{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b4-c3","title":{"source":"III. Связался со школьниками","translated":"He Gets Involved with the Schoolboys"},"section":"Book IV — Lacerations","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c3","lines":88},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-c3-s1","source":"«Слава богу, что он меня про Грушеньку не спросил, — подумал в свою очередь Алеша, выходя от отца и направляясь в дом госпожи Хохлаковой, — а то бы пришлось, пожалуй, про вчерашнюю встречу с Грушенькой рассказать».","translation":"\"Thank God he didn't ask me about Grushenka,\" thought Alyosha in his turn, as he left his father's house and set off for Madame Hohlakov's, \"for otherwise I might have had to tell him about yesterday's meeting with her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходя от отца и направляясь","title":"Two simultaneous gerunds","body":"Both «выходя» (going out) and «направляясь» (heading) are imperfective present gerunds («деепричастие») in -я, painting the actions as going on at the same time as Alyosha's thought. They share the main clause's subject, Alyosha, and fold two background motions into one flowing sentence — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то бы пришлось, пожалуй, … рассказать","title":"Conditional with бы: what would have followed","body":"«а то бы пришлось» is the irrealis: the particle «бы» plus the past-form «пришлось» yields \"otherwise I would have had to.\" «пришлось» is itself an impersonal dative construction (one would have had to), so the whole clause is a hypothetical with no nominative subject — the necessity that did not, in fact, arise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в свою очередь","title":"\"In his turn\"","body":"«в свою очередь» — \"in his/her turn,\" \"for his part.\" The narrator marks that Alyosha is now thinking his own private thought, mirroring the thoughts his father had a moment before; «свою» is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to Alyosha himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the idiom Слава богу","gloss":"Thank","note":"Idiom ‘Слава богу’ = ‘Thank God’, literally ‘glory to God’."},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Слава","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Слава","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слава","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"направляясь","lemma":"направляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходя","gloss":"heading"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направляясь","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Hohlakov's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with а, forming ‘otherwise’","gloss":"otherwise","note":"‘а то’ is a set phrase meaning ‘or else / otherwise’."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of пришлось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слава","gloss":"have had"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлось","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встречу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вчерашнюю","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встречу","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"встречу","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказать","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встречу","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-c3-s2","source":"Алеша больно почувствовал, что за ночь бойцы собрались с новыми силами, а сердце их с наступившим днем опять окаменело: «Отец раздражен и зол, он выдумал что-то и стал на том; а что Дмитрий?","translation":"Alyosha felt with a pang that overnight the combatants had gathered fresh strength, and that with the coming of day their hearts had hardened to stone again: \"Father is irritated and spiteful; he has thought something up and dug himself in; and what of Dmitri?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окаменело","title":"окаменеть — to turn to stone","body":"«окаменело» (from «окаменеть») literally means \"turned to stone, petrified.\" Applied to «сердце» (heart) it is a vivid metaphor for hardening — the combatants' hearts have gone stony again — and it quietly foreshadows the actual stones the boys are about to throw."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с наступившим днем","title":"Past active participle as a tight modifier","body":"«наступившим» is a past active participle of «наступить» (to set in, arrive), agreeing with «днем» in the instrumental after «с». It compresses \"with the day that had come\" into a single adjective-like word — the bookish economy of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отец раздражен и зол","title":"Short-form adjectives in the predicate","body":"«раздражен» and «зол» are short-form adjectives — predicate-only forms that here read as a present, almost diagnostic state: \"Father is irritated and spiteful.\" The short form lends a clipped, judging immediacy well suited to Alyosha's anxious inner summary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of собрались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрались","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"бойцы","lemma":"боец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"the combatants"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"новыми","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies силами","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"силами","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of собрались","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of окаменело","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"наступившим","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, instrumental, singular, perfective","role":"modifies днем","gloss":"the coming"},{"surface":"днем","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окаменело","gloss":"of day"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окаменело","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"окаменело","lemma":"окаменеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with собрались","gloss":"had turned to stone"},{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражен","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"short-form adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to окаменело","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"short-form adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"has thought up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the compound что-то, direct object of выдумал","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with что, direct object of выдумал","gloss":"-thing","note":"‘что-то’ = ‘something’, split across two tokens."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"dug in"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"that","note":"‘стать на том’ = idiom for taking a firm stand on something."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the elliptical question about Дмитрий","gloss":"what of"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical question","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-c3-s3","source":"Тот тоже за ночь укрепился, тоже, надо быть, раздражен и зол, и тоже что-нибудь, конечно, надумал… О, непременно надо сегодня его успеть разыскать во что бы ни стало…»","translation":"He too has braced himself overnight, he too, no doubt, is irritated and spiteful, and he too has certainly hit upon some scheme… Oh, today, without fail, I must manage to track him down whatever it costs…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоже … тоже … тоже","title":"Anaphoric \"тоже\" binding Dmitri to the father","body":"The triple «тоже» (\"too, likewise\") drives the parallel: just as the father is dug in, so too is Dmitri. The repetition is a rhetorical device of free indirect thought — we hear Alyosha's mind ticking off the symmetry between the two combatants."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надо быть","title":"надо быть — \"most likely\"","body":"«надо быть» here is not \"one must be\" but a colloquial parenthetical meaning \"probably, no doubt, I suppose.\" It is a marker of the speaker's guesswork, common in 19th-century conversational Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во что бы ни стало","title":"\"Whatever it costs\" — a fixed idiom","body":"The set phrase «во что бы то ни стало» means \"at all costs, no matter what\" (the standard form has «то»; the source prints «во что бы ни стало»). The «бы … ни» frame is the concessive \"whatever\" construction, frozen here into an unbreakable idiom of fierce resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укрепился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укрепился","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укрепился","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"укрепился","lemma":"укрепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has braced himself"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"parallel clause to укрепился","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"be","note":"‘надо быть’ here is colloquial for ‘no doubt, probably’."},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"short-form adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with укрепился","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"short-form adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надумал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the compound что-нибудь, direct object of надумал","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with что, direct object of надумал","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надумал","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"надумал","lemma":"надумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with укрепился","gloss":"has hit upon"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"head of the clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"успеть","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"разыскать","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успеть","gloss":"to track down"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom во что бы ни стало","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the idiom во что бы ни стало","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom во что бы ни стало","gloss":"no matter"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"idiom modifying разыскать","gloss":"it costs","note":"‘во что бы то ни стало’ = idiom, ‘whatever it takes/costs’."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-c3-s4","source":"Но Алеше не удалось долго думать: с ним вдруг случилось дорогой одно происшествие, на вид хоть и не очень важное, но сильно его поразившее.","translation":"But Alyosha was not allowed to think for long: along the way something suddenly happened to him that seemed, on the face of it, not very important, yet struck him deeply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше не удалось долго думать","title":"Dative subject: it \"did not come off\" for Alyosha","body":"«Алеше … не удалось» is an impersonal construction with the experiencer in the dative: literally \"to Alyosha it did not succeed [to think].\" There is no nominative subject; the event simply happens to him, a pattern Russian uses constantly for things outside a person's control."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильно его поразившее","title":"Past active participle: the thing that struck him","body":"«поразившее» is a past active participle of «поразить» (to strike, astonish), neuter to agree with «происшествие». It replaces a который-clause (\"an incident which struck him deeply\") with one weighty word — the bookish way Dostoevsky stacks description onto a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удалось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"for long"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on удалось","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думать","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"along the way"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies происшествие","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"происшествие","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of важное","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies происшествие","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразившее","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразившее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поразившее","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"modifies происшествие, coordinated with важное","gloss":"struck"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-c3-s5","source":"Как только он прошел площадь и свернул в переулок, чтобы выйти в Михайловскую улицу, параллельную Большой, но отделявшуюся от нее лишь канавкой (весь город наш пронизан канавками), он увидел внизу пред мостиком маленькую кучку школьников, всё малолетних деток, от девяти до двенадцати лет, не больше.","translation":"As soon as he had crossed the square and turned into the lane that leads to Mikhailovskaya Street — which runs parallel to the Bolshaya and is divided from it only by a little ditch (our whole town is laced with such ditches) — he caught sight, down below by a small bridge, of a little knot of schoolboys, all of them small children, between nine and twelve years old, no more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как только он прошел … и свернул … чтобы выйти","title":"Perfective chain of completed motions","body":"«прошел», «свернул», «выйти» are all perfective verbs of motion: each names a single completed step (crossed, turned, get out to). The perfectives move the scene forward event by event, setting up the sudden encounter, while «чтобы выйти» gives the purpose of the turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отделявшуюся от нее лишь канавкой","title":"Past active participle modifying the street","body":"«отделявшуюся» is a past active participle (imperfective stem) agreeing with «улицу», meaning \"which was separated.\" «канавкой» is the instrumental of means — separated *by* a little ditch — showing how the instrumental case names the thing that does the dividing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"канавкой","title":"канавка — a little ditch (diminutive)","body":"«канавка» is the diminutive of «канава» (ditch, gutter). The narrator's aside «весь город наш пронизан канавками» (our whole town is laced with little ditches) uses the affectionate diminutive to sketch the homely, provincial texture of the town."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кучку","title":"кучка — a little knot of people","body":"«кучка», diminutive of «куча» (heap, pile), means a small cluster or knot — here a little huddle of schoolboys. Russian readily applies \"heap\" words to gatherings of people, the diminutive softening it to a cosy clump."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошел","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Как","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидел","gloss":"had crossed"},{"surface":"площадь","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прошел","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свернул","lemma":"свернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свернул","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on свернул","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"Михайловскую","lemma":"Михайловская","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"Mikhailovskaya"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"параллельную","lemma":"параллельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"parallel"},{"surface":"Большой","lemma":"Большая","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of параллельную","gloss":"to the Bolshaya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отделявшуюся","lemma":"отделяться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, accusative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with параллельную, modifies улицу","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделявшуюся","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies канавкой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделявшуюся","gloss":"a ditch"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive пронизан","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"пронизан","lemma":"пронизать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of город","gloss":"laced"},{"surface":"канавками","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пронизан","gloss":"with such ditches"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидел","gloss":"down below"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мостиком","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"мостиком","lemma":"мостик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"a small bridge"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кучку","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"кучку","lemma":"кучка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"knot"},{"surface":"школьников","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кучку","gloss":"of schoolboys"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, neuter","role":"in apposition to кучку, modifies малолетних деток","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"малолетних","lemma":"малолетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies деток","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"in apposition to школьников, genitive complement of кучку","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девяти","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"девяти","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двенадцати","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of от...до","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies the age range от девяти до двенадцати лет","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-c3-s6","source":"Они расходились по домам из класса со своими ранчиками за плечами, другие с кожаными мешочками на ремнях через плечо, одни в курточках, другие в пальтишках, а иные и в высоких сапогах со складками на голенищах, в каких особенно любят щеголять маленькие детки, которых балуют зажиточные отцы.","translation":"They were going home from school, some with little satchels on their backs, others with leather pouches slung on straps across the shoulder, some in short jackets, others in little overcoats, and a few even in tall boots with folds wrinkled down the legs — the kind that small children, spoiled by well-off fathers, are especially fond of showing off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"курточках, пальтишках, деток","title":"Diminutives that color the scene","body":"Russian piles on affectionate diminutive suffixes here: «курточки» (little jackets), «пальтишки» (little overcoats), «детки» (little kids). They signal the smallness and dearness of the children and the narrator's warm, slightly tender gaze — a nuance English can only partly render with \"little.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одни … другие … а иные","title":"Distributive \"some … others … still others\"","body":"The correlative chain «другие … одни … другие … а иные» distributes the boys into groups: some this way, others that. «иные» (an old, bookish word for \"some, certain others\") and the contrastive «а» mark each new subset, giving the inventory its surveying rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щеголять","title":"щеголять — to show off, parade","body":"«щеголять» means to flaunt, to swagger about in fine clothes (from «щёголь», a dandy). The detail of tall boots with folds is precisely what spoiled little boys love to «щеголять» — to strut in — a touch of social observation in the narrator's eye."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зажиточные отцы","title":"зажиточный — well-to-do","body":"«зажиточный» means prosperous, comfortably off — not aristocratic but solidly provided-for. The narrator quietly classes these boys as the sons of the town's comfortable households, the kind who can afford to spoil («баловать») them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расходились","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"расходились","lemma":"расходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were going"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"домам","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расходились","gloss":"homes"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking класса","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"класса","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расходились","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ранчиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of ранчиками","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ранчиками","lemma":"ранчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расходились","gloss":"satchels"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечами","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ранчиками","gloss":"their backs"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Они (elliptical)","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мешочками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кожаными","lemma":"кожаный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мешочками","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"мешочками","lemma":"мешочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of другие","gloss":"pouches"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ремнях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ремнях","lemma":"ремень","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мешочками","gloss":"straps"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ремнях","gloss":"the shoulder"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with другие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking курточках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"курточках","lemma":"курточка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"short jackets"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with одни","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальтишках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пальтишках","lemma":"пальтишко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies другие","gloss":"little overcoats"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with другие","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в высоких сапогах, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высоких","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"сапогах","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of иные","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking складками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"складками","lemma":"складка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голенищах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голенищах","lemma":"голенище","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies складками","gloss":"boot-legs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каких","gloss":"of the kind"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of щеголять, refers to сапогах","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"head of relative clause modifying сапогах","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"щеголять","lemma":"щеголять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любят","gloss":"to show off"},{"surface":"маленькие","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies детки","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"детки","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of балуют","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"балуют","lemma":"баловать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying детки","gloss":"spoil"},{"surface":"зажиточные","lemma":"зажиточный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies отцы","gloss":"well-off"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of балуют","gloss":"fathers"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-c3-s7","source":"Вся группа оживленно о чем-то толковала, по-видимому совещалась.","translation":"The whole group was talking something over with animation, apparently holding a council.