gloss":"one departed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies покойника","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упокой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"упокой","lemma":"упокой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покойника","gloss":"the repose"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-c1-s56","source":"На что старец ответил ей со строгостию, запретив и назвав такого рода поминание подобным колдовству.","translation":"To which the elder had answered her with severity, forbidding it and calling commemoration of that sort akin to sorcery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На что старец ответил ей со строгостию","title":"Relative «на что» linking sentences","body":"«На что» ('to which') is a sentence-connective relative carrying the verb's government («ответить на что-то») across the period boundary — 'to which the elder answered'. «со строгостию» shows the archaic instrumental «-ию» for «строгостью» (with severity)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запретив и назвав","title":"Two perfective gerunds","body":"«запретив» (from «запретить», to forbid) and «назвав» (from «назвать», to call/name) are perfective past gerunds in -в, expressing acts accompanying the main verb: 'answered… forbidding it and calling…'. «назвав… подобным колдовству» uses an instrumental complement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колдовству","title":"«колдовство» — sorcery","body":"«колдовство» is witchcraft, sorcery — folk magic condemned by the Church. To call a misdirected commemoration 'akin to «колдовство»' brands it as superstition crossing into the forbidden, the sharp edge of the elder's rebuke."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had answered"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking строгостию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"строгостию","lemma":"строгость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"запретив","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"forbidding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"назвав","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with запретив","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рода","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поминание","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"поминание","lemma":"поминание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of назвав","gloss":"commemoration"},{"surface":"подобным","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of поминание","gloss":"akin to"},{"surface":"колдовству","lemma":"колдовство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of подобным","gloss":"sorcery"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-c1-s57","source":"Но затем, простив ей по неведению, прибавил, «как бы смотря в книгу будущего» (выражалась госпожа Хохлакова в письме своем), и утешение, «что сын ее Вася жив несомненно, и что или сам приедет к ней вскорости, или письмо пришлет, и чтоб она шла в свой дом и ждала сего.","translation":"But then, forgiving her on account of her ignorance, he had added, \"as if looking into the book of the future\" (so Madame Khokhlakova put it in her letter), this consolation: \"that her son Vasya was certainly alive, and that he would either come to her soon himself or send a letter, and that she should go home and wait for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простив ей по неведению","title":"Gerund «простив» + causal «по»","body":"«простив» is the perfective gerund of «простить» (to forgive), 'having forgiven her'. «по неведению» — «по» + dative «неведению» ('ignorance') — gives the cause/grounds, 'on account of her ignorance'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб она шла в свой дом и ждала сего","title":"«чтоб» + past form = indirect command","body":"«чтоб» (reduced «чтобы») with past-tense verbs «шла… ждала» renders an indirect command/wish — 'that she should go… and wait'. The past form here is the irrealis demanded by «чтобы», not a real past. «свой дом» is the reflexive possessive 'her own home'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы смотря в книгу будущего","title":"Gerund «смотря» of perception","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective gerund of «смотреть» (to look); «как бы смотря в книгу будущего» = 'as if looking into the book of the future'. Khokhlakova's hedged simile, quoted within the narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскорости","title":"«вскорости» — before long","body":"A folksy-archaic adverb 'soon, shortly', colloquial alongside the standard «вскоре». It belongs to the homely register of the old woman's hopeful tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"простив","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"forgiving"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of простив","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неведению","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"неведению","lemma":"неведение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простив","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had added"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the book"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies книгу","gloss":"of the future"},{"surface":"выражалась","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (Madame Khokhlakova's own phrasing)","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выражалась","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражалась","gloss":"her letter"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письме","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утешение","lemma":"утешение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавил, coordinated with смотря phrase","gloss":"consolation"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Вася","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Вася","lemma":"Вася","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"Vasya"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of что-clause (content of утешение)","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жив","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приедет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject of приедет","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"приедет","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of что-clause, coordinated with жив","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приедет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приедет","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пришлет","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"пришлет","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of что-clause, coordinated with приедет","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of чтоб-clause, coordinated with пришлет","gloss":"should go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шла","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of чтоб-clause, coordinated with шла","gloss":"should wait"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"for it","note":"Archaic genitive of the demonstrative 'сей' ('this')."}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-c1-s58","source":"И что же? — прибавляла в восторге госпожа Хохлакова, — пророчество совершилось даже буквально, и даже более того».","translation":"And what do you think?\" Madame Khokhlakova added in rapture. \"The prophecy was fulfilled even to the letter, and indeed more than that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что же?","title":"«что же?» — and what do you think?","body":"«И что же?» is a rhetorical buttonholing of the listener — the particle «же» loading the bare «что?» ('what') with suspense, 'and what do you think happened?'. It captures Khokhlakova's breathless excitement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пророчество совершилось","title":"Reflexive «совершиться» of fulfilment","body":"«совершилось» (perfective reflexive of «совершиться», to come to pass, be accomplished) — 'the prophecy was fulfilled'. The «-ся» makes it intransitive, the prophecy fulfilling itself. «даже буквально» heightens: 'even to the letter'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прибавляла","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to что","gloss":"kept adding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавляла","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавляла","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"пророчество","lemma":"пророчество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершилось","gloss":"the prophecy"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"was fulfilled"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буквально","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершилось","gloss":"to the letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with буквально","gloss":"than that"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-c1-s59","source":"Едва лишь старушка вернулась домой, как ей тотчас же передали уже ожидавшее ее письмо из Сибири.","translation":"No sooner had the old woman returned home than a letter from Siberia, already awaiting her, was at once handed over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Едва лишь старушка вернулась домой, как ей… передали","title":"«едва… как» — no sooner than","body":"The correlative «едва лишь… как» ('scarcely had… when / no sooner… than') links two events in immediate sequence. The main clause «ей… передали» is subjectless plural with dative «ей» — 'a letter was handed to her at once'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже ожидавшее ее письмо","title":"Participle «ожидавшее» in attribution","body":"«ожидавшее» — past active participle of «ожидать» (to await), neuter — modifies «письмо»: 'the letter already awaiting her'. A nice irony: the inanimate letter is given the agency of 'awaiting'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вернулась","gloss":"No sooner","note":"'Едва лишь ... как' is a fixed construction meaning 'no sooner ... than'."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Едва","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"старушка","lemma":"старушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вернулась","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"вернулась","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause on передали","gloss":"had returned"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернулась","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передали","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передали","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"передали","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was handed over"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидавшее","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ожидавшее","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying письмо","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передали","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"Siberia"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-c1-s60","source":"Но этого еще мало: в письме этом, писанном с дороги, из Екатеринбурга, Вася уведомлял свою мать, что едет сам в Россию, возвращается с одним чиновником и что недели чрез три по получении письма сего «он надеется обнять свою мать».","translation":"But that was not all: in that letter, written on the road, from Yekaterinburg, Vasya informed his mother that he was himself on his way back to Russia, returning with a certain official, and that some three weeks after she received this letter \"he hoped to embrace his mother.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в письме этом, писанном с дороги","title":"Short-form participle «писанном» as attribute","body":"«писанном» is the (slightly archaic) past passive participle of «писать», prepositional, agreeing with «письме»: 'in that letter, written from the road'. The unprefixed «писанный» (vs «написанный») is an older, bookish form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что едет сам в Россию, возвращается","title":"Reported present + verbs of motion","body":"After «уведомлял, что…» ('informed that…'), Russian keeps the present-tense «едет… возвращается» where English shifts to the past ('was on his way, returning'). «едет» (unidirectional «ехать») marks a single journey now under way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"недели чрез три по получении письма сего","title":"Approximation by inversion + archaic «чрез»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «недели чрез три» instead of «чрез три недели» — signals approximation, 'some three weeks'. «чрез» is bookish «через» (here 'after'), and «по получении… сего» again is «по» + prepositional with archaic «сего»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of мало","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"was not enough"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уведомлял","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"писанном","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying письме","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писанном","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Екатеринбурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Екатеринбурга","lemma":"Екатеринбург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писанном","gloss":"Yekaterinburg"},{"surface":"Вася","lemma":"Вася","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уведомлял","gloss":"Vasya"},{"surface":"уведомлял","lemma":"уведомлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уведомлял","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of едет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уведомлял","gloss":"is traveling"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies едет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of едет","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"возвращается","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with едет","gloss":"is returning"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies чиновником","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"чиновником","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвращается","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надеется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by три","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing три","gloss":"in about"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of чрез","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking получении","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"получении","lemma":"получение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies получении","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative 'сей' (= этот)."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надеется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надеется","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"обнять","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надеется","gloss":"to embrace"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнять","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-c1-s61","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова настоятельно и горячо умоляла Алешу немедленно передать это свершившееся вновь «чудо предсказания» игумену и всей братии: «Это должно быть всем, всем известно!» — восклицала она, заключая письмо свое.","translation":"Madame Khokhlakova earnestly and fervently implored Alyosha to report this freshly accomplished \"miracle of prophecy\" at once to the Father Superior and the whole brotherhood: \"Everyone, everyone must know of it!\" she exclaimed, closing her letter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это свершившееся вновь «чудо предсказания»","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«Свершившееся» is the past active participle of perfective «свершиться» ('to come to pass'), here declined as a neuter modifier of «чудо» — literally 'this miracle-of-prophecy that had just come to pass'. The participle packs a whole который-clause ('which had come to pass') into a single adjective, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключая письмо свое","title":"Gerund of attendant action","body":"«Заключая» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «заключать» ('to close, conclude'): 'closing her letter', an action simultaneous with «восклицала». Note «свое» (reflexive possessive 'her own'), agreeing with «письмо» and referring back to the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умоляла","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умоляла","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умоляла","gloss":"fervently"},{"surface":"умоляла","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"implored"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of умоляла","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умоляла","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чудо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"свершившееся","lemma":"свершиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying чудо","gloss":"just happened"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свершившееся","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"предсказания","lemma":"предсказание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"of prophecy"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"the abbot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of братии","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with игумену","gloss":"the brotherhood"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate modal of the clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"repeated indirect object of известно, for emphasis","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to умоляла","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"заключая","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицала","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заключая","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-c1-s62","source":"Письмо ее было писано наскоро, поспешно, волнение писавшей отзывалось в каждой строчке его.","translation":"Her letter had been written in haste, hurriedly; the writer's agitation made itself felt in every line of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Письмо ее было писано наскоро","title":"Short-form passive participle: 'was written'","body":"«Было писано» is a periphrastic passive — neuter «было» plus the short-form passive participle «писано» (from «писать»), stating a result: 'the letter had been written'. The fuller modern form would be «написано»; the bare imperfective «писано» is bookish and 19th-century in flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"волнение писавшей отзывалось","title":"Substantivized past participle 'the writer'","body":"«Писавшей» is the past active participle of «писать» used as a noun in the genitive feminine — 'of the [female] one who was writing', i.e. 'the writer's'. A participle standing in for a person is a compact literary device. «Отзывалось» carries reflexive «-ся» in its middle sense: 'made itself felt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive писано","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies Письмо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of писано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"писано","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies писано","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies писано","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отзывалось","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"писавшей","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"of the writer"},{"surface":"отзывалось","lemma":"отзываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was reflected"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking строчке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каждой","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of строчке","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"строчке","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзывалось","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies строчке","gloss":"its"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-c1-s63","source":"Но Алеше уже и нечего было сообщать братии, ибо все уже всё знали: Ракитин, послав за ним монаха, поручил тому, кроме того, «почтительнейше донести и его высокопреподобию отцу Паисию, что имеет до него он, Ракитин, некое дело, но такой важности, что и минуты не смеет отложить для сообщения ему, за дерзость же свою земно просит простить его».","translation":"But there was already nothing for Alyosha to report to the brethren, for they all knew everything already: Rakitin, having sent the monk for him, had charged him, besides this, \"most respectfully to convey to His Reverence Father Paisy as well that he, Rakitin, had a certain matter to lay before him — but one of such importance that he dared not put off communicating it even for a minute, and that for his boldness he humbly begged, bowing to the ground, to be forgiven.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше уже и нечего было сообщать","title":"Dative-subject impersonal with «нечего»","body":"A subjectless construction: the experiencer «Алеше» stands in the dative, and «нечего... сообщать» ('there was nothing to report') is the negative impersonal predicate with «было». English needs a dummy subject ('there was nothing for Alyosha'); Russian frames it as something happening *to* Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, elevated conjunction meaning 'for, because', far more solemn than everyday «потому что». It belongs to the literary-archaic and ecclesiastical register that pervades the monastery chapters and recurs throughout Ferapont's world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послав за ним монаха","title":"Perfective gerund: 'having sent'","body":"«Послав» is the perfective past gerund of «послать» — a completed prior action, 'having sent [a monk] for him', setting up the main verb «поручил». The construction «послать за кем-то» ('to send for someone') uses «за» + instrumental «ним»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"земно просит простить","title":"«земно» — bowing to the ground","body":"«Земно» means 'to the earth' — «земно кланяться / просить» is to make a full prostration, forehead to the floor, the deepest Orthodox gesture of supplication. Rakitin's 'humbly, bowing to the ground, begs forgiveness' is theatrically self-abasing, in keeping with his calculating character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of нечего","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun, predicative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечего","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сообщать","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщать","gloss":"to the brethren"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знали","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поручил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"послав","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поручил","gloss":"having sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"монаха","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послав","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"поручил","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поручил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почтительнейше","lemma":"почтительнейше","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies донести","gloss":"most respectfully"},{"surface":"донести","lemma":"донести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поручил","gloss":"to convey"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высокопреподобию","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies высокопреподобию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"высокопреподобию","lemma":"высокопреподобие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of донести","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to высокопреподобию","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисию","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of донести","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with regard to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"некое","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of важности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate genitive describing дело","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отложить (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of такой важности","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"отложить","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"to postpone"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообщения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сообщения","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложить","gloss":"communicating"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщения","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерзость","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дерзость","lemma":"дерзость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просит","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дерзость","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дерзость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"земно","lemma":"земно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"humbly, bowing to the ground","note":"Archaic adverb from 'земной поклон', a full bow to the ground as a gesture of humility."},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"begs"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просит","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-c1-s64","source":"Так как отцу Паисию монашек сообщил просьбу Ракитина раньше, чем Алеше, то Алеше, придя на место, осталось лишь, прочтя письмецо, сообщить его тотчас же отцу Паисию в виде лишь документа.","translation":"Since the little monk had conveyed Rakitin's request to Father Paisy before Alyosha, it remained for Alyosha, on arriving, only to read the note through and to hand it over at once to Father Paisy as a mere document.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так как... раньше, чем Алеше, то Алеше... осталось","title":"«так как... то...» correlative; dative of the affected","body":"«Так как» ('since, because') opens the cause, picked up by correlative «то» before the main clause — a tidy bookish subordinating frame. The main clause is again impersonal: «Алеше осталось лишь...» ('it remained only for Alyosha to...'), the dative naming whom the task falls to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придя на место, прочтя письмецо","title":"Two perfective gerunds in a row","body":"«Придя» (from «прийти', 'to arrive') and «прочтя» (from «прочесть», 'to read through') are both perfective past gerunds, each naming a completed step prior to handing over the note. Stacking gerunds to compress a sequence of actions is characteristic of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмецо","title":"«письмецо» — diminutive of «письмо»","body":"«Письмецо» is the diminutive of «письмо» ('letter'). Here it conveys not affection so much as the small, slight, almost dismissive size of the note — a 'little letter' that Alyosha need only read out and pass along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисию","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"the little monk"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause","gloss":"conveyed"},{"surface":"просьбу","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"the request"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies просьбу","gloss":"Rakitin's"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with раньше","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"compared with Алеше (second clause)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of осталось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of осталось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"придя","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on осталось","gloss":"having arrived"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придя","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прочтя","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сообщить","gloss":"having read"},{"surface":"письмецо","lemma":"письмецо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочтя","gloss":"the note"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осталось","gloss":"to hand over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисию","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies документа","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"документа","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виде","gloss":"a document"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-c1-s65","source":"И вот даже этот суровый и недоверчивый человек, прочтя нахмурившись известие о «чуде», не мог удержать вполне некоторого внутреннего чувства своего.","translation":"And even this stern and mistrustful man, reading the news of the \"miracle\" with a frown, could not entirely restrain a certain inward feeling of his own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прочтя нахмурившись известие","title":"Stacked gerunds of manner and sequence","body":"Two gerunds qualify the main verb: «прочтя» (perfective, 'having read') marks the prior act, and «нахмурившись» (perfective reflexive, 'with a frown / having frowned') the manner accompanying it. The reflexive «-сь» on «нахмурившись» makes the verb intransitive — the man knits *his own* brow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог удержать... некоторого внутреннего чувства","title":"Genitive of negation on the object","body":"Under the negated «не мог удержать», the object slides from accusative into the genitive: «некоторого внутреннего чувства» ('a certain inward feeling'). This genitive-of-negation is especially natural with abstract, non-specific objects like a stirring of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"суровый","lemma":"суровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недоверчивый","lemma":"недоверчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with суровый","gloss":"mistrustful"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"прочтя","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"having read"},{"surface":"нахмурившись","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прочтя","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочтя","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чуде","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"the miracle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"удержать","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"restrain"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удержать","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"внутреннего","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of удержать","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-c1-s66","source":"Глаза его сверкнули, уста важно и проникновенно вдруг улыбнулись.","translation":"His eyes flashed, and his lips suddenly broke into a grave and penetrating smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза его сверкнули, уста... улыбнулись","title":"Perfective verbs of sudden onset","body":"Both verbs are perfective and instantaneous: «сверкнули» ('flashed', from the semelfactive «сверкнуть') and «улыбнулись» ('broke into a smile'). The perfective marks each as a single, completed flash of event against the surrounding description — note the reinforcing «вдруг» ('suddenly')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уста","title":"«уста» — poetic/archaic 'lips, mouth'","body":"«Уста» (plural-only) is the elevated, Church-Slavonic-tinged word for 'lips/mouth', as against everyday «губы / рот». It lends Paisy's smile a solemn, scriptural dignity — the same high register the monastery chapters maintain throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"уста","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of улыбнулись","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулись","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулись","gloss":"with deep feeling"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"улыбнулись","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сверкнули","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-c1-s67","source":"— То ли узрим? — как бы вырвалось у него вдруг.","translation":"\"Shall we yet behold even greater things?\" seemed to escape him all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"узрим","title":"«узрим» — Church-Slavonic 'shall behold'","body":"«Узрим» is the perfective future of the archaic «узреть» ('to behold, perceive'), an elevated, scriptural verb for plain «увидим» ('we shall see'). Paisy's half-involuntary 'Shall we yet behold even greater things?' reaches instinctively for liturgical diction in a moment of awe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вырвалось у него","title":"«как бы» + reflexive: 'seemed to escape him'","body":"«Вырвалось» is the perfective reflexive of «вырваться» ('to break/burst out'), here middle-voice: the exclamation escapes him of itself. The hedging particle «как бы» ('as if, as it were') softens it — the words half-escape his control, characteristic of Dostoevsky's narration of involuntary feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узрим","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies То","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"узрим","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"shall we behold"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-c1-s68","source":"— То ли еще узрим, то ли еще узрим! — повторили кругом монахи, но отец Паисий, снова нахмурившись, попросил всех хотя бы до времени вслух о сем не сообщать никому, «пока еще более подтвердится, ибо много в светских легкомыслия, да и случай сей мог произойти естественно», — прибавил он осторожно, как бы для очистки совести, но почти сам не веруя своей оговорке, что очень хорошо усмотрели и слушавшие.","translation":"\"Greater things shall we yet behold, greater things shall we yet behold!\" the monks repeated around him; but Father Paisy, frowning again, asked them all not to speak of it aloud to anyone, at least for the time being, \"until it is confirmed more fully, for there is much frivolity among worldly people, and besides, this case may have come about naturally,\" he added cautiously, as if to clear his conscience, yet scarcely believing his own reservation — which those listening saw very well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вслух о сем не сообщать никому","title":"Negative concord with «никому»","body":"Russian requires negative concord: the verb keeps «не» («не сообщать») even though the negative pronoun «никому» ('to no one') is present — two negatives, one meaning. «О сем» uses archaic «сей» ('this') in the prepositional, in keeping with the chapter's elevated register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока еще более подтвердится","title":"«пока» clause with perfective future","body":"«Пока» ('until') introduces a temporal clause whose verb «подтвердится» is a perfective reflexive future ('until it gets more fully confirmed'). The perfective marks the awaited confirmation as a single completed result that must come before speaking openly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"много в светских легкомыслия","title":"«легкомыслие» — frivolity; partitive genitive","body":"«Легкомыслие» (literally 'light-mindedness') is 'frivolity, thoughtlessness'. Note the quantity word «много» governing the genitive «легкомыслия» ('much frivolity'), and «в светских» = 'among worldly people', the laity as opposed to monks — a key social division in the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти сам не веруя своей оговорке","title":"Gerund «веруя» from archaic «веровать»","body":"«Веруя» is the present gerund of the bookish «веровать» ('to believe', especially religiously) rather than plain «верить» — 'scarcely himself believing his own reservation'. The negated gerund adds an attendant circumstance to the main verb «прибавил», exposing Paisy's inner skepticism beneath his cautious words."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of first узрим","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase То","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узрим","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"узрим","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first quoted clause","gloss":"shall we behold"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of second узрим","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узрим","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"узрим","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to узрим (repeated)","gloss":"shall we behold"},{"surface":"повторили","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторили","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повторили","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound subject with Паисий of попросил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурившись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"нахмурившись","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on попросил","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повторили","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщать","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of о","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative 'сей' (= этот)."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сообщать","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"speak of"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сообщать","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подтвердится","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердится","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"подтвердится","lemma":"подтвердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сообщать","gloss":"is confirmed"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of много","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"there is much"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking светских","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"светских","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"substantivized, oblique complement of много","gloss":"worldly people"},{"surface":"легкомыслия","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantified by много","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with много","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have come about"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произойти","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to повторили","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"cautiously"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очистки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"очистки","lemma":"очистка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"clearing"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies очистки","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веруя (idiom «почти не + verb» = \"scarcely/hardly\"; почти cannot modify сам here)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies веруя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруя","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of оговорке","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"оговорке","lemma":"оговорка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of веруя","gloss":"reservation"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of усмотрели","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмотрели","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"усмотрели","lemma":"усмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушавшие","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"слушавшие","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of усмотрели","gloss":"those listening"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-c1-s69","source":"В тот же час, конечно, «чудо» стало известно всему монастырю и многим даже пришедшим в монастырь к литургии светским.","translation":"That same hour, of course, the \"miracle\" became known to the whole monastery, and even to many of the laypeople who had come to the monastery for the liturgy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«чудо» стало известно всему монастырю","title":"Dative of the affected with «стать известным»","body":"«Стало известно» ('became known') takes the dative for those to whom it became known: «всему монастырю» ('to the whole monastery'), «многим... светским» ('to many of the lay folk'). «Известно» is a short-form predicate adjective agreeing in the neuter with «чудо»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришедшим в монастырь","title":"Past participle in the dative","body":"«Пришедшим» is the past active participle of «прийти» ('to come'), declined to agree with dative «светским» — 'to the lay people who had come to the monastery'. The participle replaces a который-clause and itself takes the dative its head noun requires."