{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b4-c2","title":{"source":"II. У отца","translated":"At His Father's"},"section":"Book IV — Lacerations","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c2","lines":118},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-c2-s1","source":"Прежде всего Алеша пошел к отцу.","translation":"First of all Alyosha went to his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел к отцу","title":"Perfective motion verb + dative goal","body":"«Пошел» is the perfective of «идти/пойти» — it marks the single, completed inception of the journey, moving the narrative forward to the father's house. The preposition «к» governs the dative «отцу», naming the person toward whom the motion is directed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-c2-s2","source":"Подходя, он вспомнил, что отец очень настаивал накануне, чтоб он как-нибудь вошел потихоньку от брата Ивана.","translation":"As he drew near, he remembered that the evening before his father had insisted very firmly that he should somehow come in quietly, unseen by his brother Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подходя","title":"Imperfective gerund: 'as he drew near'","body":"«Подходя» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «подходить» — a verb-adverb naming an action simultaneous with the main clause: 'while approaching, he remembered.' It is indeclinable and must share the subject of «вспомнил», a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он как-нибудь вошел потихоньку","title":"«чтоб» + past form for an indirect command","body":"After «настаивал» (insisted) the clause uses «чтоб(ы)» plus the past-form verb «вошел» — Russian's irrealis for a willed or demanded outcome, not a plain reported fact. The contracted «чтоб» is colloquial for «чтобы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потихоньку","title":"«потихоньку» — quietly, on the sly","body":"An adverb built on «тихо» (quiet) with the soft, conspiratorial flavour of 'quietly, stealthily, without fuss.' It recurs through this passage as the keynote of the father's furtive request."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подходя","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспомнил","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of настаивал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивал","gloss":"very firmly"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вспомнил","gloss":"had insisted"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивал","gloss":"the evening before"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on настаивал","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"unseen by"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-c2-s3","source":"«Почему ж? — подумалось вдруг теперь Алеше. — Если отец хочет что-нибудь мне сказать одному, потихоньку, то зачем же мне входить потихоньку?","translation":"\"But why?\" it suddenly occurred to Alyosha now. \"If father wants to tell me something in private, on the quiet, then why should I have to slip in on the quiet?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумалось вдруг теперь Алеше","title":"Impersonal -ся verb with dative experiencer","body":"Not 'Alyosha thought' but literally 'it got-thought to Alyosha': the reflexive «подумалось» is impersonal and the thinker stands in the dative «Алеше». This dative-experiencer framing makes the thought arrive of its own accord — exactly Dostoevsky's interior register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему ж?","title":"Emphatic particle «ж» (= «же»)","body":"«Ж» is the reduced form of the modal particle «же», here intensifying the question — 'but why on earth?' It adds insistence and the texture of inner speech that English can only catch with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь»: 'something or other'","body":"«что-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'anything at all,' contrasting with «что-то» (a specific but unnamed thing). The father might want to say just any one thing, no particular thing being meant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подумалось","lemma":"подуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it occurred"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of подумалось","gloss":"to Alyosha","note":"Impersonal verb + dative: 'it occurred to Alyosha', not a nominative subject."},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"privately"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of входить, correlating with Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of входить","gloss":"should I"},{"surface":"входить","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the зачем-clause","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входить","gloss":"on the quiet"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-c2-s4","source":"Верно, он вчера в волнении хотел что-то другое сказать, да не успел», — решил он.","translation":"Surely, in his agitation yesterday, he meant to say something else and never got it out,\" he decided.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел что-то другое сказать, да не успел","title":"Contrastive «да» = 'but'","body":"Here «да» is not 'and' or 'yes' but the folksy adversative 'but/yet' — 'he wanted to say something else, but didn't manage it.' This colloquial «да» for «но» colours the narrator's free indirect reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то другое","title":"Specific-but-unknown «что-то»","body":"Now «что-то» (with «-то», not «-нибудь») signals a definite thing Alyosha imagines his father meant to say, even though neither he nor we can name it — the mirror of «что-нибудь» one sentence earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies хотел","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, direct object of сказать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хотел","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-c2-s5","source":"Тем не менее очень был рад, когда отворившая ему калитку Марфа Игнатьевна (Григорий, оказалось, расхворался и лежал во флигеле/ сообщила ему на его вопрос, что Иван Федорович уже два часа как вышел-с.","translation":"All the same he was very glad when Marfa Ignatyevna, who opened the gate for him (Grigory, it turned out, had fallen ill and was laid up in the lodge), told him in answer to his question that Ivan Fyodorovich had already gone out a good two hours since.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворившая ему калитку Марфа Игнатьевна","title":"Past active participle as compressed relative","body":"«Отворившая» is the past active participle of «отворить» (to open), agreeing with «Марфа» in feminine nominative singular and packing 'who had opened the gate for him' into a single pre-posed modifier — denser and more bookish than a «которая»-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"два часа как вышел-с","title":"Servile particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» (from «сударь», 'sir') is tacked onto words as a marker of deference. In a servant's mouth it signals respect to the young master; Dostoevsky uses it constantly to map social rank in speech. There is no English equivalent beyond a deferential 'sir.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расхворался","title":"«расхвораться» — to fall properly ill","body":"«расхвораться» = рас- + «хворать» (to be ill/ailing) + the reflexive -ся, added together; it intensifies to 'to be taken thoroughly ill, take to one's bed.' It is more colloquial and bodily than the neutral «заболеть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем не менее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main clause","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of сообщила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отворившая","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Марфа","gloss":"who opened"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворившая","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворившая","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сообщила","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расхворался","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, governs расхворался","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"расхворался","lemma":"расхвораться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"had fallen ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расхворался","gloss":"was laid up"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле/","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле/","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"сообщила","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"in answer to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщила","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies два часа","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"duration adverbial modifying вышел","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел, correlating with два часа","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, subject Иван Федорович","gloss":"had gone out"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attached to вышел as a mark of politeness","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servant's deferential suffix ('-с', short for сударь), attached to the verb; not a separate word."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-c2-s6","source":"— А батюшка?","translation":"\"And my father?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — affectionate 'father'","body":"A warm diminutive of «батя/отец», «батюшка» is the homey, slightly old-fashioned word for one's father (it also means a parish priest). Alyosha's choice of it over the neutral «отец» softens the inquiry with filial tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"my father"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-c2-s7","source":"— Встал, кофе кушает, — как-то сухо ответила Марфа Игнатьевна.","translation":"\"He is up, taking his coffee,\" Marfa Ignatyevna answered rather dryly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кофе кушает","title":"«кушать» — the genteel 'to eat/take'","body":"«Кушать» is a softer, more polite verb than «есть» (to eat), used of others' eating or in deferential speech (here of food and drink together). In Marfa's mouth it lends the report a touch of respectful formality toward the master."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сухо","title":"«сухо» — 'drily', coldly","body":"Literally 'dryly,' this adverb of manner means curt, unfriendly, without warmth. The narrator uses it to register Marfa's chilly mood toward the household after the previous night's violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"He's up"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кушает","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"кушает","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Встал","gloss":"is having"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"-ish"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответила","gloss":"dryly"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Встал","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответила","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-c2-s8","source":"Алеша вошел.","translation":"Alyosha went in.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-c2-s9","source":"Старик сидел один за столом, в туфлях и в старом пальтишке, и просматривал для развлечения, без большого, однако, внимания, какие-то счеты.","translation":"The old man sat alone at the table, in slippers and a worn old overcoat, looking over some accounts to pass the time, though without much attention.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидел ... и просматривал","title":"Imperfective past for a held scene","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, painting an ongoing tableau rather than a sequence of events: the old man 'was sitting' and 'was looking over.' This standing background is the imperfective's narrative job — the description holds still around Alyosha's entrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в туфлях и в старом пальтишке","title":"Pejorative diminutive «пальтишко»","body":"«Пальтишко» adds the belittling suffix «-ишк-» to «пальто» (overcoat): not just a small coat but a shabby, contemptible one — 'a wretched old coat.' The suffix carries the narrator's faint disdain for the old man's seediness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счеты","title":"«счёты» — accounts / abacus","body":"«Счёты» here means accounts or reckonings he is looking over; the same word also names the wooden bead-abacus once standard in Russian shops and households. Either way it points to Fyodor Pavlovich's money-mindedness, which the next sentences immediately probe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement modifying Старик","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking туфлях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"туфлях","lemma":"туфля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"slippers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальтишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старом","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальтишке","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"пальтишке","lemma":"пальтишко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"worn overcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просматривал","lemma":"просматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"was looking over"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking развлечения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"развлечения","lemma":"развлечение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просматривал","gloss":"amusement"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking внимания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внимания","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies без большого внимания","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"governed by без","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"part of the phrase какие-то, determiner of счеты","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase какие-то","gloss":"-or-other"},{"surface":"счеты","lemma":"счёты","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of просматривал","gloss":"accounts"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-c2-s10","source":"Он был совсем один во всем доме (Смердяков тоже ушел за провизией к обеду). Но не счеты его занимали.","translation":"He was quite alone in the whole house (Smerdyakov had also gone out to fetch provisions for dinner). But it was not the accounts that occupied him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но не счеты его занимали","title":"Negation + word order shifting the focus","body":"Fronting the negated «не счеты» ('it was not the accounts') throws the stress onto what did occupy him, deferred as the new information. The free word order lets Russian re-weight the sentence the way English needs a cleft ('it was not X that...')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ушел за провизией","title":"«за» + instrumental = 'to fetch'","body":"With a verb of motion, «за» plus the instrumental «провизией» means going after / to fetch something. «За» is the preposition that splits by case — accusative for 'behind/beyond,' instrumental for 'in order to get.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to один","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"had gone out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking провизией","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"провизией","lemma":"провизия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"provisions"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обеду","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies занимали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"счеты","lemma":"счёты","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of занимали","gloss":"the accounts"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"занимали","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occupied"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-c2-s11","source":"Хоть он и встал поутру рано с постели и бодрился, а вид все-таки имел усталый и слабый.","translation":"Though he had risen early that morning and was keeping his spirits up, he nonetheless looked tired and weak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть он и встал ... а вид ... имел","title":"Concessive «хоть... а» pairing","body":"«Хоть(я)... а» is a concessive frame: 'though he had got up..., yet he looked...' The «и» reinforces the concession ('did indeed get up') and the «а» introduces the counter-clause. The construction is a staple of colloquial Russian argument."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бодрился","title":"«бодриться» — to keep up one's spirits","body":"A reflexive verb meaning to put on a brave, lively front, to force oneself to seem cheerful and vigorous. The irony is built in: he 'kept up his spirits' precisely because he felt weak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before встал","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"had risen"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бодрился","lemma":"бодриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"kept up his spirits"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"a look"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"усталый","lemma":"усталый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with усталый, modifies вид","gloss":"weak"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-c2-s12","source":"Лоб его, на котором за ночь разрослись огромные багровые подтеки, обвязан был красным платком.","translation":"His forehead, on which huge purple bruises had spread overnight, was bound up with a red handkerchief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лоб его, на котором ... разрослись ... подтеки, обвязан был","title":"Embedded «который»-clause inside the subject","body":"The relative «на котором» ('on which') opens a clause describing the forehead before the main predicate arrives — the antecedent «лоб» governs the gender, while «котором» takes prepositional case from «на». Such nested relatives give the description its slow, clinical unfolding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвязан был красным платком","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent/means","body":"«Обвязан» is the short-form past passive participle of «обвязать» (to bind round); with «был» it states a result — 'was bound up.' The means, «красным платком» (with a red kerchief), stands in the instrumental, the case of instrument and agent in the passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"багровые подтеки","title":"«багровый» / «подтёк»","body":"«Багровый» is a deep crimson-purple, the colour of bruised or congested flesh; «подтёк» is a bruise or weal where blood has spread under the skin. Together they make the beating of the night before lurid and visible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвязан","gloss":"His forehead"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies Лоб","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрослись","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрослись","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"разрослись","lemma":"разрастись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Лоб","gloss":"had spread"},{"surface":"огромные","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies подтеки","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"багровые","lemma":"багровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies подтеки","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"подтеки","lemma":"подтёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of разрослись","gloss":"bruises"},{"surface":"обвязан","lemma":"обвязанный","morphology":"verb, short passive participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate (with был) of Лоб","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обвязан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"красным","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платком","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"платком","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвязан","gloss":"handkerchief"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-c2-s13","source":"Нос тоже за ночь сильно припух, и на нем тоже образовалось несколько хоть и незначительных подтеков пятнами, но решительно придававших всему лицу какой-то особенно злобный и раздраженный вид.","translation":"His nose, too, had swollen badly during the night, and on it likewise several blotchy bruises had formed which, though slight, gave his whole face a peculiarly spiteful and irritable look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"образовалось несколько ... подтеков","title":"Genitive plural after «несколько»","body":"The quantifier «несколько» ('several') governs the genitive plural «подтеков», and the verb «образовалось» takes default neuter-singular agreement, as Russian quantity-phrases do. This is the numeral/quantifier-plus-genitive pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придававших всему лицу ... вид","title":"Past active participle in the genitive plural","body":"«Придававших» is the past active participle of «придавать» (to lend, impart), agreeing with «подтеков» in genitive plural — 'bruises which lent his whole face...' It also takes a dative object «всему лицу», the thing the look was given to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"образовалось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice: 'formed'","body":"«Образоваться» uses the «-ся» clitic for an intransitive, self-acting sense — the bruises 'formed' of themselves, with no external agent. This middle use of «-ся» turns a transitive verb into a change-of-state intransitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припух","gloss":"His nose"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припух","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припух","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припух","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"припух","lemma":"припухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had swollen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of образовалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies образовалось","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"образовалось","lemma":"образоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with припух","gloss":"had formed"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on подтеков","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive phrase modifying подтеков","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"незначительных","lemma":"незначительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подтеков","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"подтеков","lemma":"подтёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of образовалось","gloss":"bruises"},{"surface":"пятнами","lemma":"пятно","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies подтеков","gloss":"in patches"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придававших","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"придававших","lemma":"придавать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying подтеков","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of придававших","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of вид","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"-or-other"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобный","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздраженный","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобный","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придававших","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-c2-s14","source":"Старик знал про это сам и недружелюбно поглядел на входившего Алешу.","translation":"The old man was aware of this himself, and he glanced unkindly at Alyosha as he came in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поглядел на входившего Алешу","title":"Imperfective past active participle as object modifier","body":"«Входившего» is the past active participle of «входить», in the animate accusative («входившего Алешу») — 'Alyosha as-he-was-coming-in.' Its imperfective stem keeps the entering ongoing, framing the glance against Alyosha's movement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал про это сам","title":"Intensifier «сам» — 'himself'","body":"«Сам» here is the emphatic 'himself' agreeing with the subject — the old man, for his part, was well aware of it. It is distinct from the reflexive «себя»; «сам» underlines the subject rather than serving as an object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was aware"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знал, emphasizing Старик","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недружелюбно","lemma":"недружелюбно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"unkindly"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"входившего","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"coming in"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-c2-s15","source":"— Кофе холодный, — крикнул он резко, — не потчую.","translation":"\"The coffee's cold,\" he barked sharply, \"I shan't offer you any.