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толковала","title":"толковать — to talk over, discuss","body":"«толковать (о чём-то)» means to talk something over, to discuss or interpret. Imperfective, it gives the ongoing buzz of the group's debate, neatly paired with «совещалась» (was conferring), so the two verbs frame a little council in session."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совещалась","title":"Reflexive -ся as a mutual action","body":"«совещаться» carries the reflexive clitic -ся, here in its reciprocal sense: the boys were conferring *with one another*. Many verbs of joint action (совещаться, сговариваться, ссориться) live in the -ся form precisely because the action runs between the participants."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of группа","gloss":"The whole"},{"surface":"группа","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of толковала","gloss":"group"},{"surface":"оживленно","lemma":"оживлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толковала","gloss":"animatedly"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, locative","role":"part of the compound о чем-то, oblique complement of толковала","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with чем","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"толковала","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was talking over"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, modifies совещалась","gloss":"apparently","note":"‘по-видимому’ = ‘apparently’, split across two tokens."},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, modifies совещалась","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"совещалась","lemma":"совещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to толковала","gloss":"holding a council"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-c3-s8","source":"Алеша никогда не мог безучастно проходить мимо ребяток, в Москве тоже это бывало с ним, и хоть он больше всего любил трехлетних детей или около того, но и школьники лет десяти, одиннадцати ему очень нравились.","translation":"Alyosha could never walk past little children indifferently — it had been so with him in Moscow too — and although he loved three-year-olds best of all, or thereabouts, he was also very fond of schoolboys of ten or eleven.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не мог безучастно проходить","title":"Negative concord with никогда … не","body":"«никогда … не мог» shows Russian's obligatory double negative: the negative adverb «никогда» (never) still requires «не» on the verb. The imperfective «проходить» (to pass by) marks it as a habit — something Alyosha could never do, time after time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребяток","title":"ребятки — dear little kids","body":"«ребятки» is a warm diminutive of «ребята» (kids, lads), here in the genitive «ребяток» after «мимо». It radiates Alyosha's tenderness toward children — the very quality the sentence is about — far more affectionately than a neutral \"children.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"школьники лет десяти, одиннадцати","title":"Genitive of approximate age","body":"«лет десяти» uses the genitive plural «лет» with a numeral to express age, and the inversion (number after the noun) signals approximation: \"of some ten years.\" «десяти, одиннадцати» are genitive numerals agreeing in that frame — a standard way Russian says \"around ten or eleven.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"безучастно","lemma":"безучастно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходить","gloss":"indifferently"},{"surface":"проходить","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"walk past"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребяток","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"ребяток","lemma":"ребятки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of проходить","gloss":"little children"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of любил","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause coordinated with мог","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"трехлетних","lemma":"трёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"three-year-old"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of около","gloss":"that","note":"‘около того’ = ‘thereabouts’."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies школьники, emphatic","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"школьники","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нравились","gloss":"schoolboys"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies школьники","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"одиннадцати","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"coordinated with десяти, quantifies лет","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нравились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравились","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"нравились","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"were pleasing (to)"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-c3-s9","source":"А потому как ни озабочен он был теперь, но ему вдруг захотелось свернуть к ним и вступить в разговор.","translation":"And so, preoccupied as he now was, he suddenly felt a wish to turn aside to them and strike up a conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вдруг захотелось свернуть","title":"Dative subject of a sudden wish","body":"«ему … захотелось» is the classic dative-experiencer pattern: literally \"to him it suddenly came-to-wanting [to turn aside].\" The desire arises in Alyosha rather than being willed by him — the reflexive «захотеться» plus the dative frames feeling as something that happens to a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни озабочен он был","title":"Concessive \"however preoccupied he was\"","body":"«как ни озабочен … был» is the concessive frame «как ни» + short adjective: \"however preoccupied he was.\" «озабочен» is a short-form adjective in the predicate, and the «ни» here is the concessive particle (not a negation), conceding his distraction before the wish overrides it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with как, forming ‘however much’","gloss":"so","note":"‘потому как ни’ ~ ‘however much’."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies озабочен","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"озабочен","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"short-form adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он (concessive clause)","gloss":"preoccupied"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озабочен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with озабочен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озабочен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt a wish"},{"surface":"свернуть","lemma":"свернуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to turn aside"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of свернуть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вступить","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with свернуть","gloss":"strike up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступить","gloss":"a conversation"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-c3-s10","source":"Подходя, он вглядывался в их румяные, оживленные личики и вдруг увидал, что у всех мальчиков было в руках по камню, у других так по два.","translation":"As he came up, he looked into their ruddy, animated little faces, and suddenly saw that every one of the boys had a stone in his hand, and some of them two.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подходя","title":"Gerund of simultaneous approach","body":"«Подходя» is the imperfective present gerund of «подходить» (to approach): \"as he was coming up.\" It sets the ongoing background motion against which the perfective «увидал» (caught sight) lands — the gerund frames the moment, the perfective delivers the discovery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у всех мальчиков было … по камню, у других так по два","title":"Distributive \"по\" — one stone apiece","body":"The preposition «по» here is distributive: «по камню» means \"a stone each,\" «по два» \"two apiece.\" This «по» + the count is how Russian says everyone has the same amount individually — every boy with his own stone (or two) in hand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"личики","title":"личико — dear little face","body":"«личики» is the diminutive of «лицо» (face) — \"little faces.\" Paired with «румяные, оживленные» (ruddy, animated), it keeps the narrator's fond, almost caressing view of the children even as the scene turns to stones and violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подходя","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вглядывался","gloss":"As he came up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вглядывался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вглядывался","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked closely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личики","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of личики","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"румяные","lemma":"румяный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies личики","gloss":"ruddy"},{"surface":"оживленные","lemma":"оживлённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with румяные","gloss":"animated"},{"surface":"личики","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вглядывался","gloss":"little faces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вглядывался","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиков","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мальчиков","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было (possession)","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камню, distributive","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"камню","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (distributive construction)","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of было (elliptical, parallel to у мальчиков)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies по два","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking два, distributive","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"subject of было (elliptical), distributive complement","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-c3-s11","source":"За канавкой же, примерно шагах в тридцати от группы, стоял у забора и еще мальчик, тоже школьник, тоже с мешочком на боку, по росту лет десяти, не больше, или даже меньше того, — бледненький, болезненный и со сверкавшими черными глазками.","translation":"Across the ditch, about thirty paces from the group, another boy was standing by a fence, also a schoolboy, also with a little pouch at his side, by his height about ten years old, no more, or even younger — a pale, sickly child, with flashing black eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"примерно шагах в тридцати","title":"Prepositional of distance with в","body":"«в тридцати шагах» uses «в» + prepositional to state distance: \"thirty paces off.\" «примерно» (approximately) softens it. This «в … шагах» frame is the standard way to place something at a measured remove — here, the lone boy thirty paces across the ditch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со сверкавшими черными глазками","title":"Participle + instrumental of accompanying detail","body":"«сверкавшими» is a past active participle (imperfective) of «сверкать» (to flash, sparkle), agreeing with «глазками» in the instrumental after «с». \"With flashing black little eyes\" — the participle compresses a whole relative clause into the description of the boy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бледненький, болезненный","title":"Diminutive-tinged sickliness","body":"«бледненький» is the expressive diminutive of «бледный» (pale) — \"pale and pathetic-looking little thing.\" The -еньк- suffix adds pity, not size; together with «болезненный» (sickly) it pre-loads our sympathy for the outcast child before we even learn his name."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канавкой","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"the ditch"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"marks contrast with the previous scene","gloss":"for its part","note":"marks a shift to the other side of the ditch; no single English word renders it."},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в, quantified by тридцати","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"группы","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of от, modifies шагах","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies школьник","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"школьник","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"a schoolboy"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с мешочком","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мешочком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мешочком","lemma":"мешочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"describes мальчик (also with a pouch)","gloss":"a little pouch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"боку","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мешочком","gloss":"his side"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking росту","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"росту","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"describes мальчик's age (по росту)","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"describes мальчик's estimated age","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"qualifies the age estimate (десяти лет)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меньше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of меньше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бледненький","lemma":"бледненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик, in apposition","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"болезненный","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бледненький","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сверкавшими","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"participle (adjectival), instrumental, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"черными","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"part of descriptive apposition to мальчик","gloss":"little eyes"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-c3-s12","source":"Он внимательно и пытливо наблюдал группу шести школьников, очевидно его же товарищей, с ним же вышедших сейчас из школы, но с которыми он, видимо, был во вражде.","translation":"He was watching the group of six schoolboys attentively and warily — evidently his own classmates, who had just come out of school with him, but with whom he was plainly at war.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ним же вышедших сейчас из школы","title":"Past active participle with the particle же","body":"«вышедших» is a past active participle of «выйти» (to come out), genitive plural agreeing with «товарищей»: \"who had come out … with him.\" The particle «же» here means \"the very same\" — emphasizing that these are precisely his own classmates, sharpening the irony of the feud."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которыми он … был во вражде","title":"Relative который taking its own case","body":"«с которыми» is the relative pronoun «который» agreeing with «товарищей» in plural but taking the instrumental after «с» — \"with whom he was at feud.\" Its case is fixed by its job inside the relative clause, not by the antecedent: a key reading skill."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во вражде","title":"быть во вражде — to be at feud","body":"«быть во вражде (с кем-то)» means to be on hostile terms, at enmity, with someone. «вражда» (enmity, feud) is a weighty word — heavier than \"quarrel\" — that frames the boys' conflict as a settled state of war rather than a passing spat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наблюдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдал","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пытливо","lemma":"пытливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with внимательно","gloss":"warily"},{"surface":"наблюдал","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was watching"},{"surface":"группу","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдал","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"шести","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies школьников","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"школьников","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies группу","gloss":"schoolboys"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical introducing the appositive (evidently)","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of товарищей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to школьников","gloss":"classmates"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышедших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ним","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вышедших","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying товарищей","gloss":"who came out"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышедших","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"школы","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышедших","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которыми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"refers to товарищей; oblique complement of вражде","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying был во вражде","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to вражде","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вражде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вражде","lemma":"вражда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"war"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-c3-s13","source":"Алеша подошел и, обратясь к одному курчавому, белокурому, румяному мальчику в черной курточке, заметил, оглядев его:","translation":"Alyosha went up and, turning to one curly-headed, fair, ruddy-cheeked boy in a black jacket, remarked, after looking him over:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел и, обратясь … заметил, оглядев его","title":"Perfective verbs framed by gerunds","body":"Around the main perfectives «подошел» (came up) and «заметил» (remarked) cluster two perfective past gerunds: «обратясь» (having turned) and «оглядев» (having looked over). Each names a completed prior action sharing Alyosha's subject — a dense gerund chain typical of Dostoevsky's narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обратясь","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мальчику","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"курчавому","lemma":"курчавый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"curly-haired"},{"surface":"белокурому","lemma":"белокурый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with курчавому","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"румяному","lemma":"румяный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with курчавому","gloss":"ruddy-cheeked"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к, complement of обратясь","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking курточке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черной","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies курточке","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"курточке","lemma":"курточка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"оглядев","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"having looked him over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядев","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-c3-s14","source":"— Когда я носил вот такой, как у вас, мешочек, так у нас носили на левом боку, чтобы правою рукой тотчас достать; а у вас ваш мешок на правом боку, вам неловко доставать.","translation":"\"When I carried a pouch like yours, we used to wear it on the left side, so we could get at it at once with the right hand; but you've got your pouch on the right side, so it's awkward for you to reach.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда я носил … так у нас носили","title":"Imperfective past for habit","body":"Both «носил» (I used to carry) and «носили» (we used to wear) are imperfective past, marking a repeated, customary action in Alyosha's schooldays — \"we always wore it on the left.\" The imperfective is precisely the aspect for \"used to\" and habitual recollection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы правою рукой тотчас достать","title":"Purpose clause with чтобы + infinitive","body":"«чтобы … достать» is a purpose clause: \"so as to reach it at once.\" When the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form verb. «правою рукой» is the instrumental of means — \"with the right hand.