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to стало","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"the miracle"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырю","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многие","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies светским","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришедшим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пришедшим","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying светским","gloss":"who had come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришедшим","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking литургии","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"литургии","lemma":"литургия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"the liturgy"},{"surface":"светским","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"substantivized, coordinated with монастырю","gloss":"the laypeople"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-c1-s70","source":"Всех же более, казалось, был поражен совершившимся чудом вчерашний захожий в обитель монашек «от святого Сильвестра», из одной малой обители Обдорской на дальнем Севере.","translation":"Most struck of all by the miracle that had occurred, it seemed, was a little monk who had arrived at the hermitage the day before \"from Saint Sylvester's,\" from one of the small Obdorsk monasteries in the far North.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всех же более... был поражен совершившимся чудом","title":"Fronted superlative; instrumental of cause","body":"Word order is rhetorically inverted: «всех же более... был поражен» ('most of all of them was struck') opens with the comparative for emphasis. The thing that strikes him stands in the instrumental — «совершившимся чудом» ('by the miracle that had occurred') — the instrumental marking cause/means with a passive participle «поражен»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обитель / захожий монашек","title":"«обитель» dwelling; «захожий» wayfaring","body":"«Обитель» is an elevated word for a monastery or hermitage, literally a 'dwelling'. «Захожий» ('one who has dropped in, a wayfarer') and the diminutive «монашек» ('little monk') together paint the visitor as a small, transient outsider — set against the great monastery he has wandered into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison, modifies более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Всех","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies поражен","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies поражен","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"совершившимся","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies чудом","gloss":"that had occurred"},{"surface":"чудом","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражен","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"вчерашний","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"захожий","lemma":"захожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обитель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обитель","lemma":"обитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of захожий","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поражен","gloss":"little monk","note":"монашек is a diminutive of монах, \"little monk.\""},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сильвестра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Сильвестра","gloss":"Saint"},{"surface":"Сильвестра","lemma":"Сильвестр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"Sylvester"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обители","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies обители","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"малой","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"обители","lemma":"обитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of из, modifies монашек","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"Обдорской","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"Obdorsk"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Севере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дальнем","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Севере","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"Севере","lemma":"север","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"North"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-c1-s71","source":"Он поклонился вчера старцу, стоя около госпожи Хохлаковой, и, указывая ему на «исцелевшую» дочь этой дамы, проникновенно спросил его: «Как дерзаете вы делать такие дела?»","translation":"He had bowed to the elder the day before, standing beside Madame Khokhlakova, and, pointing out to him that lady's \"healed\" daughter, had asked him with deep feeling: \"How do you dare to do such things?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонился... стоя около... и, указывая ему","title":"Imperfective gerunds of simultaneous action","body":"«Стоя» (from «стоять») and «указывая» (from «указывать») are imperfective present gerunds describing what the monk was doing *while* he addressed the elder — 'standing beside... and pointing to...'. They share the subject of the main verbs «поклонился... спросил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дерзаете","title":"«дерзать» — to dare, presume","body":"«Дерзать» ('to dare, to presume') is a bookish, elevated verb carrying a note of audacity bordering on impiety. The monk's «Как дерзаете вы делать такие дела?» ('How do you dare to do such things?') treats Zosima's apparent miracle as a near-blasphemous overreach — the question that has thrown him into doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had bowed"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поклонился","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожи","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоя","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"pointing out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указывая","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"исцелевшую","lemma":"исцелеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"healed"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, complement of указывая","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"lady's"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"with deep feeling"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился","gloss":"had asked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of дерзаете","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"дерзаете","lemma":"дерзать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"do you dare"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дерзаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дерзаете","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-c1-s72","source":"Дело в том, что теперь он был уже в некотором недоумении и почти не знал, чему верить.","translation":"The thing was that by now he was already in some perplexity and scarcely knew what to believe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти не знал, чему верить","title":"«верить» governs the dative","body":"«Верить» ('to believe, trust') takes its object in the dative: «чему верить» = 'what [dat.] to believe'. The interrogative «что» appears here as dative «чему». English 'believe what' hides this case marking entirely."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дело в том, что","title":"«дело в том, что...» — 'the thing is...'","body":"A fixed framing phrase, «дело в том, что» ('the thing/point is that...'), used to introduce an explanation. Dostoevsky's narrator deploys it constantly to pivot from event to motive — here, to explain the source of the monk's perplexity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate: в том)","gloss":"The thing","note":"«Дело в том, что» is a fixed phrase meaning \"the point is that.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the predicate, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate недоумении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of недоумении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"perplexity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of верить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to believe"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-c1-s73","source":"Еще вчера ввечеру посетил он монастырского отца Ферапонта в особой келье его за пасекой и был поражен этою встречей, которая произвела на него чрезвычайное и ужасающее впечатление.","translation":"Only the evening before he had visited the monastery's Father Ferapont in his separate cell beyond the apiary, and had been struck by that meeting, which made an extraordinary and appalling impression on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввечеру","title":"«ввечеру» — archaic 'in the evening'","body":"«Ввечеру» is an old adverbial form for 'in the evening' (modern «вечером»), with the fused preposition «в-». Like «давеча» and «намедни», it gives the narration a slightly antique, folk-tinged colour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встречей, которая произвела на него... впечатление","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental antecedent","body":"«Который» heads the relative clause and agrees with feminine antecedent «встречей» in gender/number, while taking nominative case as the subject of its own clause ('which made an impression'). The idiom is «произвести впечатление на кого-то» — 'to make an impression on someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввечеру","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ввечеру","lemma":"ввечеру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посетил","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"посетил","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had visited"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посетил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"монастырского","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"the monastery's"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посетил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонта","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"особой","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетил","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of келье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пасекой","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"пасекой","lemma":"пасека","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of келье","gloss":"apiary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посетил","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встречей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"встречей","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражен","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произвела","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"произвела","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on встречей","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасающее","lemma":"ужасать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чрезвычайное","gloss":"appalling"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвела","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-c1-s74","source":"Старец этот, отец Ферапонт, был тот самый престарелый монах, великий постник и молчальник, о котором мы уже и упоминали как о противнике старца Зосимы, и главное — старчества, которое и считал он вредным и легкомысленным новшеством.","translation":"This elder, Father Ferapont, was that same aged monk, the great faster and keeper of silence, of whom we have already made mention as an opponent of the elder Zosima and, above all, of the institution of elders, which he held to be a harmful and frivolous innovation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постник и молчальник","title":"«постник» faster, «молчальник» keeper of silence","body":"A «постник» is one who fasts rigorously; a «молчальник» (from «молчать», 'to be silent') is a monk who has taken a vow of silence. Both are recognized ascetic vocations; the agent-noun suffix «-ник» turns the practice into an identity. These twin disciplines define Ferapont's whole reputation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором мы уже и упоминали","title":"«упоминать о» + prepositional","body":"«Упоминать» ('to mention') governs «о» plus the prepositional: «о котором» ('of whom'). The relative «который» agrees with masculine «монах» but takes the prepositional case its own role demands. The added «и» ('even, indeed') stresses that he has indeed already been named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of монах","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Старец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старец","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to монах","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монах","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"престарелый","lemma":"престарелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постник","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"постник","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with монах","gloss":"faster"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчальник","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with монах","gloss":"keeper of silence"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of упоминали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упоминали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"упоминали","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on монах","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking противнике","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противнике","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"противнике","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминали","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies противнике","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, introduces старчества","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"старчества","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical complement of противнике","gloss":"the institution of elders","note":"старчество is the Orthodox monastic institution of spiritual eldership."},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on старчества","gloss":"held to be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вредным","lemma":"вредный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies новшеством","gloss":"harmful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"легкомысленным","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вредным","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"новшеством","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"innovation"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-c1-s75","source":"Противник этот был чрезвычайно опасный, несмотря на то, что он, как молчальник, почти и не говорил ни с кем ни слова.","translation":"This opponent was an exceedingly dangerous one, despite the fact that, as a keeper of silence, he hardly spoke a word to anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти и не говорил ни с кем ни слова","title":"Piled-up negation: «не... ни... ни...»","body":"A dense negative-concord cluster: «не говорил» plus «ни с кем» ('with no one') plus «ни слова' ('not a word'). «Ни» intensifies the «не» of the verb — 'spoke not a single word with anyone'. The negated object «ни слова» also shows the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что","title":"«несмотря на то, что» — 'despite the fact that'","body":"A concessive subordinator: «несмотря на то, что» literally 'not looking at the fact that', i.e. 'although, despite that'. It opens a clause conceding a point against the main statement — here, that this near-silent monk is nonetheless dangerous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Противник","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опасный","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Противник","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to опасный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасный","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"опасный","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound, with на)","role":"introduces concessive phrase, modifies опасный","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking молчальник","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"молчальник","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement, modifies он","gloss":"a keeper of silence"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-c1-s76","source":"Опасен же был он, главное, тем, что множество братии вполне сочувствовало ему, а из приходящих мирских очень многие чтили его как великого праведника и подвижника, несмотря на то, что видели в нем несомненно юродивого.","translation":"He was dangerous chiefly in this, that a great number of the brethren fully sympathized with him, and among the laypeople who came many revered him as a great righteous man and ascetic, despite the fact that they saw in him, beyond doubt, a holy fool.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опасен же был он, главное, тем, что...","title":"Predicate «тем, что» — 'dangerous in that...'","body":"The instrumental demonstrative «тем» plus «что» forms 'in this, that...' — naming the respect in which he is dangerous. Note the fronted short adjective «опасен» and the particle «же» marking the resumption of the topic ('he was dangerous'), a typically Russian topic-comment opening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из приходящих мирских","title":"Present participle substantivized in genitive","body":"«Приходящих» is the present active participle of «приходить» ('to come'), used substantivally with «мирских» ('lay people'): 'of the laypeople who kept coming'. The imperfective participle conveys habitual, repeated arrival — the steady stream of pilgrims."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"праведника и подвижника","title":"«праведник» righteous man, «подвижник» ascetic striver","body":"A «праведник» is a righteous, holy person; a «подвижник» (from «подвиг», 'feat, spiritual exploit') is one who undertakes great ascetic 'labors' for God. Both are high terms of religious esteem — the very esteem that makes Ferapont, as a rival to Zosima, so dangerous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опасен","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence (subject он)","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Опасен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Опасен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Опасен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifier","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Опасен, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сочувствовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сочувствовало","gloss":"a great number"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"of the brethren"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочувствовало","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"сочувствовало","lemma":"сочувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"sympathized"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сочувствовало","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мирских","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"приходящих","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies мирских","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"мирских","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"object of из","gloss":"laypeople"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of чтили","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"чтили","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сочувствовало","gloss":"revered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чтили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking праведника","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies праведника","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"праведника","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чтили","gloss":"righteous man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подвижника","lemma":"подвижник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with праведника","gloss":"ascetic"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound, with на)","role":"introduces concessive phrase, modifies чтили","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юродивого","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"юродивого","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"a holy fool","note":"юродивый (\"holy fool\") is an Orthodox ascetic figure who feigns madness for spiritual reasons."}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-c1-s77","source":"Но юродство-то и пленяло.","translation":"But it was precisely this holy folly that captivated them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но юродство-то и пленяло.","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated clitic «-то» on «юродство-то» highlights an already-known topic — 'it was the holy folly itself (the very thing) that captivated'. Combined with «и» ('precisely') it throws full focus onto «юродство». This is the topic-emphasizing «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» in «кто-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"юродство","lemma":"юродство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пленяло","gloss":"holy folly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes юродство","gloss":"precisely","note":"the enclitic particle -то here gives emphasis, \"it was precisely this...\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пленяло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пленяло","lemma":"пленять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"captivated"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-c1-s78","source":"К старцу Зосиме этот отец Ферапонт никогда не ходил.","translation":"This Father Ferapont never went to the elder Zosima.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не ходил","title":"Multidirectional «ходить» for habit","body":"«Ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb «ходить» (vs unidirectional «идти'), the right choice for a habitual, repeated going — here negated: 'never went [used to go]'. With «никогда не», the imperfective expresses the absence of an entire habit. Multidirectional verbs cover round trips and customary movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосиме","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старцу","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-c1-s79","source":"Хотя он и проживал в скиту, но его не очень-то беспокоили скитскими правилами, потому опять-таки, что держал он себя прямо юродивым.","translation":"Although he lived in the hermitage, they did not trouble him much with the hermitage's rules, again for the reason that he bore himself outright as a holy fool.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его не очень-то беспокоили скитскими правилами","title":"Indefinite-subject 'they'; instrumental of means","body":"A subjectless 'they'-construction: the 3rd-person plural «беспокоили» ('they troubled') with no named subject means 'one didn't trouble him much'. «Скитскими правилами» is instrumental — the means by which they might have troubled him, 'with the hermitage rules'. The «-то» softens «не очень»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проживал","gloss":"Although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проживал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проживал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the хотя-clause","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скиту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скиту","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of беспокоили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоили","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"беспокоили","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"скитскими","lemma":"скитский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies правилами","gloss":"hermitage's"},{"surface":"правилами","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of беспокоили","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоили, introduces reason clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of держал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the потому...что clause","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юродивым","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"юродивым","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"as a holy fool"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-c1-s80","source":"Было ему лет семьдесят пять, если не более, а проживал он за скитскою пасекой, в углу стены, в старой, почти развалившейся деревянной келье, поставленной тут еще в древнейшие времена, еще в прошлом столетии, для одного тоже величайшего постника и молчальника, отца Ионы, прожившего до ста пяти лет и о подвигах которого даже до сих пор ходили в монастыре и в окрестностях его многие любопытнейшие рассказы.","translation":"He was about seventy-five years old, if not more, and he lived beyond the hermitage apiary, in a corner of the wall, in an old, almost tumbledown wooden cell that had been set up there long ago, back in the last century, for another exceedingly great faster and keeper of silence, Father Iona, who had lived to a hundred and five, and about whose feats many most curious tales were still told to this very day in the monastery and its surroundings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было ему лет семьдесят пять","title":"Dative of age; approximation by inversion","body":"Age is expressed impersonally with the dative experiencer: «было ему... лет» = 'to him there were... years', i.e. 'he was... years old'. Inverting the numeral and noun — «лет семьдесят пять» instead of «семьдесят пять лет» — signals approximation: 'about seventy-five'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в старой, почти развалившейся... келье, поставленной тут","title":"Two participles modifying «келье»","body":"The cell is modified by both «развалившейся» (past active participle, 'having fallen apart, tumbledown') and «поставленной» (past passive participle, 'that had been set up'), each in the prepositional feminine to agree with «келье». Chains of participles compressed onto one noun are typical of Dostoevsky's descriptive sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прожившего до ста пяти лет","title":"Numeral phrase declined after a preposition","body":"«До ста пяти лет» ('to a hundred and five years') shows the whole numeral phrase re-declined in the genitive after «до»: «ста» (gen. of «сто'), «пяти» (gen. of «пять'). «Прожившего» is a past participle agreeing with «отца Ионы» — 'who had lived to 105'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о подвигах которого... ходили... любопытнейшие рассказы","title":"«подвиг» feat; superlative «любопытнейшие»","body":"«Подвиг» here means an ascetic 'feat' or spiritual exploit, not a battle deed. «Любопытнейшие» is the bookish superlative in «-ейший» ('most curious'), and «ходили рассказы» is the idiom 'tales went about / circulated'. The elevated forms befit the legend of a 105-year-old ascetic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of Было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by семьдесят пять (approximation)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"семьдесят","lemma":"семьдесят","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies лет (with пять)","gloss":"seventy"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies лет (with семьдесят)","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of более","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial clause on семьдесят пять","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проживал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пасекой","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"скитскою","lemma":"скитский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пасекой","gloss":"hermitage's"},{"surface":"пасекой","lemma":"пасека","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"apiary"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"of the wall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старой","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развалившейся","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"развалившейся","lemma":"развалиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"tumbledown"},{"surface":"деревянной","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"поставленной","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying келье","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставленной","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставленной","gloss":"as far back as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времена","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"древнейшие","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies времена","gloss":"the most ancient"},{"surface":"времена","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поставленной","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies столетии","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столетии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлом","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies столетии","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"столетии","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with времена","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постника","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies величайшего","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"величайшего","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постника","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"постника","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"faster"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчальника","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постника","gloss":"keeper of silence"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to постника","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ионы","lemma":"Иона","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Iona"},{"surface":"прожившего","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying отца","gloss":"who had lived"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет (with пяти)","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет (with ста)","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of до","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"подвигах","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходили","gloss":"feats"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвигах","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"to","note":"«до сих пор» is a fixed idiom meaning \"to this day, still.\""},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of до","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ходили","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on отца, coordinated with прожившего","gloss":"circulated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходили","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окрестностях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"окрестностях","lemma":"окрестность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with монастыре","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies окрестностях","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies рассказы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"любопытнейшие","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies рассказы","gloss":"most curious"},{"surface":"рассказы","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ходили","gloss":"tales"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-c1-s81","source":"Отец Ферапонт добился того, что и его наконец поселили, лет семь тому назад, в этой самой уединенной келейке, то есть просто в избе, но которая весьма похожа была на часовню, ибо заключала в себе чрезвычайно много жертвованных образов с теплившимися вековечно пред ними жертвованными лампадками, как бы смотреть за которыми и возжигать их и приставлен был отец Ферапонт.","translation":"Father Ferapont had at last contrived to be settled, some seven years before, in this very same secluded little cell — that is, simply in a hut, though one that closely resembled a chapel, for it held within it an extraordinary number of donated icons, with donated lamps that burned everlastingly before them, to tend which and to light which Father Ferapont had been appointed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"добился того, что... поселили","title":"«добиться того, что...» + indefinite 'they'","body":"«Добиться» ('to attain, contrive') governs the genitive «того», resumed by «что» — 'he attained this, that...'. The subordinate verb «поселили» ('they settled [him]') is again a subjectless 3rd-plural, so English uses a passive: 'he contrived to be settled'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"келейке / избе / часовню","title":"Cell, hut, chapel","body":"«Келейка» is the affectionate diminutive of «келья» (a little cell); the narrator glosses it bluntly as «изба», a plain peasant log-hut. Yet it resembles a «часовня» (a small chapel) because of all its icons — the squalid and the sacred fused, a very Dostoevskian image of Ferapont's holiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добился","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"добился","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contrived"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of добился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поселили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поселили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поселили","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"поселили","lemma":"поселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause complementing того","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поселили","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase назад, modifies поселили","gloss":"ago","note":"Тому назад together form the idiom \"ago.\""},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тому","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келейке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of келейке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уединенной","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уединенной","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келейке","gloss":"secluded"},{"surface":"келейке","lemma":"келейка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добился","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the appositive то есть просто в избе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избе","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to келейке","gloss":"hut"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of похожа","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похожа","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"похожа","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (with была) of которая","gloss":"resembled"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with похожа","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часовню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"часовню","lemma":"часовня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожа","gloss":"chapel"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключала","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"заключала","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заключала","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifies образов","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"жертвованных","lemma":"жертвованный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies образов","gloss":"donated"},{"surface":"образов","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заключала","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теплившимися","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"теплившимися","lemma":"теплиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying лампадками","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"вековечно","lemma":"вековечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теплившимися","gloss":"everlastingly"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of теплившимися","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"жертвованными","lemma":"жертвованный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies лампадками","gloss":"donated"},{"surface":"лампадками","lemma":"лампадка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies образов","gloss":"lamps"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of приставлен, expressing purpose","gloss":"tend"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которыми","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возжигать","lemma":"возжигать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотреть","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возжигать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приставлен","lemma":"приставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the final clause (with был), subject отец Ферапонт","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приставлен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приставлен","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-c1-s82","source":"Ел он, как говорили (да оно и правда было), всего лишь по два фунта хлеба в три дня, не более; приносил ему их каждые три дня живший тут же на пасеке пасечник, но даже и с этим прислуживавшим ему пасечником отец Ферапонт тоже редко когда молвил слово.","translation":"He ate, as people said (and it was the truth), no more than two pounds of bread in three days; the beekeeper who lived right there at the apiary brought him these every three days, but even with this beekeeper who waited on him Father Ferapont too rarely ever exchanged a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего лишь по два фунта хлеба в три дня","title":"Distributive «по» + accusative","body":"«По два фунта» uses distributive «по» to mean 'at the rate of two pounds each [period]'. With «два» the noun «фунта» stands in the genitive singular as numerals 2–4 require. «В три дня» = 'in/per three days' — the rationing that defines Ferapont's extreme fast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"живший тут же на пасеке пасечник","title":"Past participle modifying «пасечник»","body":"«Живший» is the past active participle of «жить» ('to live'), agreeing with «пасечник» — 'the beekeeper who lived right there at the apiary'. Word order tucks the whole participial phrase before the noun, German-style, condensing a relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"редко когда молвил слово","title":"Archaic «молвить»; perfective for the rare event","body":"«Молвил» is the perfective past of the archaic «молвить» ('to utter, say'), bookish for «сказал». The perfective with «редко когда» ('rarely ever') frames each utterance as a single, exceptional event punctuating his silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ел","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause modifying Ел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause (да оно и правда было)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фунта","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фунта","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фунта","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on фунта","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"фунта","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Ел","gloss":"pounds"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фунта","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of Ел","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фунта, limiting the quantity","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"приносил","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приносил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приносил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"каждые","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"живший","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying пасечник","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живший","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пасеке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пасеке","lemma":"пасека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тут","gloss":"apiary"},{"surface":"пасечник","lemma":"пасечник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приносил","gloss":"beekeeper"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пасечником","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"прислуживавшим","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying пасечником","gloss":"waiting on"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прислуживавшим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пасечником","lemma":"пасечник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молвил (marked by с)","gloss":"beekeeper"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молвил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молвил","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молвил","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase редко (rarely ever)","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"молвил","lemma":"молвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of молвил","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-c1-s83","source":"Эти четыре фунта хлеба, вместе с воскресною просвиркой, после поздней обедни аккуратно присылаемой блаженному игуменом, и составляли всё его недельное пропитание.","translation":"These four pounds of bread, together with the Sunday communion-loaf punctually sent to the blessed one by the Father Superior after the late liturgy, made up the whole of his weekly sustenance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присылаемой блаженному игуменом","title":"Present passive participle; agent in instrumental","body":"«Присылаемой» is the rare present passive participle in «-ем-» (from «присылать», 'to send'), agreeing with «просвиркой' — 'the communion-loaf [regularly] sent'. Its agent stands in the instrumental, «игуменом» ('by the Father Superior'), and the recipient in the dative, «блаженному» ('to the blessed one')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of четыре","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on фунта","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"фунта","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of составляли","gloss":"pounds"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фунта","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фунта","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"воскресною","lemma":"воскресный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"просвиркой","lemma":"просвирка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"communion-loaf"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедни","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"поздней","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обедни","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"обедни","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies присылаемой","gloss":"liturgy"},{"surface":"аккуратно","lemma":"аккуратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присылаемой","gloss":"punctually"},{"surface":"присылаемой","lemma":"присылать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying просвиркой","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"блаженному","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of присылаемой","gloss":"the blessed one"},{"surface":"игуменом","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of присылаемой","gloss":"the Superior"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составляли","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"составляли","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составляли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пропитание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"недельное","lemma":"недельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пропитание","gloss":"weekly"},{"surface":"пропитание","lemma":"пропитание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составляли","gloss":"sustenance"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-c1-s84","source":"Воду же в кружке переменяли ему на каждый день.","translation":"The water in his jug, however, was changed for him every day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воду же в кружке переменяли ему на каждый день","title":"Fronted object; indefinite 'they'","body":"The object «воду» (accusative) is fronted for topic, picked up by the particle «же» ('as for the water...'). The verb «переменяли» is again subjectless 3rd-plural ('they changed it for him'), rendered in English with a passive. The free word order lets the given topic come first, the action last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переменяли","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Воду","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кружке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кружке","lemma":"кружка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переменяли","gloss":"jug"},{"surface":"переменяли","lemma":"переменять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of переменяли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переменяли","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-c1-s85","source":"У обедни он редко появлялся.","translation":"He rarely appeared at the liturgy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У обедни он редко появлялся.","title":"Imperfective of habit; «у» + genitive of attendance","body":"«Появлялся» is imperfective, naming a (non-)habit — 'he rarely appeared/used to appear'. «У обедни» ('at the liturgy') uses «у» + genitive in the sense of being present at a service. The fronted prepositional phrase sets the scene as topic before the comment."