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не потчую","title":"Present-tense imperfective with future force","body":"«Потчую» is the present of imperfective «потчевать»; with «не» and in this brusque context it reads as a flat refusal extending into the immediate future — 'I'm not treating/offering you any.' The imperfective present routinely covers such intentions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потчую","title":"«потчевать» — to treat, regale","body":"An old, hospitable verb meaning to ply a guest with food and drink. Fyodor Pavlovich's «не потчую» turns the gesture of hospitality inside out — he announces he will not host, the perfect note of his stinginess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of холодный","gloss":"The coffee"},{"surface":"холодный","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying Кофе","gloss":"is cold"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb (parenthetical)","gloss":"barked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потчую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потчую","lemma":"потчевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I won't treat you"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-c2-s16","source":"Я, брат, сам сегодня на одной постной ухе сижу и никого не приглашаю.","translation":"I'm sitting down to nothing but a Lenten fish-soup myself today, brother, and I'm inviting no one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на одной постной ухе сижу","title":"«сидеть на» + prepositional = 'to be living on'","body":"«Сидеть на чём-то» idiomatically means to subsist on a single food or regimen; «ухе» is the prepositional of «уха», governed by «на» in its locative sense. «Одной» ('nothing but') sharpens the meagreness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат","title":"«брат» as buttonholing address","body":"Literally 'brother,' but used here as a familiar, faintly condescending tag thrown into speech — 'my good fellow, mate.' Addressing his own son this way flattens the relation into matey banter, characteristic of the old buffoon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address term, in apposition to Я","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сижу, emphasizing Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ухе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ухе","gloss":"just one"},{"surface":"постной","lemma":"постный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ухе","gloss":"Lenten"},{"surface":"ухе","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am sitting down to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of приглашаю","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приглашаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приглашаю","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"am inviting"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-c2-s17","source":"Зачем пожаловал?","translation":"What brings you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Зачем пожаловал?","title":"«пожаловать» — to deign to come","body":"«Пожаловать» is a courtly, old-fashioned verb for arriving or being so good as to come (cf. «пожалуйста»). Used curtly with «зачем» ('what for?'), it drips sarcasm — mock-ceremony layered over a rude 'what do you want?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожаловал","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"пожаловал","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you come"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-c2-s18","source":"— Узнать о вашем здоровье, — проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"To ask after your health,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узнать о вашем здоровье","title":"«о» + prepositional for the topic","body":"«О вашем здоровье» ('about your health') uses «о» plus the prepositional, the standard frame for the topic of asking, speaking, or thinking. Alyosha's polite «вашем» (your, formal) answers the old man's coarse «ты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"To ask after"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Узнать","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Узнать","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-c2-s19","source":"— Да.","translation":"\"Yes.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-c2-s20","source":"И, кроме того, я тебе вчера сам велел прийти.","translation":"And besides, I told you myself yesterday to come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебе вчера сам велел прийти","title":"«велеть» + dative person + infinitive","body":"«Велеть» (to order, bid) takes the person commanded in the dative, «тебе», and an infinitive «прийти» for the act ordered. «Сам» again stresses 'I myself.' The perfective infinitive «прийти» frames the coming as a single completed arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides","note":"\"кроме того\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"besides that/moreover.\""},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-c2-s21","source":"Вздор всё это.","translation":"It's all nonsense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вздор всё это","title":"Zero copula + topicalised predicate","body":"No verb 'to be' surfaces in the present: «Вздор всё это» is literally 'Nonsense — all this.' The predicate noun «вздор» is fronted for emphasis, and the bare nominative does the work an English 'is' would."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вздор","title":"«вздор» — rubbish, twaddle","body":"A dismissive noun for nonsense, idle stuff not worth attention. It is brusque, conversational, and exactly the old man's register as he waves away his own summons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, subject это","gloss":"Nonsense"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-c2-s22","source":"Напрасно изволил потревожиться.","translation":"You needn't have troubled yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Напрасно изволил потревожиться","title":"«изволить» — mock-deferential 'to deign'","body":"«Изволить» is an archaic, ceremonious verb ('to be pleased to, deign to') once used in courteous address. Here, dropping the pronoun and pairing it with «напрасно» ('in vain'), Fyodor Pavlovich speaks with sardonic faux-politeness — 'you were so good as to trouble yourself for nothing.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволил","gloss":"Needlessly"},{"surface":"изволил","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you saw fit","note":"\"изволил\" is an ironic, mock-polite way of saying \"you (deigned to) trouble yourself.\""},{"surface":"потревожиться","lemma":"потревожиться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволил","gloss":"to trouble yourself"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-c2-s23","source":"Я так, впрочем, и знал, что ты тотчас притащишься...","translation":"Still, I knew you'd come trailing over here at once...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты тотчас притащишься","title":"Perfective future «притащишься»","body":"«Притащишься» is the perfective future of «притащиться» (-ся form): a conjugated perfective verb carries future meaning with no auxiliary — 'you'd come dragging over.' The «-ся» here is the verb's lexically fixed reflexive form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"притащишься","title":"«притащиться» — to come dragging/trailing in","body":"Built on «тащить» (to drag, haul), the reflexive «притащиться» means to come trudging or trailing, with a contemptuous, effortful colour — as if Alyosha could not help lugging himself over. The narrator's diction here is the old man's own scorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying знал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of притащишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of притащишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притащишься","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"притащишься","lemma":"притащиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would come trailing"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-c2-s24","source":"Он проговорил это с самым неприязненным чувством.","translation":"He said this with the most hostile feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самым неприязненным чувством","title":"Superlative «самый» + instrumental of manner","body":"«Самым неприязненным» is the periphrastic superlative — «самый» declining in agreement with «чувством» — 'the most hostile feeling.' The whole phrase stands in the instrumental after «с», the case of accompanying manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"forms superlative with неприязненным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неприязненным","lemma":"неприязненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-c2-s25","source":"Тем временем встал с места и озабоченно посмотрел в зеркало (может быть, в сороковой раз с утра) на свой нос.","translation":"Meanwhile he got up from his place and anxiously studied his nose in the mirror (perhaps for the fortieth time since morning).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал с места и ... посмотрел","title":"Chain of perfectives advancing the action","body":"After the static imperfective tableau, the verbs turn perfective — «встал», «посмотрел» — each a single completed act stepping the scene forward: he got up, then looked. Note also the dropped subject, recoverable from the verb endings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сороковой раз","title":"Ordinal «сороковой» — 'fortieth'","body":"«Сороковой» is the ordinal of «сорок» (forty), agreeing like an adjective with «раз» in the accusative-of-time phrase «в ... раз» ('for the Nth time'). The comic exaggeration measures his vanity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of временем","gloss":"That","note":"\"тем временем\" together mean \"meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"временем","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркало","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зеркало","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"the mirror"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying раз (idiom \"может быть\")","gloss":"perhaps","note":"\"может быть\" together is the fixed phrase \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сороковой","lemma":"сороковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"fortieth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of посмотрел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нос","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"nose"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-c2-s26","source":"Начал тоже прилаживать покрасивее на лбу свой красный платок.","translation":"He also began arranging his red handkerchief more becomingly on his forehead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прилаживать покрасивее","title":"Comparative adverb «покрасивее» with softening «по-»","body":"«Покрасивее» is the comparative of the adverb «красиво» (-ее) with the prefix «по-», which softens it to 'a bit more becomingly, somewhat prettier.' This «по-» + comparative is a very common colloquial 'a little more X.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свой красный платок","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Свой» means 'his own,' referring back to the clause's subject (the old man's own kerchief). Russian prefers «свой» over «его» here precisely to keep the possessor identical with the actor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He began"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прилаживать","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прилаживать","lemma":"прилаживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Начал","gloss":"to arrange"},{"surface":"покрасивее","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прилаживать","gloss":"more becomingly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилаживать","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"красный","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прилаживать","gloss":"handkerchief"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-c2-s27","source":"— Красный-то лучше, а в белом на больницу похоже, — сентенциозно заметил он. — Ну что там у тебя?","translation":"\"The red one's better; in white it looks too much like a hospital,\" he remarked sententiously. \"Well, what is it with you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Красный-то лучше","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то» + suppletive comparative","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «красный» highlights it as the known topic — 'the red one, now, is better.' «Лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший» (good), one of the irregular pairs (хороший → лучше)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в белом на больницу похоже","title":"Impersonal «похоже на» + accusative","body":"«Похоже на больницу» is an impersonal predicate — 'it looks like a hospital' — where «похоже» governs «на» plus the accusative «больницу» for the thing resembled. No subject is named; the resemblance is stated flatly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сентенциозно","title":"«сентенциозно» — sententiously","body":"A bookish adverb (from Latin sententia) meaning in the manner of one pronouncing a weighty maxim. The narrator's wry choice mocks the old man for dressing a remark about a kerchief in the tone of philosophy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красный","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"The red one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Красный","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is better"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking белом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"белом","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похоже","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницу","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"больницу","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"a hospital"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb, coordinated with лучше","gloss":"it looks"},{"surface":"сентенциозно","lemma":"сентенциозный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"sententiously"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-c2-s28","source":"Что твой старец?","translation":"How's that elder of yours?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, asks about старец","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"elder"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-c2-s29","source":"— Ему очень худо, он, может быть, сегодня умрет, — ответил Алеша, но отец даже и не расслышал, да и вопрос свой тотчас забыл.","translation":"\"He is very bad; he may die today,\" answered Alyosha, but his father did not even take it in, and forgot his own question the moment he had asked it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему очень худо","title":"Dative-subject impersonal: 'he is very bad'","body":"There is no nominative subject: the sufferer stands in the dative «ему» and the predicate is the invariable «худо» ('badly, ill'). This experiencer-in-the-dative pattern is how Russian states someone's bodily or spiritual state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопрос свой тотчас забыл","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + emphatic word order","body":"«Свой» ('his own') ties the question back to the father as its asker; fronting «вопрос свой» before «забыл» stresses that it was the very question he had just put that he forgot. The freedom of order foregrounds the irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of худо","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies худо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"худо","lemma":"худо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying умрет (idiom \"может быть\")","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with худо","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расслышал","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расслышал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies даже","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расслышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расслышал","lemma":"расслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расслышал","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-c2-s30","source":"— Иван ушел, — сказал он вдруг. — Он у Митьки изо всех сил невесту его отбивает, для того здесь и живет, — прибавил он злобно и, скривив рот, посмотрел на Алешу.","translation":"\"Ivan has gone out,\" he said suddenly. \"He's doing everything in his power to cut Mitka's bride out from under him — that's the reason he's living here,\" he added spitefully, and twisting his mouth, looked at Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скривив рот","title":"Perfective past gerund «скривив»","body":"«Скривив» is the perfective past деепричастие of «скривить» (to twist) — 'having twisted his mouth,' a completed action just before the main verb «посмотрел». The «-в» ending marks the perfective gerund of prior action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Митьки ... невесту его отбивает","title":"«у» + genitive: taking from someone","body":"«У Митьки» (genitive) marks the person from whom the bride is being 'cut out' — «у» + genitive of possession/source. «Отбивать» (to beat off, win away) is imperfective present, framing the rivalry as ongoing effort."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митьки","title":"«Митька» — the rough diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митька» is Dmitri (Mitya) with the coarse, dismissive suffix «-ка», a step below the affectionate «Митя». The father's use of it drips contempt for his eldest son, just as «Грушка» below belittles Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has gone out"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отбивает","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митьки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Митьки","lemma":"Митька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбивает","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отбивает","gloss":"his might","note":"\"изо всех сил\" is the fixed phrase \"with all one's might.\""},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отбивает","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невесту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отбивает","lemma":"отбивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is stealing away"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отбивает","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скривив","lemma":"скривить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"twisting"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скривив","gloss":"his mouth"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавил","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-c2-s31","source":"— Неужто ж он вам сам так сказал? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"Surely he didn't tell you so himself?\" asked Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто ж он вам сам так сказал?","title":"Incredulous particle «неужто» (+ «ж»)","body":"«Неужто» is a folksy, archaic variant of «неужели» ('surely not?, can it really be?'), expressing astonished disbelief; the added «ж» (= «же») heightens it. Alyosha can't credit that Ivan said such a thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"Surely","note":"\"Неужто\" opens an incredulous question, like \"Can it really be...\""},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Неужто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-c2-s32","source":"— Да, и давно еще сказал.","translation":"\"Yes, and he said it long ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно еще сказал","title":"Perfective past with «давно» — 'said long ago'","body":"«Сказал» (perfective past) names the single act of telling; «давно» locates that completed event far back in time. The reinforcing «еще» here means 'as far back as,' stressing how long the grievance has festered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies давно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said it"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-c2-s33","source":"Как ты думаешь: недели с три как сказал.","translation":"Imagine: he said it some three weeks back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недели с три","title":"Approximation by inversion: «с» + accusative","body":"Putting «с» before the numeral phrase «три недели» (and inverting noun and number to «недели с три») yields 'about three weeks, some three weeks.' This «с» + accusative is the idiomatic way to say 'roughly.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Как ты думаешь","title":"«Как ты думаешь» — 'imagine, would you believe'","body":"Literally 'what do you think,' but tossed in as a buttonholing aside it means 'just imagine!, would you believe it' — inviting the listener's amazement. It is the old man's theatrical way of relishing his own gossip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question modifying думаешь","gloss":"Just","note":"\"Как ты думаешь\" is used here as a rhetorical \"Imagine\" rather than a literal question."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying сказал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks approximation with три","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"he said it"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-c2-s34","source":"Не зарезать же меня тайком и он приехал сюда?","translation":"He didn't come down here just to knife me on the sly, did he?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не зарезать же меня ... и он приехал сюда?","title":"Rhetorical negation with «же»: 'surely not...?'","body":"The fronted negated infinitive «не зарезать ... же» frames an ironic rhetorical question — 'it's not to knife me, after all, that he came?' «Же» carries the appeal to obviousness; the whole is a half-joking expectation of 'no.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зарезать ... тайком","title":"«зарезать» / «тайком»","body":"«Зарезать» is to kill with a knife, to cut someone's throat — brutally concrete. «Тайком» means 'secretly, on the sly.' The grim image, half-jested, eerily foreshadows the novel's coming parricide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зарезать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зарезать","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to knife"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зарезать","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зарезать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тайком","lemma":"тайком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарезать","gloss":"on the sly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зарезать","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-c2-s35","source":"Для чего-нибудь да приехал же?","translation":"He came for some reason or other, didn't he?