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правою","title":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою","body":"«правою (рукой)» uses the older feminine instrumental ending -ою instead of the everyday -ой. This longer form is a literary and slightly archaic variant, common in 19th-century prose and verse; it lends Alyosha's speech a faintly old-fashioned, measured cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of носил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of носил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause (когда я носил)","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мешочек, direct object of носил","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative marker (как у вас = like yours)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у (comparison: like yours)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мешочек","lemma":"мешочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"pouch"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of носили (у нас = we)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"носили","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to wear"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"левом","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боку","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"боку","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of носили","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of достать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"правою","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достать (instrument)","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive depending on носили","gloss":"to reach"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у (possessive: you have)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мешок","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мешок","lemma":"мешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elliptical есть)","gloss":"pouch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"правом","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"боку","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"describes location of мешок","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of неловко","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"неловко","lemma":"неловко","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the clause (it's awkward)","gloss":"awkward"},{"surface":"доставать","lemma":"доставать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on неловко","gloss":"to reach"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-c3-s15","source":"Алеша безо всякой предумышленной хитрости начал прямо с этого делового замечания, а между тем взрослому и нельзя начинать иначе, если надо войти прямо в доверенность ребенка и особенно целой группы детей.","translation":"Alyosha began straight off with this practical remark, without any premeditated cunning; and indeed a grown-up cannot begin otherwise if he wants to enter directly into the confidence of a child, and especially of a whole group of children.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взрослому и нельзя начинать иначе","title":"Dative subject of impossibility","body":"«взрослому … нельзя начинать» is impersonal: \"for a grown-up it is impossible to begin [otherwise].\" The person is in the dative «взрослому», «нельзя» is the invariable predicate of impossibility, and the «и» intensifies (\"indeed cannot\"). No nominative subject — the rule simply holds over the adult."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"войти … в доверенность","title":"войти в доверенность — to win confidence","body":"«войти в доверенность (к кому-то)» means to gain someone's trust, to get into their confidence. «доверенность» today usually means a legal \"power of attorney,\" but here it keeps its older, plainer sense of \"trust, confidence\" — a small period flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хитрости","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of хитрости","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"предумышленной","lemma":"предумышленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хитрости","gloss":"premeditated"},{"surface":"хитрости","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition безо","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замечания","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of замечания","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"делового","lemma":"деловой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечания","gloss":"practical"},{"surface":"замечания","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase между тем","gloss":"that","note":"«между тем» is a fixed phrase meaning 'meanwhile/indeed'; not literal."},{"surface":"взрослому","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective (substantive), dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of нельзя (for a grown-up)","gloss":"a grown-up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying нельзя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the second clause, parallel to начал","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинать","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of надо","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войти","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверенность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"доверенность","lemma":"доверенность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доверенность","gloss":"a child's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целой","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"целой","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies группы","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"группы","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ребенка","gloss":"group"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies группы","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-c3-s16","source":"Надо именно начинать серьезно и деловито и так, чтобы было совсем на равной ноге; Алеша понимал это инстинктом.","translation":"One has to begin precisely in a serious, businesslike way, and so as to be altogether on an equal footing; Alyosha understood this by instinct.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо именно начинать … чтобы было совсем на равной ноге","title":"Impersonal надо and a чтобы result","body":"«Надо начинать» is the subjectless \"one must begin,\" with «надо» governing an infinitive. The dependent «чтобы было … на равной ноге» uses «чтобы» + the past-form «было» for a willed result — \"so that it should be on an equal footing,\" the irrealis that «чтобы» always demands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на равной ноге","title":"на равной ноге — on an equal footing","body":"«быть на равной ноге (с кем-то)» is the idiom \"to be on an equal footing,\" to treat as a peer. The metaphor of the shared \"foot/leg\" (нога) for footing matches the English idiom almost exactly — the secret, Alyosha senses, to talking with children."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинать","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинать","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деловито","lemma":"деловито","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with серьезно","gloss":"businesslike"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with чтобы clause (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause depending on так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective, impersonal","role":"impersonal predicate (было на равной ноге)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равной","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"равной","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ноге","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, idiom на равной ноге","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"инстинктом","lemma":"инстинкт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of понимал","gloss":"by instinct"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-c3-s17","source":"— Да он левша, — ответил тотчас же другой мальчик, молодцеватый и здоровый, лет одиннадцати.","translation":"\"But he's left-handed,\" another boy answered at once, a sturdy, dashing fellow of about eleven.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да он левша","title":"Sentence-initial Да as a turn-taking particle","body":"«Да» here is not \"yes\" but a discourse particle opening a retort — roughly \"But (you see), he's left-handed.\" Starting a reply with «да» is a lively conversational move, flagging that the speaker is adding or correcting information."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодцеватый","title":"молодцеватый — dashing, jaunty","body":"«молодцеватый» means dashing, smart, sprightly — having the bearing of a «молодец» (a fine, brave fellow). Of an eleven-year-old it captures a cocky, self-assured swagger, exactly the boy who pipes up first with the answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the statement (contrastive)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of левша","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"левша","lemma":"левша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (он левша)","gloss":"left-handed"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"молодцеватый","lemma":"молодцеватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"dashing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здоровый","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодцеватый","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мальчик (age)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"одиннадцати","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"eleven"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-c3-s18","source":"Все остальные пять мальчиков уперлись глазами в Алешу.","translation":"All the other five boys fixed their eyes on Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уперлись глазами","title":"упереться глазами — to fix one's gaze","body":"«упереться глазами (в кого-то)» — literally \"to prop/brace one's eyes against\" — is an expressive idiom for fixing a hard, unblinking stare on someone. The reflexive «упереться» (to brace, dig in) gives the stare a physical, almost stubborn quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пять","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"governs мальчиков","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the subject phrase (пять мальчиков), subject of уперлись","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"уперлись","lemma":"упереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уперлись","gloss":"their eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-c3-s19","source":"— Он и камни левшой бросает, — заметил третий мальчик.","translation":"\"He throws stones left-handed too,\" remarked a third boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он и камни левшой бросает","title":"Intensifying и and instrumental of manner","body":"The «и» before «камни» means \"even / also\" — \"he throws stones left-handed *too*.\" «левшой» is the instrumental, here of manner: \"as a left-hander, with his left hand.\" The instrumental routinely answers \"in what manner\" as well as \"with what instrument.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of бросает","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"левшой","lemma":"левша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of бросает (manner)","gloss":"left-handed"},{"surface":"бросает","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"throws"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-c3-s20","source":"В это мгновение в группу как раз влетел камень, задел слегка мальчика-левшу, но пролетел мимо, хотя пущен был ловко и энергически. Пустил же его мальчик за канавкой.","translation":"At that very moment a stone came flying into the group, grazing the left-handed boy slightly but sailing past him, though it had been thrown deftly and with force. It was the boy across the ditch who had let it fly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"влетел … задел … пролетел","title":"Perfective burst of the flying stone","body":"Three perfective verbs in quick succession — «влетел» (flew in), «задел» (grazed), «пролетел» (flew past) — narrate the stone's path as a chain of completed instants. The perfective is the aspect of sudden, punctual events, and here it makes the action snap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя пущен был ловко","title":"Short passive participle: \"had been thrown\"","body":"«пущен» is the short form of the past passive participle of «пустить» (to let fly), forming a periphrastic passive with «был»: \"although it had been thrown deftly.\" The short passive participle plus «быть» is the standard way Russian states a completed, agentless action upon a thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пустил же его мальчик за канавкой","title":"Inversion and particle же for emphasis","body":"Word order is inverted — verb «Пустил» first, subject «мальчик» last — to put the new, stressed information (who threw it) at the sentence's end. The particle «же» reinforces that focus: \"It was the boy across the ditch who let it fly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетел","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"группу","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, oblique complement of влетел","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз (just)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies влетел","gloss":"right (then)"},{"surface":"влетел","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew in"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влетел","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"задел","lemma":"задеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влетел","gloss":"grazed"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задел","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задел","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"левшу","lemma":"левша","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчика (мальчика-левшу)","gloss":"the left-hander"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пролетел","lemma":"пролететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влетел","gloss":"flew past"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролетел","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of пущен","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"пущен","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролетел","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of пущен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пущен (manner)","gloss":"skillfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"энергически","lemma":"энергически","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ловко","gloss":"forcefully"},{"surface":"Пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let it fly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пустил (emphatic)","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Пустил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Пустил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канавкой","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик (location)","gloss":"the ditch"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-c3-s21","source":"— Лупи его, сажай в него, Смуров! — закричали все.","translation":"\"Let him have it, get him, Smurov!\" they all shouted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лупи его, сажай в него","title":"Imperatives of the brawl","body":"«Лупи» (from «лупить», to thrash, pelt) and «сажай» (from «сажать», here \"plant one on him, land it on him\") are imperfective imperatives barked in the heat of the fight — the imperfective imperative is the urgent, immediate \"do it now!\" of command."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Лупи","title":"лупить — to whack, pelt","body":"«лупить» is rough colloquial slang for to beat, thrash, or (with «в») pelt hard. «сажать в кого-то» here means to \"land\" a hit on someone — \"let him have it.\" Together they are exactly the crude, vivid shout of boys urging Smurov on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лупи","lemma":"лупить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"whack"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Лупи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сажай","lemma":"сажать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Лупи","gloss":"get him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сажай","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-c3-s22","source":"Но Смуров (левша) и без того не заставил ждать себя и тотчас отплатил: он бросил камнем в мальчика за канавкой, но неудачно: камень ударился в землю.","translation":"But Smurov (the left-hander) needed no urging and paid him back at once: he flung a stone at the boy across the ditch, but missed — the stone struck the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не заставил ждать себя","title":"не заставить себя ждать — to not keep one waiting","body":"«не заставить себя ждать» is the idiom \"to lose no time, to respond at once\" — literally \"did not make [people] wait for him.\" The reflexive «себя» points back to Smurov: he didn't make others wait for him. The «и без того» (\"even without that\") adds: he needed no urging."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отплатил … бросил … ударился","title":"Perfective payback","body":"«отплатил» (paid back), «бросил» (flung), «ударился» (struck) are perfectives narrating the counter-throw as completed events. «ударился» carries -ся in its middle sense — the stone \"struck itself against\" the ground, i.e. simply landed there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заставил","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"левша","lemma":"левша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Смуров","gloss":"the left-hander"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom без того (anyway), modifies заставил clause","gloss":"that","note":"«и без того» is an idiom meaning 'anyway/needed no urging'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заставил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заставил","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставил","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отплатил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"отплатил","lemma":"отплатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заставил","gloss":"paid back"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил (instrument)","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канавкой","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика (location)","gloss":"the ditch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неудачно","lemma":"неудачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"unsuccessfully"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударился","gloss":"the stone"},{"surface":"ударился","lemma":"удариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударился","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-c3-s23","source":"Мальчик за канавкой тотчас же пустил еще в группу камень, на этот раз прямо в Алешу, и довольно больно ударил его в плечо. У мальчишки за канавкой весь карман был полон заготовленными камнями. Это видно было за тридцать шагов по отдувшимся карманам его пальтишка.","translation":"The boy across the ditch instantly hurled another stone into the group, this time straight at Alyosha, and struck him on the shoulder rather painfully. The little fellow across the ditch had a whole pocketful of stones already laid in. You could tell from thirty paces off by the bulging pockets of his little overcoat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь карман был полон заготовленными камнями","title":"Short adjective полон + instrumental of fullness","body":"«полон» is the short-form adjective \"full,\" and «камнями» is the instrumental — \"full *with* stones.\" Russian regularly takes the instrumental after words of filling. «заготовленными» is a past passive participle (\"laid in, prepared in advance\"), agreeing with the stones."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишки","title":"мальчишка — the pejorative shade","body":"Where the others are «мальчики» (boys), the lone boy is now «мальчишка» — the suffix -ишк- adds a faintly disparaging, dismissive shade (\"the little fellow,\" \"the urchin\"). The shift in suffix subtly tilts the narrator's framing toward the boys' contemptuous view of him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это видно было … по отдувшимся карманам","title":"Past active participle as adjective","body":"«отдувшимся» is a past active participle of «отдуться» (to bulge out, swell), dative plural agreeing with «карманам» after «по»: \"by the bulging pockets.\" The reflexive -ся gives the middle, change-of-state sense — pockets that had puffed themselves out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канавкой","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Мальчик","gloss":"the ditch"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Же here just reinforces тотчас ('instantly'); it has no separate English word."},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies камень","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"группу","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пустил","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, modifies пустил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больно","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустил","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the shoulder"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчишки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of у (possessor)","gloss":"the little fellow's"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канавкой","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишки","gloss":"the ditch"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of карман","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полон","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полон","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"полон","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"заготовленными","lemma":"заготовленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies камнями","gloss":"readied"},{"surface":"камнями","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of полон","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of видно","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"apparent"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on шагов","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видно","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карманам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"отдувшимся","lemma":"отдуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"modifies карманам","gloss":"bulging"},{"surface":"карманам","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видно","gloss":"the pockets"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пальтишка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пальтишка","lemma":"пальтишко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies карманам","gloss":"little coat"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-c3-s24","source":"— Это он в вас, в вас, он нарочно в вас метил.","translation":"\"That was meant for you, for you — he aimed at you on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он в вас, в вас, он нарочно в вас метил","title":"Emphatic repetition and в for aim","body":"The breathless repetition «в вас, в вас … в вас» (at you, at you) renders the boys' excited shouting. «в» + accusative «вас» marks the target of aiming and throwing — \"метил в вас,\" aimed *at* you. «нарочно» means \"on purpose.