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедни","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"обедни","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появлялся","gloss":"the liturgy"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появлялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появлялся","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"появлялся","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-c1-s86","source":"Приходившие поклонники видели, как он простаивал иногда весь день на молитве, не вставая с колен и не озираясь.","translation":"Worshippers who came saw how he would sometimes stand at prayer the whole day long, without rising from his knees and without looking about him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он простаивал... не вставая... и не озираясь","title":"Imperfective duration; negated gerunds","body":"«Простаивал» is imperfective with the prefix «про-» of spent duration — 'he would stand [the whole day] through'. The two negated gerunds «не вставая» ('without rising') and «не озираясь' ('without looking about') describe the manner that persists throughout, both sharing the subject «он»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приходившие","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies поклонники","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"поклонники","lemma":"поклонник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"worshippers"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простаивал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простаивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"простаивал","lemma":"простаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видели","gloss":"would stand"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простаивал","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простаивал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простаивал","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вставая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вставая","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on простаивал","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колен","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"колен","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставая","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies озираясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"озираясь","lemma":"озираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вставая","gloss":"looking about"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-c1-s87","source":"Если же и вступал когда с ними в беседу, то был краток, отрывист, странен и всегда почти груб.","translation":"And if he ever did enter into conversation with them, he was curt, abrupt, strange, and almost always rude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же и вступал когда... то был краток, отрывист","title":"Conditional-habitual «если... то»; short adjectives","body":"«Если... то» here is not a one-off condition but a habitual 'whenever': imperfective «вступал» = 'if/whenever he did enter into talk'. The predicates are short-form adjectives — «краток, отрывист, странен, груб» — bookish and characterizing a recurrent state, the clipped quality of his rare speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вступал","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on краток","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступал","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беседу","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the apodosis (main clause) after Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to краток","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"краток","lemma":"краткий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"curt"},{"surface":"отрывист","lemma":"отрывистый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with краток","gloss":"abrupt"},{"surface":"странен","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with краток","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"груб","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with краток","gloss":"rude"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-c1-s88","source":"Бывали, однако, очень редкие случаи, что и он разговорится с прибывшими, но большею частию произносил одно лишь какое-нибудь странное слово, задававшее всегда посетителю большую загадку, и затем уже, несмотря ни на какие просьбы, не произносил ничего в объяснение.","translation":"There were, however, very rare occasions when he too would fall into talk with those who came, but for the most part he would utter only some single strange word, which always set the visitor a great riddle, and after that, in spite of any entreaties, he would say nothing whatever in explanation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он разговорится с прибывшими","title":"Perfective «разговориться»; substantivized participle","body":"«Разговорится» is the perfective of «разговориться» ('to get to talking, warm to conversation'), the «раз-...-ся» pattern marking the onset of an absorbing activity. «С прибывшими» is the past participle of «прибыть» used as a noun — 'with those who had arrived'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произносил одно лишь какое-нибудь странное слово, задававшее... загадку","title":"Participle «задававшее» modifying «слово»","body":"«Задававшее» is the past active participle of «задавать» ('to set, pose'), neuter to agree with «слово» — 'a word that always set the visitor a great riddle'. «Какое-нибудь» ('some... or other') uses «-нибудь» for a non-specific 'any single' word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря ни на какие просьбы, не произносил ничего","title":"Negative concord across the sentence","body":"Two negatives reinforce one meaning: «ни на какие просьбы» ('in spite of any entreaties whatever') and «не произносил ничего» ('uttered nothing'). The «ни»-words do not cancel the «не» of the verb but intensify it — Russian negative concord at full stretch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Бывали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies редкие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"редкие","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies случаи","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"случаи","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Бывали","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разговорится","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разговорится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разговорится","lemma":"разговориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying случаи","gloss":"falls into talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибывшими","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прибывшими","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"oblique complement of разговорится","gloss":"those who came"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"большею","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of произносил, with частию","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"частию","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies большею","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"произносил","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"would utter"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произносил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"задававшее","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying слово","gloss":"which set"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задававшее","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"посетителю","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задававшее","gloss":"the visitor"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies загадку","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"загадку","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задававшее","gloss":"riddle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произносил (final clause)","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбы","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбы","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of просьбы","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"просьбы","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of несмотря... на","gloss":"entreaties"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произносил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произносил","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of произносил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объяснение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произносил","gloss":"explanation"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-c1-s89","source":"Чина священнического не имел, был простой лишь монах.","translation":"He held no priestly rank; he was only a simple monk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чина священнического не имел","title":"Genitive of negation; fronted object","body":"Under negated «не имел» ('did not hold'), the object «чин... священнический» appears in the genitive: «чина священнического» — the genitive of negation. Fronting the object before the verb, with no subject pronoun, gives the clipped, list-like rhythm of the character sketch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чина","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел (genitive under negation)","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"священнического","lemma":"священнический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Чина","gloss":"priestly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to простой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"простой","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"monk"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-c1-s90","source":"Ходил очень странный слух, между самыми, впрочем, темными людьми, что отец Ферапонт имеет сообщение с небесными духами и с ними только ведет беседу, вот почему с людьми и молчит.","translation":"A very strange rumor went about, among the most simple-minded folk, however, that Father Ferapont was in communication with heavenly spirits and held converse with them alone — and that this was why he kept silent with people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имеет сообщение с небесными духами и с ними только ведет беседу","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment with «с»","body":"«С небесными духами» and «с ними» use «с» + instrumental for accompaniment — 'with heavenly spirits', 'with them'. The fronted «с ними только» ('with them alone') is emphatic word order: it is *them* alone he talks to, hence his silence toward people."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"темными людьми","title":"«тёмные люди» — the unenlightened","body":"«Тёмный» literally 'dark', but of people means 'ignorant, unenlightened, simple'. «Самые тёмные люди» ('the most benighted folk') gently distances the narrator from the credulous peasants who spread the rumor of Ferapont's converse with spirits — a false friend for English 'dark'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went about"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странный","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слух","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"слух","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ходил","gloss":"rumor"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самыми","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to самыми","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"темными","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"simple-minded"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies слух","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Ходил","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"сообщение","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"communication"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"небесными","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies духами","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"духами","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сообщение","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of ведет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ведет","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"беседу","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ведет","gloss":"converse"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of почему","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"keeps silent"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-c1-s91","source":"Обдорский монашек, пробравшись на пасеку по указанию пасечника, тоже весьма молчаливого и угрюмого монаха, пошел в уголок, где стояла келейка отца Ферапонта.","translation":"The Obdorsk monk, having made his way to the apiary by the directions of the beekeeper — himself a very taciturn and morose monk — went into the corner where Father Ferapont's little cell stood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробравшись на пасеку... пошел в уголок","title":"Perfective gerund + perfective main verb","body":"«Пробравшись» is the perfective past gerund of «пробраться» ('to make/pick one's way'), a completed prior action — 'having made his way' — before the main perfective «пошёл» ('set off'). «Пошёл» is the prefixed perfective of «идти», marking the start of motion into the corner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по указанию пасечника, тоже... монаха","title":"«по» + dative of means; appositive in genitive","body":"«По указанию» ('by the directions') uses «по» + dative in the sense 'according to, following'. «Пасечника, тоже весьма молчаливого и угрюмого монаха» is an appositive in the genitive, restating the beekeeper as 'himself a very taciturn and morose monk'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обдорский","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"Obdorsk"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"пробравшись","lemma":"пробраться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"making his way"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пасеку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пасеку","lemma":"пасека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробравшись","gloss":"apiary"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking указанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"указанию","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробравшись","gloss":"directions"},{"surface":"пасечника","lemma":"пасечник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies указанию","gloss":"of the beekeeper"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчаливого","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчаливого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"молчаливого","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монаха","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"угрюмого","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчаливого","gloss":"morose"},{"surface":"монаха","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пасечника","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"уголок","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on уголок","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"келейка","lemma":"келейка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"little cell"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келейка","gloss":"Father's"},{"surface":"Ферапонта","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Ferapont"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-c1-s92","source":"«Может, и заговорит, как с пришельцем, а может, и ничего от него не добьешься», — предупредил его пасечник.","translation":"\"Maybe he'll speak to you, since you're a newcomer; but maybe you'll get nothing out of him at all,\" the beekeeper had warned him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего от него не добьешься","title":"Generalizing 2nd-person; genitive of negation","body":"«Не добьёшься» is a 2nd-person singular used impersonally/generically — 'you won't get [anything]', i.e. 'one can't get'. Under negation the object goes genitive: «ничего» (gen. of «ничто»), which also feeds the negative concord with «не»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пришельцем","title":"«пришелец» — newcomer, stranger","body":"A «пришелец» (from «прийти», 'to come') is a newcomer or stranger from elsewhere — here in the instrumental «как с пришельцем», 'as with a newcomer'. The beekeeper hints Ferapont may deign to speak precisely *because* the monk is an outsider, not one of the resident brethren."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modal, modifies заговорит","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will speak"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies заговорит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пришельцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пришельцем","lemma":"пришелец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорит","gloss":"a newcomer"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modal, modifies добьешься","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of добьешься","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добьешься","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добьешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"добьешься","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заговорит","gloss":"you'll get"},{"surface":"предупредил","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предупредил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пасечник","lemma":"пасечник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предупредил","gloss":"beekeeper"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-c1-s93","source":"Подходил монашек, как и сам передавал он потом, с величайшим страхом.","translation":"The monk approached, as he himself related afterward, in the greatest fear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как и сам передавал он потом","title":"Intensifier «сам»; narrator's source-marking","body":"«Сам» ('himself') intensifies the subject — 'as he himself related afterward' — flagging that the narrator's source is the monk's own later account. «Передавал» is imperfective, of repeated retelling. The inserted clause is a typical Dostoevskian gesture of citing hearsay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подходил","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Подходил","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передавал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies он ('himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, modifies Подходил","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передавал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"величайшим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies страхом","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передавал","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-c1-s94","source":"Час был уже довольно поздний.","translation":"The hour was already rather late.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поздний","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поздний","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздний","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздний","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"поздний","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"late"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-c1-s95","source":"Отец Ферапонт сидел в этот раз у дверей келейки, на низенькой скамеечке.","translation":"Father Ferapont was sitting this time by the door of his little cell, on a low bench.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на низенькой скамеечке","title":"Double diminutives «низенькой скамеечке»","body":"Both words are diminutive: «низенькой» (from «низкий», 'low') with the endearing «-еньк-», and «скамеечка» (from «скамья/скамейка», 'bench'). The piled-up smallness paints a humble, almost cozy scene — the towering ascetic perched on a tiny low bench."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"келейки","lemma":"келейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверей","gloss":"of his little cell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамеечке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"низенькой","lemma":"низенький","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скамеечке","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"скамеечке","lemma":"скамеечка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel oblique complement of сидел (alongside у дверей)","gloss":"bench"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-c1-s96","source":"Над ним слегка шумел огромный старый вяз.","translation":"Above him a huge old elm rustled faintly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Над ним слегка шумел огромный старый вяз.","title":"Verb-first inversion for scene-setting","body":"The verb «шумел» ('rustled') precedes its subject «вяз» ('elm'), with the locative «над ним» fronted: 'Above him rustled a huge old elm'. This presentative, verb-leading order introduces a new element of the scene — the comment (the new elm) following the established topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шумел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шумел","gloss":"faintly"},{"surface":"шумел","lemma":"шуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rustled"},{"surface":"огромный","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вяз","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вяз","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"вяз","lemma":"вяз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шумел","gloss":"elm"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-c1-s97","source":"Набегал вечерний холодок.","translation":"The evening chill was coming on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Набегал вечерний холодок.","title":"Verb-first; imperfective of gradual onset","body":"Again verb-first («набегал... холодок»), presenting a new sensation. The imperfective «набегал» (from «набегать») with prefix «на-» gives the sense of something gradually creeping/coming on — 'the evening chill was setting in'. «Холодок» is a diminutive, 'a slight chill'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Набегал","lemma":"набегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was coming on"},{"surface":"вечерний","lemma":"вечерний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies холодок","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"холодок","lemma":"холодок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Набегал","gloss":"chill"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-c1-s98","source":"Обдорский монашек повергся ниц пред блаженным и попросил благословения.","translation":"The Obdorsk monk prostrated himself face-down before the blessed one and asked for his blessing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повергся ниц пред блаженным","title":"Perfective reflexive «повергся»; archaic «пред»","body":"«Повергся» is the perfective reflexive of «повергнуться» ('to throw oneself down'), the «-ся» making it intransitive — he casts *himself* down. «Ниц» is an archaic adverb 'face-downward', and «пред» the bookish form of «перед» ('before'), with «блаженным» (instrumental) — the whole phrase liturgically solemn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обдорский","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"Obdorsk"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повергся","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"повергся","lemma":"повергнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prostrated himself"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повергся","gloss":"face-down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блаженным","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"блаженным","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергся","gloss":"the blessed one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повергся","gloss":"asked for"},{"surface":"благословения","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive direct object of попросил","gloss":"a blessing"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-c1-s99","source":"— Хочешь, чтоб и я пред тобой, монах, ниц упал? — проговорил отец Ферапонт. — Восстани!","translation":"\"Do you want me to fall face-down before you too, monk?\" said Father Ferapont. \"Arise!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочешь, чтоб и я пред тобой... ниц упал?","title":"«чтоб» + past form for the wished-for action","body":"«Хочешь, чтоб... упал» uses «чтобы» (shortened «чтоб») governing the past-form irrealis «упал» — the standard pattern after verbs of wishing: 'do you want that I (should) fall...'. The subject of the чтобы-clause («я») differs from that of «хочешь» («ты»), which is exactly when чтобы + past is required."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Восстани!","title":"Archaic Church Slavonic imperative","body":"«Восстани» (\"Arise!\", here \"Get up!\") is an Old Church Slavonic imperative form, not the modern Russian «встань». Father Ferapont speaks throughout in deliberately archaic, liturgical Russian (also «ясти» 'to eat', «глаголет» 'says', «словеса» 'words') — which marks him as an old-style holy man. We keep this register in English by reaching for biblical-sounding diction (\"Arise!\", \"behold\") rather than flattening it into plain modern speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of preposition пред","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the addressee","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"face-down"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause (subject я)","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"Восстани","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"Arise","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic imperative form of восстать, 'arise.'"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-c1-s100","source":"Монашек встал.","translation":"The monk rose.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-c1-s101","source":"— Благословляя да благословишися, садись подле. Откулева занесло?","translation":"\"Blessing, you shall be blessed. Sit down beside me. Where have you blown in from?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Благословляя да благословишися","title":"Church-Slavonic gerund + «да»-jussive passive","body":"A Scriptural turn (echoing Genesis): «благословляя» (gerund, 'blessing') plus «да благословишися» — the particle «да» forming a 3rd/2nd-person jussive ('may you be blessed') on a Church-Slavonic passive in «-шися». Both register and form are deliberately liturgical, marking Ferapont's archaic speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Откулева занесло?","title":"«откулева» — dialectal 'whence'; impersonal «занесло»","body":"«Откулева» is a folksy/dialectal form of «откуда» ('from where'). «Занесло» is an impersonal perfective ('what brought/blew [you] here?'), with no subject — literally 'from where did [it] carry [you] in?'. The rustic idiom suits Ferapont's blunt, untutored manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"садись подле","title":"Imperative «садись»; archaic «подле»","body":"«Садись» is the imperfective imperative of «садиться» ('sit down'), the imperfective fitting an invitation/welcome. «Подле» ('beside, near') is an archaic, bookish preposition (governing the genitive, here with object understood) for modern «рядом», continuing the elder's old-fashioned diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благословляя","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb, coordinated with благословишися","gloss":"Blessing","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic blessing formula: 'as you bless, so shall you be blessed.'"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces optative clause благословишися","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"благословишися","lemma":"благословитися","morphology":"verb, future, second, singular, reflexive/passive, perfective (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the optative clause introduced by да","gloss":"you shall be blessed","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic second-person form."},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садись","gloss":"beside me"},{"surface":"Откулева","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb (dialectal form)","role":"interrogative adverb modifying занесло","gloss":"from where","note":"Dialectal form of откуда, 'from where.'"},{"surface":"занесло","lemma":"занести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has blown you in","note":"Impersonal construction: 'what has carried/blown you here.'"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-c1-s102","source":"Что всего более поразило бедного монашка, так это то, что отец Ферапонт, при несомненном великом постничестве его и будучи в столь преклонных летах, был еще на вид старик сильный, высокий, державший себя прямо, несогбенно, с лицом свежим, хоть и худым, но здоровым.","translation":"What struck the poor monk most of all was this: that Father Ferapont, for all his undoubtedly great fasting and despite being of such advanced years, was to look at still a vigorous old man, tall, holding himself erect, unbowed, with a fresh face, lean though it was, but healthy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"при... постничестве его и будучи в столь преклонных летах","title":"Concessive «при» + gerund «будучи»","body":"Two concessive devices yoked together: «при... постничестве» ('for all his... fasting', «при» + prepositional of attendant circumstance) and «будучи» — the gerund of «быть» ('being'), 'despite being of such advanced years'. «Будучи» is the standard, slightly bookish present gerund of 'to be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"державший себя прямо, несогбенно","title":"Participle «державший» with reflexive «себя»","body":"«Державший» is the past active participle of «держать» ('to hold'), with the reflexive object pronoun «себя» — the idiom «держать себя» = 'to carry/bear oneself'. «Несогбенно» ('unbowed, unstooped') is a literary adverb from the archaic «согбенный» ('bent'), painting his erect bearing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что всего более поразило... так это то, что","title":"Cleft sentence «что..., так это то, что...»","body":"A cleft construction for emphasis: «Что более всего поразило..., так это то, что...» = 'What struck him most was this: that...'. The fronted «что»-clause names the topic, «так это то, что» the comment, foregrounding the surprising fact that follows. It mirrors English clefting closely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the Что-clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашка","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"монашка","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with the Что-clause, precedes это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (zero-copula) of то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, anticipates the following что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постничестве","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несомненном","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies постничестве","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies постничестве","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"постничестве","lemma":"постничество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"fasting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постничестве","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to летах","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преклонных","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"преклонных","lemma":"преклонный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with постничестве","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate старик (via 'на вид')","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies был (idiom 'на вид' = in appearance)","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"сильный","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"vigorous"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сильный","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"державший","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying старик","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of державший","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies державший","gloss":"erect"},{"surface":"несогбенно","lemma":"несогбенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прямо","gloss":"unbowed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies старик (descriptive phrase)","gloss":"a face"},{"surface":"свежим","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause on худым","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies худым","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"худым","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свежим","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здоровым","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свежим","gloss":"healthy"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-c1-s103","source":"Несомненно тоже сохранилась в нем еще и значительная сила.","translation":"Beyond doubt a considerable strength still remained in him as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Несомненно тоже сохранилась в нем еще и значительная сила.","title":"Verb-before-subject; reflexive «сохранилась»","body":"The subject «значительная сила» comes last, after the reflexive verb «сохранилась» ('was preserved, still remained') — verb-first presentative order introducing new information. «-ся» here is middle-voice intransitive: the strength 'kept itself', i.e. persisted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранилась","gloss":"beyond doubt"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранилась","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сохранилась","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранилась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значительная","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"значительная","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"considerable"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сохранилась","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-c1-s104","source":"Сложения же был атлетического.","translation":"He was of an athletic build.