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для чего-нибудь да приехал же?","title":"Insistent «да... же» around a perfective past","body":"Here «да» is an emphatic particle ('but/surely') and «же» reinforces it: 'he did come for SOME reason, didn't he?' «Для чего-нибудь» ('for anything at all') keeps the reason vague, while the doubled particles press for assent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего-нибудь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun чего-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying приехал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"surely"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-c2-s36","source":"— Что вы! Чего вы это так говорите? — смутился ужасно Алеша.","translation":"\"What do you mean! Why do you say such things?\" Alyosha was terribly upset.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что вы!","title":"«Что вы!» — 'what do you mean!'","body":"An exclamatory idiom protesting against what was just said — 'come now!, how can you!, what an idea!' Alyosha's shocked recoil from the talk of murder. The formal «вы» keeps his deference even in alarm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смутился ужасно Алеша","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of emotional change of state","body":"«Смутился» (-ся) is a change-of-state reflexive — Alyosha 'became confounded/upset,' the «-ся» turning «смутить» (to disconcert) intransitive. Inverting verb before subject throws the weight onto the emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"was embarrassed"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутился","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-c2-s37","source":"— Денег он не просит, правда, а всё же от меня ни шиша не получит.","translation":"\"He isn't asking for money, true, but all the same he won't get a single kopeck out of me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Денег он не просит","title":"Genitive of negation: «денег»","body":"Under negation the object of «просить» shifts from accusative to genitive: «денег» (gen.) not «деньги». Fronting it ('money he isn't asking for') also topicalises the contrast with what follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни шиша не получит","title":"\"Ni shisha\" — not a thing","body":"«Шиш» literally means a fig-sign (a rude fist gesture); the set phrase «ни шиша» means \"not a single thing, nothing at all.\" «Ни шиша не получит» = \"he won't get a brass farthing.\" We render it here with a period-appropriate coin, \"a single kopeck,\" to keep the contemptuous, small-change flavor of the original."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни шиша не получит","title":"Negative concord: «ни... не»","body":"«Ни шиша» pairs the intensifier «ни» ('not a single') with the obligatory verbal «не» — Russian's negative concord, where two negatives reinforce rather than cancel: 'he won't get a thing.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is asking"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of получит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни шиша","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"шиша","lemma":"шиш","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получит","gloss":"single kopeck","note":"\"ни шиша\" is a colloquial idiom meaning \"not a darn thing.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получит","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with просит","gloss":"will get"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-c2-s38","source":"Я, милейший Алексей Федорович, как можно дольше на свете намерен прожить, было бы вам это известно, а потому мне каждая копейка нужна, и чем дольше буду жить, тем она будет нужнее, — продолжал он, похаживая по комнате из угла в угол, держа руки по карманам своего широкого, засаленного, из желтой летней коломянки, пальто.","translation":"I intend, my dear Alexey Fyodorovich, to live on this earth as long as I possibly can — let that be known to you — and so every kopeck is precious to me, and the longer I live, the more precious it will be,\" he went on, pacing the room from corner to corner, his hands thrust into the pockets of his greasy, loose-fitting overcoat of yellow summer twill.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было бы вам это известно","title":"Subjunctive «бы» wish: 'let it be known'","body":"«Было бы ... известно» joins the past-form «было» with the particle «бы» for an irrealis 'may it be / let it be known to you.' The dative «вам» marks the one to whom it should be known. The refrain recurs like a mocking incantation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем дольше буду жить, тем она будет нужнее","title":"«чем... тем» correlative with compound future","body":"The «чем + comparative ... тем + comparative» frame is 'the more... the more.' Both clauses use the imperfective compound future «буду жить / будет нужнее» (быть + infinitive / comparative), naming ongoing future states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"похаживая по комнате ... держа руки","title":"Two imperfective gerunds of attendant action","body":"«Похаживая» and «держа» are present (imperfective) gerunds describing what he does while speaking — 'pacing... and holding...' Both share the main subject and run simultaneously with «продолжал», layering the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похаживая","title":"«похаживать» — to stroll about, pace","body":"A frequentative/attenuative verb (prefix «по-» + iterative «-хаживать» from «ходить») meaning to walk about leisurely, to and fro. It paints the old man's unhurried, self-satisfied pacing as he lectures Alyosha on money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of намерен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"милейший","lemma":"милейший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Алексей Федорович","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to милейший","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"дольше","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies прожить","gloss":"as long"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожить","gloss":"this world"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"прожить","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary forming the subjunctive with бы, copula for известно","gloss":"let it be","note":"\"было бы вам это известно\" is a set phrase: \"let this be known to you.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms the subjunctive with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to намерен","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужна","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"каждая","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of копейка","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"копейка","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужна","gloss":"kopeck"},{"surface":"нужна","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with намерен","gloss":"is precious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause (чем...тем)","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"дольше","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of жить","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прожить","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with чем, introduces нужнее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужнее","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужнее","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"нужнее","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"adverbial clause on жить","gloss":"more precious"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"похаживая","lemma":"похаживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"pacing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похаживая","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угла","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похаживая","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похаживая","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on похаживая","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of держа","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карманам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карманам","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держа","gloss":"the pockets"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пальто","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"широкого","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"loose-fitting"},{"surface":"засаленного","lemma":"засаленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"greasy"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коломянки","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"желтой","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies коломянки","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"летней","lemma":"летний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies коломянки","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"коломянки","lemma":"коломянка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"twill","note":"\"коломянка\" is a plain cotton or linen twill fabric."},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head noun modified by своего/широкого/засаленного/из коломянки, oblique complement of карманам","gloss":"overcoat"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-c2-s39","source":"Теперь я пока все-таки мужчина, пятьдесят пять всего, но я хочу и еще лет двадцать на линии мужчины состоять, так ведь состареюсь — поган стану, не пойдут они ко мне тогда доброю волей, ну вот тут-то денежки мне и понадобятся.","translation":"\"For now I'm still a man, only fifty-five all told, but I mean to rank as a man another twenty years yet; once I grow old I'll turn foul, and then they won't come to me of their own free will, and that's exactly when my little sums of money will come in handy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на линии мужчины состоять","title":"«состоять» + bookish set phrase","body":"«Состоять на линии мужчины» ('to figure / rank as a man') is a stilted, semi-official turn — «состоять» (to consist, hold a position) lends it bureaucratic pomposity, comic in the mouth of a lecher boasting of virility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состареюсь — поган стану","title":"Perfective futures + predicate instrumental absent","body":"«Состареюсь» and «стану» are perfective futures ('I'll grow old,' 'I'll become'). Note that «поган» appears as a short adjective predicate after «стану» rather than the usual instrumental noun — colloquial compression of 'I'll turn foul.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денежки мне и понадобятся","title":"Dative «мне» with «понадобиться» + diminutive","body":"«Понадобиться» ('to come to be needed') takes the needer in the dative «мне» — the thing needed («денежки») is grammatical subject. «Денежки» is the cooing diminutive of «деньги», money fondled with affection."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поган","title":"«поганый» — foul, unclean","body":"«Поган(ый)» originally meant 'pagan, heathen' (from Latin paganus) and came to mean ritually unclean, then simply foul, vile, loathsome. The old man's self-knowledge is brutal: in age he expects to become repellent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мужчина","gloss":"For now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мужчина","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мужчина","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies все","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"мужчина","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on пять","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies мужчина","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пятьдесят пять","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мужчина","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет двадцать","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies состоять (duration)","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking линии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"линии","lemma":"линия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоять","gloss":"the ranks"},{"surface":"мужчины","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies линии","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"состоять","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to rank"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of состареюсь","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так ведь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"состареюсь","lemma":"состариться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стану","gloss":"I grow old"},{"surface":"поган","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стану","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to состареюсь","gloss":"I'll become"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"доброю","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волей","gloss":"of their own"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of пойдут","gloss":"free will"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies денежки","gloss":"that's when"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тут","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of понадобятся","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of понадобятся","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes понадобятся","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"понадобятся","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be needed"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-c2-s40","source":"Так вот я теперь и подкапливаю всё побольше да побольше для одного себя-с, милый сын мой Алексей Федорович, было бы вам известно, потому что я в скверне моей до конца хочу прожить, было бы вам это известно.","translation":"So now I keep laying by more and more, for myself alone, sir, my dear son Alexey Fyodorovich — let that be known to you — because I mean to live in my filthiness to the very end, let that be known to you as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подкапливаю всё побольше да побольше","title":"Reduplicated comparative «побольше да побольше»","body":"The «по-» + comparative «побольше» ('a bit more') is doubled with «да» to mean 'more and more,' an intensifying repetition. «Подкапливаю» is imperfective present — the steady, ongoing hoarding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для одного себя-с","title":"Reflexive «себя» = 'for myself alone'","body":"«Себя» is the reflexive object pronoun pointing back to the speaker-subject, governed by «для» (+ genitive); «одного» ('alone, only') sharpens the selfishness. The servile «-с» absurdly garnishes this confession of greed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в скверне моей","title":"«скверна» — filth, defilement","body":"«Скверна» is a heavy, churchly word for moral and ritual filth, defilement, abomination — the language of sin and the unclean. Fyodor Pavlovich seizes this religious vocabulary to flaunt his depravity, a deliberate blasphemy aimed at his pious son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкапливаю","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подкапливаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкапливаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подкапливаю","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подкапливаю","lemma":"подкапливать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep laying by"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побольше","gloss":"more and more"},{"surface":"побольше","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подкапливаю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побольше","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подкапливаю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (polite address suffix)","role":"attaches to себя as a deferential marker","gloss":"sir","note":"The old-fashioned enclitic \"-с\" (from сударь) adds deference, roughly \"sir\"; it is not a word on its own."},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (direct address to Alexey Fyodorovich)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"forms the subjunctive predicate with бы известно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было known as subjunctive (\"let it be known\")","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the subjunctive clause (было бы известно)","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хочу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скверне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скверне","lemma":"скверна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожить","gloss":"filthiness"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of скверне","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожить","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"прожить","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"forms the subjunctive predicate with бы известно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было это известно as subjunctive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the final subjunctive clause, echoing w23","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-c2-s41","source":"В скверне-то слаще: все ее ругают, а все в ней живут, только все тайком, а я открыто.","translation":"Filthiness is the sweeter for it: everybody reviles it, yet everybody lives in it, only everyone does it on the sly, while I do it openly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В скверне-то слаще","title":"Comparative «слаще» as impersonal predicate","body":"«Слаще» is the regular consonant-mutating comparative of «сладкий» (sweet; д→ж, not suppletive) — 'sweeter,' here an impersonal predicate ('it's sweeter [to live] in filth'). The «-то» on «скверне» flags it as the dwelt-on topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все ее ругают, а все в ней живут","title":"Contrastive «а»: 'yet'","body":"The two clauses are hinged by «а», the mild adversative that here means 'yet, while' — everyone reviles filth, and yet everyone lives in it. «А» marks the pointed turn without the strong opposition of «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скверне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скверне","lemma":"скверна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слаще","gloss":"filthiness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to скверне","gloss":"as for that"},{"surface":"слаще","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sweeter"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ругают","gloss":"everybody"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ругают","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ругают","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause coordinated with слаще","gloss":"revile"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of живут","gloss":"everybody"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живут","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ругают","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (живут)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"тайком","lemma":"тайком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (живут)","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (живут)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"открыто","lemma":"открыто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (живут)","gloss":"openly","note":"\"Открыто\" here is the adverb \"openly,\" not the past passive participle of открыть."}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-c2-s42","source":"Вот за простодушие-то это мое на меня все сквернавцы и накинулись.","translation":"And it's just for that openheartedness of mine that all the filthy lot of them have set upon me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за простодушие-то это мое","title":"«за» + accusative = 'because of, for'","body":"«За» with the accusative «простодушие» gives the causal 'for, on account of' — 'it's for this openheartedness of mine.' The «-то» topicalises the quality the old man preens on, and «вот... и» frames the whole as 'and that's just why.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сквернавцы накинулись","title":"«сквернавец» / «накинуться на»","body":"«Сквернавец» is a coarse abusive noun, 'a filthy/vile person,' coined on the same «скверн-» root he keeps playing with. «Накинуться на» means to fall upon, set upon someone — the whole 'filthy lot' pounced on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простодушие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простодушие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"простодушие","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"openheartedness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to простодушие","gloss":"as for that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies простодушие (resumptive)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of накинулись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сквернавцы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сквернавцы","lemma":"сквернавец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of накинулись","gloss":"the scoundrels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes накинулись","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"накинулись","lemma":"накинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set upon"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-c2-s43","source":"А в рай твой, Алексей Федорович, я не хочу, это было бы тебе известно, да порядочному человеку оно даже в рай-то твой и неприлично, если даже там и есть он.","translation":"And as for that paradise of yours, Alexey Fyodorovich, I don't want it — let that be known to you — indeed, for a decent man your paradise is downright unseemly, even supposing it exists at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В рай твой ... я не хочу","title":"Genitive of negation: «рая» implied, fronted topic","body":"He fronts «в рай твой» ('into that paradise of yours') for scornful emphasis before «я не хочу». The mocking possessive «твой» recasts paradise as Alyosha's private property, not a shared truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"порядочному человеку ... неприлично","title":"Dative experiencer with impersonal «неприлично»","body":"«Порядочному человеку ... неприлично» is dative-subject again: 'for a decent man it is unseemly.' The affected one stands in the dative, the predicate is the invariable «неприлично», with no nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рай","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted object, complement of хочу","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рай","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"forms the subjunctive predicate with бы известно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было известно as subjunctive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the subjunctive clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"порядочному","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of неприлично","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неприлично","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рай","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted complement of неприлично","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to рай","gloss":"as for that"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рай","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes неприлично","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-c2-s44","source":"По-моему, заснул и не проснулся, и нет ничего, поминайте меня, коли хотите, а не хотите, так и черт вас дери.","translation":"To my mind, you fall asleep and don't wake up, and there's nothing more; remember me if you like, and if you don't care to, then the devil take the lot of you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заснул и не проснулся","title":"Perfective pasts for a sealed sequence","body":"«Заснул» and «(не) проснулся» are perfectives — 'you fell asleep and didn't wake up,' two completed wholes stating his vision of death as a single closed event. The «не» + perfective marks the non-occurrence of the waking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поминайте меня, коли хотите","title":"Imperative + folksy conditional «коли»","body":"«Поминайте» is the imperfective imperative ('remember [me], commemorate me'), and «коли» is an archaic, peasant variant of «если» ('if'). The mix of churchly «поминать» with rustic «коли» catches the old man's mock-folk register."