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of метил","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of метил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of метил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of метил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of метил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies метил","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of метил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"метил","lemma":"метить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aimed"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-c3-s25","source":"Ведь вы Карамазов, Карамазов? — закричали хохоча мальчики. — Ну, все разом в него, пали!","translation":"You're Karamazov, aren't you, Karamazov?\" the boys shouted, laughing. \"Come on, all together now, let him have it, fire!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вы Карамазов, Карамазов?","title":"ведь appealing to shared knowledge","body":"The particle «ведь» appeals to what both sides supposedly know — \"You *are* Karamazov, aren't you?\" It seeks confirmation of a thing taken as obvious. Note too the zero copula: \"вы Карамазов\" has no verb \"to be\" — the present-tense \"are\" is simply unexpressed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пали","title":"пали — \"fire!\" (military imperative)","body":"«пали!» is the imperfective imperative of «палить» (the perfective «выпалить» would give «выпали») — \"fire!\", the command to a volley, borrowed from military usage. With «все разом в него» (all at once at him) it turns the stone-throwing into a mock battle, a child's reenactment of a firing line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Карамазов","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative repetition of Карамазов","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Карамазов","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"хохоча","lemma":"хохотать","morphology":"verb, present gerund, active, imperfective","role":"modifies закричали","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пали","gloss":"all of you"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пали","lemma":"палить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fire","note":"Пали is ambiguous with the past tense of пасть ('fell'); here, as an imperative addressed to the group, it's from палить ('to fire/shoot')."}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-c3-s26","source":"И шесть камней разом вылетели из группы.","translation":"And six stones flew out of the group at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шесть камней разом вылетели","title":"Genitive plural after шесть","body":"After «шесть» (six) the counted noun stands in the genitive plural: «шесть камней» (six stones). All numerals from five up govern the genitive plural — a core rule of Russian counting that the verb «вылетели» (flew out) then agrees with as a plural subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on камней","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"камней","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вылетели","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылетели","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"вылетели","lemma":"вылететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"группы","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылетели","gloss":"the group"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-c3-s27","source":"Один угодил мальчику в голову, и тот упал, но мигом вскочил и с остервенением начал отвечать в группу камнями.","translation":"One struck the boy on the head, and he fell, but in a flash he was up again and began furiously firing stones back at the group.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упал, но мигом вскочил и … начал отвечать","title":"Perfective sequence with begin + imperfective","body":"«упал» (fell), «вскочил» (sprang up) are punctual perfectives; then «начал отвечать» pairs the perfective «начал» (began) with the imperfective infinitive «отвечать» (to answer back). Phase verbs like «начать» always take an imperfective infinitive, since beginning opens a process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с остервенением","title":"остервенение — frenzied fury","body":"«остервенение» means a savage, frenzied rage, fury bordering on the animal (the root suggests a beast, «зверь»-like ferocity). «с остервенением» — \"furiously, in a frenzy\" — marks how fiercely the small, outnumbered boy hurls his stones back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of угодил","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"угодил","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of угодил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угодил","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with угодил","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with угодил","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остервенением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"остервенением","lemma":"остервенение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отвечать","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with угодил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"firing back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"группу","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"камнями","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"with stones"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-c3-s28","source":"С обеих сторон началась непрерывная перестрелка, у многих в группе тоже оказались в кармане заготовленные камни.","translation":"From both sides an unbroken volley began; many in the group too turned out to have stones laid up in their pockets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перестрелка","title":"перестрелка — an exchange of fire","body":"«перестрелка» is a military word for a firefight, an exchange of gunfire — used here, with grim playfulness, for the boys' stone-throwing. The prefix «пере-» captures the back-and-forth of fire between two sides; the narrator keeps up the battle metaphor of «пали»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у многих … оказались … заготовленные камни","title":"Genitive-of-possession 'у' construction","body":"«у многих … оказались камни» is the Russian \"have\" pattern: «у» + genitive «многих» (\"at many [of them]\") with the thing possessed as nominative subject of «оказались» (\"turned out to be\"). Russian has no verb \"to have\" here — possession is framed as something existing \"by\" a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторон","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine","role":"quantifies сторон","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of началась","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"началась","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"непрерывная","lemma":"непрерывный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies перестрелка","gloss":"unbroken"},{"surface":"перестрелка","lemma":"перестрелка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of началась","gloss":"volley"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многих","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of оказались","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies многих","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказались","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with началась","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказались","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"заготовленные","lemma":"заготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies камни","gloss":"laid up"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"stones"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-c3-s29","source":"— Что вы это! Не стыдно ли, господа! Шестеро на одного, да вы убьете его! — закричал Алеша.","translation":"\"What are you doing! Aren't you ashamed, gentlemen! Six against one — you'll kill him!\" cried Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стыдно ли, господа!","title":"Interrogative ли and a dative-experiencer of shame","body":"«Не стыдно ли» fronts «стыдно» and adds the question particle «ли» — \"Aren't you ashamed?\" «стыдно» is an impersonal predicate of feeling; the experiencer (here \"to you\") would stand in the dative, though it is left implicit in the heat of the cry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы убьете его","title":"Perfective future: you'll kill him","body":"«убьете» is the perfective «убить» conjugated with present-type endings to give a simple future — \"you will kill him.\" The perfective future names a single completed outcome, here the catastrophe Alyosha fears the volley will reach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the phrase","gloss":"are you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Шестеро","lemma":"шестеро","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Six of you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies Шестеро","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убьете","gloss":"you'll"},{"surface":"убьете","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убьете","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-c3-s30","source":"Он выскочил и стал навстречу летящим камням, чтобы загородить собою мальчика за канавкой.","translation":"He sprang forward and stood facing the flying stones, to shield the boy across the ditch with his own body.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочил и стал навстречу … чтобы загородить собою","title":"Purpose clause and instrumental собою","body":"«чтобы загородить … мальчика» is a purpose infinitive — \"in order to shield the boy.\" «собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя» (\"with himself, with his own body\"), the means of shielding. Note again the bookish instrumental ending -ою for ordinary -ой."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"навстречу летящим камням","title":"Present active participle + dative after навстречу","body":"«летящим» is a present active participle of «лететь» (to fly), agreeing with «камням» in the dative governed by «навстречу» (toward, to meet): \"to face the flying stones.\" The participle paints them mid-flight, the dative-governing «навстречу» turning Alyosha bodily into their path."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang forward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочил","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камням","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"летящим","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies камням","gloss":"flying"},{"surface":"камням","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition навстречу","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of загородить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"загородить","lemma":"загородить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"modifies загородить","gloss":"with his own body","note":"Собою is the instrumental form of the reflexive себя, used adverbially: 'shield [someone] with himself.'"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of загородить","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канавкой","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"the ditch"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-c3-s31","source":"Трое или четверо на минутку унялись.","translation":"Three or four of them held off for a moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Трое или четверо","title":"Collective numerals трое / четверо","body":"«трое», «четверо» are collective numerals, used for a group of people taken together (especially males and mixed sets): \"three or four [of them].\" They differ from plain «три, четыре» in flavor, grouping the boys as a little band rather than counting them off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"унялись","title":"уняться — to settle down, hold off","body":"«уняться» (perfective, reflexive) means to calm down, quiet, leave off. «на минутку» (for a little minute) is the diminutive of «минута», softening the pause: three or four held off, just for a moment, before the fury resumed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of унялись","gloss":"Three"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"четверо","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with Трое","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of унялись","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"унялись","lemma":"уняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held off"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-c3-s32","source":"— Он сам первый начал! — закричал мальчик в красной рубашке раздраженным детским голоском, — он подлец, он давеча в классе Красоткина перочинным ножиком пырнул, кровь потекла.","translation":"\"He started it himself!\" cried a boy in a red shirt, in an irritated, childish little voice. \"He's a scoundrel — he stabbed Krasotkin with a penknife in class just now, drew blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он сам первый начал!","title":"Intensifier сам — \"he himself\"","body":"«сам» is the emphatic intensifier \"himself, of his own doing\" — \"*he* started it himself.\" Distinct from the reflexive «себя», «сам» agrees like an adjective and stresses that the agent and no one else is responsible, the eternal cry of the schoolyard quarrel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"подлец — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"«подлец» is a strong term of moral contempt — a base, vile scoundrel, from «подлый» (mean, ignoble). It is one of Dostoevsky's signature words of moral judgment; in a child's mouth it carries all the borrowed weight of adult condemnation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пырнул","title":"пырнуть — to stab, jab","body":"«пырнуть» (perfective, semelfactive) is a blunt, expressive verb for a single stabbing jab — \"to dig a blade into.\" The -ну- suffix marks one sharp, instantaneous action. «перочинным ножиком» (with a penknife, instrumental of means) names the weapon; «ножиком» is a diminutive — a *little* knife."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to начал","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"красной","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубашке","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"рубашке","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"раздраженным","lemma":"раздраженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"детским","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"little voice"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"he's"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to начал","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пырнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пырнул","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пырнул","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пырнул","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"перочинным","lemma":"перочинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ножиком","gloss":"pen-"},{"surface":"ножиком","lemma":"ножик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пырнул","gloss":"knife"},{"surface":"пырнул","lemma":"пырнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of потекла","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"потекла","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пырнул","gloss":"flowed"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-c3-s33","source":"Красоткин только фискалить не хотел, а этого надо избить…","translation":"Krasotkin just didn't want to tell tales, but this one ought to be thrashed…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фискалить","title":"фискалить — to tell tales","body":"«фискалить» is schoolboy slang for \"to inform on\" or \"snitch,\" from «фискал» (an old word for a treasury informer, ultimately from Latin fiscalis). Among the boys, refusing to «фискалить» — not telling the teacher — is a point of honor, which is why Krasotkin is respected for staying silent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого надо избить","title":"Impersonal надо with accusative object","body":"«этого надо избить» — \"this one ought to be thrashed.\" «надо» is the impersonal predicate of necessity governing the infinitive «избить» (perfective, to beat thoroughly), and «этого» is its accusative object (animate, so genitive-shaped). No nominative subject: the obligation hangs over the scene impersonally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фискалить","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"фискалить","lemma":"фискалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"tell tales"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"didn't want"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of избить","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"избить","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"beat up"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-c3-s34","source":"— Да за что? Вы, верно, сами его дразните?","translation":"\"But why? Surely you're the ones who tease him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да за что?","title":"за что — \"what for, why\"","body":"«за что?» (literally \"for what?\") is the idiomatic \"why? what for? on what grounds?\" — «за» + accusative «что» asking the cause or justification. Opening «Да» is the conversational particle again, here a mild remonstrance: \"But what for?\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы, верно, сами его дразните?","title":"сами and the modal верно","body":"«сами» (you yourselves) throws the suspicion back on the boys, and «верно» here is a modal word meaning \"surely, probably, I'll bet\" rather than \"correctly.\" The imperfective «дразните» (you tease) frames it as their habitual practice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дразните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дразните","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дразните","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дразните","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tease"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-c3-s35","source":"— А вот он опять вам камень в спину прислал. Он вас знает, — закричали дети. — Это он в вас теперь кидает, а не в нас. Ну все, опять в него, не промахивайся, Смуров!","translation":"\"There — he's sent another stone into your back. He knows who you are,\" the children shouted. \"It's you he's pelting now, not us. Come on, all of you, at him again, don't miss, Smurov!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он в вас теперь кидает, а не в нас","title":"Contrastive а … не and topic fronting","body":"«а не в нас» uses the contrastive «а» to oppose targets: \"at *you* now, and not at us.\" Fronting «Это он в вас» puts the new point — that it is the boys' visitor he is pelting — up front, the topic-comment ordering Russian uses for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не промахивайся, Смуров!","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«не промахивайся» — \"don't miss!\" A negated command in Russian normally takes the imperfective imperative (here «промахивайся», reflexive, from «промахиваться», to miss). The reflexive -ся marks the miss as something the thrower does to himself; «-сь» would follow a vowel."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"— look"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of прислал","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислал","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знает","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with кидает","gloss":"It's","note":"Cleft construction: 'Это он ... кидает' = 'It's HE who is throwing,' emphasizing он."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кидает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of кидает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кидает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кидает","lemma":"кидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is pelting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of кидает","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Come on"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промахивайся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промахивайся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies промахивайся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"промахивайся","lemma":"промахиваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"miss"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-c3-s36","source":"И опять началась перестрелка, на этот раз очень злая.","translation":"And the volley started up again, this time a very vicious one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на этот раз очень злая","title":"Long-form adjective in apposition","body":"«злая» (vicious, malicious) is a long-form feminine adjective agreeing with «перестрелка», here trailing as an afterthought: \"the volley started again, a very vicious one this time.\" «злой» literally means \"angry, evil\" — the fight has turned spiteful, not just energetic."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies началась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"началась","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"перестрелка","lemma":"перестрелка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of началась","gloss":"the volley"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies началась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies перестрелка","gloss":"vicious"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-c3-s37","source":"Мальчику за канавкой ударило камнем в грудь; он вскрикнул, заплакал и побежал вверх в гору, на Михайловскую улицу.","translation":"A stone struck the boy across the ditch in the chest; he cried out, burst into tears, and ran off uphill toward Mikhailovskaya Street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мальчику … ударило камнем в грудь","title":"Impersonal blow: dative victim, instrumental stone","body":"A vivid impersonal construction: «ударило» (it struck) has no nominative subject, the victim «мальчику» stands in the dative (the one it happened to), and «камнем» is the instrumental — \"struck *with* a stone.\" Russian loves this subjectless framing for blows of fate and force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскрикнул, заплакал и побежал","title":"Perfectives of onset (\"began to\")","body":"«вскрикнул» (cried out), «заплакал» (burst into tears), «побежал» (set off running) are all perfectives — the prefixes «вс-», «за-», «по-» mark the sudden onset of an action: the cry, the breaking into tears, the start of the run. A staccato sequence of beginnings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ударило","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канавкой","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"канавкой","lemma":"канавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Мальчику","gloss":"the ditch"},{"surface":"ударило","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck","note":"Impersonal construction: no expressed subject ('it struck the boy'), with камнем as the instrument."