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сложения же был атлетического.","title":"Genitive of quality; split for emphasis","body":"'Of athletic build' is a genitive-of-quality predicate: «сложения... атлетического» (gen. of «сложение», 'build'). The noun and its adjective are split around «же был», throwing «атлетического» to the rhetorical end — an inversion that lends weight to the surprising vigor of the great faster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сложения","lemma":"сложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive-of-quality noun, predicate of был (elided subject он)","gloss":"of build"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сложения","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to атлетического","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"атлетического","lemma":"атлетический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Сложения","gloss":"athletic"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-c1-s105","source":"Несмотря на столь великие лета его, был он даже и не вполне сед, с весьма еще густыми, прежде совсем черными волосами на голове и бороде.","translation":"Despite his very great age, he was not even entirely gray, with hair on his head and beard still very thick, and formerly quite black.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был он даже и не вполне сед","title":"Short adjective «сед» as predicate","body":"«Сед» is the short-form predicate adjective from «седой» ('gray-haired') — 'he was not even entirely gray'. Short forms can only predicate, and they suit this clipped catalogue of bodily description; the long form «седой» would feel heavier and more attributive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде совсем черными волосами","title":"Instrumental of description with «с»","body":"«С... густыми... волосами» uses «с» + instrumental to describe an attribute — 'with very thick hair'. The inserted «прежде совсем чёрными» ('formerly quite black') is a second instrumental adjective phrase folded in, a typical compression of background detail into the noun phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb (part of compound preposition несмотря на)","role":"forms compound preposition with на, governing лета","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of compound preposition несмотря на, governs лета","gloss":"(despite)"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies великие","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"великие","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лета","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"лета","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition несмотря на","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лета","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сед","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сед","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сед","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вполне","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сед","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"сед","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (with был)","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волосами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies густыми","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"густыми","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies черными","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies черными","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"черными","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"волосами","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с, describes он","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бороде","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with голове","gloss":"beard"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-c1-s106","source":"Глаза его были серые, большие, светящиеся, но чрезвычайно вылупившиеся, что даже поражало.","translation":"His eyes were gray, large, luminous, but so extraordinarily protuberant that they were almost startling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрезвычайно вылупившиеся, что даже поражало","title":"Past participle «вылупившиеся»; result clause","body":"«Вылупившиеся» is the past active participle of «вылупиться» ('to bulge, pop out'), agreeing with «глаза» — 'extraordinarily protuberant eyes'. The trailing «что даже поражало» ('so that it was even startling') is a result clause, «что» here introducing consequence rather than a relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of серые","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to серые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"серые","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with серые","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"светящиеся","lemma":"светиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with серые","gloss":"luminous"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вылупившиеся","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"вылупившиеся","lemma":"вылупиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with серые","gloss":"protuberant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражало, referring to the preceding fact","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поражало","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поражало","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by что","gloss":"was striking"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-c1-s107","source":"Говорил с сильным ударением на о.","translation":"He spoke with a strong stress on the 'o'.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ударением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сильным","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ударением","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"ударением","lemma":"ударение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Говорил","gloss":"stress"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking о","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"noun (letter name), locative, indeclinable","role":"complement of preposition на (the letter 'o')","gloss":"the letter 'o'","note":"Refers to the vowel 'o' — Ferapont's speech had a strong 'okanye' accent."}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-c1-s108","source":"Одет же был в рыжеватый длинный армяк, грубого арестантского, по прежнему именованию, сукна и подпоясан толстою веревкой.","translation":"He was dressed in a long, reddish peasant coat of coarse cloth — convict's cloth, by the old name for it — and was girded with a thick rope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"армяк","title":"«армяк» — a coarse peasant coat","body":"An «армяк» is a long, loose outer coat of coarse cloth, traditional peasant and laborer's wear. Ferapont's reddish «армяк» of «арестантское сукно» ('convict's cloth') deliberately clothes him as the lowliest of men — a sartorial sign of his rejection of all worldly and even monastic comfort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одет же был... и подпоясан толстою веревкой","title":"Short passive participles as predicate","body":"«Одет» and «подпоясан» are short-form past passive participles ('was dressed', 'was girded'), the standard way to state a resultant state of being clothed. The agent/means «толстою веревкой» ('with a thick rope') stands in the instrumental. Note the bookish instrumental ending «-ою» for «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одет","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate (with был), main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Одет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking армяк","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рыжеватый","lemma":"рыжеватый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies армяк","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies армяк","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"армяк","lemma":"армяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Одет","gloss":"peasant coat"},{"surface":"грубого","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сукна","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"арестантского","lemma":"арестантский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сукна, coordinated with грубого","gloss":"convict's"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking именованию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies именованию","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"именованию","lemma":"именование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, qualifies арестантского ('by the old name')","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"сукна","lemma":"сукно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies армяк (genitive of material)","gloss":"cloth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подпоясан","lemma":"подпоясать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Одет","gloss":"girded"},{"surface":"толстою","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"modifies веревкой","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"веревкой","lemma":"верёвка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подпоясан","gloss":"with a rope"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-c1-s109","source":"Шея и грудь обнажены.","translation":"His neck and chest were bare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шея и грудь обнажены.","title":"Short participle, copula dropped","body":"«Обнажены» is the short-form past passive participle of «обнажить» ('to bare'), plural to agree with «шея и грудь» — 'neck and chest [were] bared'. In the present-tense vividness here the copula «были» is simply dropped, leaving the bare predicate participle, a terse descriptive stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шея","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive обнажены","gloss":"his neck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Шея","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"обнажены","lemma":"обнажить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were bare"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-c1-s110","source":"Толстейшего холста почти совсем почерневшая рубаха, по месяцам не снимавшаяся, выглядывала из-под армяка.","translation":"A shirt of the coarsest sackcloth, almost wholly blackened, unchanged for months on end, showed from beneath the coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Толстейшего холста... рубаха, по месяцам не снимавшаяся","title":"Genitive of material; reflexive participle","body":"«Толстейшего холста» is a genitive of material with superlative «-ейший» ('of the coarsest sackcloth'). «Не снимавшаяся» is the past active participle of reflexive «сниматься», negated — 'that had not been taken off [for months]', the «-ся» giving a passive-ish 'was not removed' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по месяцам","title":"Distributive «по» + dative plural","body":"«По месяцам» ('for months on end') uses distributive «по» with the dative plural «месяцам» to express extended, repeated duration. The construction stresses how long the filthy shirt went unchanged — another mark of Ferapont's mortification of the flesh."}],"words":[{"surface":"Толстейшего","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies холста","gloss":"of the coarsest"},{"surface":"холста","lemma":"холст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рубаха (genitive of material)","gloss":"sackcloth"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почерневшая","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"почерневшая","lemma":"почернеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies рубаха","gloss":"blackened"},{"surface":"рубаха","lemma":"рубаха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выглядывала","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяцам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"месяцам","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of снимавшаяся","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снимавшаяся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"снимавшаяся","lemma":"сниматься","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying рубаха","gloss":"taken off"},{"surface":"выглядывала","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking армяка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking армяка","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"армяка","lemma":"армяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывала","gloss":"the coat"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-c1-s111","source":"Говорили, что носит он на себе под армяком тридцатифунтовые вериги.","translation":"It was said that under his coat he wore, against his body, ascetic chains weighing thirty pounds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорили, что носит он на себе под армяком тридцатифунтовые вериги","title":"Indefinite «говорили»; «носить» multidirectional","body":"«Говорили» ('they said / it was said') is the subjectless 3rd-plural of rumor. «Носит» is the multidirectional/habitual partner of «нести» — the verb for 'to wear (regularly)' as opposed to carrying once. «На себе» = 'on his own body', the reflexive «себя» pointing back to the wearer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of носит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"носит","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Говорили","gloss":"he wore"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of носит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of носит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking армяком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"армяком","lemma":"армяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of носит","gloss":"his coat"},{"surface":"тридцатифунтовые","lemma":"тридцатифунтовые","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вериги","gloss":"thirty-pound"},{"surface":"вериги","lemma":"верига","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of носит","gloss":"ascetic chains"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-c1-s112","source":"Обут же был в старые почти развалившиеся башмаки на босу ногу.","translation":"On his feet he wore old, almost tumbledown shoes over his bare feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обут же был в старые... башмаки","title":"Short passive participle «обут»","body":"«Обут» is the short-form past passive participle of «обуть» ('to shoe, put footwear on'), predicating a state — 'was shod in...'. Russian has a dedicated verb for putting on footwear (vs «одеть» for clothes), and «на босу ногу» ('on bare feet') uses the old short-adjective accusative «босу»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обут","lemma":"обуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate (with был), main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shod"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Обут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Обут","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking башмаки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старые","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies башмаки","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развалившиеся","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"развалившиеся","lemma":"развалиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying башмаки","gloss":"tumbledown"},{"surface":"башмаки","lemma":"башмак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Обут (via preposition в)","gloss":"shoes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"босу","lemma":"босой","morphology":"adjective, short form, accusative, feminine, singular (archaic)","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, idiom 'на босу ногу' modifying Обут","gloss":"foot","note":"Idiom 'на босу ногу' = shoes worn without socks, over bare feet."}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-c1-s113","source":"— Из малой Обдорской обители, от святого Селивестра, — смиренно ответил захожий монашек, быстрыми, любопытными своими глазками, хотя несколько и испуганными, наблюдая отшельника.","translation":"\"From the small Obdorsk monastery, from Saint Selivester's,\" the visiting monk answered humbly, watching the hermit with his quick, curious little eyes, though somewhat frightened ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наблюдая отшельника... быстрыми... глазками","title":"Imperfective gerund; instrumental of means","body":"«Наблюдая» is the present gerund of «наблюдать» ('to observe'), an action simultaneous with «ответил» — 'watching the hermit while answering'. The means by which he watches stands in the instrumental: «быстрыми, любопытными своими глазками» ('with his quick, curious little eyes')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазками","title":"«глазки» — diminutive 'little eyes'","body":"«Глазки» is the diminutive of «глаза» ('eyes'), here conveying not just smallness but the darting, mousy, slightly comic quality of the timid little monk's gaze — affection mixed with a faint condescension, very characteristic of Dostoevsky's portraiture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обители","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"малой","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"Обдорской","lemma":"обдорской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"Obdorsk"},{"surface":"обители","lemma":"обитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Селивестра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Селивестра","gloss":"Saint"},{"surface":"Селивестра","lemma":"селивестра","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обители","gloss":"Selivester's"},{"surface":"смиренно","lemma":"смиренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"захожий","lemma":"захожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"быстрыми","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"любопытными","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of глазками","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"instrumental complement of наблюдая ('with his eyes')","gloss":"little eyes"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive phrase, modifies глазками (via испуганными)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуганными","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испуганными (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"испуганными","lemma":"испуганный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками, concessive coordinate","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"наблюдая","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"отшельника","lemma":"отшельник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдая","gloss":"the hermit"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-c1-s114","source":"— Бывал у твоего Селивестра. Живал. Здоров ли Селивестр-от?","translation":"\"I've been to your Selivester's. I lived there. Is Selivester keeping well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бывал... Живал.","title":"Iterative «бывал», «живал»","body":"«Бывал» and «живал» are iterative-habitual past forms (from «бывать», 'to frequent/visit', and the folk iterative «живать») meaning 'I used to go there, I used to live there'. The clipped, subjectless sentences and these frequentative verbs give Ferapont's speech its terse, old-peasant cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здоров ли Селивестр-от?","title":"Question particle «ли»; northern «-от»","body":"«Здоров ли» fronts the short predicate adjective «здоров» ('well, healthy') and adds the interrogative «ли» — a literary yes/no question, 'Is Selivester well?'. The suffix «-от» on «Селивестр-от» is a northern dialectal definite-like particle ('that Selivester [we know of]'), again coloring his speech as rustic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Селивестра","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Селивестра","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Селивестра","lemma":"селивестра","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бывал","gloss":"Selivester's"},{"surface":"Живал","lemma":"живать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I lived there"},{"surface":"Здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main clause of the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Здоров","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"Селивестр","lemma":"селивестр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Здоров","gloss":"Selivester"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"-от","morphology":"particle, dialectal enclitic","role":"attaches to Селивестр (dialectal definite/emphatic marker)","gloss":"(dialectal particle)","note":"Dialectal enclitic '-от' attached to a noun, common in Ferapont's peasant speech."}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-c1-s115","source":"Монашек замялся.","translation":"The monk faltered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"замялся","title":"«замяться» — to falter, grow flustered","body":"«Замялся» is the perfective reflexive of «замяться» ('to hesitate, become flustered, mumble awkwardly'). The «за-» prefix marks the onset of the state — the monk suddenly doesn't know how to answer Ferapont's odd question about Selivester's health, and stumbles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замялся","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"замялся","lemma":"замяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"faltered"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-c1-s116","source":"— Бестолковые вы человеки! Како соблюдаете пост?","translation":"\"You're a senseless lot, you men! How do you keep the fast?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бестолковые вы человеки!","title":"Archaic plural «человеки»","body":"«Человеки» is an archaic, Church-Slavonic-flavored plural of «человек» ('man'); modern Russian uses the suppletive «люди'. Ferapont's biblical 'You senseless men!' («бестолковые... человеки») rings like a prophet's rebuke, fitting his self-styled role as a scourge of the lax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Како соблюдаете пост?","title":"Church-Slavonic «како»","body":"«Како» is the Old Church Slavonic form of «как» ('how'). Ferapont reaches for the liturgical interrogative — 'How keep ye the fast?' — part of the sustained archaic register that marks his every utterance as that of an old-style ascetic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бестолковые","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies человеки","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of человеки","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человеки","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural (archaic)","role":"predicate noun, archaic plural, with вы (zero copula)","gloss":"people","note":"Человеки is an archaic/biblical plural of человек, used here for rustic effect."},{"surface":"Како","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (archaic/dialectal form)","role":"modifies соблюдаете","gloss":"how","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic form of как, 'how.'"},{"surface":"соблюдаете","lemma":"соблюдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you keep"},{"surface":"пост","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of соблюдаете","gloss":"the fast"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-c1-s117","source":"— Трапезник наш по древлему скитскому тако устроен: о четыредесятнице в понедельник, в среду и пяток трапезы не поставляют. Во вторник и четверток на братию хлебы белые, взвар с медом, ягода морошка или капуста соленая да толокно мешано. В субботу шти белые, лапша гороховая, каша соковая, всё с маслом. В неделю ко штям сухая рыба да каша. В страстную же седмицу от понедельника даже до субботнего вечера, дней шесть, хлеб с водою точию ясти и зелие не варено, и се с воздержанием; аще есть можно и не на всяк день приимати, но, яко же речено бысть, о первой седмице. Во святый же великий пяток ничесо же ясти, такожде и великую субботу поститися нам до третиего часа и тогда вкусити мало хлеба с водой и по единой чаше вина испити. Во святый же великий четверток ядим варения без масла, пием же вино и ино сухоядением. Ибо иже в Лаодикии собор о велицем четвертке тако глаголет: «Яко не достоит в четыредесятницу последней недели четверток разрешити и всю четыредесятницу бесчестити». Вот как у нас. Но что сие сравнительно с вами, великий отче, — ободрившись, прибавил монашек, — ибо и круглый год, даже и во святую пасху, лишь хлебом с водою питаетесь, и что у нас хлеба на два дня, то у вас на всю седмицу идет. Воистину дивно таковое великое воздержание ваше.","translation":"\"Our refectory is ordered after the old hermitage rule: during the Great Lent, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays no meal is set out. On Tuesdays and Thursdays the brethren get white bread, fruit stewed with honey, cloudberries or salted cabbage, and mixed oat-meal. On Saturdays, white cabbage soup, pea noodles, kasha boiled in juice, all with oil. On Sundays, dried fish with the cabbage soup, and kasha. In Holy Week, from the Monday right up to the Saturday evening, six days, only bread with water is to be eaten, and uncooked greens, and even that with restraint; if it is possible to eat not every day, then so, as it was said concerning the first week. But on Good Friday nothing whatever is to be eaten, and likewise on Holy Saturday we are to fast until the third hour and then taste a little bread with water and drink a single cup of wine. But on Holy Thursday we eat boiled food without oil, and we drink wine and otherwise keep to dry eating. For the Council of Laodicea speaks thus concerning Holy Thursday: 'It is not fitting on the Thursday of the last week of Lent to break the fast and thereby dishonor the whole of Lent.' That is how it is with us. But what is this compared with you, great father,\" the monk added, taking heart, \"for the whole year round, even at Holy Easter, you nourish yourself on bread and water alone, and what lasts us two days lasts you the whole week. Truly your great abstinence is a marvel.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тако... точию... аще... яко же речено бысть","title":"Church-Slavonic vocabulary","body":"The monk's recital of the fasting rule is steeped in Church Slavonic: «тако» ('thus'), «точию» ('only'), «аще» ('if'), «яко же» ('as'), «речено бысть» ('it was said/spoken', an aorist passive). He is quoting a monastic typikon, so the language is that of the liturgical books themselves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хлеб с водою точию ясти... ничесо же ясти","title":"Infinitive of prescription; archaic «ясти»","body":"«Ясти» is the Old Church Slavonic infinitive of 'to eat' (modern «есть»). The bare infinitive used for a rule or prescription — «хлеб с водою точию ясти» ('only bread with water is to be eaten') — is the impersonal, normative voice of a monastic statute, like English 'one is to eat'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Воистину дивно таковое великое воздержание ваше.","title":"«воистину», «дивно», «таковое»","body":"The monk closes in high style: «воистину» ('truly, verily', the very word of the Paschal greeting), the short predicate «дивно» ('is marvelous'), and the archaic demonstrative «таковое» ('such'). His flattery of Ferapont's «воздержание» ('abstinence') is couched in the same solemn register he has used throughout — wide-eyed reverence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трапезник","lemma":"трапезник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of устроен","gloss":"refectory","note":"Literally \"the refectorian\" (monk in charge of meals); the translation renders it metonymically as \"our refectory.\""},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Трапезник","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скитскому","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"древлему","lemma":"древлий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скитскому, both modifying an implied noun (rule)","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"скитскому","lemma":"скитский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with древлему, modifying an implied noun (rule)","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"тако","lemma":"тако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроен","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"устроен","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is ordered"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четыредесятнице","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"четыредесятнице","lemma":"четыредесятница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставляют","gloss":"Lent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понедельник","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"понедельник","lemma":"понедельник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставляют","gloss":"Monday"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking среду","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"среду","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with понедельник","gloss":"Wednesday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пяток","lemma":"пяток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with понедельник","gloss":"Friday"},{"surface":"трапезы","lemma":"трапеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставляют (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a meal"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поставляют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поставляют","lemma":"поставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the elaborating clause","gloss":"is set out"},{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вторник","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вторник","lemma":"вторник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of the elided verb (are given)","gloss":"Tuesday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"четверток","lemma":"четверток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вторник","gloss":"Thursday"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"братию","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на (beneficiary of the elided verb)","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (are given)","gloss":"loaves"},{"surface":"белые","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies хлебы","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"взвар","lemma":"взвар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хлебы","gloss":"stewed fruit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"медом","lemma":"мёд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взвар","gloss":"honey"},{"surface":"ягода","lemma":"ягода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хлебы","gloss":"berries"},{"surface":"морошка","lemma":"морошка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ягода","gloss":"cloudberries"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"капуста","lemma":"капуста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with морошка","gloss":"cabbage"},{"surface":"соленая","lemma":"солёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies капуста","gloss":"salted"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"толокно","lemma":"толокно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хлебы","gloss":"oat-meal"},{"surface":"мешано","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate modifying толокно","gloss":"mixed"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking субботу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"субботу","lemma":"суббота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of the elided verb","gloss":"Saturday"},{"surface":"шти","lemma":"щи","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (are served)","gloss":"cabbage soup"},{"surface":"белые","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies шти","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"лапша","lemma":"лапша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with шти","gloss":"noodles"},{"surface":"гороховая","lemma":"гороховый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лапша","gloss":"pea"},{"surface":"каша","lemma":"каша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лапша","gloss":"kasha"},{"surface":"соковая","lemma":"соковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies каша","gloss":"juice-boiled"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject referring to all the dishes","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маслом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"маслом","lemma":"масло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of всё","gloss":"oil"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of the elided verb","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штям","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"штям","lemma":"щи","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement (accompaniment) of the elided verb","gloss":"the cabbage soup"},{"surface":"сухая","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рыба","gloss":"dried"},{"surface":"рыба","lemma":"рыба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (is served)","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каша","lemma":"каша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with рыба","gloss":"kasha"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking седмицу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страстную","lemma":"страстной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies седмицу","gloss":"Holy"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies седмицу clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"седмицу","lemma":"седмица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of the whole fasting-rule clause","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понедельника","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"понедельника","lemma":"понедельник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies седмицу (marks the starting day)","gloss":"Monday"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"субботнего","lemma":"субботний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечера","gloss":"Saturday's"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies седмицу (marks the ending point)","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head noun of the numeral phrase шесть дней","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies дней","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"хлеб","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of ясти","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"водою","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хлеб","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"точию","lemma":"точию","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясти","gloss":"only","note":"Church Slavonic adverb meaning \"only.\""},{"surface":"ясти","lemma":"ясти","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic","role":"main predicate of the clause (bread and water only is to be eaten)","gloss":"to eat","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic infinitive \"to eat.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зелие","lemma":"зелие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of не варено","gloss":"greens"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies варено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"варено","lemma":"варить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of зелие","gloss":"cooked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"се","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun referring back to the fasting rule","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воздержанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"воздержанием","lemma":"воздержание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies се","gloss":"restraint"},{"surface":"аще","lemma":"аще","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if","note":"Church Slavonic conjunction \"if.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приимати","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of приимати","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"приимати","lemma":"приимати","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic","role":"infinitive complement of можно","gloss":"to partake","note":"Archaic infinitive \"to partake (of food).\""},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"яко","lemma":"яко","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as","note":"Church Slavonic \"as/that.\""},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies яко","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"речено","lemma":"рещи","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate with бысть forming the passive periphrasis","gloss":"was said"},{"surface":"бысть","lemma":"быти","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, archaic","role":"auxiliary of речено","gloss":"was","note":"Church Slavonic aorist of \"to be,\" used as a passive auxiliary."