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"preposition (part of fixed phrase по-моему)","role":"part of по-моему, modifies заснул","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun (part of fixed phrase по-моему)","role":"part of по-моему, modifies заснул","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (generic \"you\")","gloss":"you fall asleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проснулся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заснул","gloss":"wake up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation (existential)","role":"main predicate, coordinated with заснул","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject (genitive of negation) of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"поминайте","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поминайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the коли conditional clause","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the second conditional clause","gloss":"care to"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the consequent clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the curse idiom (чёрт дери = \"devil take\")","gloss":"take","note":"\"Чёрт дери\" is a fixed curse idiom, \"devil take (you)\"; дери is an imperative of драть, not a noun."}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-c2-s45","source":"Вот моя философия.","translation":"There's my philosophy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот моя философия","title":"Presentative «вот» + zero copula","body":"«Вот» ('here / there is') presents the summing-up, and no verb 'to be' appears: «Вот моя философия» = 'there's my philosophy.' The bare nominative does all the predicating in the present tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"There's"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of философия","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"философия","lemma":"философия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Вот","gloss":"philosophy"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-c2-s46","source":"Вчера Иван здесь хорошо говорил, хоть и были мы все пьяны.","translation":"Ivan spoke well here yesterday, though we were all drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и были мы все пьяны","title":"Concessive «хоть и» + short adjective «пьяны»","body":"«Хоть и» is 'although,' and «пьяны» is the short-form predicate adjective ('drunk'), agreeing in plural with «мы». The short form, predicate-only, states the temporary condition — exactly what short adjectives are for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"Yesterday"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies были","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пьяны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пьяны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пьяны","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the хоть clause","gloss":"drunk"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-c2-s47","source":"Иван хвастун, да и никакой у него такой учености нет... да и особенного образования тоже нет никакого, молчит да усмехается на тебя молча, — вот на чем только и выезжает.","translation":"Ivan's a braggart, and he hasn't any great learning either... nor any special education to speak of; he holds his tongue and smirks at you in silence — that's the only thing that carries him along.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакой ... учености нет ... тоже нет никакого","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Никакой ... нет» piles the ни-word «никакой» onto the existential «нет», whose absent subject «учености»/«образования» stands obligatorily in the genitive. Multiple negatives, one meaning: 'he has no learning whatever.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчит да усмехается ... молча","title":"Imperfective presents + gerund «молча»","body":"«Молчит» and «усмехается» are imperfective presents for habitual behaviour ('he keeps silent and smirks'), and «молча» ('in silence') is the frozen gerund of «молчать», now used adverbially. «Да» links the verbs as folksy 'and.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот на чем только и выезжает","title":"«выезжать на чём-то» — to get by on","body":"Literally 'to ride out on,' the idiom «выезжать на чём-то» means to get along, succeed, or save oneself by means of some single thing. The old man jeers that Ivan's silent smirk is the only thing carrying him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хвастун (predicate)","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"хвастун","lemma":"хвастун","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Иван","gloss":"a braggart"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of учености","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of учености","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"учености","lemma":"учёность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject (genitive of negation) of нет","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation (existential)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies образования","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"образования","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (genitive of negation) of нет","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation (existential)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"postposed determiner of образования, emphatic","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's silent"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усмехается","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчит","gloss":"smirks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехается","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехается","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выезжает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выезжает","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выезжает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выезжает","lemma":"выезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the вот clause","gloss":"gets by on"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-c2-s48","source":"Алеша его слушал и молчал.","translation":"Alyosha listened to him and said nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал и молчал","title":"Imperfective pasts: listened and stayed silent","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, naming durative states rather than events — Alyosha 'was listening and keeping silent' throughout the tirade. The aspect makes his silence a sustained posture, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"said nothing"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-c2-s49","source":"— Зачем он не говорит со мной?","translation":"\"Why won't he talk to me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем он не говорит со мной?","title":"«с» + instrumental for the interlocutor","body":"«Говорить с кем» takes «с» plus the instrumental «мной» — 'to speak with me,' the case of accompaniment. «Зачем... не» ('why won't he') voices the old man's aggrieved bafflement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-c2-s50","source":"А и говорит, так ломается; подлец твой Иван!","translation":"And when he does talk, he puts on airs; he's a scoundrel, that Ivan of yours!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подлец твой Иван","title":"Zero-copula insult + scornful «твой»","body":"«Подлец твой Иван» is a verbless predicative — 'your Ivan [is] a scoundrel,' the bare nominative «подлец» carrying the charge. The dismissive «твой» ('that Ivan of yours') makes Alyosha share ownership of the disgrace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ломается","title":"«ломаться» — to put on airs","body":"Literally 'to break oneself,' the reflexive «ломаться» means to be affected, mince, give oneself airs, make a show of reluctance. The father accuses Ivan of insufferable posturing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause (\"when he does talk\")","gloss":"does talk"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ломается","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ломается","lemma":"ломаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"puts on airs"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Иван","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Иван","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the exclamation (подлец is predicate)","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-c2-s51","source":"А на Грушке сейчас женюсь, только захочу.","translation":"As for Grushka, I'll marry her in a moment, the instant I choose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А на Грушке сейчас женюсь","title":"«жениться на» + prepositional","body":"A man marrying a woman is «жениться на ком», governing «на» + prepositional «Грушке». «Женюсь» is the perfective future ('I'll marry'), and «только захочу» ('the instant I choose') makes the marriage a matter of mere will."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушке","title":"«Грушка» — the belittling form of Grushenka","body":"«Грушка» is Agrafena (Grushenka) reduced with the coarse «-ка» suffix, just as «Митька» belittles Dmitri. The father's possessive lust and contempt are folded into the diminutive he chooses for the woman both he and his son desire."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"As for"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушке","lemma":"грушка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женюсь","gloss":"Grushka"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женюсь","gloss":"in a moment"},{"surface":"женюсь","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll marry"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"the instant"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with женюсь","gloss":"I choose"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-c2-s52","source":"Потому что с деньгами стоит только захотеть-с, Алексей Федорович, всё и будет.","translation":"Because with money one need only choose to, sir, Alexey Fyodorovich, and everything follows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с деньгами стoит только захотеть-с ... всё и будет","title":"«стоит только» + infinitive = 'one need only'","body":"«Стоит только захотеть» is the impersonal 'one need only wish' — «стоит» ('it is worth / it suffices') plus a perfective infinitive. «С деньгами» ('with money') is instrumental of accompaniment; the result clause «всё и будет» follows with the linking «и» ('and then everything will be')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"Because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal, \"it takes only\")","gloss":"it takes"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотеть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"захотеть","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"to choose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (polite address suffix)","role":"attaches to захотеть as a deferential marker","gloss":"sir","note":"The enclitic \"-с\" adds deference, roughly \"sir\"; not a word on its own."},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"will follow"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-c2-s53","source":"Вот Иван-то этого самого и боится и сторожит меня, чтоб я не женился, а для того наталкивает Митьку, чтобы тот на Грушке женился: таким образом хочет и меня от Грушки уберечь (будто бы я ему денег оставлю, если на Грушке не женюсь!), а с другой стороны, если Митька на Грушке женится, так Иван его невесту богатую себе возьмет, вот у него расчет какой!","translation":"That's the very thing Ivan's afraid of, and he keeps watch over me to stop my marrying, and to that end he eggs Mitka on to marry Grushka himself: so he hopes both to guard me from Grushka (as if I'd leave him money if I don't marry Grushka!) and, on the other hand, that if Mitka marries Grushka then Ivan can take Mitka's rich bride for himself — there's the calculation behind him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сторожит меня, чтоб я не женился","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + negated past for purpose","body":"«Чтоб я не женился» is a negative purpose clause — «чтоб(ы)» plus the past-form irrealis «женился», 'so that I should not marry.' Purpose and willed outcome always take this past-form construction, never a present indicative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы я ему денег оставлю","title":"Hypothetical «будто бы» + genitive of negation","body":"«Будто бы» ('as if, supposedly') with «бы» frames an ironic hypothesis; the negated condition «если ... не женюсь» triggers the genitive «денег» as the object of «оставлю» ('leave [no] money'). «Оставлю» is perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван его невесту богатую себе возьмет","title":"Reflexive «себе» + free word order","body":"«Себе» is the reflexive in the dative ('for himself'), pointing back to Ivan as subject. The marked order, with the rich-bride object «невесту богатую» before the verb «возьмет» (perf. future), spotlights the scheme the old man imputes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот у него расчет какой","title":"«расчёт» — the calculation, scheme","body":"«Расчёт» is a reckoning or calculated motive, here a cold scheme. The exclamatory «вот ... какой» frames the unveiling — 'so that's the calculation behind him!' — a key word for the mercenary worldview the father projects onto everyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"That's"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Иван","gloss":"as for him"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object (genitive) of боится","gloss":"the very thing"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes боится","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сторожит","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боится","gloss":"keeps watch over"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сторожит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женился","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женился","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial (purpose) clause on сторожит","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наталкивает","gloss":"that end"},{"surface":"наталкивает","lemma":"наталкивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сторожит","gloss":"eggs on"},{"surface":"Митьку","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наталкивает","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женился","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушке","lemma":"грушка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женился","gloss":"Grushka"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on наталкивает","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with а с другой стороны (\"both...and\")","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уберечь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Грушки","lemma":"грушка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уберечь","gloss":"Grushka"},{"surface":"уберечь","lemma":"уберечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of оставлю","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks будто оставлю as subjunctive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the будто бы clause","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женюсь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушке","lemma":"грушка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женюсь","gloss":"Grushka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женюсь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"женюсь","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставлю","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (idiom с другой стороны, \"on the other hand\")","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женится","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушке","lemma":"грушка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женится","gloss":"Grushka"},{"surface":"женится","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on возьмет","gloss":"marries"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"богатую","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невесту","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object (benefactive) of возьмет","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если...так clause","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in the у него construction (\"has\")","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive construction (у него)","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of расчет","gloss":"what a"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-c2-s54","source":"Подлец твой Иван!","translation":"He's a scoundrel, that Ivan of yours!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Иван","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Иван","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Подлец","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-c2-s55","source":"— Как вы раздражительны. Это вы со вчерашнего; пошли бы вы да легли, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"How irritable you are. It's from yesterday; you ought to go and lie down,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вы раздражительны","title":"Exclamatory «как» + short adjective","body":"«Как ... раздражительны» is the exclamatory 'how irritable you are!' with the short-form predicate adjective «раздражительны», agreeing in plural with the polite «вы». Short forms are the natural predicate in such exclamations of state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошли бы вы да легли","title":"Conditional «бы» as gentle advice","body":"«Пошли бы вы да легли» uses past-form verbs plus «бы» not for a real condition but as softened advice — 'you ought to go and lie down.' This polite-suggestion use of the «бы»-conditional is common, mild, and faintly caring here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражительны","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of раздражительны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"раздражительны","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical copula (predicate: вы)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вчерашнего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ought to go"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks пошли...легли as subjunctive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of легли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"легли","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошли","gloss":"lie down"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-c2-s56","source":"— Вот ты говоришь это, — вдруг заметил старик, точно это ему в первый раз только в голову вошло, — говоришь, а я на тебя не сержусь, а на Ивана, если б он мне это самое сказал, я бы рассердился.","translation":"\"There you are, you say that,\" the old man remarked suddenly, as though it had only just for the first time entered his head, \"you say it, and I'm not angry with you, but if Ivan had said that very same thing to me, I would have been angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно это ему в первый раз ... в голову вошло","title":"«точно» as 'as though' + dative idiom","body":"«Точно» here means 'as though, as if' introducing a comparison clause. «В голову вошло» ('entered the head') with the dative «ему» is the idiom for a thought striking someone — the experiencer in the dative once more."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б он мне это ... сказал, я бы рассердился","title":"Counterfactual «если бы... бы»","body":"A full counterfactual conditional: «если б(ы) ... сказал» (past + «бы») in the if-clause, «я бы рассердился» (past + «бы») in the main clause — 'if Ivan HAD said it, I WOULD have got angry.' Both halves take the past form, tense being read from context."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration, introduces говоришь","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошло","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вошло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вошло","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошло","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"вошло","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the точно-clause (subject это)","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the resumed quoted clause","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сержусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сержусь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сержусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сержусь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the а-clause","gloss":"am angry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассердился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (subject он)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассердился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of рассердился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-conditional","gloss":"gotten angry"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-c2-s57","source":"С тобой только одним бывали у меня добренькие минутки, а то я ведь злой человек.","translation":"It's only with you that I've ever had any good little moments; otherwise I'm a wicked man, you know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С тобой только одним бывали ... добренькие минутки","title":"Iterative «бывали» + instrumental «с тобой»","body":"«Бывали» is the iterative imperfective past of «бывать» ('used to happen, would occur now and then'), naming repeated occasions. «С тобой ... одним» is «с» + instrumental ('with you alone'), the comitative case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"добренькие минутки","title":"Tender diminutives «добренькие минутки»","body":"«Добренькие» («-еньк-» on «добрый») and «минутки» («-к-» on «минуты») are caressing diminutives — 'sweet little good moments.' The unexpected tenderness, aimed only at Alyosha, pierces the surrounding spite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то я ведь злой человек","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'I'm a wicked man, you know / after all.' It invites Alyosha to acknowledge what the father takes as obvious about himself, a confiding, self-aware note."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тобой","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"добренькие","lemma":"добренький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies минутки","gloss":"dear little"},{"surface":"минутки","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of бывали","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of idiom а то","role":"forms idiom with а: otherwise","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-c2-s58","source":"— Не злой вы человек, а исковерканный, — улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"You're not a wicked man, only a warped one,\" smiled Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не злой вы человек, а исковерканный","title":"Corrective «не... а» ('not X but Y')","body":"«Не злой ..., а исковерканный» is the corrective frame «не X, а Y» — 'not wicked, but warped.' «А» here cancels and replaces the first predicate; this is the sharp contrastive «а», distinct from 'and.