},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударило","gloss":"with a stone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударило","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударило","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударило","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударило","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"uphill"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гору","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"гору","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"the hill"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"Михайловскую","lemma":"михайловский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"Mikhailovskaya"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гору","gloss":"Street"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-c3-s38","source":"В группе загалдели: «Ага, струсил, бежал, мочалка!»","translation":"In the group they set up a clamor: \"Aha, he's funked it, he's running, you wisp of tow!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загалдели","title":"загалдеть — to set up a clamor","body":"«загалдеть» means to start jabbering and shouting all at once, to raise a din («галдеть» is to make a noisy, confused racket). The prefix «за-» marks the sudden onset; it perfectly catches a crowd of boys breaking into jeering noise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"струсил","title":"струсить — to chicken out, funk it","body":"«струсить» (perfective of «трусить», from «трус», a coward) means to lose one's nerve, to funk it. «Ага, струсил, бежал, мочалка!» is the boys' triumphant taunt — caught his cowardice, watched him run. «мочалка» (bath-wisp) is the running insult for the disheveled boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of загалдели","gloss":"the group"},{"surface":"загалдели","lemma":"загалдеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set up a clamor"},{"surface":"Ага","lemma":"ага","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Aha"},{"surface":"струсил","lemma":"струсить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to загалдели","gloss":"he's funked it"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with струсил","gloss":"he's running"},{"surface":"мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address (insult)","gloss":"wisp of tow"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-c3-s39","source":"— Вы еще не знаете, Карамазов, какой он подлый, его убить мало, — повторил мальчик в курточке, с горящими глазенками, старше всех по-видимому.","translation":"\"You don't yet know, Karamazov, what a vile creature he is — killing's too good for him,\" said the boy in the jacket again, his little eyes blazing, the eldest of them all by the look of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его убить мало","title":"Idiom: \"killing is too good for him\"","body":"«его убить мало» — literally \"to kill him is too little\" — is a fixed hyperbolic idiom meaning even killing him wouldn't be punishment enough. «мало» is the impersonal predicate \"[it is] not enough,\" with the infinitive «убить» as logical subject and «его» its accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с горящими глазенками","title":"Present active participle + expressive diminutive","body":"«горящими» is a present active participle of «гореть» (to burn), agreeing with «глазенками» in the instrumental after «с»: \"with blazing little eyes.\" «глазенки» is an expressive diminutive of «глаза» — here not affectionate but intensifying, the small fierce eyes of the ringleader."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старше всех","title":"Comparative as superlative: старше всех","body":"«старше всех» — \"older than all,\" i.e. the eldest. Russian builds a superlative idiomatically with a comparative («старше», the comparative of «старый») plus the genitive «всех» (than all). «старше» is one of the irregular -е comparatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлый","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подлый","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement clause of знаете","gloss":"vile","note":"Какой ... подлый is an exclamatory construction, 'how vile he is,' functioning as the object clause of знаете."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаете","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"too little"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаете","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking курточке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"курточке","lemma":"курточка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"the jacket"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазенками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горящими","lemma":"горящий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазенками","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"глазенками","lemma":"глазенки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"little eyes"},{"surface":"старше","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of старше","gloss":"than everyone"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-видимому, modifies старше","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старше","gloss":"apparently"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-c3-s40","source":"— А какой он? — спросил Алеша. — Фискал, что ли?","translation":"\"But what is he?\" asked Alyosha. \"A tattletale, is that it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Фискал, что ли?","title":"что ли — \"is that it? or what?\"","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial tag turning a guess into a tentative question — \"a tattletale, is that it? or something?\" It softens Alyosha's surmise into something hesitant and conversational. «Фискал» is the noun behind the verb «фискалить» — a snitch, an informer."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of какой","gloss":"is he"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to какой","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Фискал","lemma":"фискал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A tattletale"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что ли","gloss":"is that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-c3-s41","source":"Мальчики переглянулись как будто с усмешкой.","translation":"The boys glanced at one another as if with a smirk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулись","title":"Reciprocal -ся: glanced at one another","body":"«переглянуться» means to exchange glances, to look at one another — the reflexive -ся here is reciprocal, and the prefix «пере-» gives the back-and-forth of mutual looks. «как будто с усмешкой» — as if with a smirk — colors the silent, knowing exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of переглянулись","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"переглянулись","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced at one another"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase будто, forming 'as if'","gloss":"as","note":"'как будто' together means 'as if'."},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переглянулись, forming 'as if' with как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"усмешкой","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переглянулись","gloss":"a smirk"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-c3-s42","source":"— Вы туда же идете, в Михайловскую? — продолжал тот же мальчик. — Так вот догоните-ка его… Вон видите, он остановился опять, ждет и на вас глядит.","translation":"\"You're going that way too, toward Mikhailovskaya?\" the same boy went on. \"Well then, catch up with him… Look there, you can see he's stopped again, he's waiting and watching you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догоните-ка его","title":"Imperative softened by -ка","body":"«догоните-ка» is the perfective imperative «догоните» (catch up with) plus the friendly particle «-ка», which softens a command into coaxing encouragement — \"go on, catch up with him.\" «-ка» gives the urging a casual, nudging tone, half dare and half invitation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вон видите","title":"Вон — \"over there\"","body":"«Вон» is the deictic \"there, yonder\" — pointing to something at a distance (versus «вот», \"here, this\"). «Вон видите\" — \"there, you can see\" — directs Alyosha's gaze across the ditch to the boy who has stopped and turned to watch him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of идете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идете","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies туда","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"идете","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"you're going"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Михайловскую","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Михайловскую","lemma":"Михайловская","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идете","gloss":"Mikhailovskaya"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот, forming 'the same'","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догоните","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так, forming 'well then'","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"догоните","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"catch up with"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догоните, softening the imperative","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of догоните","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"look there"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видите","gloss":"has stopped"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"waits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"watches"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-c3-s43","source":"— На вас глядит, на вас глядит! — подхватили мальчики.","translation":"\"He's watching you, he's watching you!\" the boys chimed in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На вас глядит, на вас глядит!","title":"Fronting and imperfective \"is watching\"","body":"The object «на вас» (at you) is fronted and repeated for excited emphasis, with the imperfective «глядит» giving the ongoing, present \"he's watching, watching.\" «глядеть» (to gaze, look) is a slightly more colloquial, vivid cousin of «смотреть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"he's watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"he's watching"},{"surface":"подхватили","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подхватили","gloss":"the boys"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-c3-s44","source":"— Так вот и спросите его, любит ли он банную мочалку, растрепанную. Слышите, так и спросите.","translation":"\"Then just ask him whether he likes a bathhouse wisp, a frayed one. Do you hear — go on and ask him that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросите его, любит ли он","title":"Embedded yes/no question with ли","body":"«спросите его, любит ли он …» is an indirect question: «ли» here means \"whether\" — \"ask him whether he likes …\" The focused word «любит» is fronted before «ли». This «ли» = \"whether\" in a subordinate clause is one of its two core jobs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и спросите","title":"Emphatic так и + imperative","body":"«так и спросите» — \"just go right ahead and ask.\" The combination «так и» before a verb is an emphatic egging-on, insisting the action be done exactly as said; with the imperative «спросите» it presses the dare onto Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так, forming 'well then'","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросите","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"спросите","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спросите","gloss":"he likes"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит, marking the indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"банную","lemma":"банный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мочалку","gloss":"bathhouse"},{"surface":"мочалку","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"wisp"},{"surface":"растрепанную","lemma":"растрёпанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мочалку","gloss":"frayed"},{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"спросите","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Слышите","gloss":"ask"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-c3-s45","source":"Раздался общий хохот.","translation":"A general burst of laughter went up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раздался общий хохот","title":"Inversion: verb-first for a sudden sound","body":"«Раздался … хохот» puts the verb first and the subject «хохот» (loud laughter, guffaw) last — a presentational order Russian favors for the eruption of a sound or event. «раздаться» (perfective, -ся) means \"to ring out, resound.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"общий","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хохот","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"хохот","lemma":"хохот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Раздался","gloss":"burst of laughter"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-c3-s46","source":"Алеша смотрел на них, а они на него.","translation":"Alyosha looked at them, and they at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша смотрел на них, а они на него","title":"Gapping with the contrastive а","body":"«а они на него» drops the repeated verb «смотрели», leaving just \"and they at him\" — gapping that Russian permits freely. The contrastive «а» sets the two gazes against each other in a balanced, mirror-image standoff."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided смотрели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided смотрели","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-c3-s47","source":"— Не ходите, он вас зашибет, — закричал предупредительно Смуров.","translation":"\"Don't go — he'll hurt you,\" Smurov called out warningly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ходите, он вас зашибет","title":"Negated imperfective imperative + perfective future","body":"«Не ходите» is the negated imperfective imperative \"don't go\" (multidirectional «ходить», the right verb for a general prohibition). «зашибет» is the perfective future of «зашибить» — \"he'll hurt you,\" a single feared outcome. The aspects split the warning cleanly: don't (process) or he'll (completed harm)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зашибет","title":"зашибить — to hurt, injure (colloquial)","body":"«зашибить» is a folksy, colloquial verb for to hurt, bruise, or do bodily harm — earthier than the neutral «ранить» or «поранить». Smurov's warning has the homely register of children's speech, picturing a real knock or wound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"ходите","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашибет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зашибет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зашибет","lemma":"зашибить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ходите","gloss":"will hurt"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"предупредительно","lemma":"предупредительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"warningly"},{"surface":"Смуров","lemma":"Смуров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Smurov"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-c3-s48","source":"— Господа, я его спрашивать о мочалке не буду, потому что вы, верно, его этим как-нибудь дразните, но я узнаю от него, за что вы его так ненавидите…","translation":"\"Gentlemen, I won't ask him about the wisp, because you've surely been teasing him with it somehow, but I will find out from him why you hate him so…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я его спрашивать о мочалке не буду","title":"Compound imperfective future of refusal","body":"«не буду спрашивать» is the imperfective compound future — «буду» (future of быть) plus the imperfective infinitive «спрашивать»: \"I will not ask.\" The imperfective fits a refusal to engage in the act at all; «о мочалке» (about the wisp) shows «о» + prepositional for the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я узнаю от него, за что вы его … ненавидите","title":"Perfective future + embedded \"why\"","body":"«узнаю» is the perfective future \"I will find out\" (a single completed discovery), contrasting with the imperfective «не буду спрашивать» just before. The embedded clause «за что … ненавидите» is the indirect question \"why you hate him,\" «за что» asking the cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, independent of the clause","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мочалке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мочалке","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"the wisp"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of спрашивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause, pairs with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дразните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дразните","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дразните","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дразните","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase нибудь, forming 'somehow', modifies дразните","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как, forming 'somehow'","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"дразните","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"reason clause modifying буду, introduced by потому что","gloss":"you tease"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with буду","gloss":"will find out"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ненавидите","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ненавидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидите","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ненавидите","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнаю","gloss":"you hate"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-c3-s49","source":"— Узнайте-ка, узнайте-ка, — засмеялись мальчики.","translation":"\"Go on, find out, find out,\" the boys laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узнайте-ка, узнайте-ка","title":"Mocking imperative with -ка","body":"«Узнайте-ка» is the perfective imperative «узнайте» (find out) with the coaxing particle «-ка», repeated in jeering challenge — \"go on then, find out, find out.\" The same -ка that softens a friendly request here turns sarcastic, daring Alyosha to try."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнайте","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Узнайте, softening the imperative","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"узнайте","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Узнайте","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнайте, softening the imperative","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"засмеялись","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of засмеялись","gloss":"the boys"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-c3-s50","source":"Алеша перешел мостик и пошел в горку мимо забора прямо к опальному мальчику.","translation":"Alyosha crossed the little bridge and went up the slope along the fence, straight toward the outcast boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перешел … пошел в горку … прямо к опальному мальчику","title":"Prefixed perfective motion + к with dative","body":"«перешел» (crossed over) and «пошел» (set off) are perfective prefixed motion verbs marking completed moves. «к … мальчику» is «к» + dative, the standard \"toward a person.\" «в горку» (up the little slope) uses «в» + accusative for motion onto/up the rise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опальному","title":"опальный — fallen out of favor, outcast","body":"«опальный» means in disgrace, out of favor — historically said of a noble who had incurred the tsar's «опала» (disfavor, banishment). Applied to the lone boy it lends his outsider status a faint dignity, as of someone fallen from grace rather than merely picked on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перешел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"мостик","lemma":"мостик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перешел","gloss":"the little bridge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перешел","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горку","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"горку","lemma":"горка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the slope"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчику","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"опальному","lemma":"опальный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"outcast"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-c3-s51","source":"— Смотрите, — кричали ему вслед предупредительно, — он вас не побоится, он вдруг пырнет, исподтишка… как Красоткина.","translation":"\"Watch out,\" they called warningly after him, \"he won't be afraid of you, he'll stab you all at once, on the sly… like he did Krasotkin.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вас не побоится, он вдруг пырнет","title":"Perfective futures of the warning","body":"«не побоится» (won't be afraid) and «пырнет» (will stab) are both perfective futures — single, decisive future acts. The reflexive «побояться» (to take fright) carries -ся; «пырнет» repeats the stabbing verb from earlier, now projected as a threat."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исподтишка","title":"исподтишка — on the sly, behind one's back","body":"«исподтишка» is an expressive adverb meaning stealthily, on the quiet, by an underhand stroke — striking when no one expects it. It blackens the threatened stabbing as treacherous, not open: he'll get you when you least look for it, \"like he did Krasotkin.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted warning","gloss":"watch out"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they called"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричали","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"предупредительно","lemma":"предупредительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричали","gloss":"warningly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побоится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of побоится","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побоится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побоится","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Смотрите","gloss":"he won't be afraid"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пырнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пырнет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пырнет","lemma":"пырнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to побоится","gloss":"he'll stab"},{"surface":"исподтишка","lemma":"исподтишка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пырнет","gloss":"on the sly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, marking Красоткина","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the comparison introduced by как","gloss":"Krasotkin"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-c3-s52","source":"Мальчик ждал его, не двигаясь с места.","translation":"The boy waited for him without budging from the spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не двигаясь с места","title":"Negated gerund of manner","body":"«не двигаясь» is a negated imperfective present gerund of «двигаться» (to move) — \"without moving / not stirring.