},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking седмице","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies седмице","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"седмице","lemma":"седмица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of речено","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пяток","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"святый","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пяток","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the contrast introducing this clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пяток","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"пяток","lemma":"пяток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of the clause ничесо же ясти","gloss":"Friday"},{"surface":"ничесо","lemma":"ничесоже","morphology":"pronoun, nominative/accusative, neuter, singular, archaic","role":"direct object of ясти","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничесо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ясти","lemma":"ясти","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"to eat"},{"surface":"такожде","lemma":"такожде","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"modifies поститися clause","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies субботу","gloss":"Great"},{"surface":"субботу","lemma":"суббота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of поститися","gloss":"Saturday"},{"surface":"поститися","lemma":"поститися","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, imperfective, archaic","role":"main predicate (we are to fast)","gloss":"to fast"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of поститися","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"третиего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, archaic","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поститися","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вкусити","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вкусити","lemma":"вкусити","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, perfective, archaic","role":"coordinated with поститися","gloss":"to taste"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"quantifier adverb","role":"quantifies хлеба","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мало","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, distributive","role":"preposition marking чаше","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"единой","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чаше","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"чаше","lemma":"чаша","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of испити (distributive по)","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чаше","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"испити","lemma":"испити","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic","role":"coordinated with вкусити","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверток","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"святый","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверток","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the contrast introducing this clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверток","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"четверток","lemma":"четверток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of ядим","gloss":"Thursday"},{"surface":"ядим","lemma":"ясти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we eat"},{"surface":"варения","lemma":"варение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of ядим","gloss":"boiled dishes"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking масла","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"масла","lemma":"масло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies варения","gloss":"oil"},{"surface":"пием","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ядим","gloss":"we drink"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пием","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пием","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ино","lemma":"ино","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"modifies the сухоядением clause","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"сухоядением","lemma":"сухоядение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement describing manner (keeping to dry food)","gloss":"dry eating"},{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"иже","lemma":"иже","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, archaic","role":"relative marker modifying собор (the council that met in Laodicea)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лаодикии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Лаодикии","lemma":"Лаодикия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иже","gloss":"Laodicea"},{"surface":"собор","lemma":"собор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глаголет","gloss":"council"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking велицем","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"велицем","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular, archaic","role":"modifies четвертке","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"четвертке","lemma":"четверток","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глаголет","gloss":"Thursday"},{"surface":"тако","lemma":"тако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глаголет","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"глаголет","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, archaic","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"Яко","lemma":"яко","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, archaic","role":"introduces the quoted clause (object of глаголет)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достоит","lemma":"достояти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, archaic","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is fitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четыредесятницу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"четыредесятницу","lemma":"четыредесятница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of разрешити","gloss":"Lent"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies четыредесятницу","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"четверток","lemma":"четверток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешити","gloss":"Thursday"},{"surface":"разрешити","lemma":"разрешити","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic","role":"infinitive complement of достоит","gloss":"to break (the fast)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of четыредесятницу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"четыредесятницу","lemma":"четыредесятница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бесчестити","gloss":"Lent"},{"surface":"бесчестити","lemma":"бесчестити","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic","role":"coordinated with разрешити (second infinitive complement of достоит)","gloss":"to dishonor"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase (manner)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative","role":"head of the question, subject of the comparison clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сравнительно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, modifies сие","gloss":"compared"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сравнительно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отче","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to вами","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ободрившись","lemma":"ободриться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"taking heart"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"the little monk"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies круглый год","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"круглый","lemma":"круглый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of питаетесь","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пасху clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пасху","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пасху","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"святую","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пасху","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"пасху","lemma":"пасха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement coordinated with год","gloss":"Easter"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хлебом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"хлебом","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of питаетесь","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"водою","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хлебом","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"питаетесь","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо clause","gloss":"you live on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the что...то comparative clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (lasts)","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the result clause (that...then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking седмицу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of седмицу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"седмицу","lemma":"седмица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the correlative clause","gloss":"lasts"},{"surface":"Воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивно","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"дивно","lemma":"дивно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, modifies воздержание","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"таковое","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воздержание","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воздержание","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"воздержание","lemma":"воздержание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate дивно","gloss":"abstinence"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воздержание","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-c1-s118","source":"— А грузди? — спросил вдруг отец Ферапонт, произнося букву г придыхательно, почти как хер.","translation":"\"And milk-mushrooms?\" Father Ferapont suddenly asked, pronouncing the 'g' with a breath, almost like an 'h'.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грузди","title":"«груздь» — the milk-mushroom","body":"A «груздь» (pl. «грузди») is the milk-cap mushroom, a prized salted/pickled mushroom of Russian peasant cookery. Ferapont's abrupt 'And milk-mushrooms?' deflates the monk's solemn recitation of the fasting rule with a sly, concrete question about whether even *those* are permitted — earthy humor cutting through the liturgical talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грузди","lemma":"груздь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"quoted topic (elided object of an implied verb)","gloss":"milk-mushrooms"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"произнося","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"pronouncing"},{"surface":"букву","lemma":"буква","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of произнося","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"г","lemma":"г","morphology":"noun, indeclinable","role":"in apposition to букву","gloss":"g"},{"surface":"придыхательно","lemma":"придыхательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнося","gloss":"with a breath"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the как-clause","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison хер","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"хер","lemma":"хер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"kher","note":"\"Хер\" is the old Church Slavonic name for the letter \"Х,\" which later became vulgar slang — the joke behind the narrator's remark."}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b4-c1-s119","source":"— Грузди? — переспросил удивленный монашек.","translation":"\"Milk-mushrooms?\" the astonished monk asked again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переспросил удивленный монашек","title":"«пере-» of repetition; past passive participle as adjective","body":"«Переспросил» uses the prefix «пере-» in its sense of doing over/again — 'asked again, asked back'. «Удивлённый» is a past passive participle ('astonished') used attributively like an adjective. The little monk, baffled, simply echoes the word back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грузди","lemma":"груздь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"quoted topic, elided object of переспросил","gloss":"milk-mushrooms"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked again"},{"surface":"удивленный","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переспросил","gloss":"the monk"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b4-c1-s120","source":"— То-то. Я-то от их хлеба уйду, не нуждаясь в нем вовсе, хотя бы и в лес, и там груздем проживу или ягодой, а они здесь не уйдут от своего хлеба, стало быть, черту связаны. Ныне поганцы рекут, что поститься столь нечего. Надменное и поганое, сие есть рассуждение их.","translation":"\"Just so. I'll go away from their bread, having no need of it whatever — even into the forest, if it comes to it — and live there on mushrooms or berries; but they won't go away from their bread here, and so they are bound to the devil. Nowadays the unclean ones say there's no need to fast so. Arrogant and foul, that reasoning of theirs is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то от их хлеба уйду... а они здесь не уйдут от своего хлеба","title":"Emphatic «я-то»; contrastive «а»; «свой»","body":"«Я-то» pits the speaker against the others with the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» ('I, for one...'), answered by contrastive «а» ('whereas they...'). «Уйду» / «не уйдут» are perfective futures of «уйти» ('to go away'). Note «своего хлеба' (reflexive possessive, 'their own bread') against «их хлеба' ('their[others'] bread') two lines apart — a deliberate play."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не нуждаясь в нем вовсе","title":"Negated gerund; «нуждаться в» + prepositional","body":"«Нуждаясь» is the present gerund of reflexive «нуждаться» ('to need'), which governs «в» + prepositional («в нём», 'in it'). Negated as «не нуждаясь... вовсе» ('having no need of it whatever'), it adds the attendant circumstance to «уйду» — he can leave the bread because he doesn't need it at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поганцы рекут... Надменное и поганое, сие есть рассуждение их","title":"«поганый», «рекут», «сие»","body":"Ferapont's diatribe is pure archaism: «поганцы/поганый» ('the unclean ones / foul', originally 'pagan', from Latin paganus), «рекут» (Church-Slavonic 'they say', from «речь»), and «сие есть» with the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this is'). He damns the lax modern monks in the cadences of a furious Old Testament prophet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть, черту связаны","title":"«стало быть»; dative «черту» with «связаны»","body":"«Стало быть» is a fixed parenthetical, 'and so, consequently'. «Связаны» is a short passive participle ('are bound'), and «черту» is the dative of «чёрт» ('the devil') — bound *to* the devil. Ferapont's logic: clinging to bread is bondage to the Evil One."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom то-то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, reduplicated","role":"coordinated with То, forming the idiom то-то","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to Я","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлеба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of хлеба","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will go away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нуждаясь","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уйду","gloss":"needing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нуждаясь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нуждаясь","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (хотя бы)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the idiom хотя бы with хотя","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лес","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лес","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лес","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"destination complement of an implied уйду","gloss":"the forest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"груздем","lemma":"груздь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживу","gloss":"on mushrooms"},{"surface":"проживу","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйду","gloss":"I will live"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ягодой","lemma":"ягода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with груздем","gloss":"on berries"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уйдут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйдут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйдут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйдут","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйду","gloss":"will go away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлеба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хлеба","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйдут","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"completes the idiom стало быть with стало","gloss":"(so)","note":"\"Стало быть\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"consequently, therefore.\""},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связаны","gloss":"to the devil"},{"surface":"связаны","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"are bound"},{"surface":"Ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рекут","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"поганцы","lemma":"поганец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of рекут","gloss":"the unclean ones"},{"surface":"рекут","lemma":"речи","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective, archaic","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поститься","lemma":"поститься","morphology":"verb, infinitive, middle, imperfective","role":"subject infinitive of нечего","gloss":"to fast"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative, indeclinable","role":"clausal complement of рекут","gloss":"no need"},{"surface":"Надменное","lemma":"надменный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with поганое (predicate)","gloss":"arrogant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поганое","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Надменное","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking сие to рассуждение","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"рассуждение","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of сие via есть","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies рассуждение","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b4-c1-s121","source":"— Ох, правда, — вздохнул монашек.","translation":"\"Oh, that is true,\" sighed the little monk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монашек","title":"«монашек» — the little monk","body":"A diminutive of «монах» (monk), formed with the affectionate-belittling suffix -ек. Dostoevsky uses it throughout this scene to make the Obdorsk visitor small and timid beside the towering Father Ferapont; it is gently condescending rather than literal about his size."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздохнул","title":"Perfective past «вздохнул»","body":"The perfective «вздохнул» (from «вздохнуть», to give a sigh) frames the sigh as a single, complete gesture punctuating the speech — the typical perfective of a momentary act in dialogue tags. Its imperfective partner «вздыхать» would picture repeated or drawn-out sighing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to вздохнул","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, predicative","role":"parallel clause to вздохнул","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sighed"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнул","gloss":"the little monk"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b4-c1-s122","source":"— А чертей у тех видел? — спросил отец Ферапонт.","translation":"\"And among those did you see any devils?\" asked Father Ferapont.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чертей","title":"Genitive-accusative of «черти»","body":"«Чертей» is the accusative of animate «черти» (devils), which borrows the genitive-plural ending -ей because devils count as animate beings. The same animacy rule that makes «вижу брата» also makes «видел чертей»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у тех","title":"«у тех» — 'among those (people)'","body":"The preposition «у» + genitive of the demonstrative «те» (those) locates the devils 'on / about those people' — the «у»-of-possession-or-vicinity construction, here pointing back to the pilgrims Ferapont has been describing. The bare demonstrative stands in for the omitted noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чертей","lemma":"черт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"devils","note":"animate masculine accusative plural takes the genitive form (чертей), not a feminine ending."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did you see"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b4-c1-s123","source":"— У кого же у тех? — робко осведомился монашек.","translation":"\"Among whom — among those?\" the little monk inquired timidly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У кого же у тех?","title":"Particle «же» of insistent questioning","body":"The modal particle «же» presses the question — 'but among WHOM, among those?' — conveying the monk's flustered need to pin down Ferapont's vague «у тех». English has to reach for stress or 'on earth' to render this tiny word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осведомился","title":"Reflexive «осведомиться» — to inquire","body":"A bookish perfective verb «осведомиться» (to make inquiry, to ascertain); its non-reflexive base «осведомить» ('to inform someone') exists, so this is its -ся derivative, not a verb existing solely in -ся. The clitic -ся here marks an intransitive, inherently reflexive verb rather than a true 'self' action — Dostoevsky favors it for the monk's polite, deferential questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"restates кого, object of the second у","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомился","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the little monk"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b4-c1-s124","source":"— Я к игумену прошлого года во святую пятидесятницу восходил, а с тех пор и не был. Видел, у которого на персях сидит, под рясу прячется, токмо рожки выглядывают; у которого из кармана высматривает, глаза быстрые, меня-то боится; у которого во чреве поселился, в самом нечистом брюхе его, а у некоего так на шее висит, уцепился, так и носит, а его не видит.","translation":"\"I went up to the Father Superior last year at Pentecost, and since then I have not been back. I saw one perched on a man's chest, hiding under his cassock, only its little horns poking out; on another, peeping from his pocket, with quick eyes — afraid of me, that one; on another it had settled in his very belly, in the foulest of his guts; and on a certain one it hung from his neck, clinging fast, carried about while the man never saw it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во святую пятидесятницу","title":"«Пятидесятница» — Pentecost","body":"«Пятидесятница» (literally 'the fiftieth [day]') is the Orthodox feast of Pentecost, fifty days after Easter. The phrase «во святую» uses the Church-Slavonic preposition «во» (for «в») before a consonant cluster, lending the time-reference a liturgical solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восходил","title":"Church-Slavonic «восходил» — went up","body":"«Восходить» (to ascend, go up) is an elevated, Slavonic-flavored verb of motion for plain «ходить»; Ferapont 'went up' to the Father Superior's quarters. The imperfective past here reports the single past visit as a bare fact, contrasted with «и не был» (and have not been [since])."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на персях","title":"«перси» — bosom, chest (archaic)","body":"«Перси» is an archaic, Church-Slavonic word for the breast or chest, used only in the locative plural here («на персях»). It belongs to the solemn lexical layer — alongside «чрево» and «руце» in this scene — that colors Ferapont's speech as that of an old ascetic steeped in liturgy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рясу","title":"«ряса» — the monastic cassock","body":"The «ряса» is the long, loose black outer robe of an Orthodox monk or priest. The devil hiding «под рясу» (under the cassock) is a vivid, homely detail of monastic dress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"токмо рожки выглядывают","title":"«токмо» + diminutive «рожки»","body":"«Токмо» is an archaic/Slavonic word for «только» (only). «Рожки» is the affectionate diminutive of «рога» (horns) — 'little horns' — the suffix shrinking the devil to something almost comic. The pairing of solemn «токмо» with cozy «рожки» is pure Ferapont."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у которого… у которого… у некоего","title":"Distributive «у которого… у некоего»","body":"Ferapont strings «у которого» ('on one [man]') in parallel to mean 'on this one… on that one…', a distributive use of the relative «который» as if a demonstrative; «у некоего» ('on a certain one') closes the list with the bookish indefinite «некий». The «у» + genitive throughout locates each devil on its host."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во чреве… в брюхе","title":"«чрево» (lofty) vs «брюхо» (coarse)","body":"Ferapont yokes the elevated «чрево» (womb, belly — a Scriptural word) to the crude, animal «брюхо» (guts, paunch) in one breath: 'in his very belly, in the foulest of his guts.' The clash of sacred and gross registers is exactly the grotesque texture of his vision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидит, прячется, выглядывают, высматривает","title":"Vivid present in past narration","body":"Though recounting a past sighting, Ferapont slips into the imperfective present («сидит» sits, «прячется» hides, «высматривает» peers out) — the 'historic present' that makes the scene play before the eyes. It heightens the hallucinatory immediacy of what he claims to see."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of восходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восходил","gloss":"the Father Superior"},{"surface":"прошлого","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of восходил","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятидесятницу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"святую","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пятидесятницу","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"пятидесятницу","lemma":"пятидесятница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восходил","gloss":"Pentecost"},{"surface":"восходил","lemma":"восходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восходил","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"Видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking персях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"персях","lemma":"перси","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"chest","note":"персях is the archaic (Church Slavonic) locative plural of перси, \"breast/chest.\""},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying Видел","gloss":"perches"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рясу","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"рясу","lemma":"ряса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячется","gloss":"cassock"},{"surface":"прячется","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"токмо","lemma":"токмо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рожки","gloss":"only","note":"archaic/dialectal for только, \"only.\""},{"surface":"рожки","lemma":"рожок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выглядывают","gloss":"little horns"},{"surface":"выглядывают","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прячется","gloss":"poke out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высматривает","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высматривает","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"высматривает","lemma":"высматривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выглядывают","gloss":"peeps"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of быстрые","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"быстрые","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of глаза","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes меня","gloss":"indeed","note":"the enclitic -то attaches to the preceding word for emphasis; it is not a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with высматривает","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чреве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чреве","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поселился","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"поселился","lemma":"поселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to высматривает","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брюхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies нечистом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нечистом","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брюхе","gloss":"foulest"},{"surface":"брюхе","lemma":"брюхо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to чреве","gloss":"guts"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of брюхе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking некоего","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"некоего","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of висит","gloss":"a certain one"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies висит","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of висит","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"висит","lemma":"висеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поселился","gloss":"hangs"},{"surface":"уцепился","lemma":"уцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with висит","gloss":"clings"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носит","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"so","note":"так и is a set idiom meaning \"just goes on (doing something).\""},{"surface":"носит","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уцепился","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with носит","gloss":"sees"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b4-c1-s125","source":"— Вы… видите? — осведомился монашек.","translation":"\"You… see them?\" the little monk asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы… видите?","title":"Polite «вы» from monk to elder","body":"The monk addresses Ferapont with the deferential plural «вы», proper to a revered ascetic, while Ferapont answers him with the familiar «ты» (e.g. «тебе лишь… открываю») — an asymmetry of address that quietly marks their difference in standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the little monk"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b4-c1-s126","source":"— Говорю — вижу, наскрозь вижу. Как стал от игумена выходить, смотрю — один за дверь от меня прячется, да матерой такой, аршина в полтора али больше росту, хвостище же толстый, бурый, длинный, да концом хвоста в щель дверную и попади, а я не будь глуп, дверь-то вдруг и прихлопнул, да хвост-то ему и защемил. Как завизжит, начал биться, а я его крестным знамением, да трижды — и закрестил. Тут и подох, как паук давленый. Теперь надоть быть погнил в углу-то, смердит, а они-то не видят, не чухают. Год не хожу. Тебе лишь, как иностранцу, открываю.","translation":"\"I tell you, I see them — I see clean through. As I was leaving the Father Superior, I look — one is hiding behind the door from me, and a hulking one too, an arshin and a half tall, or more, with a thick tail, brown and long; and the tip of its tail happened to fall in the crack of the door, and I, being no fool, suddenly slammed the door shut and pinched its tail in it. How it squealed and began to thrash — and I made the sign of the cross over it three times, and so signed it. It dropped dead on the spot, like a crushed spider. By now it must have rotted there in the corner, it stinks, but they neither see it nor catch the smell. A year I have not gone in. To you alone, as to a foreigner, I reveal it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наскрозь","title":"«наскрозь» — dialectal 'right through'","body":"A folk/dialectal form of «насквозь» (clean through, all the way). Ferapont 'sees right through' the devils. The non-standard spelling marks his peasant, untutored speech, set against the bookish words he also commands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хвостище","title":"«хвостище» — augmentative tail","body":"The suffix -ище is augmentative-pejorative: «хвостище» is a great ugly tail, far bigger and coarser than a neutral «хвост». Russian's expressive suffixes can magnify as well as shrink, and here they make the devil's tail monstrous."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"«Али» is a colloquial, folksy variant of «или» (or): 'an arshin and a half tall, or more.' It is another marker of Ferapont's peasant idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"концом хвоста в щель… и попади","title":"Imperative form «попади» as sudden past","body":"«Попади» looks like an imperative but here is the colloquial 'sudden-action' use of the perfective imperative to narrate an unexpected past event — 'the tail's tip just happened to land in the crack.' This vivid folk-narrative device (often paired with «и» / «да») recurs in «дверь-то… и прихлопнул, да хвост-то… и защемил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не будь глуп","title":"Imperative «не будь» for 'being no fool'","body":"Another idiomatic imperative-as-narration: «я не будь глуп» literally 'I, don't-be-a-fool', i.e. 'I, being no fool', describes the speaker's quick reaction in the past. «Глуп» is the short-form predicate adjective demanded after «будь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дверь-то… хвост-то… они-то","title":"The topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» tags a known, foregrounded topic: «дверь-то» (the door, you know), «хвост-то» (its tail, mind you), «они-то» (they, for their part). It is colloquial highlighting, not the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», and it pulses through Ferapont's whole tale."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как завизжит","title":"«Как» + perfective future for sudden onset","body":"«Как завизжит» uses «как» plus the perfective future form to express an abrupt, dramatic past action — 'how it squealed!' This expressive construction conveys the suddenness and intensity of the devil's shriek; the present-tense ending carries past meaning by idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подох… как паук давленый","title":"«подох» — died (of an animal)","body":"«Подохнуть» is the verb used for the death of beasts and vermin, contemptuous when applied to people; the devil 'croaked' like a «паук давленый» (a crushed spider). «давленый» (squashed) — a full-form verbal adjective (single -н-), not a short form (which would be «давлен») and not strictly a participle — intensifies the squalid, verminous image."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надоть… не чухают","title":"«надоть» and «чухать» — peasant speech","body":"«Надоть» is a dialectal «надо» (must / it must be), and «чухать» is coarse folk for 'to catch a smell, sense' (they 'don't even smell it'). Both confirm the rustic, non-bookish layer of Ferapont's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Говорю","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"наскрозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second вижу","gloss":"clean through"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats вижу for emphasis","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игумена","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходить","gloss":"the Father Superior"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прячется","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячется","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячется","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прячется","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смотрю","gloss":"is hiding"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"матерой","lemma":"матёрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"hulking","note":"dialectal for матёрый, \"full-grown/hulking.\""},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies матерой","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"аршина","lemma":"аршин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"measure phrase with полтора","gloss":"an arshin","note":"an arshin is an old Russian unit of length, about 28 inches (71 cm)."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the measure phrase аршина в полтора","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"полтора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies аршина","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links полтора and больше","gloss":"or","note":"dialectal for или, \"or.\""},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with полтора","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"росту","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"in height"},{"surface":"хвостище","lemma":"хвостище","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of a new descriptive clause","gloss":"the big tail"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хвостище","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"толстый","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of хвостище","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"бурый","lemma":"бурый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with толстый","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with толстый","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"концом","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quasi-subject (instrumental) of попади","gloss":"the tip"},{"surface":"хвоста","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies концом","gloss":"of the tail"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"щель","lemma":"щель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попади","gloss":"the crack"},{"surface":"дверную","lemma":"дверной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies щель","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попади","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative (dialectal), perfective","role":"coordinated with прячется","gloss":"happened to land","note":"попади is a colloquial narrative past form standing in for попал/попало."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закрестил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, frozen imperative form used as conditional, imperfective","role":"introduces the conditional idiom не будь глуп","gloss":"being no","note":"не будь X is a set idiom meaning \"if I were not X / being no X\"; the imperative form is frozen, not addressed to \"you.\""},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прихлопнул","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes дверь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прихлопнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прихлопнул","lemma":"прихлопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with попади","gloss":"slammed shut"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хвост","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защемил","gloss":"the tail"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes хвост","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of защемил","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies защемил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защемил","lemma":"защемить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прихлопнул","gloss":"pinched"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завизжит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"завизжит","lemma":"завизжать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to начал","gloss":"squealed","note":"a vivid \"narrative future\" perfective used for a sudden past action, common in folk speech."},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"биться","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to thrash"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закрестил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of закрестил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"крестным","lemma":"крестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знамением","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"знамением","lemma":"знамение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of закрестил","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трижды","lemma":"трижды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрестил","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрестил","lemma":"закрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed it"},{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подох","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подох","lemma":"подохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison паук","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"паук","lemma":"паук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the comparison","gloss":"a spider"},{"surface":"давленый","lemma":"давленый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies паук","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погнил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"надоть","lemma":"надоть","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"modal predicate governing быть погнил","gloss":"must be","note":"dialectal for надо, \"must/it is necessary.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical idiom \"надоть быть\" (\"must be\", archaic evidential) — not a copula for погнил, which is its own finite past-tense main verb","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"погнил","lemma":"погнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rotted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погнил","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes углу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"смердит","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with погнил","gloss":"stinks"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видят","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смердит","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чухают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чухают","lemma":"чухать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видят","gloss":"smell it","note":"dialectal for \"sense/catch the smell of.\""},{"surface":"Год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) of хожу","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хожу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открываю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открываю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison иностранцу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"иностранцу","lemma":"иностранец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the как comparison, referring to Тебе","gloss":"a foreigner"},{"surface":"открываю","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I reveal"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b4-c1-s127","source":"— Страшные словеса ваши! А что, великий и блаженный отче, — осмеливался всё больше и больше монашек, — правда ли, про вас великая слава идет, даже до отдаленных земель, будто со святым духом беспрерывное общение имеете?","translation":"\"Fearful are your words! But tell me, great and blessed father,\" — the little monk grew bolder and bolder — \"is it true, as the great fame of you spreads even to distant lands, that you hold unbroken communion with the Holy Spirit?