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исковерканный","title":"\"Warped\" — twisted, not wicked","body":"Alyosha pointedly rejects «злой» (wicked, ill-natured) and substitutes «исковерканный», the past passive participle of «исковеркать», \"to twist/warp/mangle.\" The word implies the father was deformed by life rather than evil by nature — a key to how Alyosha sees everyone. We keep the participle force with \"warped.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with человек","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of вы","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"исковерканный","lemma":"исковерканный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злой, predicate complement","gloss":"warped"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-c2-s59","source":"— Слушай, я разбойника Митьку хотел сегодня было засадить, да и теперь еще не знаю, как решу.","translation":"\"Listen, I'd meant to have that brigand Mitka locked up today, and even now I don't know how I'll decide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел сегодня было засадить","title":"The particle «было»: an intention cut short","body":"«Было» here is not the past of 'to be' but the special particle marking an action begun or intended and then abandoned — 'I had been about to lock him up [but...].' It signals a thwarted or revoked perfective, a fine literary nuance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разбойника ... засадить","title":"«разбойник» / «засадить»","body":"«Разбойник» is a brigand, robber, ruffian — the father's lurid name for his son Dmitri. «Засадить» (here) is colloquial for 'to clap in jail, lock up.' The pairing dramatises the feud as melodrama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of its own clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разбойника","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of засадить, in apposition with Митьку","gloss":"the brigand"},{"surface":"Митьку","lemma":"Митька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to разбойника","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, idiomatic with хотел (unrealized intention)","role":"forms хотел было idiom","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"засадить","lemma":"засадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to lock up"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"решу","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, complement of знаю","gloss":"I'll decide"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-c2-s60","source":"Конечно, в теперешнее модное время принято отцов да матерей за предрассудок считать, но ведь по законам-то, кажется, и в наше время не позволено стариков отцов за волосы таскать, да по роже каблуками на полу бить, в их собственном доме, да похваляться прийти и совсем убить — всё при свидетелях-с.","translation":"Of course, in these fashionable modern times it's accepted to count fathers and mothers a prejudice, but surely even by the laws of our day it isn't permitted to drag old fathers about by the hair, to kick them in the face with one's heels on the floor of their own house, and to threaten to come back and kill them outright — all of it before witnesses, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не позволено стариков ... за волосы таскать ... бить","title":"Impersonal «не позволено» + genitive object","body":"«Не позволено» is a short passive predicate used impersonally ('it is not permitted'), governing the infinitives «таскать», «бить». Under the negation the animate plural object «стариков отцов» appears in the genitive/accusative-as-genitive — the genitive of negation reaching across the infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отцов да матерей за предрассудок считать","title":"«считать ... за» + accusative = 'to count as'","body":"«Считать кого за что» ('to consider X as Y') governs «за» + accusative «предрассудок» ('a prejudice'). «Принято ... считать» is the impersonal 'it is accepted to consider.' «Да» links 'fathers and mothers' in folksy coordination."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по роже каблуками ... бить","title":"«рожа» — mug, ugly face","body":"«Рожа» is a coarse, abusive word for 'face' — 'mug, snout.' That the old man applies it to his own beaten face, kicked «каблуками» (with bootheels), heightens the grotesque self-pity of his catalogue of grievances against Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying принято","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"теперешнее","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"модное","lemma":"модный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"fashionable"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принято","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"принято","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"матерей","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцов, direct object of считать","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предрассудок","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"предрассудок","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"a prejudice"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принято","gloss":"to consider"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволено","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking законам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"законам","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of позволено","gloss":"the laws"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic, attached to законам","role":"emphasizes законам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying позволено","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволено","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with принято","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"стариков","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies отцов, direct object of таскать","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"head noun, direct object of таскать, coordinated with стариков","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волосы","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of таскать","gloss":"the hair"},{"surface":"таскать","lemma":"таскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволено","gloss":"to drag"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"роже","lemma":"рожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бить","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"каблуками","lemma":"каблук","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrument of бить","gloss":"with heels"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бить","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with таскать, complement of позволено","gloss":"to beat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"собственном","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бить","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"похваляться","lemma":"похваляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with таскать, complement of позволено","gloss":"to boast"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of похваляться","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with прийти","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative/accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies при свидетелях-с","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелях","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"свидетелях","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of всё","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attaches to свидетелях, marks polite address","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-c2-s61","source":"Я бы, если бы захотел, скрючил его и мог бы за вчерашнее сейчас засадить.","translation":"If I chose to, I'd bend him double and could have him locked up this minute for what happened yesterday.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы, если бы захотел, скрючил его и мог бы","title":"A double conditional with бы","body":"The whole boast is irrealis: «бы» plus a past-tense verb builds the conditional (here three times — «скрючил», «мог бы», and the «если бы захотел» clause). Note how «бы» floats to the front, leaning on «Я», before the verb even arrives — a hallmark of its mobility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скрючил","title":"«скрючить» — to bend double","body":"From «крюк» (a hook): literally to twist someone into a hook, hence to crumple or double them up. A vivid, physical threat in Fyodor Pavlovich's mouth, coarser than a neutral «согнуть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засадить","title":"«засадить» — to have locked up","body":"Colloquial for clapping someone in jail (literally 'to plant/sit them in'). Paired with «за вчерашнее» (genitive after «за», 'for yesterday's [business]'), it makes the threat of a legal complaint concrete and casual at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скрючил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of скрючил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of захотел","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on скрючил","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"скрючил","lemma":"скрючить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would bend double"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скрючил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрючил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вчерашнее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"oblique complement of засадить","gloss":"yesterday's affair"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засадить","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"засадить","lemma":"засадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have locked up"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-c2-s62","source":"— Так вы не хотите жаловаться, нет?","translation":"\"So you don't mean to lodge a complaint, no?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вы не хотите жаловаться, нет?","title":"Negated infinitive complement","body":"«не хотите жаловаться» — the negation «не» attaches to the finite verb «хотите», while the imperfective infinitive «жаловаться» (to complain, a -ся reflexive verb) names the action declined. The tag «нет?» tacked on the end seeks confirmation, like English 'no?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to complain"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"tag question, parallel to хотите","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-c2-s63","source":"— Иван отговорил. Я бы наплевал на Ивана, да я сам одну штуку знаю...","translation":"\"Ivan talked me out of it. I'd snap my fingers at Ivan, but I have a little trick of my own up my sleeve...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наплевал на Ивана","title":"«наплевать на» — to spit on / not give a damn","body":"Literally 'to spit on someone', the idiom means to treat them with contempt, to snap one's fingers at them. Here in the conditional («Я бы наплевал»), it expresses how little weight Ivan's advice would carry — coarse, dismissive register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да я сам одну штуку знаю","title":"«да» as a hinge and «сам» for emphasis","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is the colloquial adversative-additive 'but/and yet', not 'yes'. The intensifier «сам» ('myself, on my own') stresses that he, personally, has a card up his sleeve — «штука» here meaning a trick or scheme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"отговорил","lemma":"отговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked me out of it"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наплевал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of наплевал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"наплевал","lemma":"наплевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"not care about"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наплевал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies штуку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наплевал","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-c2-s64","source":"И, нагнувшись к Алеше, он продолжал конфиденциальным полушепотом:","translation":"And bending toward Alyosha, he went on in a confidential half-whisper:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагнувшись к Алеше, он продолжал","title":"Perfective gerund «нагнувшись»","body":"«нагнувшись» (having bent down) is a perfective past деепричастие in -вшись — a verbal adverb naming the prior, completed action that sets up the main clause. It shares the subject «он» and compresses 'he bent toward Alyosha and went on' into one clause, a typical narrative move."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конфиденциальным полушепотом","title":"«полушепот» — a half-whisper","body":"The prefix «полу-» ('half-') yields the conspiratorial 'half-whisper'; it stands in the instrumental «полушепотом» as the manner of speaking. «конфиденциальным» is a French/Latin loan that sits with deliberate, faintly comic ostentation in the old man's narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нагнувшись","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"bending"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнувшись","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"конфиденциальным","lemma":"конфиденциальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полушепотом","gloss":"confidential"},{"surface":"полушепотом","lemma":"полушёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"half-whisper"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-c2-s65","source":"— Засади я его, подлеца, она услышит, что я его засадил, и тотчас к нему побежит.","translation":"\"If I have him locked up, the scoundrel, she'll hear that I've had him locked up, and she'll run to him at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Засади я его, подлеца","title":"Imperative form as a conditional","body":"«Засади» looks like an imperative ('lock up!'), but with the subject «я» it forms a colloquial conditional: 'were I to lock him up...'. This 'imperative-of-condition' is a lively spoken pattern equivalent to «если я засажу»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его, подлеца","title":"Animate accusative «подлеца»","body":"«подлеца» (the scoundrel) is in the accusative, in apposition to «его» as the object of «засади»; because it is animate masculine, the accusative borrows the genitive ending -а. A small grammatical tell that the noun is a person, not a thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и тотчас к нему побежит","title":"Perfective future «побежит»","body":"«побежит» (she'll run) is a perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings, which yields a single completed future action. The prefix «по-» on the unidirectional motion verb «бежать» gives the sense of setting off running, here toward him («к нему», dative after «к»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Засади","lemma":"засадить","morphology":"verb, imperative form used conditionally, perfective","role":"conditional clause verb (=если бы я его засадил)","gloss":"were I to lock up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Засади","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Засади","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"the scoundrel"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of услышит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"услышит","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will hear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засадил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of засадил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of засадил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"засадил","lemma":"засадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of услышит","gloss":"locked up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежит","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"побежит","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышит","gloss":"will run"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-c2-s66","source":"А услышит если сегодня, что тот меня до полусмерти, слабого старика, избил, так, пожалуй, бросит его, да ко мне придет навестить...","translation":"But if she hears today that he beat me, a feeble old man, half to death, then she may well throw him over and come to visit me instead...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А услышит если сегодня","title":"Inverted, fronted «если»","body":"Normal order would be «А если услышит сегодня»; the speaker fronts the verb «услышит» (perfective future) and tucks «если» after it — a colloquial, emphatic dislocation. The conjunction still opens the conditional clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня до полусмерти, слабого старика, избил","title":"Accusative object framing a pitiful self-portrait","body":"«меня... слабого старика» — the object pronoun «меня» is expanded by the appositive «слабого старика» (a feeble old man), both accusative, animate. «до полусмерти» (genitive after «до») means 'to within a half-death', i.e. nearly to death — the old man cannily casts himself as the victim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросит его, да ко мне придет навестить","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"«бросит... придет» are perfective futures stacking single completed events — she'll throw him over, then come. «придет навестить» (come to visit) pairs a perfective motion verb with a purpose infinitive; «ко мне» takes the dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"услышит","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышит","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of избил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полусмерти","gloss":"half to"},{"surface":"полусмерти","lemma":"полусмерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of избил","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"слабого","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"бросит","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышит","gloss":"will throw over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросит","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"навестить","lemma":"навестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of придет","gloss":"to visit"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-c2-s67","source":"Вот ведь мы какими характерами одарены — только чтобы насупротив делать.","translation":"That's the kind of natures we're endowed with — bent only on doing the contrary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ведь мы какими характерами одарены","title":"Short passive participle «одарены»","body":"«одарены» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle of «одарить» (to endow): 'we are endowed'. The thing we are endowed with stands in the instrumental — «какими характерами» (with what sorts of natures). The particle «ведь» appeals to shared understanding ('after all')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только чтобы насупротив делать","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтобы делать» states the bent of those natures — 'only so as to do the contrary'. «насупротив» is a folksy adverb ('contrariwise, in opposition'), older and earthier than the standard «наоборот»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одарены","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive одарены","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"какими","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of характерами","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"характерами","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of одарены","gloss":"natures"},{"surface":"одарены","lemma":"одарить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are endowed"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтобы-clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause насупротив делать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"насупротив","lemma":"насупротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"the contrary"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-c2-s68","source":"Я ее насквозь знаю!","translation":"I know her through and through!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"насквозь","title":"«насквозь» — through and through","body":"An adverb meaning 'all the way through', from «сквозь» (through). «Я ее насквозь знаю» — 'I know her clean through', i.e. inside out — confident, possessive knowledge of Grushenka's character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"насквозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"through and through"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-c2-s69","source":"А что, коньячку не выпьешь?","translation":"Well, won't you have a drop of brandy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коньячку не выпьешь?","title":"Diminutive partitive genitive «коньячку»","body":"«коньячку» is the partitive genitive of the diminutive «коньячок» — 'a little drop of brandy'. Russian uses a special -у/-ю partitive genitive for 'some of' a mass noun, and the diminutive makes the offer cozy. The negated question «не выпьешь?» is the polite Russian way to offer ('won't you have...?')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что","title":"«А что» — conversational opener","body":"A loose discourse opener, 'And, say...' / 'Well, what about...', launching the offer with a casual nudge. «А» here is the soft contrastive/topic-shifting conjunction, not 'but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interjection, parenthetical filler","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular, partitive","role":"direct object of выпьешь","gloss":"some brandy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпьешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпьешь","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you drink"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-c2-s70","source":"Возьми-ка кофейку холодненького, да я тебе и прилью четверть рюмочки, хорошо это, брат, для вкуса.","translation":"Take a little cold coffee, and I'll pour you a quarter-glass into it; it's good, brother, for the flavor.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коньячку, кофейку, холодненького, рюмочки","title":"Diminutives that coax","body":"Fyodor Pavlovitch piles on diminutive endings: «коньячку» and «кофейку» are diminutive partitive genitives (a little brandy, a little coffee), «холодненького» softens 'cold,' and «рюмочки» is a tiny «рюмка» (shot-glass). These forms make the offer sound cozy and wheedling. English has no grammatical diminutive, so we carry the tone with words like 'a drop,' 'a quarter-glass,' and 'brother.