\" The negated gerund neatly renders English \"without doing,\" describing the manner of the boy's waiting: motionless, holding his ground."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двигаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двигаясь","lemma":"двигаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждал","gloss":"budging"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of двигаясь","gloss":"the spot"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-c3-s53","source":"Подойдя совсем, Алеша увидел пред собою ребенка не более девяти лет от роду, из слабых и малорослых, с бледненьким худеньким продолговатым личиком, с большими темными и злобно смотревшими на него глазами.","translation":"Coming right up to him, Alyosha saw before him a child of no more than nine, one of the frail and undersized sort, with a pale, thin, longish little face and large dark eyes that looked at him with malice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подойдя совсем","title":"Perfective gerund of a completed approach","body":"«Подойдя» is the perfective past gerund of «подойти» (to come up): \"having come right up.\" Unlike the imperfective «подходя» (s10), the perfective gerund marks the approach as *finished* before the main verb «увидел» — first he arrives, then he sees."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не более девяти лет","title":"Genitive of age after a quantity word","body":"«не более девяти лет» — \"no more than nine years [old].\" «более» (more) governs the genitive «девяти лет», and «лет» is the suppletive genitive plural used for \"years\" after numbers. The whole phrase frames the boy's tiny age with the narrator's careful precision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с большими … злобно смотревшими на него глазами","title":"Past active participle inside a description","body":"«смотревшими» is a past active participle of «смотреть» (to look), agreeing with «глазами» in the instrumental after «с»: \"with large dark eyes that looked at him malevolently.\" The participle folds the boy's whole glare — its size, color, and hostility — into one weighted noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бледненьким худеньким продолговатым личиком","title":"A cascade of pity-diminutives","body":"«бледненьким, худеньким … личиком» — \"pale, thin little face\" — stacks the -еньк- expressive diminutives, which here breathe pity rather than mere smallness. The narrator's pen tenderizes the very face that glares with malice, the double vision (frail yet fierce) at the heart of the encounter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подойдя","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидел","gloss":"coming up"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Подойдя","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"девяти","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роду","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"роду","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"idiomatic complement forming 'от роду', modifies лет","gloss":"of age"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слабых","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"слабых","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"frail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"малорослых","lemma":"малорослый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with слабых","gloss":"undersized"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бледненьким","lemma":"бледненький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личиком","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"худеньким","lemma":"худенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личиком","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"продолговатым","lemma":"продолговатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личиком","gloss":"longish"},{"surface":"личиком","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ребенка, coordinated with слабых и малорослых","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большими","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"темными","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотревшими","gloss":"with malice"},{"surface":"смотревшими","lemma":"смотревший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying глазами","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотревшими","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ребенка, coordinated with личиком","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-c3-s54","source":"Одет он был в довольно ветхий старенький пальтишко, из которого уродливо вырос.","translation":"He was dressed in a rather worn, shabby little overcoat that he had outgrown grotesquely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одет он был в … пальтишко","title":"Short passive participle: \"was dressed\"","body":"«Одет … был» is the short past passive participle of «одеть» (to dress) plus «был» — \"he was dressed in.\" The short passive participle plus «быть» states the resulting condition; «в … пальтишко» uses «в» + accusative for what he was dressed *into*."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из которого уродливо вырос","title":"Relative который with the source preposition из","body":"«из которого … вырос» — \"out of which he had grown.\" The relative «который» takes the genitive after «из», governed by «вырасти из» (to outgrow, grow out of). «уродливо» (grotesquely) intensifies how badly the coat no longer fits the lengthening child."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ветхий старенький пальтишко","title":"ветхий + pejorative diminutive","body":"«ветхий» means decrepit, worn with age (the same root as in «Ветхий Завет», the Old Testament). Paired with «старенький» (poor old little) and the pejorative-tinged «пальтишко», it sketches a shabby, outgrown coat — the visible poverty of the boy under the malice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одет","lemma":"одетый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (predicate)","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Одет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of Одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальтишко","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ветхий","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"ветхий","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальтишко","gloss":"worn"},{"surface":"старенький","lemma":"старенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальтишко","gloss":"shabby little"},{"surface":"пальтишко","lemma":"пальтишко","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Одет","gloss":"overcoat"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"out of which"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырос","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уродливо","lemma":"уродливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырос","gloss":"grotesquely"},{"surface":"вырос","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on пальтишко","gloss":"had outgrown"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-c3-s55","source":"Голые руки торчали из рукавов.","translation":"His bare arms stuck out of the sleeves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"торчали","title":"торчать — to stick out","body":"«торчать» (imperfective) means to stick out, protrude, jut — often with an awkward or comical edge. «Голые руки торчали из рукавов» — bare arms sticking out of too-short sleeves — quietly drives home the poverty and the body that has outgrown its clothes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голые","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of торчали","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"торчали","lemma":"торчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stuck out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукавов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"рукавов","lemma":"рукав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of торчали","gloss":"the sleeves"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-c3-s56","source":"На правом коленке панталон была большая заплатка, а на правом сапоге, на носке, где большой палец, большая дырка, видно, что сильно замазанная чернилами.","translation":"On the right knee of his trousers was a big patch, and on the right boot, at the toe, over the big toe, was a big hole, plainly daubed over thickly with ink.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На правом коленке … была большая заплатка","title":"Prepositional of location + existential была","body":"«На … коленке … была заплатка» locates a patch with «на» + prepositional «коленке» and the existential past «была» (\"there was a patch\"). Russian states \"there is/was X at a place\" with this location-phrase + быть pattern, the noun in the nominative as subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видно, что сильно замазанная чернилами","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«замазанная» is a past passive participle of «замазать» (to smear over), agreeing with «дырка» (the hole), and «чернилами» is the instrumental — \"daubed over *with* ink.\" The instrumental marks the means/medium of the action upon the patient, here the ink that hides the hole."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коленке … сапоге … носке","title":"Everyday diminutives of the body and dress","body":"«коленка» (knee) is the homely everyday form of «колено»; with «сапоге» (boot) and «носке» (toe), the close inventory of patch and hole reads like a sympathetic, almost loving catalogue of the poor child's worn clothing, detail by detail."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"правом","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies коленке","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"коленке","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"knee"},{"surface":"панталон","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies коленке","gloss":"of the trousers"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking заплатка to the location","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заплатка","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"заплатка","lemma":"заплатка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"patch"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапоге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"правом","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сапоге","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сапоге","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with коленке","gloss":"boot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"носке","lemma":"носок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сапоге","gloss":"toe"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носке, introducing a relative clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies палец","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb in the где-clause","gloss":"toe"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дырка","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"дырка","lemma":"дырка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with заплатка, subject of the elided была","gloss":"hole"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the clause describing дырка","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чернилами","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замазанная","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"замазанная","lemma":"замазанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies дырка","gloss":"daubed"},{"surface":"чернилами","lemma":"чернила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of замазанная","gloss":"with ink"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-c3-s57","source":"В оба отдувшиеся кармашка его пальто были набраны камни.","translation":"Both bulging little pockets of his overcoat were stuffed with stones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В оба отдувшиеся кармашка … были набраны камни","title":"Short passive participle + the numeral оба","body":"«были набраны» is the short past passive participle of «набрать» (to gather, load in) with «были» — \"stones had been packed in.\" «оба» (both) governs the genitive singular «кармашка», and «отдувшиеся» is again the participle for the bulging pockets. The whole sentence is a quiet, ominous passive: the stones lie ready."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кармашка","title":"кармашек — little pocket","body":"«кармашек» is the diminutive of «карман» (pocket) — \"little pocket.\" The tender diminutive sits in unsettling contrast with what fills them: the small pockets of a small, sickly boy, stuffed with stones for war."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармашка","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on кармашка","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"отдувшиеся","lemma":"отдувшийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies кармашка","gloss":"bulging"},{"surface":"кармашка","lemma":"кармашек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of набраны","gloss":"little pockets"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пальто","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кармашка","gloss":"overcoat"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of набраны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"набраны","lemma":"набрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stuffed"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive набраны","gloss":"stones"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-c3-s58","source":"Алеша остановился пред ним в двух шагах, вопросительно смотря на него.","translation":"Alyosha stopped two paces in front of him, looking at him questioningly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопросительно смотря на него","title":"Imperfective gerund of manner","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund of «смотреть» (to look) — \"looking at him.\" It describes the manner attending the main verb «остановился» (stopped): Alyosha halts *while* gazing questioningly, the gerund and main verb sharing his subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в двух шагах","title":"Distance with в + genitive numeral","body":"«в двух шагах» — \"two paces off.\" «два/двух» governs the genitive, and after the numeral «шагах» appears in the prepositional plural required by «в» for stating distance. The frame «в … шагах» measures the careful gap Alyosha leaves between himself and the wary child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"вопросительно","lemma":"вопросительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"questioningly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-c3-s59","source":"Мальчик, догадавшись тотчас по глазам Алеши, что тот его бить не хочет, тоже спустил куражу и сам даже заговорил.","translation":"The boy, guessing at once from Alyosha's eyes that he did not mean to beat him, lost some of his bravado and even spoke first himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догадавшись тотчас по глазам Алеши, что тот его бить не хочет","title":"Perfective gerund + reported clause","body":"«догадавшись» is a perfective past gerund of «догадаться» (to guess, realize): \"having guessed at once.\" It governs a «что»-clause of what he realized. Inside it «тот» (\"that one\") is the demonstrative tracking Alyosha as topic, neatly distinguishing him from the boy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спустил куражу","title":"спустить куражу — to lose one's bravado","body":"«кураж» (from French courage) here means swagger, bravado, fighting spirit — and «спустить куражу» means to let it deflate, to climb down from one's defiance. The genitive «куражу» is a partitive (\"let off some of his bravado\"). The Gallicism gives the phrase a slightly raffish, period flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спустил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"догадавшись","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спустил","gloss":"guessing"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадавшись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of догадавшись","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазам","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to beat"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадавшись","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спустил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"спустил","lemma":"спустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"куражу","lemma":"кураж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спустил","gloss":"some bravado"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спустил","gloss":"spoke up"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-c3-s60","source":"— Я один, а их шесть… Я их всех перебью один, — сказал он вдруг, сверкнув глазами.","translation":"\"I'm one and there are six of them… I'll thrash the lot of them single-handed,\" he said suddenly, his eyes flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я один, а их шесть","title":"Genitive of the counted vs nominative \"alone\"","body":"«Я один» (I [am] one/alone) sets the lone boy against «их шесть» — \"there are six of them,\" where «их» is the genitive of «они» governed by the numeral «шесть» in this existential count. The contrastive «а» pivots the lonely odds: one against six."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я их всех перебью один","title":"Perfective future with the exhaustive пере-","body":"«перебью» is the perfective future of «перебить», where the prefix «пере-» means \"do to the whole lot, one after another\" — \"I'll thrash every last one of them.\" The perfective future names the completed deed; «один» (single-handed) and «всех» (all of them) frame the boy's defiant, doomed boast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сверкнув глазами","title":"Perfective gerund: a single flash","body":"«сверкнув» is the perfective past gerund of «сверкнуть» (to flash once) — the -ну- semelfactive marking a single instantaneous flash, and the perfective gerund a completed action: \"having flashed his eyes,\" the defiant glint accompanying his outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of шесть","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with один","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перебью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of перебью","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies их","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"перебью","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will thrash"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебью","gloss":"single-handedly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сверкнув","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкнув","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-c3-s61","source":"— Вас один камень, должно быть, очень больно ударил, — заметил Алеша.","translation":"\"One of those stones must have hit you very painfully,\" remarked Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть","title":"«должно быть» as a parenthetical","body":"«должно быть» — literally 'it must be' — has frozen into a parenthetical adverbial meaning 'probably, must have'. It is set off by commas and stands outside the clause's grammar, a typical impersonal turn (no nominative subject)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вас ... ударил","title":"Accusative object fronted for focus","body":"The animate accusative «вас» ('you') is placed first, before the subject «камень» ('a stone'), throwing the weight onto who was hit. Free word order lets Russian topicalize the object like this without ambiguity, since the case endings keep subject and object apart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies камень","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying ударил, forms idiom with быть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hit"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-c3-s62","source":"— А я Смурову в голову попал! — вскрикнул мальчик.","translation":"\"But I got Smurov on the head!\" the boy cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в голову попал","title":"«попасть в» + accusative — to hit a target","body":"«попасть в голову» means 'to hit (someone) on the head', with «в» governing the accusative of the target struck. The perfective «попал» reports a single successful hit — note the construction попасть КОМУ (dative) В ЧТО (в + accusative): «Смурову» is the dative of «Смуров» (the person hit), and «в голову» the body part in в + accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскрикнул","title":"Prefix вс- and the perfective of a sudden cry","body":"«вскрикнуть» is the perfective 'to cry out (suddenly, once)'; the «-ну-» suffix marks a single instantaneous act, and the prefix «вс-» gives the upward burst. It moves the narrative forward against the imperfective background."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Смурову","lemma":"смуров","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of попал (person hit)","gloss":"Smurov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"hit"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"the boy"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-c3-s63","source":"— Они мне там сказали, что вы меня знаете и за что-то в меня камнем бросили? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"They told me back there that you know me and threw a stone at me for some reason — is that so?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что-то","title":"«за что-то» — 'for some reason' with indefinite -то","body":"The indefinite particle «-то» on «что» marks a specific but unknown cause: 'for some (particular) reason I can't name'. Had Dostoevsky written «за что-нибудь», it would mean any reason at all; «-то» presumes a real, hidden motive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в меня камнем бросили","title":"«бросить в» + instrumental of the missile","body":"To throw a thing AT someone, Russian puts the target in «в» + accusative («в меня») and the thrown object in the bare instrumental («камнем» — 'with a stone'). The instrumental of the instrument is exactly its core job."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказали","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, indefinite","role":"object of preposition за (part of что-то)","gloss":"something","note":"что-то is an indefinite pronoun split by the tokenizer; за что-то ~ 'for some reason'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросили","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"бросили","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаете","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-c3-s64","source":"Мальчик мрачно посмотрел на него.","translation":"The boy looked at him gloomily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мрачно посмотрел","title":"Manner adverb + perfective glance","body":"«мрачно» ('gloomily, darkly') is an adverb in «-о» modifying the perfective «посмотрел» ('shot a look'). The perfective frames the look as a single completed act, not a sustained gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-c3-s65","source":"— Я вас не знаю. Разве вы меня знаете? — допрашивал Алеша.","translation":"\"I don't know you. Do you really know me?