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Страшные словеса ваши","title":"«словеса» — Slavonic plural of 'word'","body":"«Словеса» is the archaic, Church-Slavonic plural of «слово» (word), used for solemn or prophetic utterance: 'fearful are your words.' Its old neuter-collective ending marks the monk's deliberate shift into a reverent, liturgical register when addressing the ascetic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"великий и блаженный отче","title":"Vocative «отче»","body":"«Отче» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «отец» (father) — the special case-form of direct address, as in the Lord's Prayer «Отче наш». Modern Russian has otherwise lost the vocative, so its use here is markedly ecclesiastical and reverent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правда ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Правда ли…?» ('is it true that…?') uses the enclitic «ли», which fronts the focused word and turns it into a yes/no question. More formal than mere question intonation, «ли» suits the monk's careful, deferential probing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осмеливался всё больше и больше","title":"Imperfective «осмеливался» — growing bolder","body":"The imperfective past «осмеливался» (from «осмеливаться», to dare) with «всё больше и больше» (more and more) pictures a gradual, ongoing process — the monk's courage building across the conversation. The imperfective is exactly the aspect for such incremental change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of словеса","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"словеса","lemma":"словеса","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head noun of the exclamation","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"possessive modifier of словеса","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отче","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"блаженный","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with великий","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ferapont","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"осмеливался","lemma":"осмеливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's aside","gloss":"grew bolder"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies осмеливался","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмеливался","gloss":"the little monk"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the embedded question, predicate with ли","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слава","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"fame"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the embedded clause after правда ли","gloss":"spreads"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies земель","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земель","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отдаленных","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies земель","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"земель","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reported clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"святым","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духом","gloss":"Holy"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеете","gloss":"Spirit"},{"surface":"беспрерывное","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общение","gloss":"unbroken"},{"surface":"общение","lemma":"общение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"communion"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause introduced by будто","gloss":"do you have"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b4-c1-s128","source":"— Слетает. Бывает.","translation":"\"It flies down. It happens.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слетает. Бывает.","title":"Subjectless impersonal verbs","body":"Ferapont answers in two bare verbs with no stated subject: «слетает» (it flies down) and «бывает» (it happens / it does occur). «Бывает» is the iterative of «быть», naming a recurring fact. The clipped, subjectless replies make him oracular and withholding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слетает","lemma":"слетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it flies down"},{"surface":"Бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happens"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b4-c1-s129","source":"— Как же слетает? В каком же виде?","translation":"\"How does it fly down? In what form?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В каком же виде?","title":"«в… виде» — prepositional of form","body":"«В каком виде?» ('in what form?') uses «в» + prepositional «виде» (from «вид», form, appearance) to ask the manner of appearing. The particle «же» again gives the question its insistent, follow-up edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетает","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"слетает","lemma":"слетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does it fly down"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каком","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"form"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b4-c1-s130","source":"— Птицею.","translation":"\"As a bird.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Птицею","title":"Instrumental of manner «птицею»","body":"The single-word answer «птицею» ('as a bird') is the instrumental of «птица», expressing the form in which the Spirit descends — the instrumental of transformation/manner. The archaic ending -ею (for modern -ей) heightens the solemn tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Птицею","lemma":"птица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a bird"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b4-c1-s131","source":"— Святый дух в виде голубине?","translation":"\"The Holy Spirit in the form of a dove?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Святый","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"Holy"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Spirit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"голубине","lemma":"голубина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"of a dove"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b4-c1-s132","source":"— То святый дух, а то Святодух. Святодух иное, тот может и другою птицею снизойти: ино ласточкой, ино щеглом, а ино и синицею.","translation":"\"There is the Holy Spirit, and there is the Holy-Spirit. The Holy-Spirit is another thing; it may descend in some other bird as well: now as a swallow, now as a goldfinch, and now as a titmouse.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ино ласточкой, ино щеглом, а ино и синицею","title":"«ино… ино…» — 'now… now…'","body":"The archaic distributive «ино» (a folk/Slavonic 'sometimes, now') lists the birds the Holy-Spirit may become: «ласточкой» (swallow), «щеглом» (goldfinch), «синицею» (titmouse) — each in the instrumental of transformation. The homely Russian songbirds ground the cosmic claim in the village world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"другою птицею снизойти","title":"Instrumental «другою птицею» + «снизойти»","body":"«Снизойти» (to descend, condescend) is an elevated perfective verb of motion; what it descends 'as' stands in the instrumental — «другою птицею» (as another bird), with the bookish ending -ою for -ой. The whole construction mirrors «птицею» above."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate дух","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"святый","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"Holy"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (subject То)","gloss":"Spirit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate Святодух","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"Святодух","lemma":"Святодух","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (subject то)","gloss":"the Holy-Spirit","note":"Ferapont's folk term for a distinct spirit-being, separate from the Holy Spirit proper."},{"surface":"Святодух","lemma":"Святодух","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of иное","gloss":"the Holy-Spirit"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Святодух","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снизойти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"другою","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies птицею","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"птицею","lemma":"птица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"manner complement of снизойти","gloss":"a bird"},{"surface":"снизойти","lemma":"снизойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"descend"},{"surface":"ино","lemma":"ино","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the alternative, paired with the next ино","gloss":"now","note":"archaic/dialectal correlative conjunction (\"now...now...\"), like то...то."},{"surface":"ласточкой","lemma":"ласточка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"manner complement paired with ино","gloss":"a swallow"},{"surface":"ино","lemma":"ино","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinated with the first ино","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"щеглом","lemma":"щегол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner complement paired with ино","gloss":"a goldfinch"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ино","lemma":"ино","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinated with the first ино","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies синицею","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"синицею","lemma":"синица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"manner complement paired with ино","gloss":"a titmouse"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b4-c1-s133","source":"— Как же вы узнаете его от синицы-то?","translation":"\"And how do you tell it from a real titmouse?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнаете его от синицы-то","title":"«узнать от» — to tell apart from","body":"Here «узнать… от…» means 'to distinguish X from Y' (a usage closer to «отличить от»): how do you tell the Spirit from an ordinary titmouse? The clitic «-то» on «синицы-то» foregrounds the real bird as the known point of contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"узнаете","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you tell"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнаете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking синицы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"синицы","lemma":"синица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнаете","gloss":"a titmouse"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes синицы","gloss":"real"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b4-c1-s134","source":"— Говорит.","translation":"\"It speaks.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорит.","title":"One-word reply «Говорит»","body":"Ferapont's whole answer is a single imperfective present verb, subject dropped: 'It speaks.' The verb ending alone (-ит) carries third-person singular, so no pronoun is needed — Russian's pro-drop at its most laconic, fitting his oracular manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it speaks"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b4-c1-s135","source":"— Как же говорит, каким языком?","translation":"\"How does it speak — in what language?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким языком","title":"Instrumental of means «каким языком»","body":"'In what language?' is rendered with the bare instrumental «каким языком» — the instrumental of the means or instrument by which the speaking is done, with no preposition needed. Adjective «каким» agrees with «языком» in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does it speak"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of языком","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of говорит (elliptical)","gloss":"language"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b4-c1-s136","source":"— Человечьим.","translation":"\"In a human one.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Человечьим","title":"Instrumental «человечьим» — 'in a human one'","body":"The reply «человечьим» ('[in] a human [tongue]') is the instrumental of «человечий» (human, of man), agreeing with the elided «языком». «Человечий», with its possessive-adjective suffix -ий, is more folk-coloured than the neutral «человеческий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человечьим","lemma":"человечий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical языком)","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b4-c1-s137","source":"— А что же он вам говорит?","translation":"\"And what does it say to you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что же он вам говорит?","title":"Topic-shift «а» + insistent «же»","body":"The contrastive «а» opens a new turn ('and what, then…'), and «же» again presses the question. «Вам» is the polite dative of the indirect object — 'what does it say to you?' — combining the deferential «вы» with the particle's nudge."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does it say"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b4-c1-s138","source":"— Вот сегодня возвестил, что дурак посетит и спрашивать будет негожее. Много, инок, знать хочеши.","translation":"\"This very day it announced that a fool would visit and ask unseemly things. Much you wish to know, monk.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашивать будет негожее","title":"Compound future «будет спрашивать»","body":"«Спрашивать будет» is the imperfective compound future (future of «быть» + imperfective infinitive) — the Spirit foretold that the fool 'will ask' unseemly things, viewed as an ongoing/repeated activity. «Негожее» is a neuter substantivized adjective, 'what is unfitting'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инок","title":"«инок» — monk (solemn)","body":"«Инок» is an elevated, somewhat archaic word for a monk (literally 'one who lives otherwise / apart'), more sacral than the everyday «монах». Ferapont uses it to address the visitor with a touch of grave, ecclesiastical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много… знать хочеши","title":"Archaic ending «хочеши»","body":"«Хочеши» is the Church-Slavonic 2nd-person singular present of «хотеть» (modern «хочешь»), 'thou wishest'. The old -ши ending gives Ferapont's reproof — 'much thou wouldst know, monk' — a biblical, oracular ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сегодня","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвестил","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"возвестил","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause complementing возвестил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посетит","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"посетит","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, coordinated with спрашивать будет","gloss":"will visit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links посетит and спрашивать будет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"forms future tense with будет, coordinated with посетит","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary forming future tense with спрашивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"негожее","lemma":"негожий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular (used substantively)","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"unseemly things"},{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочеши","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"хочеши","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective (archaic form)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you wish","note":"Хочеши is the archaic Church-Slavonic-flavored second-person singular of хотеть, used for the ascetic Ferapont's speech."}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b4-c1-s139","source":"— Ужасны словеса ваши, блаженнейший и святейший отче, — качал головою монашек. В пугливых глазках его завиделась, впрочем, и недоверчивость.","translation":"\"Terrible are your words, most blessed and most holy father,\" — the little monk shook his head. In his timorous little eyes, however, a touch of distrust had also appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"блаженнейший и святейший отче","title":"Superlative «-ейший» + vocative «отче»","body":"«Блаженнейший» (most blessed) and «святейший» (most holy) are bookish synthetic superlatives in -ейший, again capped by the Slavonic vocative «отче». The piling of superlatives in direct address is florid, liturgical flattery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В пугlivых глазках его завиделась… недоверчивость","title":"Reflexive «завиделась» + inverted word order","body":"The reflexive-middle «завиделась» (came into view, began to show) takes «недоверчивость» (distrust) as its grammatical subject, placed last for emphasis — the new, telling information ends the sentence. «Глазках» is the diminutive 'little eyes', keeping the monk small and meek even as doubt stirs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужасны","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"словеса","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural (archaic plural form)","role":"subject of Ужасны","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of словеса","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"блаженнейший","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отче","gloss":"most blessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links блаженнейший and святейший","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"святейший","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with блаженнейший","gloss":"most holy"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, modified by блаженнейший и святейший","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"качал","lemma":"качать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"головою","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of качал","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of качал","gloss":"the little monk"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пугливых","lemma":"пугливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies глазках","gloss":"timorous"},{"surface":"глазках","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of завиделась","gloss":"little eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"завиделась","lemma":"завидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying завиделась","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes недоверчивость","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"недоверчивость","lemma":"недоверчивость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завиделась","gloss":"distrust"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b4-c1-s140","source":"— А видишь ли древо сие? — спросил, помолчав, отец Ферапонт.","translation":"\"And do you see this tree here?\" asked Father Ferapont after a silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видишь ли древо сие","title":"Archaic «древо сие»","body":"«Древо» is the Church-Slavonic word for «дерево» (tree), and «сие» the archaic neuter demonstrative for «это» (this) — both placed after the noun in elevated style: 'this tree here'. The particle «ли» turns it into the formal question 'dost thou see…?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросил, помолчав","title":"Past gerund «помолчав»","body":"«Помолчав» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «помолчать» (to be silent a while): 'having paused, he asked.' It compresses a prior, completed action into one indeclinable form sharing the main subject — a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, attaches to видишь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"древо","lemma":"древо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видишь","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"determiner of древо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"after pausing"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b4-c1-s141","source":"— Вижу, блаженнейший отче.","translation":"\"I see it, most blessed father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"блаженнейший отче","title":"Vocative address repeated","body":"The monk's reply again ends in the Slavonic vocative «отче» under a superlative «блаженнейший» — a refrain of reverence that structures the whole dialogue and keeps its tone liturgical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see it"},{"surface":"блаженнейший","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отче","gloss":"most blessed"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b4-c1-s142","source":"— По-твоему, вяз, а по-моему, иная картина.","translation":"\"To your eyes it is an elm, but to mine it is a different picture.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"По-твоему… по-моему","title":"«по-твоему / по-моему» — 'to your / my mind'","body":"These adverbs, formed with «по-» + the possessive (-ему), mean 'in your opinion' and 'in my opinion'. Ferapont sets the monk's ordinary sight against his own visionary one: 'to you an elm, to me a different picture.' The pattern parallels «по-русски» (in Russian)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вяз","title":"«вяз» — elm","body":"«Вяз» is the elm tree. The plain, concrete name of an ordinary tree is exactly what Ferapont's mystical 'different picture' will transfigure into a vision of Christ in the next exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs твоему, forming the idiom по-твоему","gloss":"in","note":"По-твоему is a fixed phrase meaning 'in your opinion/view'."},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of По, forming по-твоему","gloss":"your view"},{"surface":"вяз","lemma":"вяз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"an elm"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs моему, forming the idiom по-моему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of по, forming по-моему","gloss":"my view"},{"surface":"иная","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate with вяз","gloss":"picture"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b4-c1-s143","source":"— Какая же? — помолчал в тщетном ожидании монашек.","translation":"\"And what is that?\" the little monk fell silent in vain expectation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал в тщетном ожидании","title":"Perfective «помолчал» — fell silent","body":"«Помолчал» (perfective, from «помолчать») frames the silence as a bounded interval — the monk 'kept silent a while' in «тщетном ожидании» (vain expectation). The prefix по- here delimits a small quantity of the action ('for a bit')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate referring to картина)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Какая","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тщетном","lemma":"тщетный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолчал","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"the little monk"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b4-c1-s144","source":"— Бывает в нощи. Видишь сии два сука? В нощи же и се Христос руце ко мне простирает и руками теми ищет меня, явно вижу и трепещу. Страшно, о страшно!","translation":"\"It comes by night. Do you see those two boughs? By night it is so: behold, Christ stretches out His arms to me and with those arms seeks me — plainly I see it and I tremble. It is dreadful, oh, dreadful!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бывает в нощи","title":"Archaic locative «в нощи»","body":"«Нощь» is the Church-Slavonic form of «ночь» (night); «в нощи» is its old prepositional 'in the night'. The Slavonic phonetics (-щ- for -ч-) lift the line into a visionary, scriptural register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сии два сука","title":"Archaic «сии» + genitive after «два»","body":"«Сии» is the plural archaic demonstrative ('these', for «эти»), and «сука» is the genitive singular of «сук» (bough) required after «два» — two governs the genitive singular. So «два сука» = 'two boughs', the visionary 'arms' of the tree."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и се Христос руце ко мне простирает","title":"«се» and «руце» — biblical archaisms","body":"«Се» is the archaic 'behold!', and «руце» the Church-Slavonic dual/old plural of «рука» (hands) — 'Christ stretches out His arms'. The vision is voiced in pure Scripture-language, fusing the elm's two boughs with the crucified Christ's outstretched arms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явно вижу и трепещу","title":"Present «вижу… трепещу» of the vision","body":"Ferapont reports the recurring vision in the imperfective present — 'plainly I see and tremble' — making it a standing, repeated reality rather than a one-off past event. «Трепещу» (from «трепетать», to tremble in awe) is itself an elevated, scriptural verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happens"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нощи","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нощи","lemma":"нощь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бывает","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural (archaic)","role":"determiner of сука","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies сука","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сука","lemma":"сук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (paucal after два)","role":"direct object of Видишь","gloss":"boughs"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нощи","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нощи","lemma":"нощь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирает","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нощи","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase и се","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"се","lemma":"се","morphology":"particle (archaic interjection)","role":"introduces простирает","gloss":"behold","note":"Се is an archaic interjection meaning 'behold, lo'."},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простирает","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"руце","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, dual (archaic dual form)","role":"direct object of простирает","gloss":"His arms"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"простирает","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretches out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links простирает and ищет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ищет","gloss":"with arms"},{"surface":"теми","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of руками","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простирает","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links вижу and трепещу","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трепещу","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"I tremble"},{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the repeated страшно","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"coordinated with Страшно","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b4-c1-s145","source":"— Что же страшного, коли сам бы Христос?","translation":"\"But what is dreadful in it, if it is Christ Himself?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли сам бы Христос","title":"«коли» + conditional «бы»","body":"«Коли» is a folk/archaic 'if' (for «если»), and «бы» makes the clause hypothetical: 'what is dreadful, if it were Christ Himself?' The particle «бы» here softens to a supposition, and the intensifier «сам» stresses 'Christ in person'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modified by страшного","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (archaic)","role":"introduces the conditional clause сам бы Христос","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Христос","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the elided verb as conditional/hypothetical","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause introduced by коли","gloss":"Christ"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b4-c1-s146","source":"— А захватит и вознесет.","translation":"\"He will seize me and bear me up on high.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А захватит и вознесет","title":"Perfective futures «захватит… вознесет»","body":"Two perfective verbs in the simple future — «захватит» (will seize) and «вознесёт» (will bear up on high) — predict single completed acts. «Вознести» is the same elevated verb used of Christ's Ascension («Вознесение»), giving the threat a numinous charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захватит","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will seize"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вознесет","lemma":"вознести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захватит","gloss":"will bear up"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b4-c1-s147","source":"— Живого-то?","translation":"\"Alive?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Живого-то?","title":"One-word question «Живого-то?»","body":"The monk's whole reply is the accusative «живого» (the animate-masculine object 'alive', borrowing the genitive form) plus the topic clitic «-то»: 'Alive, you mean?' The animacy ending and the clipped clitic-question pack startled disbelief into two syllables."}],"words":[{"surface":"Живого","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular (animate)","role":"head of the phrase, referring to the implied direct object","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on Живого","gloss":"indeed","note":"-то here is an emphatic clitic, not the pronoun 'that'."}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b4-c1-s148","source":"— А в духе и славе Илии, не слыхал, что ли? обымет и унесет…","translation":"\"In the spirit and glory of Elijah — have you not heard of it? He will embrace me and carry me away…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не слыхал, что ли?","title":"«что ли» — tag question","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial tag turning a statement into an incredulous question — 'haven't you heard, or what?' It mixes the bookish «ли» with casual «что» for a folksy, faintly challenging tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обымет и унесет","title":"Archaic «обымет» — will embrace","body":"«Обымет» is the old form of «обнимет» (will embrace, from «обнять»), paired with «унесёт» (will carry away). Both perfective futures, in elevated diction, complete Ferapont's vision of rapture into heaven."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"духе","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обымет","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links духе and славе","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"славе","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with духе","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"Илии","lemma":"илия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духе and славе","gloss":"of Elijah"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the tag-question idiom что ли","gloss":"what","note":"Что ли is a fixed tag-question idiom, roughly 'isn't that so?'"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"обымет","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective (archaic form)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will embrace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links обымет and унесет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унесет","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обымет","gloss":"will carry away"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b4-c1-s149","source":"Хотя обдорский монашек после сего разговора воротился в указанную ему келейку, у одного из братии, даже в довольно сильном недоумении, но сердце его несомненно всё же лежало больше к отцу Ферапонту, чем к отцу Зосиме.","translation":"Although the little monk from Obdorsk, after this conversation, returned to the cell that had been assigned to him with one of the brothers, even in considerable perplexity, his heart nonetheless inclined far more toward Father Ferapont than toward Father Zosima.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"после сего разговора","title":"Archaic genitive «сего»","body":"«Сего» is the archaic genitive of «сей» (this) — 'after this conversation'. The narrator's own voice slips into bookish 19th-century diction here, mirroring the elevated speech of the scene it reports."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"келейку","title":"«келейка» — little cell","body":"A double diminutive of «келья» (a monk's cell): «келейка» is a cozy 'little cell'. The suffix lends warmth to the modest quarters assigned to the visiting monk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце его… лежало больше к отцу Ферапонту","title":"Idiom «сердце лежит к» + comparative «больше»","body":"«Сердце лежит к кому-то» idiomatically means 'one's heart inclines toward someone'; «лежало больше… чем» uses the comparative «больше» to weigh Ferapont against Zosima. The dative-governing «к» fixes both objects of the heart's leaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with воротился","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"обдорский","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"from Obdorsk"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келейку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"указанную","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies келейку","gloss":"assigned"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указанную","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"келейку","lemma":"келейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келейку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недоумении","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильном","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"сильном","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумении","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"perplexity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the concessive clause and the main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лежало","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежало","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежало","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"лежало","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежало","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежало","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонту","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause paired with к отцу Ферапонту","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"second term of comparison introduced by чем","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Зосиме","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Zosima"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b4-c1-s150","source":"Монашек обдорский был прежде всего за пост, а такому великому постнику, как отец Ферапонт, не дивно было и «чудная видети».","translation":"The monk from Obdorsk was above all a man for fasting, and to so great a faster as Father Ferapont it was no wonder that \"marvels should be vouchsafed to see.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постник","title":"«постник» — a faster","body":"A «постник» is one devoted to «пост» (fasting) — an ascetic faster. The word, paired with «за пост» ('all for fasting'), pins the Obdorsk monk's whole piety on rigorous abstinence, the very virtue he admires in Ferapont."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дивно было и «чудная видети»","title":"Impersonal «не дивно было» + infinitive «видети»","body":"An impersonal construction: «(кому) не дивно было…» 'it was no wonder (for him) that…'. «Видети» is the Church-Slavonic infinitive of «видеть» (to see), and «чудная» a substantivized neuter plural 'marvels' — a quoted scriptural phrase 'to behold marvels'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"обдорский","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Монашек","gloss":"from Obdorsk"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пост","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom прежде всего, modifies был","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пост","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пост","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the predicate phrase","gloss":"fasting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of постнику","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"великому","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постнику","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"постнику","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of дивно было","gloss":"a faster"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying постнику","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause introduced by как","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дивно","lemma":"дивный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"modifies было","gloss":"surprising"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудная видети","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чудная","lemma":"чудный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, plural (used substantively)","role":"direct object of видети","gloss":"marvellous things","note":"Чудная видети is an archaic, Church-Slavonic-flavored construction meaning 'marvels to see.'"},{"surface":"видети","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (archaic form)","role":"complement of было","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b4-c1-s151","source":"Слова его, конечно, были как бы и нелепые, но ведь господь знает, что в них заключалось-то, в этих словах, а у всех Христа ради юродивых и не такие еще бывают слова и поступки.","translation":"His words were, to be sure, as though absurd, but the Lord knows what lay hidden in them, in these words, and among all the holy fools for Christ's sake words and deeds even stranger than these are wont to occur.