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возьми-ка","title":"Imperative softened by «-ка»","body":"«Возьми» is the imperative 'take'; the clitic «-ка» softens it into a coaxing 'do take', 'go on and take'. The particle gives commands a familiar, wheedling warmth — exactly the old man's tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"softening particle attached to Возьми","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"кофейку","lemma":"кофеек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular, partitive","role":"direct object of Возьми","gloss":"some coffee"},{"surface":"холодненького","lemma":"холодненький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кофейку","gloss":"nice and cold"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прилью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прилью","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes прилью","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прилью","lemma":"прилить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Возьми","gloss":"will pour in"},{"surface":"четверть","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прилью","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"рюмочки","lemma":"рюмочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies четверть","gloss":"of a glass"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"address to Alyosha","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вкуса","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вкуса","lemma":"вкус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хорошо","gloss":"the taste"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-c2-s71","source":"— Нет, не надо, благодарю.","translation":"\"No, I don't want any, thank you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо","title":"Impersonal «не надо»","body":"«надо» (it is necessary / one must) is an impersonal predicative with no nominative subject; negated, «не надо» means 'there's no need / no, thanks'. Alyosha's clipped refusal leaves the dative experiencer («мне») unspoken but understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"introductory response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"thank you"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-c2-s72","source":"Вот этот хлебец возьму с собой, коли дадите, — сказал Алеша и, взяв трехкопеечную французскую булку, положил ее в карман подрясника. — А коньяку и вам бы не пить, — опасливо посоветовал он, вглядываясь в лицо старика.","translation":"I'll take this roll with me, though, if you'll let me,\" said Alyosha, and taking a three-kopeck French roll, he put it in the pocket of his cassock. \"And you'd do better not to drink brandy either,\" he advised warily, peering into the old man's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлебец","title":"«хлебец» — diminutive of bread","body":"A diminutive of «хлеб» (bread/loaf), here a small roll. The affectionate suffix suits Alyosha's gentle plainness; it pairs with the «трехкопеечную французскую булку» — a cheap white roll."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли дадите","title":"«коли» — archaic/folksy 'if'","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned conjunction for «если» (if), common in 19th-century peasant and informal speech. «дадите» is a perfective future ('if you give/allow'); the formal «вы» form fits Alyosha's deference to his father."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коньяку и вам бы не пить","title":"Conditional «бы» + infinitive as gentle advice","body":"«вам бы не пить» — dative «вам» plus «бы» plus an infinitive forms a soft recommendation: 'you'd do better not to drink'. The negated object «коньяку» takes the genitive of negation (genitive of the mass noun, not accusative)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хлебец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хлебец","lemma":"хлебец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"little loaf"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дадите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"дадите","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"you allow"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on положил","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"трехкопеечную","lemma":"трёхкопеечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies булку","gloss":"three-kopeck"},{"surface":"французскую","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies булку","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"булку","lemma":"булка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взяв","gloss":"roll"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"the pocket"},{"surface":"подрясника","lemma":"подрясник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карман","gloss":"of his cassock"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коньяку","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular, partitive","role":"direct object of пить (fronted topic)","gloss":"brandy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes вам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of пить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional/optative","role":"marks recommendation with пить","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the вам бы clause","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"опасливо","lemma":"опасливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посоветовал","gloss":"warily"},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посоветовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посоветовал","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"old man's"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-c2-s73","source":"— Правда твоя, раздражает, а спокою не дает.","translation":"\"You're right, it does irritate me and gives me no peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Правда твоя","title":"Inverted possessive «Правда твоя»","body":"Word order is inverted from «твоя правда» for a folksy, conceding ring — 'right you are'. The possessive «твоя» agrees with feminine «правда» in gender, number, and case (nominative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздражает, а спокою не дает","title":"Genitive of negation «спокою»","body":"«не дает» governs a genitive object under negation: «спокою» is the old genitive/partitive of «спокой» (peace, rest) — 'gives no peace'. The contrastive «а» pivots between two effects of the brandy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, main clause","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Правда","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"раздражает","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of its own clause (subject implied)","gloss":"irritates"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокою","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дает (genitive of negation)","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздражает","gloss":"gives"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-c2-s74","source":"А ведь только одну рюмочку... Я ведь из шкапика...","translation":"But only one little glass... I'll just get it from the cupboard...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь только одну рюмочку","title":"The wheedling particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared, self-evident reasoning — 'but after all... only one little glass'. It softens the self-justification, the verb of drinking left unspoken. Note again the diminutive «рюмочку»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из шкапика","title":"«шкапик» — diminutive of an old word for cupboard","body":"«шкап» is the 19th-century form of modern «шкаф» (cupboard/cabinet); «шкапик» is its diminutive ('little cupboard'). Dostoevsky even sets the word in quotation marks later, half-mocking the old man's pet hiding-place for his brandy. «из» takes the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рюмочку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"рюмочку","lemma":"рюмочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little glass"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb (get)","gloss":"I'll"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкапика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"шкапика","lemma":"шкапик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the cupboard"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-c2-s75","source":"Он отворил ключом «шкапик», налил рюмочку, выпил, потом шкапик запер и ключ опять в карман положил.","translation":"He unlocked the \"cupboard\" with a key, poured out a glass, drank it off, then locked the cupboard again and put the key back in his pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворил... налил... выпил... запер... положил","title":"A chain of perfective pasts","body":"Five perfective past verbs march the action forward step by step — unlocked, poured, drank, locked, put back — each a discrete completed event. This staccato perfective sequence is how Russian narrates a brisk series of finished actions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворил ключом","title":"Instrumental of means «ключом»","body":"«ключом» (with a key) is the instrumental of «ключ», naming the instrument of the action — the core use of this case. «отворил» is a slightly bookish perfective for 'opened/unlocked', warmer than «открыл»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"ключом","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of отворил","gloss":"with a key"},{"surface":"шкапик","lemma":"шкапик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the cupboard"},{"surface":"налил","lemma":"налить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"рюмочку","lemma":"рюмочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of налил","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"drank it"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запер","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"шкапик","lemma":"шкапик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запер","gloss":"the cupboard"},{"surface":"запер","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"the key"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"put"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-c2-s76","source":"— И довольно, с рюмки не околею.","translation":"\"And that's enough; one glass won't be the death of me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с рюмки не околею","title":"Genitive after «с» + colloquial negation","body":"«с рюмки» here means 'from one glass' (the preposition «с» with the genitive, expressing cause/source). «не околею» is a perfective future, 1st person — 'I won't drop dead'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"околею","title":"«околеть» — to croak (of animals)","body":"«околеть» properly means to die of an animal — to perish, to drop dead — and is crude, even self-deprecating, when used of a person. Fyodor Pavlovich's coarse word choice mocks his own mortality."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to околею","gloss":"that's enough"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рюмки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рюмки","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of околею","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies околею","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"околею","lemma":"околеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"die"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-c2-s77","source":"— Вот вы теперь и добрее стали, — улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"\"There, you've grown kinder already,\" smiled Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот вы теперь и добрее стали","title":"Comparative «добрее» as predicate after «стать»","body":"«добрее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «добрый» (kinder). With «стали» (became, perfective past of «стать»), it states a change of state — 'you've grown kinder'. «стать» typically takes an instrumental noun complement but a bare comparative adjective here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes добрее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"добрее","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of стали","gloss":"kinder"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have become"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стали","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-c2-s78","source":"— Гм! Я тебя и без коньяку люблю, а с подлецами и я подлец.","translation":"\"Hm! I love you even without the brandy, but with scoundrels I'm a scoundrel too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебя и без коньяку люблю","title":"Genitive after «без»","body":"«без коньяку» — the preposition «без» (without) governs the genitive, here the -у partitive variant of «коньяк». The «и» before «без» is the emphatic 'even' ('I love you even without the brandy'), not the conjunction 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а с подлецами и я подлец","title":"Instrumental after «с» + zero-copula present","body":"«с подлецами» (with scoundrels) takes the instrumental after «с» ('together with'). The second clause «и я подлец» has no copula — Russian omits 'to be' in the present, juxtaposing subject «я» and nominative predicate «подлец»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Hm"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes без коньяку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коньяку","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"коньяку","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"brandy"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подлецами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подлецами","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"scoundrels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (elided copula)","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-c2-s79","source":"Ванька не едет в Чермашню — почему?","translation":"Vanka isn't going to Chermashnya — why is that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ванька","title":"«Ванька» — a dismissive form of Ivan","body":"«Ваня» is the affectionate diminutive of Иван, but the «-ка» suffix in «Ванька» turns it contemptuous/familiar — a belittling 'Vanka'. The old man's choice of name is characterization: he diminishes his clever son even as he speaks of him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ванька","lemma":"ванька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of едет","gloss":"Vanka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies едет","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of едет","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-c2-s80","source":"Шпионить ему надо: много ль я Грушеньке дам, коли она придет.","translation":"He has to spy: how much I'll give Grushenka if she comes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шпионить ему надо","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «ему надо»","body":"A classic subjectless construction: the experiencer stands in the dative («ему», to/for him) with the impersonal predicative «надо» (it is necessary) plus the infinitive «шпионить» — 'he has to spy'. No nominative subject appears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много ль я Грушеньке дам","title":"The interrogative particle «ль» (= ли)","body":"«ль» is the reduced enclitic «ли», forming an embedded indirect question after «много»: '[to learn] how much I'll give'. «Грушеньке» is the dative indirect object ('to Grushenka'); «дам» is the perfective future of «дать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шпионить","lemma":"шпионить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"To spy"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the embedded question","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-c2-s81","source":"Все подлецы!","translation":"They're all scoundrels!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлецы","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, a leitmotif word","body":"«подлец» (base wretch, scoundrel) and its plural «подлецы» toll through this whole scene as Fyodor Pavlovich's favorite term of abuse — and self-description. The repetition is a deliberate motif of the chapter's moral atmosphere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of подлецы","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"подлецы","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"scoundrels"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-c2-s82","source":"Да я Ивана не признаю совсем.","translation":"And as for Ivan, I don't acknowledge him at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивана не признаю совсем","title":"Genitive of negation «Ивана»","body":"Under negation the direct object shifts to genitive: «Ивана» (animate, gen. = acc. here anyway) as object of «не признаю» — 'I don't acknowledge Ivan at all'. «совсем» with negation reinforces 'not at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of признаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признаю","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"признаю","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признаю","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-c2-s83","source":"Откуда такой появился?","translation":"Where did such a fellow come from?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Откуда такой появился?","title":"Demonstrative «такой» standing alone","body":"«такой» ('such a one', 'a fellow like that') functions as a noun phrase, subject of «появился» (perfective past, 'turned up'). «Откуда» ('from where') asks rhetorically where this alien son sprang from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"Where from"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"such a fellow"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did appear"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-c2-s84","source":"Не наша совсем душа.","translation":"His soul is no kin of ours at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не наша совсем душа","title":"Zero-copula negation with possessive","body":"A copula-less present-tense statement: '[his] soul [is] not ours at all'. «наша» is the possessive agreeing with feminine «душа»; «не» negates the predicate, «совсем» intensifies. The elided 'is' is normal in the Russian present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наша","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of душа (elided copula)","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наша","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (elided copula 'is')","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-c2-s85","source":"И точно я ему что оставлю?","translation":"And do I really mean to leave him anything?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И точно я ему что оставлю?","title":"Indefinite «что» = «что-нибудь»","body":"Bare «что» here stands for «что-нибудь» ('anything') — a colloquial reduction in questions. «ему» is the dative indirect object ('to him'); «оставлю» is the perfective future. «точно» means 'really, indeed' here."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will leave"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-c2-s86","source":"Да я и завещания-то не оставлю, было бы это вам известно.","translation":"Why, I shan't even leave a will, let that be known to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завещания-то не оставлю","title":"Genitive of negation + topic clitic «-то»","body":"«завещания» is genitive of negation (object of negated «не оставлю» — 'won't leave a will'). The hyphenated clitic «-то» fastens onto «завещания» to mark it as the known topic, with a faintly insistent shade: 'a will, mind you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было бы это вам известно","title":"Conditional «бы» in a polite formula","body":"«было бы... известно» — short passive participle «известно» (known) with «было» and the irrealis «бы» forms a set, slightly formal flourish: 'let this be known to you'. The dative «вам» names whom it should be known to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes завещания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"завещания","lemma":"завещание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставлю (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a will"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes завещания","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"shan't"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of известно (optative construction)","gloss":"let it"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of известно","gloss":"(optative marker)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-c2-s87","source":"А Митьку я раздавлю, как таракана.","translation":"And Mitka I'll crush like a cockroach.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Митьку я раздавлю, как таракана","title":"Fronted animate accusative «Митьку»","body":"The object «Митьку» is fronted to the head of the clause for emphasis (topic-comment word order); cases keep the roles clear regardless. Both «Митьку» and «таракана» are animate accusatives borrowing the genitive ending. «раздавлю» is the perfective future ('I'll crush')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митька","title":"«Митька» — a coarse diminutive of Dmitri","body":"Дмитрий → Митя (affectionate) → Митька, where «-ка» now carries contempt or rough familiarity. The old man belittles his eldest son, his rival for Grushenka, even as he names him."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Митьку","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздавлю","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of раздавлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"раздавлю","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will crush"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking таракана","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"таракана","lemma":"таракан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздавлю","gloss":"a cockroach"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-c2-s88","source":"Я черных тараканов ночью туфлей давлю: так и щелкнет, как наступишь.","translation":"At night I squash the black cockroaches with my slipper: they go off with a crack when you step on them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"туфлей давлю","title":"Instrumental of means «туфлей»","body":"«туфлей» (with a slipper) is the instrumental naming the instrument of squashing. «давлю» is imperfective present, here habitual — 'I [regularly] squash', describing his nightly routine rather than a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и щелкнет, как наступишь","title":"Perfective for a vivid instantaneous event","body":"«щелкнет» (it'll go off with a crack) is a perfective with the semelfactive suffix -ну-, naming a single sharp instantaneous sound. «как наступишь» (when/as you step) is a perfective future used in a generalizing 'whenever' sense. «так и» heightens the sudden vividness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of давлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"черных","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies тараканов","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"тараканов","lemma":"таракан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of давлю","gloss":"cockroaches"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давлю","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"туфлей","lemma":"туфля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of давлю","gloss":"with a slipper"},{"surface":"давлю","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"squash"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies щелкнет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"sure enough"},{"surface":"щелкнет","lemma":"щёлкнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to давлю","gloss":"will click"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступишь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"наступишь","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on щелкнет","gloss":"you step on it"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-c2-s89","source":"Щелкнет и Митька твой.","translation":"That Mitka of yours will crack too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Щелкнет и Митька твой","title":"Verb-first order for menace","body":"The perfective future verb «Щелкнет» leads, subject «Митька твой» trailing — fronting the comment (he'll crack) ahead of the topic for ominous emphasis. The free word order, enabled by the case system, lets Dostoevsky land the threat first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Щелкнет","lemma":"щёлкнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Will crack"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Митька","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Щелкнет","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Митька","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-c2-s90","source":"Твой Митька, потому что ты его любишь.","translation":"Your Mitka, because you love him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Твой Митька, потому что ты его любишь","title":"Causal «потому что»","body":"«потому что» (because) opens a subordinate clause of cause, set off by a comma. The old man taunts Alyosha by tagging Mitka as 'yours' — «твой» possessive — precisely because Alyosha loves him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Митька","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of любишь (with что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"(because)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-c2-s91","source":"Вот ты его любишь, а я не боюсь, что ты его любишь.","translation":"There, you love him, and I'm not afraid that you love him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я не боюсь, что ты его любишь","title":"Reflexive «бояться» + «что»-clause","body":"«боюсь» is from «бояться» (to fear), a verb existing only in the -ся reflexive form. Here it takes a «что»-clause of fact ('I'm not afraid that you love him'). The contrastive «а» pivots from 'you love him' to his own fearlessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"am not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любишь","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of боюсь","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-c2-s92","source":"А кабы Иван его любил, я бы за себя боялся того, что он его любит.","translation":"But if Ivan loved him, I'd be afraid for myself that he loved him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А кабы Иван его любил, я бы за себя боялся","title":"Counterfactual with «кабы» and «бы»","body":"«кабы» is a folksy, archaic conditional 'if' (= «если бы»), pairing with «бы» in the main clause to build a counterfactual: 'were Ivan to love him, I'd fear...'