\" Alyosha pressed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве вы меня знаете?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question particle","body":"«разве» opens a question coloured by surprise or doubt: 'do you REALLY know me?' / 'you don't actually know me, do you?'. Unlike a neutral yes/no question, it signals the speaker leans toward expecting 'no'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"допрашивал","title":"Imperfective «допрашивал» — pressing, interrogating","body":"«допрашивать» is the imperfective 'to interrogate, question persistently' (the verb used for a formal police interrogation). The imperfective past paints Alyosha's questioning as an ongoing process, fitting the back-and-forth of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"допрашивал","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допрашивал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-c3-s66","source":"— Не приставайте! — вдруг раздражительно вскрикнул мальчик, сам, однако ж, не двигаясь с места, как бы всё чего-то выжидая и опять злобно засверкав глазенками.","translation":"\"Leave me alone!\" the boy suddenly cried out in irritation, yet without moving from the spot, as though all the while waiting for something, his little eyes flashing with malice again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не приставайте!","title":"Negated imperfective imperative — 'stop pestering!'","body":"«Не приставайте!» is a negated imperfective imperative ('don't pester / leave off'). Russian uses the imperfective for prohibitions of an ongoing action, where a positive command would more often be perfective; the «-те» makes it plural/polite, the form a child uses to an adult."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не двигаясь ... выжидая ... засверкав","title":"Chain of gerunds («деепричастия»)","body":"Three adverbial participles hang on the main verb: imperfective «не двигаясь» ('not moving') and «выжидая» ('waiting') give simultaneous circumstance, while perfective «засверкав» ('having flashed up') marks a fresh completed act. All share the boy's subject — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазенками","title":"«глазёнки» — pitying-contemptuous diminutive of 'eyes'","body":"«глазёнки» (here instrumental «глазёнками») is a diminutive of «глаза» with the «-ёнк-» suffix, which carries a tinge of pity or belittlement — 'his little eyes'. It colours the half-feral boy as small and pitiable even as they flash with malice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"однако ж","title":"«однако ж» — bookish 'however, yet'","body":"«однако» means 'however'; the tacked-on particle «ж» (a clipped «же») adds insistence — 'and yet'. The pairing is a period-flavoured, slightly bookish connective frequent in 19th-century narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приставайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приставайте","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"pester"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies мальчик (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies the clause не двигаясь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двигаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"двигаясь","lemma":"двигаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb on вскрикнул (concessive)","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of двигаясь","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, part of как бы","role":"forms как бы (as though), modifies выжидая","gloss":"as","note":"как бы = 'as though'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выжидая (all the while)","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, indefinite","role":"direct object of выжидая (part of чего-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with чего","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"выжидая","lemma":"выжидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb coordinated with двигаясь, modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засверкав","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засверкав","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"засверкав","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb coordinated with выжидая, modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазенками","lemma":"глазёнки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засверкав","gloss":"little eyes"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-c3-s67","source":"— Хорошо, я пойду, — сказал Алеша, — только я вас не знаю и не дразню. Они мне сказали, как вас дразнят, но я вас не хочу дразнить, прощайте!","translation":"\"Very well, I'll go,\" said Alyosha, \"only I don't know you and I'm not teasing you. They told me what they call you to tease you, but I have no wish to tease you — goodbye!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я пойду","title":"Perfective future «пойду» — 'I'll set off'","body":"«пойду» is the simple (perfective) future of the prefixed motion verb «пойти», conjugated with present-tense endings but meaning 'I will go / I'll be off'. The prefix «по-» adds the sense of setting out on the journey."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вас дразнят","title":"Impersonal 3rd-person plural «дразнят»","body":"«как вас дразнят» — literally 'how they tease you' — uses a subjectless 3rd-person plural ('they') for an unnamed general agent. Russian routinely expresses 'people / one' this way; here it means 'what nickname they tease you with'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прощайте","title":"«прощайте» — 'farewell', literally 'forgive'","body":"«прощайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «прощать» ('to forgive'), used as 'goodbye' — etymologically asking pardon as one parts. It is weightier and more final than the casual «до свидания»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"discourse particle, head of the first clause","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by только","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дразню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дразню","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"tease"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дразнят","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дразнят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дразнят","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказали","gloss":"tease"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дразнить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"дразнить","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"tease"},{"surface":"прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"final exclamation, head of its own clause","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-c3-s68","source":"— Монах в гарнитуровых штанах! — крикнул мальчик, всё тем же злобным и вызывающим взглядом следя за Алешей, да кстати и став в позу, рассчитывая, что Алеша непременно бросится на него теперь, но Алеша повернулся, поглядел на него и пошел прочь.","translation":"\"Monk in silk trousers!\" the boy shouted, following Alyosha with the same malicious, defiant glare, and squaring up into a stance besides, reckoning that Alyosha would surely fling himself at him now; but Alyosha turned, looked at him, and walked away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следя ... став ... рассчитывая","title":"Three gerunds stacking the boy's posture","body":"The sentence piles up adverbial participles: imperfective «следя» ('following with his eyes') and «рассчитывая» ('reckoning') for simultaneous states, with perfective «став в позу» ('having struck a stance') for a completed move. The dense gerund chain is classic Dostoevskian syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросится на него","title":"Perfective future + reflexive «броситься на»","body":"«бросится» is the perfective future of the reflexive «броситься» ('to fling oneself'); «на него» (accusative) marks the target of the lunge. The «-ся» here makes the throw self-directed — the boy expects Alyosha to hurl himself bodily at him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Monk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штанах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гарнитуровых","lemma":"гарнитуровый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies штанах","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"штанах","lemma":"штаны","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of preposition в, modifies Монах","gloss":"trousers"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следя (the whole time)","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взглядом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"злобным","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вызывающим","lemma":"вызывающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобным","gloss":"defiant"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следя","gloss":"glare"},{"surface":"следя","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следя","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies став","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies став","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"став","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb coordinated with следя, modifies крикнул","gloss":"squaring up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"позу","lemma":"поза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of став","gloss":"a stance"},{"surface":"рассчитывая","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on став","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросится","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросится","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"бросится","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассчитывая","gloss":"throw himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросится","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"away"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-c3-s69","source":"Но не успел он сделать и трех шагов, как в спину его больно ударился пущенный мальчиком самый большой булыжник, который только был у него в кармане.","translation":"But he had not taken three steps before the biggest cobblestone the boy had in his pocket struck him painfully in the back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не успел он сделать и трех шагов, как","title":"«не успел ... как» — 'no sooner ... than'","body":"The frame «не успел + infinitive ..., как ...» means 'he had not managed to ... before ...'. The emphatic «и» before «трех шагов» means 'even (three steps)', and «трёх шагов» is genitive after the numeral 'three' plus the negated verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пущенный мальчиком ... булыжник","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«пущенный» is the past passive participle of «пустить» ('let fly, hurl'), agreeing with «булыжник» ('cobblestone'). Its agent stands in the instrumental — «мальчиком» ('by the boy') — the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который только был у него в кармане","title":"Relative «который» — 'the very biggest he had'","body":"«который» heads the relative clause modifying «булыжник», agreeing in masculine singular but taking nominative for its own role. With «самый большой ... который только был» it means 'the very biggest one that he had at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"had time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies трех шагов (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies шагов","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударился","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of спину (his)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударился","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"ударился","lemma":"удариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"пущенный","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying булыжник","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"мальчиком","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of пущенный","gloss":"by the boy"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies большой","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies булыжник","gloss":"biggest"},{"surface":"булыжник","lemma":"булыжник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударился","gloss":"cobblestone"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был (the only one)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармане (his)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-c3-s70","source":"— Так вы сзади? Они правду, стало быть, говорят про вас, что вы нападаете исподтишка? — обернулся опять Алеша, но на этот раз мальчишка с остервенением опять пустил в Алешу камнем и уже прямо в лицо, но Алеша успел заслониться вовремя, и камень ударил его в локоть.","translation":"\"So you attack from behind? It's true, then, what they say about you, that you strike on the sly?\" Alyosha turned around again, but this time the little wretch furiously hurled another stone at him, straight in the face — only Alyosha managed to shield himself in time, and the stone struck him on the elbow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исподтишка","title":"«исподтишка» — 'on the sly, underhandedly'","body":"«исподтишка» is an expressive adverb meaning 'stealthily, behind one's back, on the sly' — acting underhandedly so as not to be seen. The accusation here is moral as much as physical: striking from cover."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'so then, it follows'","body":"«стало быть» is a parenthetical 'so, therefore, it follows that' — a slightly old-fashioned, deductive connective. Like «должно быть» it is an impersonal frozen phrase set off by commas."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишка","title":"«мальчишка» — the pejorative diminutive of 'boy'","body":"Where «мальчик» is neutral 'boy', «мальчишка» carries the dismissive «-ишк-» suffix — 'brat, urchin, the little wretch'. The narrator switches to it as the boy turns vicious; the translation's 'little wretch' catches the contempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустил в Алешу камнем","title":"«пустить в» + instrumental — to let fly at","body":"Same pattern as earlier: target in «в» + accusative («в Алёшу»), the missile in the instrumental («камнем»). The perfective «пустил» reports the single hurl that drives the action forward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сзади","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сзади","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорят","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of parenthetical стало быть (it seems), modifies говорят","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are saying"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нападаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нападаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нападаете","lemma":"нападать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"attack"},{"surface":"исподтишка","lemma":"исподтишка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нападаете","gloss":"on the sly"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"turned around"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"the little wretch"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остервенением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"остервенением","lemma":"остервенение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил, coordinated with камнем","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"заслониться","lemma":"заслониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"shield himself"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслониться","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"the stone"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking локоть","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"локоть","lemma":"локоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the elbow"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-c3-s71","source":"— Как вам не стыдно! Что я вам сделал? — вскричал он.","translation":"\"Aren't you ashamed! What have I done to you?\" he cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вам не стыдно!","title":"Dative-subject shame: «вам ... стыдно»","body":"This is the textbook impersonal construction: the experiencer in the dative («вам» — 'to you') plus the invariable predicate «стыдно» ('shameful'), with no nominative subject — literally 'how (it is) not shameful to you!', i.e. 'aren't you ashamed!'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что я вам сделал?","title":"Dative of the person affected","body":"«вам» is the dative of the person wronged — 'what have I done TO you?'. Russian routinely marks the affected party in the dative with verbs of doing-to, where English needs the preposition 'to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of стыдно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-c3-s72","source":"Мальчик молча и задорно ждал лишь одного, что вот теперь Алеша уж несомненно на него бросится; видя же, что тот даже и теперь не бросается, совершенно озлился, как зверенок: он сорвался с места и кинулся сам на Алешу, и не успел тот шевельнуться, как злой мальчишка, нагнув голову и схватив обеими руками его левую руку, больно укусил ему средний ее палец.","translation":"The boy waited in silence and defiance for one thing only — that now, surely, Alyosha would fling himself at him; but seeing that even now he did not, he flew into a complete fury, like a little wild beast: he tore from the spot and threw himself at Alyosha, and before Alyosha could stir, the spiteful little fellow, bending his head and seizing Alyosha's left hand with both of his own, bit the middle finger of it hard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя же, что тот ... не бросается","title":"Gerund «видя» + contrastive «же»","body":"The imperfective gerund «видя» ('seeing') opens a clause sharing the boy's subject, and the particle «же» here is mildly adversative — 'but seeing that...'. «тот» ('that one') points back to Alyosha, tracking him as the distant referent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озлился ... как зверенок","title":"«озлиться» and «зверёнок» — feral fury","body":"«озлиться» (perfective) is 'to become enraged, fill with spite'; «зверёнок» is a diminutive of «зверь» ('beast') — a 'little wild beast', the «-ёнок» suffix being the one used for animal young. The image fuses childishness with savagery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагнув голову и схватив ... укусил","title":"Perfective gerunds for prior, completed acts","body":"«нагнув» ('having bent') and «схватив» ('having seized') are perfective past gerunds in «-в», each naming an action completed just before the main verb «укусил» ('bit'). They compress a sequence of moves into one breathless clause, all on the boy's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"укусил ему ... палец","title":"Dative of the possessor with body parts","body":"«укусил ему ... палец» — 'bit him the finger' — uses the dative «ему» for the person whose body part is affected, a so-called dative of possession common with body parts where English uses a possessive ('bit his finger')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задорно","lemma":"задорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"defiantly"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause in apposition to одного","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросится","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несомненно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросится","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросится","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бросится","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of одного (appositive, introduced by что)","gloss":"throw himself"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on озлился","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видя","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросается","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бросается","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видя","gloss":"throws himself"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"grew furious"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking зверенок","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"зверенок","lemma":"зверёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлился","gloss":"a little beast"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сорвался","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third main clause","gloss":"bolted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвался","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвался","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies он (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by и не...как","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"шевельнуться","lemma":"шевельнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"stir"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of укусил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишка","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укусил","gloss":"the little wretch"},{"surface":"нагнув","lemma":"нагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on укусил","gloss":"bending"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нагнув","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with нагнув","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укусил","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (introduced by как)","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative possessor, indirect object of укусил","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"средний","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies палец","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of палец (referring to рука)","gloss":"its","note":"ее refers back to the feminine рука ('hand'), not a person."