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и нелепые","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«Как бы» ('as it were, as though') hedges the judgment — the words were 'as if absurd', the narrator declining to call them flatly so. This softening «как бы», built on the irrealis «бы», is a characteristic Dostoevskian tentativeness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но ведь господь знает","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'but the Lord knows, after all, what lay in them'. The narrator leans on the reader's assent, a hallmark of the gossipy, confiding chronicler's voice in this novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были, predicate нелепые","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying были нелепые","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нелепые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (\"as if\")","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нелепые","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нелепые","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключалось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключалось","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"заключалось","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"lay hidden"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on заключалось","gloss":"indeed","note":"-то here is an emphatic clitic, not the pronoun 'that'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to них","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывают","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom Христа ради, modifies юродивых","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"postposition","role":"governs Христа (idiom Христа ради, \"for Christ's sake\")","gloss":"sake"},{"surface":"юродивых","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"holy fools"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова and поступки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поступки","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with слова","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b4-c1-s152","source":"Защемленному же чертову хвосту он не только в иносказательном, но и в прямом смысле душевно и с удовольствием готов был поверить.","translation":"As for the pinched devil's tail, he was wholeheartedly and with pleasure ready to believe in it not only in a figurative but in a literal sense as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Защемленному же чертову хвосту","title":"Dative object «хвосту» fronted for emphasis","body":"«Поверить (чему)» governs the dative, so 'the pinched devil's tail' appears as the dative «защемлённому… хвосту» — and is fronted to the very head of the sentence for topical weight. «Защемлённому» is a past passive participle ('pinched') agreeing in the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только… но и","title":"Correlative «не только… но и»","body":"«Не только в иносказательном, но и в прямом смысле» ('not only in a figurative but in a literal sense') is the standard correlative pair for 'not only… but also'. It marks the comic point: the monk believes the tail literally, not just as a parable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Защемленному","lemma":"защемить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, dative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies хвосту","gloss":"pinched"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizes Защемленному хвосту","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"чертову","lemma":"чёртов","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хвосту","gloss":"devil's"},{"surface":"хвосту","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверить","gloss":"tail"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готов был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иносказательном (elliptical смысле)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"иносказательном","lemma":"иносказательный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elided смысле, complement of в","gloss":"figurative"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the correlative construction","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прямом","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"literal"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверить","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"душевно","lemma":"душевно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверить","gloss":"wholeheartedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверить","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to believe"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b4-c1-s153","source":"Кроме сего, он и прежде, еще до прихода в монастырь, был в большом предубеждении против старчества, которое знал доселе лишь по рассказам и принимал его вслед за многими другими решительно за вредное новшество.","translation":"Besides this, even before his arrival at the monastery he had been deeply prejudiced against the institution of elders, which he knew until now only from hearsay and which, following many others, he resolutely took to be a harmful novelty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое знал доселе лишь по рассказам","title":"Relative «которое» + archaic «доселе»","body":"«Которое» (neuter, agreeing with «старчество») heads a relative clause but takes accusative as its own object: 'which he knew until now only by hearsay'. «Доселе» is the bookish 'until now', and «по рассказам» ('by accounts') uses «по» + dative of source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies был (adverbial phrase Кроме сего)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до прихода","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихода","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"прихода","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies был (temporal clause еще до прихода)","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прихода","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to предубеждении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предубеждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предубеждении","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"предубеждении","lemma":"предубеждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the predicate phrase","gloss":"prejudice"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старчества","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"старчества","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предубеждении","gloss":"the eldership"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on старчества","gloss":"he knew"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"until now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказам","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рассказам","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"hearsay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links знал and принимал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вслед за","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другими","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"многими","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies другими","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимал","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking новшество","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вредное","lemma":"вредный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies новшество","gloss":"harmful"},{"surface":"новшество","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимал","gloss":"novelty"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b4-c1-s154","source":"Ободняв уже в монастыре, успел отметить и тайный ропот некоторых легкомысленных и несогласных на старчество братии.","translation":"Having spent but a day in the monastery, he had already managed to note the secret murmuring of certain frivolous brothers who were not reconciled to the eldership.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ободняв уже в монастыре","title":"Past gerund «ободняв»","body":"«Ободняв» is the perfective past gerund of the rare «ободнять» ('to spend the day, pass a day'): 'having been but a day in the monastery'. The gerund opens the sentence with the prior circumstance, sharing the main clause's subject, in dense literary style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ропот","title":"«ропот» — murmuring, grumbling","body":"«Ропот» is a low, discontented murmur — the «тайный ропот» (secret grumbling) of monks who resent the eldership. The word carries a biblical resonance (the Israelites' murmuring in the wilderness), apt for monastic dissent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ободняв","lemma":"ободнять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on успел","gloss":"having spent the day"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ободняв","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ободняв","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"отметить","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to note"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тайный ропот","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тайный","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ропот","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"ропот","lemma":"ропот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отметить","gloss":"murmuring"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies легкомысленных","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"легкомысленных","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies братии","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links легкомысленных and несогласных","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несогласных","lemma":"несогласный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with легкомысленных","gloss":"not reconciled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старчество","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несогласных","gloss":"the eldership"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ропот","gloss":"brothers"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b4-c1-s155","source":"Был он к тому же по натуре своей инок шныряющий и проворный, с превеликим ко всему любопытством.","translation":"He was, moreover, by his very nature a prying and nimble monk, with an enormous curiosity about everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"инок шныряющий и проворный","title":"Present active participle «шныряющий»","body":"«Шныряющий» (darting about, snooping) is a present active participle from «шнырять», used attributively like an adjective: 'a prying, nimble monk'. It condenses 'a monk who is always darting around' into one vivid modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с превеликим… любопытством","title":"Intensive prefix «пре-» in «превеликий»","body":"«Превеликий» = «пре-» (very, exceedingly) + «великий» (great): 'an enormous curiosity'. The Slavonic-flavored intensifier «пре-» piles superlative force onto the adjective, a bookish heightening common in the narrator's portraiture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to инок","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"moreover","note":"К тому же is a fixed phrase meaning 'moreover, besides'."},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же, modifies Был","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натуре","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"натуре","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of натуре","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был, head of the phrase шныряющий и проворный","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"шныряющий","lemma":"шныряющий","morphology":"adjective (participle), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инок","gloss":"prying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links шныряющий and проворный","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проворный","lemma":"проворный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шныряющий","gloss":"nimble"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking превеликим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"превеликим","lemma":"превеликий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всему","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытством","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b4-c1-s156","source":"Вот почему великое известие о новом «чуде», совершенном старцем Зосимою, повергло его в чрезвычайное недоумение.","translation":"That is why the great news of the new \"miracle\" worked by the elder Zosima threw him into the utmost perplexity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о новом «чуде», совершенном старцем Зосимою","title":"Past passive participle + agent in instrumental","body":"«Совершённом» is a past passive participle ('worked, accomplished') agreeing with «чуде»; its agent, «старцем Зосимою», stands in the instrumental — the case that names the doer in a passive. So: 'the miracle worked BY the elder Zosima.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повергло… в чрезвычайное недоумение","title":"Idiom «повергнуть в» — to plunge into","body":"«Повергнуть кого в (что)» is an elevated idiom 'to cast / plunge someone into (a state)': the news 'threw him into the utmost perplexity'. «Чрезвычайное» (extraordinary, utmost) intensifies «недоумение» (bewilderment), a key word repeated across these paragraphs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повергло","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повергло","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"новом","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чуде","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"чуде","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of о, modifies известие","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"совершенном","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying чуде","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of совершенном","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосимою","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старцем","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"повергло","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повергло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумение","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"недоумение","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергло","gloss":"perplexity"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b4-c1-s157","source":"Алеша припомнил потом, как в числе теснившихся к старцу и около кельи его иноков мелькала много раз пред ним шныряющая везде по всем кучкам фигурка любопытного обдорского гостя, ко всему прислушивающегося и всех вопрошающего.","translation":"Alyosha recalled afterward how, among the monks pressing close to the elder and around his cell, the little figure of the inquisitive Obdorsk guest had flickered before him many times, darting everywhere among all the clusters, listening to everything and questioning everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теснившихся к старцу… иноков","title":"Past active participle «теснившихся»","body":"«Теснившихся» is the genitive-plural past active participle of reflexive «тесниться» (to crowd, press): 'of the monks pressing close to the elder'. The participle, agreeing with «иноков», replaces a «которые теснились» clause and stacks with the present participles that follow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шныряющая… прислушивающегося и… вопрошающего","title":"A chain of present active participles","body":"Three present active participles describe the Obdorsk guest's figure: «шныряющая» (darting), «прислушивающегося» (listening), «вопрошающего» (questioning — the archaic «вопрошать» for «спрашивать»). Such participial chains are the connective tissue of dense literary description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фигурка","title":"«фигурка» — little figure","body":"Diminutive of «фигура»: the 'little figure' of the curious guest. The suffix keeps him diminished and faintly ridiculous, consistent with «монашек» and «глазках» elsewhere in the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мелькала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking числе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"числе","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькала (в числе = 'among')","gloss":"midst","note":"'в числе X' is a fixed phrase meaning 'among X'."},{"surface":"теснившихся","lemma":"тесниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"participle modifying иноков","gloss":"pressing close"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теснившихся","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теснившихся (via около)","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кельи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of числе","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"мелькала","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of мелькала","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькала (via пред)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"шныряющая","lemma":"шнырять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying фигурка","gloss":"darting"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шныряющая","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кучкам","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of кучкам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"кучкам","lemma":"кучка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шныряющая","gloss":"clusters"},{"surface":"фигурка","lemma":"фигурка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькала","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"любопытного","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гостя","gloss":"inquisitive"},{"surface":"обдорского","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гостя","gloss":"Obdorsk"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фигурка","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислушивающегося","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"прислушивающегося","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying гостя","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вопрошающего","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вопрошающего","lemma":"вопрошать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прислушивающегося, modifies гостя","gloss":"questioning"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b4-c1-s158","source":"Но тогда он мало обратил внимания на него и только потом всё припомнил…","translation":"But at the time he had paid him little heed, and only later did he recall it all…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мало обратил внимания на него","title":"Genitive «внимания» in a negated-quantity idiom","body":"«Обратить внимание на» ('to pay attention to') takes «внимание» in the genitive «внимания» here under «мало» (little) — a partitive/quantity genitive. «Мало… только потом» contrasts his slight notice then with his full recall later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратил (via на)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припомнил","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратил","gloss":"recalled"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b4-c1-s159","source":"Да и не до того ему было: старец Зосима, почувствовавший вновь усталость и улегшийся опять в постель, вдруг, заводя уже очи, вспомнил о нем и потребовал его к себе.","translation":"Nor had he leisure for it: the elder Zosima, feeling weary once more and having lain down again in his bed, suddenly, his eyes already closing, remembered him and asked that he be brought to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не до того ему было","title":"Impersonal «не до того» + dative","body":"«(Кому) не до (чего)» is an idiomatic impersonal: 'X has no time/mind for Y'. The dative «ему» names the one affected and «того» (genitive after «до») the thing he can't attend to — 'he had no leisure for it'. A textbook dative-experiencer construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовавший… и улегшийся","title":"Two past active participles describing Zosima","body":"«Почувствовавший» (having felt) and «улегшийся» (having lain down) are perfective past active participles, paired to give the elder's prior actions before the main verbs «вспомнил» and «потребовал». «Улегшийся» is reflexive («улечься», to settle down to rest)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заводя уже очи","title":"«очи» — eyes (poetic) + gerund «заводя»","body":"«Очи» is the poetic/Church-Slavonic plural for «глаза» (eyes), apt for the dying elder. «Заводя» is the present gerund of «заводить» here meaning 'rolling up / closing' the eyes — 'his eyes already closing', a simultaneous attendant action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, complement of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"почувствовавший","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying старец","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовавший","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"усталость","lemma":"усталость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовавший","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"улегшийся","lemma":"улечься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовавший","gloss":"having lain down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улегшийся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of улегшийся","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заводя","lemma":"заводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспомнил","gloss":"closing","note":"'заводить очи' is an idiom for eyes closing/rolling up, here signaling drowsiness near death."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заводя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очи","lemma":"око","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заводя","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потребовал","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомнил","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потребовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of потребовал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b4-c1-s160","source":"Алеша немедленно прибежал.","translation":"Alyosha came running at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибежал","title":"Prefixed motion verb «прибежал»","body":"«Прибежать» (perfective: to come running, arrive at a run) is «при-» (arrival) + «бежать». The directional prefix turns the motion verb into a plain perfective of arrival — Alyosha 'came running at once'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибежал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежал","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"прибежал","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came running"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b4-c1-s161","source":"Около старца находились тогда всего лишь отец Паисий, отец иеромонах Иосиф да Порфирий-послушник.","translation":"Around the elder at that moment there were only Father Paissy, the hieromonk Father Joseph, and Porfiry the novice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"да","title":"Connective «да» — 'and'","body":"«Да» here is the folksy/older coordinating 'and' (= «и»), linking the last name to the list: '…Father Joseph AND Porfiry the novice'. It gives a faintly archaic, oral cadence to the enumeration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находились","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"находились","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находились","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"hieromonk"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонах","gloss":"Joseph"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Порфирий","lemma":"Порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец (w7)","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Порфирий","gloss":"novice"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b4-c1-s162","source":"Старец, раскрыв утомленные очи и пристально глянув на Алешу, вдруг спросил его:","translation":"The elder, opening his weary eyes and gazing intently at Alyosha, suddenly asked him:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскрыв… и… глянув","title":"Paired past gerunds «раскрыв… глянув»","body":"Two perfective past gerunds — «раскрыв» (having opened) and «глянув» (having glanced) — set the elder's preliminary actions before the main «спросил» (asked). Both share his subject and compress the moment into a single flowing sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"утомленные очи","title":"«очи» again — the weary eyes","body":"The poetic «очи» recurs in «утомлённые очи» (weary eyes), keeping the elder's failing body in an elevated, almost iconic register as he turns his gaze on Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"раскрыв","lemma":"раскрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"утомленные","lemma":"утомлённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies очи","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"очи","lemma":"око","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of раскрыв","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянув","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"глянув","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскрыв","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянув","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b4-c1-s163","source":"— Ждут ли тебя твои, сынок?","translation":"\"Are your own people waiting for you, my son?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ждут ли тебя твои","title":"«ли» question + substantivized «твои»","body":"«Ждут ли тебя твои?» uses «ли» for the yes/no question, and «твои» ('your [people]') is a substantivized possessive standing for one's family or household — 'are your own waiting for you?' The verb «ждать» takes its object «тебя» in the accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сынок","title":"«сынок» — affectionate 'my son'","body":"Diminutive of «сын» (son): «сынок», 'dear son, my boy'. The elder's tender address to Alyosha, repeated through the farewell, carries paternal warmth — the emotional opposite of Ferapont's grim oracles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are waiting"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ждут","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Ждут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Ждут","gloss":"your people"},{"surface":"сынок","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Алеша","gloss":"my son"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b4-c1-s164","source":"Алеша замялся.","translation":"Alyosha faltered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"замялся","title":"Reflexive «замяться» — to falter","body":"«Замяться» (perfective, -ся only) means to grow flustered, to hesitate awkwardly. The clitic -ся here forms an intransitive verb of inner state — Alyosha 'faltered'. The prefix за- marks the sudden onset of the hesitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"замялся","lemma":"замяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"faltered"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b4-c1-s165","source":"— Не имеют ли нужды в тебе? Обещал ли кому вчера на сегодня быти?","translation":"\"Have they no need of you? Did you promise anyone yesterday that you would come today?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не имеют ли нужды в тебе?","title":"Genitive of negation «нужды»","body":"Under negation, the object of «иметь нужду» shifts to the genitive: «не имеют… нужды» ('have they no need…'), with «ли» making it a question. «В тебе» ('of you') follows «нужда в ком-то», need of someone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обещал ли кому… быти?","title":"Archaic infinitive «быти»","body":"«Быти» is the Church-Slavonic infinitive of «быть» (to be), here meaning 'to be [there], to come': 'did you promise anyone to be [there] today?' The old -ти infinitive gives the elder's speech a grave, scriptural cast; «кому» is the dative 'to someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеют","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"имеют","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеют","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"нужды","lemma":"нужда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имеют (genitive of negation)","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеют","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did promise"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Обещал","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Обещал","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Обещал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of быти","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"быти","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of Обещал","gloss":"to come","note":"'быти' is the archaic form of the infinitive 'быть' (to be), here idiomatic for 'to come/be present'."}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b4-c1-s166","source":"— Обещался… отцу… братьям… другим тоже…","translation":"\"I promised… my father… my brothers… others too…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обещался… отцу… братьям…","title":"Reflexive «обещался» + dative objects","body":"«Обещаться» (the -ся variant of «обещать», to promise) takes the dative of the person promised: «отцу» (to my father), «братьям» (to my brothers). Alyosha's broken, dative-strung reply mirrors his faltering emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обещался","lemma":"обещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I promised"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Обещался","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"братьям","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцу","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with братьям","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другим","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b4-c1-s167","source":"— Видишь. Непременно иди. Не печалься. Знай, что не умру без того, чтобы не сказать при тебе последнее мое на земле слово. Тебе скажу это слово, сынок, тебе и завещаю его. Тебе, сынок милый, ибо любишь меня. А теперь пока иди к тем, кому обещал.","translation":"\"You see. By all means go. Do not grieve. Know that I shall not die without speaking, in your presence, my last word on earth. To you I shall say that word, my son, and to you I bequeath it. To you, my dear son, for you love me. But for now go to those to whom you promised.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Непременно иди. Не печалься.","title":"Imperatives «иди» / «не печалься»","body":"Two imperatives close together: the affirmative «иди» (go) and the negated reflexive «не печалься» (don't grieve, from «печалиться»). Russian regularly pairs an imperfective imperative with «не» for prohibitions of state — 'do not be grieving'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не умру без того, чтобы не сказать","title":"Double negation with «чтобы… не»","body":"A characteristically Russian double negative: 'I shall not die without [it being the case] that I not say…' = 'I shall not die without saying'. «Чтобы не сказать» pairs the irrealis «чтобы» with «не» — the second negative does not cancel the first but is required by the construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тебе и завещаю его… ибо любишь меня","title":"«завещать» and causal «ибо»","body":"«Завещать» is to bequeath, leave as a legacy or testament — the elder's last word is willed to Alyosha like an inheritance. «Ибо» ('for, because') is the bookish/Scriptural conjunction giving the reason: 'for you love me.' The whole speech is testamentary in tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе… тебе… Тебе, сынок милый","title":"Fronted dative «тебе» for emphasis","body":"The dative «тебе» ('to you') is repeated and fronted again and again, foregrounding the recipient before the verb in each clause — a topic-comment ordering that pours the elder's whole attention onto Alyosha. Russian's free word order makes this incantatory stress possible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иди","gloss":"by all means"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies печалься","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"печалься","lemma":"печалиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умру","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знай","gloss":"I will die"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"completes the phrase без того чтобы, modifying умру","gloss":"saying","note":"'не умру без того, чтобы не сказать' is a double-negative idiom meaning 'I will not die without saying'."},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сынок","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Алёша","gloss":"my son"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of завещаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завещаю","lemma":"завещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"I bequeath"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завещаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сынок","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Тебе","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сынок","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любишь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иди","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иди","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of иди (via к)","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of обещал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тем","gloss":"you promised"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b4-c1-s168","source":"Алеша немедленно покорился, хотя и тяжело ему было уходить.","translation":"Alyosha submitted at once, though it was hard for him to leave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и тяжело ему было уходить","title":"Impersonal «тяжело ему было» + concessive «хотя»","body":"«Тяжело ему было» is a dative-experiencer impersonal — 'it was hard FOR HIM' — with «ему» in the dative and the predicate the invariable «тяжело». «Хотя и» ('although') concedes the difficulty against his obedient submission."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покорился","title":"«покориться» — to submit, obey","body":"«Покориться» (perfective, -ся) is to submit, yield, render obedience — the cardinal monastic virtue of «послушание» (obedience). Alyosha 'submitted at once' to the elder's will, even against his own wish to stay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покорился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покорился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"покорился","lemma":"покориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тяжело","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходить","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (dative experiencer)","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula in the impersonal construction","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of тяжело было","gloss":"to leave"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b4-c1-s169","source":"Но обещание слышать последнее слово его на земле и, главное, как бы ему, Алеше, завещанное, потрясло его душу восторгом.","translation":"But the promise that he would hear the elder's last word on earth — and, above all, that it would be as though bequeathed to him, to Alyosha — shook his soul with rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ему, Алеше, завещанное","title":"Short past passive participle «завещанное»","body":"«Завещанное» is the past passive participle of «завещать» ('bequeathed'), here neuter agreeing with «слово»: the word 'as though bequeathed to him'. The dative «ему, Алеше» names the beneficiary, and «как бы» again hedges it to 'as if'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потрясло его душу восторгом","title":"«восторг» — rapture; instrumental of means","body":"«Восторг» is exalted rapture or ecstasy. «Потрясло… восторгом» ('shook [his soul] with rapture') puts the emotion in the instrumental as the means by which the soul was shaken — a strong, almost religious word for Alyosha's joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясло","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of слово","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышать","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical introducing the second clause","gloss":"above all","note":"'главное' here is a parenthetical meaning 'the main thing/above all', not an adjective modifying a noun."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies завещанное","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы, modifies завещанное","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завещанное","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"завещанное","lemma":"завещать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with слышать, second complement of обещание","gloss":"bequeathed"},{"surface":"потрясло","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потрясло","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"восторгом","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потрясло","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b4-c1-s170","source":"Он заспешил, чтоб, окончив всё в городе, поскорей воротиться.","translation":"He hurried, so that, having finished everything in town, he might return all the sooner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб, окончив всё… поскорей воротиться","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + gerund «окончив»","body":"«Чтоб» (shortened «чтобы») opens a purpose clause with an infinitive «воротиться» (to return). Inside it, the perfective gerund «окончив» ('having finished') marks the prior step, and «поскорей» ('all the sooner') voices his eagerness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заспешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заспешил","lemma":"заспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротиться","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"окончив","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воротиться","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of окончив","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окончив","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause complement of заспешил (introduced by чтоб)","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b4-c1-s171","source":"Как раз и отец Паисий молвил ему напутственное слово, произведшее на него весьма сильное и неожиданное впечатление.","translation":"And just then Father Paissy too spoke to him a parting word, which produced upon him a very strong and unexpected impression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слово, произведшее… впечатление","title":"Past active participle «произведшее»","body":"«Произведшее» is the past active participle of «произвести» (to produce), agreeing with neuter «слово»: 'a word which produced… an impression'. It replaces a «которое произвело» clause, packing the result into the noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напутственное слово","title":"«напутственное слово» — a parting word","body":"A «напутствие» is words of guidance given to someone setting out on a journey or a course of life; the adjective «напутственное» marks Father Paissy's 'parting word' to Alyosha as a charge for the road into the world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase как раз, modifies молвил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase как раз, modifies молвил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молвил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"молвил","lemma":"молвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of молвил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"напутственное","lemma":"напутственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"parting"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of молвил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"произведшее","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying слово","gloss":"producing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произведшее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сильное","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произведшее","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b4-c1-s172","source":"Это когда уже они оба вышли из кельи старца.","translation":"This was when the two of them had already come out of the elder's cell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда уже они оба вышли","title":"Prefixed motion «вышли» (perfective)","body":"«Выйти» (perfective: to go/come out) is «вы-» (out) + «-йти». The directional prefix yields a completed motion — 'the two of them had come out of the cell'. «Оба» ('both') agrees with the masculine pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject referring to the moment described","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышли","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышли","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кельи","gloss":"elder's"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b4-c1-s173","source":"— Помни, юный, неустанно, — так прямо и безо всякого предисловия начал отец Паисий, — что мирская наука, соединившись в великую силу, разобрала, в последний век особенно, всё, что завещано в книгах святых нам небесного, и после жестокого анализа у ученых мира сего не осталось изо всей прежней святыни решительно ничего.","translation":"\"Remember, young man, unceasingly,\" — thus, plainly and without any preamble, Father Paissy began — \"that worldly science, having combined itself into a great force, has examined, in the last age especially, everything bequeathed to us of the heavenly in the holy books, and after the cruel analysis of the scholars of this world there has remained, of all the former sacred things, absolutely nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помни, юный, неустанно","title":"Imperative «помни» + substantivized «юный»","body":"«Помни» is the singular imperative of «помнить» (remember). «Юный» ('young [one]') is a substantivized adjective used as a vocative-like address — 'remember, young man'. The bookish «неустанно» ('unceasingly') opens Paissy's elevated exhortation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соединившись в великую силу","title":"Reflexive past gerund «соединившись»","body":"«Соединившись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «соединиться» (to combine, unite): 'worldly science, having combined into a great force…'. The -сь (after a vowel, for -ся) marks the reflexive; the gerund states the prior condition for the main verb «разобрала»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что завещано… нам небесного","title":"Short passive participle «завещано» + genitive «небесного»","body":"«Завещано» is the short past passive participle ('[that which] is bequeathed'), neuter, in a result-stating predicate. «Небесного» ('of the heavenly') is a partitive genitive — 'all of the heavenly that is bequeathed to us in the holy books'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у ученых мира сего","title":"«мира сего» — 'of this world'","body":"«Мира