. Both verbs are past-tense forms, as the irrealis requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за себя боялся","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«себя» points back to the clause subject «я» — 'I'd fear for myself'. It has no nominative and takes its case from the governing «за» (here accusative). Distinct from the verbal clitic -ся on «боялся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of боялся","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of боялся","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of боялся","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-c2-s93","source":"Но Иван никого не любит, Иван не наш человек, эти люди, как Иван, это, брат, не наши люди, это пыль поднявшаяся... Подует ветер, и пыль пройдет...","translation":"But Ivan loves no one; Ivan is not one of us; people like Ivan are not our people, brother — they're dust kicked up... The wind blows, and the dust passes...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван никого не любит","title":"Negative concord «никого... не»","body":"«никого не любит» — the ни-pronoun «никого» (genitive/accusative of «никто', nobody) co-occurs obligatorily with «не» on the verb. Russian piles negatives in agreement, not cancellation: 'loves nobody' literally reads 'nobody-not-loves'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это пыль поднявшаяся","title":"Past active participle «поднявшаяся»","body":"«поднявшаяся» is a past active participle of «подняться» (to rise up), agreeing with feminine «пыль» — 'dust that has risen / been kicked up'. The participle, with its -ся still attached, condenses a whole который-clause into one elevated modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подует ветер, и пыль пройдет","title":"Perfective futures for a gnomic image","body":"«Подует... пройдет» are perfective futures used in a proverbial, timeless sense — 'the wind blows and the dust passes'. The perfective casts each as a single completed event, giving the image its clean, fated finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек (elided copula)","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наш","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"one of ours"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided copula 'is')","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Иван","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes эти люди as subject of наши люди","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наши","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of это (elided copula)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пыль (elided copula)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пыль","lemma":"пыль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"поднявшаяся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies пыль","gloss":"kicked up"},{"surface":"Подует","lemma":"подуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Подует","gloss":"the wind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пыль","lemma":"пыль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пройдет","gloss":"the dust"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подует","gloss":"passes"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-c2-s94","source":"Вчера было глупость мне в голову пришла, когда я тебе на сегодня велел приходить: хотел было я через тебя узнать насчет Митьки-то, если б ему тысячку, ну другую, я бы теперь отсчитал, согласился ли бы он, нищий и мерзавец, отселева убраться совсем, лет на пять, а лучше на тридцать пять, да без Грушки и уже от нее совсем отказаться, а?","translation":"\"Yesterday a foolish notion came into my head, when I told you to come today: I'd meant to find out from you about Mitka — whether, if I were to count out for him now a thousand, say, or another, he'd agree, the beggar and blackguard, to clear out of these parts altogether, for five years, or better thirty-five, and without Grushka, and to renounce her completely — eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупость мне в голову пришла","title":"Idiom «прийти в голову» with dative experiencer","body":"«в голову пришла» (literally 'came into the head') is the idiom for a thought occurring; the person it occurs to stands in the dative — «мне». «глупость» (a foolish thing) is the nominative subject. A vivid example of Russia's experiencer-centered framing of inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было я через тебя узнать","title":"The particle «было» of a thwarted intention","body":"«хотел было» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or intended but interrupted or abandoned — 'I had meant/started to'. It signals the plan that the old man is now retracting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б ему тысячку, ну другую, я бы теперь отсчитал, согласился ли бы он","title":"Nested conditional + embedded «ли»-question","body":"A tangle of irrealis: «если б... я бы отсчитал» (were I to count out) is the conditional, and inside it «согласился ли бы он» is an indirect yes/no question ('whether he'd agree') marrying «ли» to the conditional «бы». «тысячку» is the diminutive accusative of «тысяча»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отселева","title":"«отселева» — archaic 'from here'","body":"«отселева» (= modern «отсюда», 'from here / hence') is a markedly archaic, folk-bookish adverb. Its old-fashioned ring colors the old man's would-be banishment of Mitka with a quasi-legalistic, antique solemnity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нищий и мерзавец","title":"«нищий», «мерзавец» — beggar and blackguard","body":"«нищий» is a pauper/beggar; «мерзавец» a villain or blackguard (from «мерзкий», loathsome). Standing in apposition to «он», they spit contempt at Dmitri — the old man's habitual abuse, echoing his «подлец»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"Yesterday"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"particle modifying пришла (momentary-past construction)","gloss":"(happened to)"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"a foolish notion"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пришла","gloss":"into my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of велел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of велел","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"particle modifying хотел (had-meant-to construction)","gloss":"(had meant to)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митьки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Митьки","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Митьки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отсчитал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отсчитал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тысячку","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отсчитал","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"alternative to тысячку","gloss":"or another"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отсчитал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of отсчитал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отсчитал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отсчитал","lemma":"отсчитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"would count out"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (result)","gloss":"would agree"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the embedded question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нищий","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"the beggar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мерзавец","lemma":"мерзавец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нищий","gloss":"the blackguard"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убраться","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"убраться","lemma":"убраться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласился","gloss":"to clear out"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убраться","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убраться (duration)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пять","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies the alternative duration phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тридцать пять","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"part of тридцать пять","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"part of тридцать пять","gloss":"-five"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Грушки","lemma":"грушка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убраться","gloss":"Grushka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказаться","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказаться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказаться","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убраться","gloss":"to renounce"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-c2-s95","source":"— Я... я спрошу его... — пробормотал Алеша. — Если все три тысячи, так, может быть, он...","translation":"\"I... I'll ask him...\" Alyosha murmured. \"If it were all three thousand, then perhaps he...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если все три тысячи, так, может быть, он","title":"Genitive after «три» — «три тысячи»","body":"After «три» the counted noun takes the genitive singular: «тысячи» (genitive sg. of «тысяча»). The «так» here is the resumptive 'then' answering the «если» clause — a colloquial 'if X, then...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase (false start)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спрошу","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрошу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спрошу","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of the conditional clause (elided verb)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the trailing clause","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-c2-s96","source":"— Врешь! Не надо теперь спрашивать, ничего не надо!","translation":"\"That's a lie! There's no need to ask now, no need for anything!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не надо","title":"Negative concord in an impersonal","body":"«ничего не надо» — the ni-pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») agrees with the negated impersonal «не надо»: 'no need for anything'. The genitive «ничего» also reflects the negation governing it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Врешь!","title":"«Врёшь!» — 'You're lying!' / 'Nonsense!'","body":"From «врать» (to lie, to talk nonsense), 2nd-person present. As an exclamation it is less a literal accusation than a brusque 'rubbish! / that's not it!' — the old man dismissing Alyosha's tentative suggestion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You're lying"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of надо (second clause)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-c2-s97","source":"Я передумал.","translation":"I've changed my mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я передумал","title":"Perfective «передумать»","body":"«передумал» is the perfective past of «передумать» (to change one's mind), where the prefix «пере-» conveys 'thinking over / reversing'. The perfective marks a single completed mental turn — the decision is made and done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"передумал","lemma":"передумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed my mind"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-c2-s98","source":"Это вчера глупость в башку мне сглупу влезла.","translation":"It was just a foolish notion that crept into my noggin yesterday out of foolishness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупость в башку мне сглупу влезла","title":"Dative experiencer + folksy diction","body":"Same 'into the head' idiom as before, but coarser: «башка» is a slangy 'noggin/skull' and «сглупу» a colloquial adverb 'out of foolishness'. «мне» is again the dative the thought happened to; «влезла» (crept/climbed in) is a vivid perfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"башку... сглупу","title":"«башка» and «сглупу» — low colloquial coloring","body":"«башка» (head/noggin, originally Turkic) is markedly low and earthy beside neutral «голова»; «сглупу» means 'foolishly, out of stupidity'. The clustered slang paints Fyodor Pavlovich's self-mocking, vulgar register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates глупость (subject of влезла)","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влезла","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влезла","gloss":"a foolish notion"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking башку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"башку","lemma":"башка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влезла","gloss":"my noggin"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying башку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сглупу","lemma":"сглупу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влезла","gloss":"out of foolishness"},{"surface":"влезла","lemma":"влезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crept in"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-c2-s99","source":"Ничего не дам, ничегошеньки, мне денежки мои нужны самому, — замахал рукою старик. — Я его и без того, как таракана, придавлю.","translation":"I'll give nothing, not a thing; I need my little hoard for myself,\" the old man waved his hand. \"I'll crush him like a cockroach anyway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ничегошеньки","title":"«ничегошеньки» — 'not a blessed thing'","body":"An expressive, emphatic diminutive of «ничего» (nothing) built with -ошеньк-, intensifying the negation to 'not the tiniest thing'. The cooing suffix on a word of refusal is grimly comic, very much in the old man's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне денежки мои нужны самому","title":"Dative + «нужен» agreeing + intensifier «самому»","body":"«нужны» (needed) is a short adjective agreeing with the plural subject «денежки»; the needer stands in the dative «мне», reinforced by the dative intensifier «самому» ('I myself'). «денежки» is an affectionate diminutive of «деньги' — his beloved 'little money'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как таракана, придавлю","title":"Animate accusative «таракана» + perfective","body":"«таракана» (cockroach) is an animate accusative borrowing the genitive ending, object in the simile «как таракана». «придавлю» is a perfective future — 'I'll squash [him]'. The recurring cockroach image links these threats across the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"ничегошеньки","lemma":"ничегошеньки","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, emphatic","role":"coordinated with Ничего, intensifies it","gloss":"not a thing"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нужны","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"little hoard"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of денежки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the parallel clause (мне ... нужны)","gloss":"are needed"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of нужны","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"замахал","lemma":"замахать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"рукою","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of замахал","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замахал","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of придавлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придавлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies без того (idiom: anyway)","gloss":"anyway","note":"'И без того' is a fixed idiom meaning 'anyway, regardless' — the и intensifies it."},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того (idiom без того)","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без, idiom без того = anyway","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (как таракана)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"таракана","lemma":"таракан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, comparison for придавлю","gloss":"a cockroach"},{"surface":"придавлю","lemma":"придавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll crush"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-c2-s100","source":"Ничего не говори ему, а то еще будет надеяться.","translation":"Say nothing to him, or he'll only start hoping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего не говори ему","title":"Negative imperative + concord","body":"«не говори» is the negated imperfective imperative ('don't tell'), and imperfective aspect is the norm for prohibitions. «Ничего» is the ni-object in concord with «не»; «ему» the dative addressee."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то еще будет надеяться","title":"«а то» + compound future «будет надеяться»","body":"«а то» means 'or else / otherwise'. «будет надеяться» is the imperfective compound future (быть + imperfective infinitive «надеяться», a -ся verb) — 'he'll [go on] hoping', stressing an ongoing state rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говори","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говори","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom а то (otherwise)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom а то (otherwise)","gloss":"else","note":"'А то' is a fixed idiom meaning 'or else, otherwise'."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеяться","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of надеяться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"надеяться","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а то","gloss":"hope"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-c2-s101","source":"Да и тебе совсем нечего у меня делать, ступай-ка.","translation":"And there's nothing for you to do here either, so off you go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе совсем нечего у меня делать","title":"The negative «нечего» + dative + infinitive","body":"«нечего делать» is the negative-existential construction 'there is nothing to do', built on «нечего» (the stressed negative pronoun) plus an infinitive; the person concerned takes the dative «тебе». «у меня» ('at my place', genitive after «у») marks where."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступай-ка","title":"Imperative «ступай» + softening «-ка»","body":"«ступай» is the imperative of «ступать», an old-fashioned, folksy 'go / be off'; the clitic «-ка» softens it to a brusque-but-familiar 'off you go now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и (besides)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нечего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"nothing to"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у (у меня = here with me)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"off you go"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"-ка","morphology":"particle, softens imperative","role":"attaches to ступай","gloss":"now","note":"The clitic '-ка' softens an imperative, like adding 'go on' or 'now' in English."}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-c2-s102","source":"Невеста-то эта, Катерина-то Ивановна, которую он так тщательно от меня всё время прятал, за него идет али нет?","translation":"That bride of his, Katerina Ivanovna, whom he's kept hidden so carefully from me all this time — is she going to marry him or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую он так тщательно от меня всё время прятал","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«которую» agrees with its antecedent «невеста/Катерина» in feminine singular but takes the accusative its own clause demands (object of «прятал», hid). «от меня» (genitive after «от») marks from whom; «прятал» is imperfective past for the drawn-out concealment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за него идет али нет?","title":"«идти за» = 'to marry' + folksy «али»","body":"«идти за [кого]» (literally 'to go behind/for someone') is the set idiom for a woman marrying a man; «за него» takes the accusative. «али» is an archaic, folk variant of «или» (or) — 'or not?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Невеста-то эта, Катерина-то Ивановна","title":"Topic clitic «-то» twice","body":"The emphatic clitic «-то» fastens onto «Невеста» and «Катерина» to flag them as the known topic being raised — 'that bride, this Katerina, the one we know'. Doubling it gives a buttonholing, gossipy insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Невеста","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Невеста","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Невеста","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Невеста","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Катерина","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The attached particle '-то' adds emphasis to the preceding word and has no separate translation."},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Невеста","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прятал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прятал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тщательно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тщательно","lemma":"тщательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прятал","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of прятал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прятал","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"прятал","lemma":"прятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying Невеста","gloss":"kept hidden"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него (идти за него = to marry him)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is marrying"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal (= или)","role":"coordinates идет and нет","gloss":"or","note":"'Али' is a dialectal/folk variant of 'или' ('or')."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"coordinated with идет (ellipsis: or not)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-c2-s103","source":"Ты вчера ходил к ней, кажется?","translation":"You went to see her yesterday, I think?