},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил","gloss":"finger"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-c3-s73","source":"Он впился в него зубами и секунд десять не выпускал его.","translation":"He sank his teeth into it and would not let go for some ten seconds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впился ... зубами","title":"«впиться» — to sink/dig into","body":"«впиться в» means 'to sink into, fasten onto' (of teeth, claws, eyes); the instrumental «зубами» ('with his teeth') names the means. The verb conveys a clamping, tenacious grip — he didn't merely bite, he locked on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"секунд десять","title":"Inverted numeral = approximation","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «секунд десять» instead of «десять секунд» — signals approximation: 'some ten seconds, about ten seconds'. The genitive plural «секунд» is governed by the numeral 'ten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank his teeth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"зубами","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"temporal adjunct of выпускал (quantified by десять)","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies секунд","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпускал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпускал","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with впился","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпускал","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-c3-s74","source":"Алеша закричал от боли, дергая изо всей силы палец.","translation":"Alyosha cried out with pain, tugging the finger with all his might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дергая ... палец","title":"Imperfective gerund «дёргая» — simultaneous tugging","body":"«дёргая» is the imperfective present gerund of «дёргать» ('to tug, jerk'), describing what Alyosha was doing at the same moment as «закричал» ('cried out'). Imperfective gerunds always render an action ongoing alongside the main verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изо всей силы","title":"«изо всей силы» — 'with all his might'","body":"A set idiom, «изо всей силы» = 'with all one's strength'. The preposition «из(о)» takes the genitive «всей силы»; the «-о» of «изо» appears before the consonant cluster «вс-» for ease of pronunciation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"дергая","lemma":"дёргать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on закричал","gloss":"tugging"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with","note":"изо is the form из takes before a cluster; изо всей силы = 'with all his might'."},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дергая","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дергая","gloss":"the finger"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-c3-s75","source":"Мальчик выпустил его наконец и отскочил на прежнюю дистанцию.","translation":"The boy let go at last and sprang back to his former distance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпустил ... отскочил","title":"Two perfectives advancing the action","body":"«выпустил» ('let go') and «отскочил» ('sprang back') are both perfective, each a single completed move that carries the narrative forward a step. The «вы-» and «от-» prefixes give 'out/release' and 'away/back' respectively."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на прежнюю дистанцию","title":"«дистанция» — a Gallicism","body":"«дистанция» (from French/Latin) is a slightly bookish borrowing for 'distance', here 'his former distance'. Native «расстояние» would be plainer; the loanword lends a faint precision, almost as if measuring out a duel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выпустил","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"выпустил","lemma":"выпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпустил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпустил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отскочил","lemma":"отскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпустил","gloss":"sprang back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дистанцию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прежнюю","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дистанцию","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"дистанцию","lemma":"дистанция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отскочил","gloss":"distance"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-c3-s76","source":"Палец был больно прокушен, у самого ногтя, глубоко, до кости; полилась кровь.","translation":"The finger was painfully bitten, right by the nail, deep, to the bone; the blood ran.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Палец был ... прокушен","title":"Short passive participle + «был» = stated result","body":"«прокушен» is the short-form past passive participle of «прокусить» ('to bite through'), joined to «был» to state a result: 'the finger had been bitten through'. This periphrastic passive (short participle + быть) is the standard way Russian expresses a completed, resultant state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полилась кровь","title":"Verb-first word order: the new event last","body":"«полилась кровь» ('the blood ran') puts the verb before the subject «кровь», which is the new information arriving last. The reflexive «-сь» on «полилась» (from «политься») marks the inchoative middle — the blood began to flow of itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive прокушен","gloss":"The finger"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прокушен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокушен","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"прокушен","lemma":"прокусить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bitten"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногтя","gloss":"right by"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ногтя","gloss":"the very","note":"самый here intensifies location ('right at/the very'), not 'the most'."},{"surface":"ногтя","lemma":"ноготь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, modifying прокушен","gloss":"the nail"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокушен","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кости","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кости","lemma":"кость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition до, modifying прокушен","gloss":"the bone"},{"surface":"полилась","lemma":"политься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of полилась","gloss":"the blood"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-c3-s77","source":"Алеша вынул платок и крепко обернул в него раненую руку.","translation":"Alyosha took out his handkerchief and bound the wounded hand tightly in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернул в него раненую руку","title":"Past passive participle «раненую» as attribute","body":"«раненую» (accusative fem.) is the past passive participle of «ранить» ('to wound') used attributively — 'the wounded hand'. It declines and agrees with «руку» exactly like an adjective, condensing 'the hand that had been wounded' into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"his handkerchief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернул","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"обернул","lemma":"обернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"раненую","lemma":"раненый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обернул","gloss":"the hand"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-c3-s78","source":"Обертывал он почти целую минуту.","translation":"He spent almost a whole minute binding it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обертывал он почти целую минуту","title":"Imperfective «обёртывал» for duration","body":"The imperfective «обёртывал» ('was wrapping') is chosen precisely because the focus is on duration — 'almost a whole minute'. A perfective would report the act done; the imperfective dwells on the slow process, underscoring his deliberate calm. Fronting the verb stresses the lingering activity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обертывал","lemma":"обёртывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was binding"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Обертывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целую","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Обертывал","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-c3-s79","source":"Мальчишка всё это время стоял и ждал.","translation":"All this time the boy stood and waited.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял и ждал","title":"Paired imperfectives for sustained waiting","body":"«стоял и ждал» ('stood and waited') are two imperfective pasts describing a held, ongoing state through 'all this time' («всё это время»). The imperfective is the aspect of background, of nothing yet happening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"waited"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-c3-s80","source":"Наконец Алеша поднял на него свой тихий взор.","translation":"At last Alyosha raised his quiet gaze to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял на него свой тихий взор","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«свой» ('his own') refers back to the clause's subject, Alyosha — his own quiet gaze. Using «его» instead would oddly suggest someone else's gaze; «свой» keeps the gaze firmly his."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взор","title":"«взор» — the elevated word for 'gaze'","body":"«взор» is a bookish, lyrical synonym of «взгляд» ('look, gaze'), belonging to the higher literary register. Paired with «тихий» ('quiet, gentle'), it lends Alyosha's look a near-icon-like serenity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"At last"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взор","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взор","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"взор","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"gaze"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-c3-s81","source":"— Ну хорошо, — сказал он, — видите, как вы меня больно укусили, ну и довольно ведь, так ли? Теперь скажите, что я вам сделал?","translation":"\"All right,\" he said, \"you see how painfully you've bitten me — well, that's enough now, isn't it? Now tell me, what have I done to you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно ведь, так ли?","title":"Particles «ведь» and «ли» — appeal and tag question","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding ('after all, you know'), softening 'that's enough'; «так ли?» is a tag question with the interrogative particle «ли» — 'is that so?, isn't it?'. Together they coax the boy gently rather than command him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы меня больно укусили","title":"Exclamatory «как» + perfective result","body":"«как ... больно укусили» means 'how painfully you bit me' — «как» here is exclamatory ('how!') rather than 'how?'. The perfective «укусили» reports the completed bite whose result Alyosha now displays."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"introduces reported speech (parenthetical)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of укусили (complement of видите)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of укусили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of укусили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укусили","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"укусили","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видите","gloss":"bitten"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that's enough"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of tag phrase так ли","gloss":"isn't that so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажите","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажите","gloss":"have done"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-c3-s82","source":"Мальчик посмотрел с удивлением.","translation":"The boy looked at him in surprise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотрел с удивлением","title":"«с удивлением» — instrumental of manner under «с»","body":"«с удивлением» ('with surprise') is the preposition «с» plus the instrumental «удивлением», a common way to express manner or accompanying feeling. Russian prefers this abstract noun phrase where English might say 'looked surprised'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"The boy"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"surprise"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-c3-s83","source":"— Я хоть вас совсем не знаю и в первый раз вижу, — всё так же спокойно продолжал Алеша, — но не может быть, чтоб я вам ничего не сделал, — не стали бы вы меня так мучить даром.","translation":"\"Though I don't know you at all and am seeing you for the first time,\" Alyosha went on, just as calmly, \"it cannot be that I've done nothing to you — you wouldn't torment me like this for no reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может быть, чтоб я вам ничего не сделал","title":"«чтоб» + negative concord","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») introduces the irrealis clause after «не может быть» ('it cannot be that'). Inside it Russian stacks negatives — «ничего ... не сделал» ('did nothing', lit. 'nothing not did') — the obligatory negative concord, where the ни-word and «не» together make one negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стали бы вы меня так мучить даром","title":"Conditional «бы» — counterfactual reasoning","body":"«не стали бы вы ... мучить» is the conditional: past-form «стали» plus the particle «бы» = 'you would not (have) torment(ed) me'. Alyosha reasons hypothetically — you wouldn't do this for nothing, so there must be a cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"даром","title":"«даром» — 'for nothing, in vain'","body":"«даром» (frozen instrumental of «дар», 'gift') means 'for free' and, by extension, 'for no reason, in vain' — here 'you wouldn't torment me gratuitously'. A compact, idiomatic adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive marker, modifies знаю","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause (хоть...)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"am seeing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (не может быть)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"(negation)"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of может","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"would start"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стали","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"for no reason","note":"даром is a frozen instrumental of дар used as an adverb meaning 'for nothing/without cause'."}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-c3-s84","source":"Так что же я сделал и чем я виноват пред вами, скажите?","translation":"So what have I done, and how am I to blame before you — tell me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем я виноват пред вами","title":"Instrumental «чем» + archaic «пред»","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of «что» — 'in what way / by what am I guilty?'. «пред» is the bookish, elevated variant of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «вами»; the short form «виноват» is predicative 'guilty, at fault'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"виноват","title":"Short adjective «виноват» — 'to blame'","body":"«виноват» is the short form of «виноватый» ('guilty'), used only predicatively and carrying a sense of the present, momentary state of being at fault. Such short adjectives in predicate position are a staple of this register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse connective, introduces the question","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"am to blame"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before","note":"пред is the archaic/poetic form of перед ('before')."},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative tag","gloss":"tell me"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-c3-s85","source":"Вместо ответа мальчик вдруг громко заплакал, в голос, и вдруг побежал от Алеши.","translation":"Instead of answering, the boy suddenly burst into loud weeping, sobbing aloud, and suddenly ran away from Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вместо ответа","title":"«вместо» + genitive","body":"«вместо ответа» ('instead of an answer') shows the preposition «вместо» governing the genitive «ответа». It is one of the many 'of'-type prepositions that fix the genitive on their object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заплакал ... побежал","title":"Inceptive «за-» — 'burst into / set off'","body":"Both are inceptive perfectives, but with different prefixes: «заплакал» carries «за-» ('burst into tears'), while «побежал» carries «по-» ('set off running'), the ingressive prefix for unidirectional motion verbs; it is paired with «вдруг» ('suddenly ran off'). The doubled «вдруг ... вдруг» heightens the abruptness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в голос","title":"«в голос» — 'aloud, at the top of one's voice'","body":"The idiom «в голос» (lit. 'into voice') means to weep loudly and openly, without restraint. It recurs in the next sentence, stressing the boy's unconcealed, full-throated sobbing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответа","gloss":"Instead of"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заплакал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst into weeping"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"(sobbing) aloud"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заплакал","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-c3-s86","source":"Алеша пошел тихо вслед за ним на Михайловскую улицу, и долго еще видел он, как бежал вдали мальчик, не умаляя шагу, не оглядываясь и, верно, всё так же в голос плача.","translation":"Alyosha walked quietly after him toward Mikhailovskaya Street, and for a long while still he could see the boy running in the distance, not slackening his pace, not looking back, and surely still sobbing aloud just the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видел он, как бежал ... мальчик","title":"Imperfective «бежал» under «видел, как»","body":"«видел, как бежал мальчик» — 'saw how the boy was running' — uses the imperfective «бежал» (unidirectional motion verb «бежать») to render a sustained sight watched over time. The construction «видеть, как» + imperfective renders perceived ongoing action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не умаляя шагу, не оглядываясь ... плача","title":"Three imperfective gerunds of attendant circumstance","body":"«умаляя», «оглядываясь» and «плача» are imperfective present gerunds, each describing the boy's manner as he runs — not slackening pace, not looking back, weeping. «шагу» is an old partitive genitive ('of pace'); the whole chain shares the boy's subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верно, всё так же","title":"«верно» as 'probably' + «всё так же»","body":"«верно» here is the parenthetical 'no doubt, probably' (not the adverb 'correctly'), an inference Alyosha makes from a distance. «всё так же» means 'still in the same way, just as before', echoing the boy's unbroken sobbing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Михайловскую","lemma":"михайловский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"Mikhailovskaya"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"could see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"was running"},{"surface":"вдали","lemma":"вдали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"in the distance"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умаляя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умаляя","lemma":"умалять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал","gloss":"slackening"},{"surface":"шагу","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of умаляя","gloss":"his pace","note":"genitive object of the negated verb (не умаляя шагу) — genitive-of-negation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оглядываясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оглядываясь","lemma":"оглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал, coordinated with умаляя","gloss":"looking back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плача","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плача","gloss":"just the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плача","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал, coordinated with умаляя and оглядываясь","gloss":"weeping","note":"плача here is the present converb of плакать ('weeping'), not the noun плач ('a cry')."}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-c3-s87","source":"Он положил непременно, как только найдется время разыскать его и разъяснить эту чрезвычайно поразившую его загадку.","translation":"He resolved, without fail, to seek him out as soon as he could find the time and to clear up this riddle that had struck him so deeply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"положил непременно","title":"«положить» = 'to resolve' + «непременно»","body":"Here «положил» is not 'put/laid' but the idiomatic 'resolved, decided firmly' (cf. «положить себе» — to set oneself to). «непременно» ('without fail, by all means') reinforces the firmness of the resolve."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только найдется время","title":"Perfective future «найдётся» + reflexive","body":"«найдётся» is the perfective future of «найтись» ('to turn up, be found'), with «-ся» giving the middle sense 'time would present itself'. The «как только» clause means 'as soon as time is found', the future being implied by the perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрезвычайно поразившую его загадку","title":"Past active participle «поразившую»","body":"«поразившую» is the past active participle of «поразить» ('to strike, astonish'), agreeing with «загадку» (acc. fem.) — 'the riddle that had struck him so'. It packs a который-clause ('the riddle which had astonished him') into a single modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найдется","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"найдется","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on положил","gloss":"could find"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of найдется","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"разыскать","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of время","gloss":"to seek him out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with разыскать","gloss":"to clear up"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of загадку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразившую","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"поразившую","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying загадку","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразившую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"загадку","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснить","gloss":"riddle"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-c3-s88","source":"Теперь же ему было некогда.","translation":"But just now he had no time for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь же ему было некогда","title":"Dative-subject «ему ... некогда»","body":"A pure impersonal construction: the experiencer in the dative «ему» ('to him') with the predicate «некогда» ('there is no time') and neuter «было» — literally 'to him it was no-time', i.e. 'he had no time'. The contrastive «же» sets 'now' against his future resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некогда","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of некогда","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no time for it"}]}]}