сего» (genitive of «мир сей», 'this world') is a fixed Scriptural phrase for the secular, fallen order, opposed to the heavenly. «Ученые мира сего» — 'the scholars of this world' — frames secular science as belonging to a lower realm than the «святыня» it dissects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помни","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"юный","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Помни","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Помни","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предисловия","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предисловия","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"предисловия","lemma":"предисловие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"preamble"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разобрала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мирская","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наука","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разобрала","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"соединившись","lemma":"соединиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on разобрала","gloss":"having combined itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединившись","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"разобрала","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"has examined"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking век","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies век","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разобрала","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разобрала","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разобрала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive завещано","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"завещано","lemma":"завещать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"was bequeathed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книгах","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of завещано","gloss":"the books"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies книгах","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of завещано","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"небесного","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"of the heavenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking анализа","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"жестокого","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анализа","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"анализа","lemma":"анализ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"analysis"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ученых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ученых","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"the scholars"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ученых","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has remained"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святыни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of святыни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies святыни","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"святыни","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"sacred things"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b4-c1-s174","source":"Но разбирали они по частям, а целое просмотрели, и даже удивления достойно, до какой слепоты.","translation":"But they examined it piece by piece and overlooked the whole — and to a degree even astonishing, to such blindness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разбирали… просмотрели","title":"Aspect contrast «разбирали» / «просмотрели»","body":"The imperfective «разбирали» (kept examining, piece by piece) sets the drawn-out process against the perfective «просмотрели» (overlooked, missed entirely) — a single completed failure. The aspect pairing itself carries Paissy's point: detailed analysis, total blindness to the whole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивления достойно","title":"«достойно» + genitive «удивления»","body":"«Достойно (чего)» ('worthy of') governs the genitive: «удивления достойно» = 'it is worthy of astonishment, it is astonishing'. The short-form predicative «достойно» with a fronted genitive object is a compact, bookish turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разбирали","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разбирали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking частям","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"частям","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разбирали","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просмотрели","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"просмотрели","lemma":"просмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбирали","gloss":"overlooked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достойно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удивления","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of достойно","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"достойно","lemma":"достойно","morphology":"adjective, short-form, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to просмотрели","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слепоты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of слепоты","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"слепоты","lemma":"слепота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"blindness"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b4-c1-s175","source":"Тогда как целое стоит пред их же глазами незыблемо, как и прежде, и врата адовы не одолеют его.","translation":"Whereas the whole stands before their very eyes, immovable as before, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда как целое стоит… незыблемо","title":"«тогда как» — 'whereas' + adverb «незыблемо»","body":"«Тогда как» is the bookish subordinator 'whereas, while', drawing the contrast: the whole stands «незыблемо» (unshakably, immovably). The adverb «незыблемо», from «незыблемый» (unshakable), is repeated as a keynote of Paissy's argument for Christianity's permanence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Тогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies их","gloss":"very own"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"незыблемо","lemma":"незыблемо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"immovable"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of незыблемо","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"врата","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of одолеют","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"адовы","lemma":"адов","morphology":"adjective, short-form, nominative, plural","role":"modifies врата","gloss":"of hell"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одолеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одолеют","lemma":"одолеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"will overcome"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одолеют","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b4-c1-s176","source":"Разве не жило оно девятнадцать веков, разве не живет и теперь, в движениях единичных душ и в движениях народных масс?","translation":"Has it not lived nineteen centuries, does it not live even now, in the stirrings of individual souls and in the stirrings of the masses of the people?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве не жило оно… разве не живет","title":"Rhetorical «разве не» + neuter «оно»","body":"«Разве не…?» frames an emphatic rhetorical question expecting 'yes, of course it did' — 'has it not lived…? does it not live…?'. The subject «оно» (it) is neuter, referring back to «целое» (the whole); aspect shifts from past «жило» to present «живёт» to span the centuries."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девятнадцать веков","title":"«девятнадцать веков» — nineteen centuries","body":"'Nineteen centuries' situates the speech in the 1800s, counting from Christ. «Веков» is the genitive plural of «век» (century, age), required after a numeral of five or more — here «девятнадцать» governs the genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жило","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жило","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"девятнадцать","lemma":"девятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"quantifies веков","gloss":"nineteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of девятнадцать","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жило","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"движениях","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"the stirrings"},{"surface":"единичных","lemma":"единичный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies душ","gloss":"individual"},{"surface":"душ","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies движениях","gloss":"of souls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"движениях","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with движениях","gloss":"the stirrings"},{"surface":"народных","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies масс","gloss":"of the people"},{"surface":"масс","lemma":"масса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies движениях","gloss":"of the masses"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b4-c1-s177","source":"Даже в движениях душ тех же самых, всё разрушивших атеистов живет оно, как прежде, незыблемо!","translation":"Even in the stirrings of the souls of those very atheists who have destroyed everything, it lives on, immovable as before!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё разрушивших атеистов","title":"Past active participle «разрушивших»","body":"«Разрушивших» is the genitive-plural past active participle of «разрушить» (to destroy): 'of those atheists who have destroyed everything'. The participle modifies «атеистов», and «всё» ('everything') is its object — a tightly packed attributive in place of a relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies движениях","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"движениях","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"the stirrings"},{"surface":"душ","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies движениях","gloss":"of souls"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of атеистов","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies атеистов","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разрушивших","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"разрушивших","lemma":"разрушить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies атеистов","gloss":"who have destroyed"},{"surface":"атеистов","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies душ","gloss":"atheists"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"незыблемо","lemma":"незыблемо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"immovable"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b4-c1-s178","source":"Ибо и отрекшиеся от христианства и бунтующие против него в существе своем сами того же самого Христова облика суть, таковыми же и остались, ибо до сих пор ни мудрость их, ни жар сердца их не в силах были создать иного высшего образа человеку и достоинству его, как образ, указанный древле Христом.","translation":"For even those who have renounced Christianity and rebel against it are in their very essence themselves of that same image of Christ, and such they have remained, since to this day neither their wisdom nor the ardor of their hearts has had the power to create for man and for his dignity any other, higher image than the image set forth of old by Christ.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо… отрекшиеся… и бунтующие","title":"Causal «ибо» + participle pair as subject","body":"«Ибо» ('for, because') opens the reason. Its subject is two substantivized participles: «отрекшиеся» (those who have renounced — past active, reflexive) and «бунтующие» (those rebelling — present active). The participles, used as nouns, stand for 'the renouncers and rebels'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того же самого Христова облика суть","title":"Archaic copula «суть» + Slavonic «Христова»","body":"«Суть» is the archaic 3rd-person-plural present of «быть» (are) — almost never used in modern Russian, here lending biblical gravity: they 'are of that same image of Christ'. «Христова» is the possessive adjective 'of Christ'; «облика» is the genitive of «облик» (image, likeness)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в силах были создать… как образ, указанный древле Христом","title":"Idiom «не в силах» + agent in instrumental","body":"«Не в силах (что-то сделать)» means 'unable, powerless to do'. The closing «образ, указанный… Христом» pairs a past passive participle «указанный» (set forth) with its agent «Христом» in the instrumental, and «древле» is the archaic 'of old, anciently'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of суть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрекшиеся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отрекшиеся","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of суть","gloss":"those who renounced"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking христианства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"христианства","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекшиеся","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бунтующие","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрекшиеся, subject of суть","gloss":"those who rebel"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бунтующие","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"существе","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies суть","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существе","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of суть","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of облика","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies облика","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"облика","lemma":"облик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of суть","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, archaic","role":"main verb (copula) of the clause","gloss":"are","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic present-tense form of быть, \"are\"."},{"surface":"таковыми","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of остались","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таковыми","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with суть","gloss":"have remained"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"time","note":"Idiom «до сих пор» = \"until now\"."},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies мудрость","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"мудрость","lemma":"мудрость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"wisdom"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мудрость","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"жар","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мудрость, subject of были","gloss":"ardor"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жар","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of были","gloss":"power","note":"Idiom «не в силах были» = \"were not able to\"."},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to силах","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"создать","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силах","gloss":"to create"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образа","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образа","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"образа","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создать","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of создать","gloss":"for man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достоинству","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with человеку","gloss":"for dignity"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies достоинству","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison to образ","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison introduced by как","gloss":"the image"},{"surface":"указанный","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying образ","gloss":"set forth"},{"surface":"древле","lemma":"древле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указанный","gloss":"of old"},{"surface":"Христом","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of указанный","gloss":"by Christ"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b4-c1-s179","source":"А что было попыток, то выходили одни лишь уродливости.","translation":"And what attempts there have been yielded nothing but monstrosities.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что было попыток","title":"Genitive «попыток» in a quantity construction","body":"«Что было попыток» — 'whatever attempts there were' — puts «попыток» (genitive plural of «попытка», attempt) after a quantifying «что было», a partitive-genitive pattern of existential quantity. «Уродливости» (monstrosities, deformities) names the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"попыток","lemma":"попытка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of было","gloss":"attempts"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative resuming что, introduces выходили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies уродливости","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уродливости","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"уродливости","lemma":"уродливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of выходили","gloss":"monstrosities"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b4-c1-s180","source":"Запомни сие особенно, юный, ибо в мир назначаешься отходящим старцем твоим.","translation":"Remember this especially, young man, for you are being sent out into the world by your departing elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Запомни сие особенно","title":"Imperative «запомни» + archaic «сие»","body":"«Запомни» (perfective imperative: commit to memory, remember once and for all) closes the exhortation as it opened, framing it as a charge. «Сие» is the archaic neuter 'this', the bookish demonstrative of Paissy's whole solemn register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в мир назначаешься отходящим старцем твоим","title":"Passive «-ся» + agent in instrumental","body":"«Назначаешься» ('you are appointed / sent') is an imperfective passive in -ся, whose agent stands in the instrumental: «отходящим старцем твоим» — 'by your departing elder'. «Отходящим» is a present active participle ('departing', i.e. dying), agreeing in the instrumental with «старцем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомни","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Запомни","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Запомни","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"юный","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of назначаешься","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of назначаешься","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"назначаешься","lemma":"назначаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"are being sent"},{"surface":"отходящим","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies старцем","gloss":"departing"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of назначаешься","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старцем","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b4-c1-s181","source":"Может, вспоминая сей день великий, не забудешь и слов моих, ради сердечного тебе напутствия данных, ибо млад еси, а соблазны в мире тяжелые и не твоим силам вынести их.","translation":"Perhaps, recalling this great day, you will not forget my words either, given to you for the sake of a heartfelt parting counsel, for you are young, and the temptations in the world are heavy, and beyond your strength to bear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сей день великий","title":"Archaic «сей» for «этот»","body":"«Сей» (this) is the bookish, period-elevated demonstrative that 19th-century literary and ecclesiastical Russian uses where ordinary speech says «этот». Father Paissy's whole farewell is pitched in this solemn register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспоминая","title":"Gerund «вспоминая» — 'while recalling'","body":"«Вспоминая» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») in -я: it sets a simultaneous attendant circumstance — 'while/as you recall this great day' — and shares the subject of «не забудешь». Such gerunds open many a Dostoevsky sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не забудешь","title":"Perfective future «не забудешь»","body":"«Забудешь» is the perfective verb «забыть» conjugated with present-tense endings, which yields a single completed future — 'you will (not) forget'. Negated by «не», it is a gentle prediction, almost an entreaty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слов моих","title":"Genitive object after negation, and inverted order","body":"Under the negated «не забудешь», the object «слова мои» shifts from accusative to the genitive «слов моих» — the genitive of negation. The possessive following its noun («слов моих», not «моих слов») is a further mark of elevated, archaic word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"млад еси","title":"Church-Slavonic «еси» (thou art) + short adjective","body":"«Еси» is the archaic Church-Slavonic 2nd-person-singular of 'to be' — 'thou art' — which modern Russian has dropped entirely (present 'to be' is normally zero). It governs the short-form adjective «млад» (= «молод», young), the predicative form proper to such bookish speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is the bookish, biblical conjunction for 'for / because', far more solemn than the everyday «потому что». It is one of the surest signals that a speaker has shifted into scriptural register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не твоим силам вынести их","title":"Dative of the (unequal) capacity","body":"«Не твоим силам вынести их» frames an impersonal incapacity: the dative «твоим силам» ('for your strength') names what is unequal to the task, with «вынести» (to bear) as a bare infinitive — 'and beyond your strength to bear them'. This experiencer-in-the-dative pattern is characteristically Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудешь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вспоминая","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on забудешь","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вспоминая","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудешь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forget"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of забудешь","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking напутствия","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"сердечного","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies напутствия","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of напутствия","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"напутствия","lemma":"напутствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ради","gloss":"parting counsel"},{"surface":"данных","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of еси","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"млад","lemma":"млад","morphology":"adjective, short-form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of еси","gloss":"young","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic short form of молодой, \"young\"."},{"surface":"еси","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, archaic","role":"copula, main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"are","note":"Archaic 2nd-person singular of быть, \"thou art\"."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соблазны","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of тяжелые","gloss":"temptations"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соблазны","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"тяжелые","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of соблазны","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of силам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"силам","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of вынести","gloss":"strength","note":"Dative-plus-infinitive idiom: «не твоим силам вынести» = \"beyond your strength to bear\"."},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the dative-infinitive clause","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вынести","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b4-c1-s182","source":"Ну теперь ступай, сирота.","translation":"Well, now go, orphan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступай","title":"Imperative «ступай» — 'go'","body":"«Ступай» is the imperative of «ступать», a slightly folksy, old-fashioned 'go / be off'. Built on the present stem with the -й ending after a vowel, it is warmer and more colloquial than the neutral «иди»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сирота","title":"«сирота» — 'orphan' as a form of address","body":"«Сирота» (orphan) is here a vocative-like term of tender address: Alyosha has just lost his spiritual father, the elder Zosima. Though grammatically feminine in form, «сирота» applies to either sex, and the word carries pity and protectiveness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"сирота","lemma":"сирота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"orphan"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b4-c1-s183","source":"С этим словом отец Паисий благословил его.","translation":"With these words Father Paissy blessed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С этим словом","title":"Instrumental after «с» — 'with these words'","body":"«С этим словом» is the preposition «с» governing the instrumental case to express accompaniment — literally 'with this word'. Russian here uses the singular «словом» where English idiom prefers a plural, 'with these words'."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b4-c1-s184","source":"Выходя из монастыря и обдумывая все эти внезапные слова, Алеша вдруг понял, что в этом строгом и суровом доселе к нему монахе он встречает теперь нового неожиданного друга и горячо любящего его нового руководителя, — точно как бы старец Зосима завещал ему его умирая.","translation":"As he was leaving the monastery and turning over all these sudden words, Alyosha suddenly understood that in this monk, until now stern and severe toward him, he now met a new and unexpected friend and a new guide who loved him ardently — exactly as though the elder Zosima had bequeathed him to him as he lay dying.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выходя из монастыря и обдумывая","title":"Paired gerunds open the sentence","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds, «выходя» (going out) and «обдумывая» (turning over), set the simultaneous circumstances against which the main clause unfolds. Both share Alyosha as subject — the indeclinable «деепричастие» is a workhorse of Dostoevsky's long sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша вдруг понял","title":"Perfective «понял» — the sudden realization","body":"«Понял» is perfective past: a single, completed event of understanding ('suddenly understood'), reinforced by «вдруг» (suddenly). Against the imperfective gerunds' ongoing background, this perfective verb is the one that moves the narrative forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"строгом и суровом доселе к нему монахе","title":"Heavy adjective stack in the prepositional","body":"«В этом строгом и суровом… монахе» (in this stern and severe monk) shows the prepositional case after «в»: the adjectives «строгом, суровом» agree with «монахе» in case, gender, and number, with the adverb «доселе» ('until now') wedged inside the noun phrase for rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доселе","title":"«доселе» — 'hitherto, until now'","body":"«Доселе» is an archaic, bookish adverb meaning 'up to this point in time'. Like «сей» and «ибо», it belongs to the elevated literary register Dostoevsky reaches for in this solemn chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горячо любящего его нового руководителя","title":"Present active participle «любящего»","body":"«Любящего» is a present active participle from «любить» (-ящ- type), 'who loves / loving', declined into the accusative to agree with «руководителя». It packs a whole relative clause — 'a new guide who loves him ardently' — into one modifier, the bookish alternative to a «который»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно как бы старец Зосима завещал ему его","title":"«как бы» — the hypothetical 'as though'","body":"«Точно как бы… завещал» uses the irrealis particle «бы» with a past-tense verb to build an 'as if' comparison — 'exactly as though the elder had bequeathed him'. «Бы» plus the past form is Russia's one device for the hypothetical and the conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завещал ему его умирая","title":"Gerund «умирая» — 'as he lay dying'","body":"The clause closes on another imperfective gerund, «умирая» (dying), expressing the circumstance under which Zosima 'bequeathed' Alyosha — 'as he lay dying'. Note the two pronouns «ему его»: 'bequeathed him (Alyosha) to him (Paissy)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on понял","gloss":"as he was leaving"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выходя","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обдумывая","lemma":"обдумывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Выходя","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"внезапные","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of обдумывая","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монахе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"строгом","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монахе","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суровом","lemma":"суровый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with строгом","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строгом и суровом","gloss":"until now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of строгом и суровом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"монахе","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречает","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встречает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встречает","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"meets"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друга","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"неожиданного","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друга","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречает","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любящего","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"любящего","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying руководителя","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любящего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руководителя","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"руководителя","lemma":"руководитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with друга","gloss":"guide"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завещал","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase точно ... бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase точно как бы","gloss":"though","note":"Idiom «точно как бы» = \"exactly as though\"."},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завещал","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"завещал","lemma":"завещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречает","gloss":"had bequeathed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of завещал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завещал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"умирая","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on завещал","gloss":"as he lay dying"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b4-c1-s185","source":"«А может быть, так оно и впрямь между ними произошло», — подумал вдруг Алеша.","translation":"\"And perhaps that is indeed just how it came about between them,\" Alyosha suddenly thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А может быть","title":"Topic-shifting «а» plus «может быть»","body":"The sentence opens with the mild contrastive «а», which marks a turn of thought rather than real opposition — untranslatable here except as the swing into Alyosha's inner voice. «Может быть» ('perhaps, maybe') frames the whole thought as a tentative supposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так оно и впрямь между ними произошло","title":"Expletive «оно» and emphatic «и»","body":"«Оно» here is a dummy neuter pronoun, not a real subject — 'that is indeed just how it came about'. The particle «и» before «впрямь» intensifies ('indeed, really'), and «произошло» is perfective past, the single completed event Alyosha is wondering about."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрямь","title":"«впрямь» — 'indeed, truly'","body":"«Впрямь» is a colloquial-emphatic adverb meaning 'really, indeed, sure enough'. It lends the free indirect thought a spoken, intimate texture, as if we overhear Alyosha confirming the idea to himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"Idiom «может быть» = \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b4-c1-s186","source":"Неожиданное же и ученое рассуждение его, которое он сейчас выслушал, именно это, а не другое какое-нибудь, свидетельствовало лишь о горячности сердца отца Паисия: он уже спешил как можно скорее вооружить юный ум для борьбы с соблазнами и огородить юную душу, ему завещанную, оградой, какой крепче и сам не мог представить себе.","translation":"As for the unexpected and learned argument he had just heard, this one precisely, and not some other, bore witness only to the warmth of Father Paissy's heart: he was already hastening, as quickly as possible, to arm the young mind for the struggle against temptations, and to fence in the young soul, bequeathed to him, with a rampart stronger than any he could himself imagine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неожиданное же и ученое рассуждение его","title":"Emphatic «же» and a fronted topic","body":"The modal particle «же» here picks up and sets off the new topic — 'As for the unexpected and learned argument…'. The whole heavy noun phrase «рассуждение его» is fronted as topic before the comment arrives, the possessive «его» trailing its noun in the bookish order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое он сейчас выслушал","title":"Relative «которое» in its own case","body":"«Которое» agrees with its antecedent «рассуждение» in neuter gender and singular number but takes the accusative as the object of «выслушал» — 'which he had just heard out'. The comma-set «который»-clause is the standard relative construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидетельствовало лишь о горячности сердца","title":"«свидетельствовать о» + prepositional","body":"The imperfective «свидетельствовало» (bore witness, was evidence) governs «о» plus the prepositional «о горячности» — 'bore witness only to the warmth (of heart)'. The imperfective past states an ongoing, characterizing truth rather than a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он уже спешил… вооружить… и огородить","title":"Imperfective «спешил» governing perfective infinitives","body":"The imperfective past «спешил» (was hastening) describes Paissy's standing impulse, while the two perfective infinitives «вооружить» (to arm) and «огородить» (to fence in) name the completed goals he was hurrying toward — a neat aspectual division of labour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"юную душу, ему завещанную","title":"Past passive participle «завещанную»","body":"«Завещанную» is a past passive participle from perfective «завещать», declined into the accusative to agree with «душу» — 'the young soul, bequeathed to him'. «ему» ('to him') is the dative recipient/beneficiary of «завещать» (to bequeath TO someone), not the agent — a passive participle's agent would stand in the instrumental; the participle follows its noun for weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оградой","title":"«ограда» — a 'rampart, enclosure'","body":"«Оградой» (instrumental of «ограда») is the means of the fencing-in — a wall or enclosure, here a spiritual bulwark against temptation. The word shares its root with «огородить» (to fence in) in the same clause, knitting the image tight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой крепче и сам не мог представить себе","title":"Comparative «крепче» and reflexive «себе»","body":"«Крепче» is the suppletive-style comparative of «крепкий» (stronger) in its invariable predicative form. «Себе» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to Paissy ('imagine to himself'), and «сам» intensifies — 'a rampart stronger than he himself could imagine'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассуждение","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"marks Неожиданное as the topic","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ученое","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Неожиданное","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"рассуждение","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствовало","gloss":"argument"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies рассуждение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying рассуждение","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствовало","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это","gloss":"some other"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of другое","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"determiner of другое","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"свидетельствовало","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore witness"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидетельствовало","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"горячности","lemma":"горячность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствовало","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горячности","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"of Father"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paissy","note":"Genitive of the elder's name, agreeing with отца, not a separate feminine noun."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to свидетельствовало","gloss":"was hastening"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно скорее","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно скорее","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вооружить","gloss":"as quickly"},{"surface":"вооружить","lemma":"вооружить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешил","gloss":"to arm"},{"surface":"юный","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вооружить","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking борьбы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"борьбы","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вооружить","gloss":"the struggle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соблазнами","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"соблазнами","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of борьбы","gloss":"temptations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"огородить","lemma":"огородить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вооружить","gloss":"to fence in"},{"surface":"юную","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of огородить","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of завещанную","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"завещанную","lemma":"завещанный","morphology":"participle, past, passive, accusative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying душу","gloss":"bequeathed"},{"surface":"оградой","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огородить","gloss":"with a rampart"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring to оградой, compared by крепче","gloss":"than any","note":"'какой крепче' is a comparative relative: 'stronger than which [rampart]'."},{"surface":"крепче","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"comparative predicate modifying оградой","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мог, emphasizing он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on оградой","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"reflexive dative of представить","gloss":"to himself"}]}]}