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты вчера ходил к ней","title":"Multidirectional «ходил» — a round trip","body":"«ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb (versus unidirectional «шёл»), here in the past with the sense of a completed there-and-back visit: 'you went to see her [and came back]'. «к ней» takes the dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-c2-s104","source":"— Она его ни за что не хочет оставить.","translation":"\"She won't give him up for anything.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она его ни за что не хочет оставить","title":"Emphatic «ни за что» in negative concord","body":"«ни за что» ('for nothing, on no account') is a fixed ни-phrase intensifying the negation, in concord with «не хочет». «оставить» (to leave/give up) is the perfective infinitive complement; «его» its animate accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to give up"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-c2-s105","source":"— Вот таких-то эти нежные барышни и любят, кутил да подлецов!","translation":"\"So that's the sort these tender young ladies fall in love with — rakes and scoundrels!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот таких-то эти нежные барышни и любят","title":"Fronted accusative «таких-то» + emphatic «и»","body":"«таких-то» (the accusative animate plural of «такой», 'just such ones') is fronted for contemptuous emphasis, with the topic clitic «-то» and the emphatic particle «и» ('it's precisely such men these ladies love'). Word order, not case, carries the sneer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутил да подлецов","title":"«кутила» — a carouser/rake","body":"A «кутила» is a debauchee, a man given to wild drinking-and-spending sprees («кутить»); paired with «подлецов» (scoundrels) it caps the old man's cynical theory of what such ladies fall for. The folksy «да» links them ('rakes and scoundrels')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes таких","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"such men"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes таких","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of барышни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"нежные","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies барышни","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"барышни","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"young ladies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"кутил","lemma":"кутила","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to таких, specifying the direct object of любят","gloss":"rakes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links кутил and подлецов","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подлецов","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with кутил","gloss":"scoundrels"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-c2-s106","source":"Дрянь, я тебе скажу, эти барышни бледные; то ли дело...","translation":"Trash, I tell you, these pale young ladies; now if it were...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дрянь, я тебе скажу, эти барышни бледные","title":"Zero-copula predicate, fronted for scorn","body":"«Дрянь... эти барышни бледные» — 'these pale young ladies [are] trash', with the predicate «дрянь» fronted and no copula in the present. The dislocated order spits the verdict out first."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"то ли дело","title":"«то ли дело» — 'now that's a different matter'","body":"A fixed colloquial expression introducing a favorable contrast — 'now if it were... that'd be another thing entirely'. The old man trails off, implying his preference for a more full-blooded sort of woman (Grushenka)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дрянь","lemma":"дрянь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate describing барышни, fronted for emphasis","gloss":"trash"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of барышни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"барышни","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of бледные","gloss":"young ladies"},{"surface":"бледные","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of барышни","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то ли дело","gloss":"now","note":"'То ли дело' is a fixed idiom meaning roughly 'now that would be a different matter'."},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a matter"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-c2-s107","source":"Ну! кабы мне его молодость, да тогдашнее мое лицо (потому что я лучше его был собой в двадцать восемь-то лет), так я бы точно так же, как и он, побеждал.","translation":"Ah! If only I had his youth and the face I had back then (for at twenty-eight I was better-looking than he is), then I'd carry all before me, exactly as he does.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кабы мне его молодость... так я бы точно так же... побеждал","title":"«кабы»-counterfactual answered by «так»","body":"Another archaic «кабы» (= «если бы») conditional, its apodosis introduced by «так» and built with «бы» + past «побеждал». The wished-for thing «молодость» sits with dative «мне» in a 'if only I had...' frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я лучше его был собой","title":"Suppletive comparative «лучше» + «его»","body":"«лучше» is the irregular (suppletive) comparative of «хороший/хорошо' (better). The thing compared against takes the bare genitive «его» ('better than he'), the standard Russian comparative-of-comparison without «чем». «собой» (instrumental of «себя») specifies 'in looks'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в двадцать восемь-то лет","title":"Genitive plural «лет» after a numeral","body":"«лет» (genitive plural of «год', supplied suppletively from «лето») follows the compound numeral «двадцать восемь», which ends in «восемь» (8), so requires the genitive plural. The clitic «-то» adds an aside-emphasis on the age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"conjunction, conditional","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of possession (мне ... молодость = if I had)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of молодость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"молодость","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"logical subject of the conditional clause","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогдашнее","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"of back then"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молодость","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies собой","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"standard of comparison for лучше","gloss":"than him"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"modifies лучше (лучше собой = better-looking)","gloss":"in looks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"part of the numeral двадцать восемь, depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"part of the numeral двадцать восемь, depends on лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes двадцать восемь лет","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the apodosis, modifies побеждал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of побеждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional mood","role":"marks conditional mood of побеждал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так (точно так же)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побеждал","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies так","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies он","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided побеждал in the comparison clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побеждал","lemma":"побеждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would triumph"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-c2-s108","source":"Каналья он!","translation":"He's a rogue!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Каналья","title":"«каналья» — rascal, scoundrel","body":"A French-Italian loan («canaille»), 'rabble / blackguard', used as a vivid term of abuse with a faintly archaic, theatrical flavor. The old man relishes such colorful invective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каналья","lemma":"каналья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"a rogue"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Каналья","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-c2-s109","source":"А Грушеньку все-таки не получит-с, не получит-с... В грязь обращу!","translation":"But Grushenka he shan't have, sir, he shan't have her... I'll grind him into the mud!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не получит-с, не получит-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"«-с» (slovoer, a contraction of «сударь», 'sir') tacked onto words lends an obsequious, mock-polite or ironic deference. Here, doubled on «получит» ('he shan't have her, sir'), it gives the threat a sneering, servile sarcasm. A vanished marker of pre-revolutionary speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В грязь обращу!","title":"Accusative of result after «обратить в»","body":"«обратить в [что]» means 'to turn into'; the result «грязь» (mud/filth) takes the accusative after «в» (motion-into sense). «обращу» is a perfective future — 'I'll grind him into the mud'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получит","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (still, nonetheless), modifies получит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies получит","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получит","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to получит","gloss":"sir","note":"The old-fashioned clitic '-с' is a deferential tag, like adding 'sir' to a statement."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получит","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with получит (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"will get"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to получит","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грязь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"грязь","lemma":"грязь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращу","gloss":"the mud"},{"surface":"обращу","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll grind"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-c2-s110","source":"Он снова рассвирепел с последних слов.","translation":"He had flown into a rage again at his last words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он снова рассвирепел с последних слов","title":"Perfective «рассвирепел» — entering a rage","body":"«рассвирепел» (perfective past) marks the onset of a state — the prefix «рас-» here conveys flaring up into fury. Aspect makes it a single completed transition ('flew into a rage') rather than ongoing anger. «с последних слов» = 'from/at his last words' (genitive after «с»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассвирепел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассвирепел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рассвирепел","lemma":"рассвирепеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew into a rage"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассвирепел","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-c2-s111","source":"— Ступай и ты, нечего тебе у меня делать сегодня, — резко отрезал он.","translation":"\"Off you go too; there's nothing for you to do here today,\" he snapped harshly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступай и ты, нечего тебе у меня делать","title":"«нечего» + dative + infinitive, again","body":"The same negative-existential «нечего делать» ('nothing to do') with dative «тебе» recurs as the old man's brush-off. «и ты» ('you too') with imperative «ступай» dismisses Alyosha as he had dismissed others."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"резко отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to snap (a retort)","body":"Figuratively «отрезать» (literally 'to cut off') means to retort curtly, to bite off a sharp reply; with «резко» ('sharply') it doubles the abruptness. Note the play of the «рез-» root in both words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"nothing to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нечего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-c2-s112","source":"Алеша подошел проститься и поцеловал его в плечо.","translation":"Alyosha went up to take his leave and kissed him on the shoulder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша подошел проститься и поцеловал его в плечо","title":"Prefixed motion + perfective chain","body":"«подошел» (perfective of «подходить/подойти', to approach) plus «поцеловал» narrates two completed acts in sequence. «проститься» (to take one's leave, a -ся verb) is the purpose infinitive. «в плечо» — accusative after «в» for the point of contact (kissed on the shoulder)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of подошел","gloss":"to say goodbye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловал","gloss":"the shoulder"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-c2-s113","source":"— Ты чего это? — удивился немного старик. — Еще увидимся ведь. Аль думаешь, не увидимся?","translation":"\"What's this for?\" the old man wondered a little. \"We'll see each other again, surely. Or do you think we won't?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты чего это?","title":"Colloquial genitive «чего»","body":"«чего» here is a colloquial substitute for «что» ('what's this for? / what are you up to?'), the genitive form doing service as a casual interrogative. «это» tags it with bemused emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще увидимся ведь","title":"Reciprocal -ся future + «ведь»","body":"«увидимся» is the perfective future of «увидеться» — the reciprocal -ся meaning 'to see each other'. «ведь» appeals for shared reassurance ('we'll meet again, surely'), betraying a flicker of the old man's unease."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Аль думаешь, не увидимся?","title":"Folksy «аль» introducing a question","body":"«аль» is a colloquial/dialectal variant of «или / разве» ('or / surely not'), opening a worried question: 'or do you think we won't?'. Its rustic ring suits the old man's earthy speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical чего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"what","note":"'Ты чего это?' is a colloquial idiom meaning 'what's the matter with you?'"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom чего это","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was surprised"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидимся","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"увидимся","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll see each other"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидимся","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal (= или)","role":"introduces the alternative question, modifies думаешь","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидимся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"увидимся","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"see each other"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-c2-s114","source":"— Совсем нет, я только так, нечаянно.","translation":"\"Not at all; I only did it, just so, without thinking.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я только так, нечаянно","title":"«так» (just because) and «нечаянно»","body":"«только так» is the idiomatic 'just so, for no particular reason'; «нечаянно» means 'accidentally, without intending'. Together they let Alyosha downplay his unexpectedly tender kiss — though the reader feels it as a quiet farewell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative predicate","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical так","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied action, further describing manner","gloss":"without thinking"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-c2-s115","source":"— Да ничего и я, и я только так... — глядел на него старик. — Слышь ты, слышь, — крикнул он ему вслед, — приходи когда-нибудь, поскорей, и на уху, уху сварю, особенную, не сегодняшнюю, непременно приходи!","translation":"\"And it was nothing with me either, just so...\" the old man looked at him. \"Listen here, listen,\" he called after him, \"come again sometime, soon, for some fish-soup; I'll cook a soup, a special one, not today's sort — be sure to come!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул он ему вслед","title":"«вслед» + dative «ему»","body":"«вслед» ('after, in the wake of') governs the dative — «ему вслед», 'called after him' as Alyosha leaves. «крикнул» is the perfective (semelfactive) of a single shout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходи когда-нибудь... непременно приходи","title":"Imperfective imperatives of invitation + «-нибудь»","body":"«приходи» is repeated in the imperfective imperative — fitting for an open invitation to repeated visiting. «когда-нибудь» ('sometime, any time') uses the non-specific indefinite particle «-нибудь», while «непременно» ('without fail') urges him on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на уху... уху сварю","title":"«уха» — Russian fish-soup","body":"«уха» is a clear fish-broth, a homely Russian dish; «на уху» means 'for [a meal of] fish-soup'. The old man's sudden hospitable warmth — a special «уха», not «сегодняшнюю» (today's) — flickers oddly against his just-spent rage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination, modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with ничего","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ничего","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Слышь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"interjection (imperative-derived)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"listen","note":"'Слышь', from слышать ('to hear'), is used colloquially as an interjection meaning 'listen, hey'."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with Слышь, vocative address","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слышь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"interjection (imperative-derived)","role":"coordinated with Слышь, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"after him"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь, modifies приходи","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь, modifies приходи","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уху","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сварю","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"сварю","lemma":"сварить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll cook"},{"surface":"особенную","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уху, coordinated with сегодняшнюю","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодняшнюю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сегодняшнюю","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уху, coordinated with особенную","gloss":"today's"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходи, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-c2-s116","source":"Да завтра, слышишь, завтра приходи!","translation":"Tomorrow, do you hear, come tomorrow!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышишь, завтра приходи!","title":"Insistent imperative «приходи»","body":"The imperfective imperative «приходи» repeats with «завтра» ('come tomorrow!'), the imperfective fitting an invitation to a (potentially repeated) visit. «слышишь» ('do you hear') tacked in heightens the pleading insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, addressed to the listener","gloss":"you hear"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-c2-s117","source":"И только что Алеша вышел за дверь, подошел опять к шкапику и хлопнул еще полрюмочки.","translation":"And the moment Alyosha was out the door, he went over to the cupboard again and tossed off another half-glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И только что Алеша вышел за дверь","title":"«только что» + perfective for 'the moment...'","body":"«только что» here means 'as soon as / the moment that', launching a temporal clause; «вышел» is the perfective past of «выйти» (to go out), a prefixed motion verb. «за дверь» — accusative after «за» for motion to behind/beyond the door."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлопнул еще полрюмочки","title":"«хлопнуть» — to knock back a drink","body":"Colloquial «хлопнуть» (literally 'to clap/slap') means to toss off a drink in one go; «полрюмочки» is 'half a little glass'. The earthy verb captures the old man's furtive, greedy gulp."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что (as soon as), modifies вышел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of только что, modifies вышел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкапику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"шкапику","lemma":"шкапик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the cupboard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлопнул","lemma":"хлопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"tossed off"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полрюмочки","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"полрюмочки","lemma":"полрюмочки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хлопнул","gloss":"half a glass"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-c2-s118","source":"— Больше не буду! — пробормотал он, крякнув, опять запер шкапик, опять положил ключ в карман, затем пошел в спальню, в бессилии прилег на постель и в один миг заснул.","translation":"\"No more!\" he muttered, grunting, locked the cupboard again, put the key back in his pocket, then went into the bedroom, lay down feebly on the bed, and in an instant was asleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал он, крякнув","title":"Perfective gerund «крякнув»","body":"«крякнув» (having grunted/given a grunt) is a perfective past деепричастие in -в, naming a brief completed act accompanying «пробормотал». It shares the subject «он» and tucks a second action into the same clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запер... положил... пошел... прилег... заснул","title":"A closing chain of perfectives","body":"The paragraph ends on a rapid file of perfective pasts — locked, put, went, lay down, fell asleep — each a finished event sealing the scene. The repeated «опять» ('again') underscores the old man's ritual furtiveness with key and cupboard."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бессилии прилег на постель и в один миг заснул","title":"Prepositional «в бессилии» + «в один миг»","body":"«в бессилии» ('in feebleness/exhaustion', prepositional after «в' for a state) and «в один миг» ('in an instant', accusative for a span) frame his sudden collapse into sleep. «прилег» and «заснул» are perfectives — he lay down and dropped off, each complete."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду (больше не = no more)","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical clause","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"крякнув","lemma":"крякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"grunting"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запер","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"запер","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"шкапик","lemma":"шкапик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запер","gloss":"the cupboard"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"the key"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спальню","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the bedroom"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of прилег","gloss":"feebly"},{"surface":"прилег","lemma":"прилечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилег","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснул","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"fell asleep"}]}]}