{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b4-c4","title":{"source":"IV. У Хохлаковых","translated":"At the Hohlakovs'"},"section":"Book IV — Lacerations","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c4","lines":164},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-c4-s1","source":"Скоро подошел он к дому госпожи Хохлаковой, к дому каменному, собственному, двухэтажному, красивому, из лучших домов в нашем городке.","translation":"Soon he came up to the house of Madame Hohlakov, a stone house, her own, of two storeys, a handsome one, among the finest houses in our little town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к дому каменному, собственному, двухэтажному, красивому","title":"Adjectives trailing after the noun","body":"Instead of the usual order («к каменному дому»), Dostoevsky strings the adjectives after «дому», each in the dative to agree with it («каменному, собственному, двухэтажному, красивому»). The postposed, comma-stacked list mimics an appraising eye moving over the house feature by feature — a bookish, rhetorical inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел он","title":"Perfective «подошёл» and inverted subject","body":"«подошёл» is the perfective of «подходить/подойти» (a prefixed verb of motion: «под-» = up to/toward), naming the single completed act of coming up to the house. The verb-then-subject order («подошёл он») throws the weight onto the arrival before naming who."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городок","title":"«городок» — our little town","body":"The diminutive of «город» (city/town), «городок» means a small provincial town, here warmed by the narrator's familiar «в нашем городке» (in our little town). The suffix conveys modest scale and intimate affection rather than literal smallness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"Soon"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дому","gloss":"of Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"каменному","lemma":"каменный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дому","gloss":"of stone"},{"surface":"собственному","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with каменному","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"двухэтажному","lemma":"двухэтажный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with каменному","gloss":"two-storeyed"},{"surface":"красивому","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with каменному","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домов","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"лучших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies домов","gloss":"the finest"},{"surface":"домов","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дому (partitive: one of the best houses)","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домов","gloss":"little town"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-c4-s2","source":"Хотя госпожа Хохлакова проживала большею частию в другой губернии, где имела поместье, или в Москве, где имела собственный дом, но и в нашем городке у нее был свой дом, доставшийся от отцов и дедов.","translation":"Although Madame Hohlakov lived for the greater part in another province, where she had an estate, or in Moscow, where she owned a house of her own, she also had her own house here in our little town, one that had come down to her from her fathers and grandfathers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотя… но и","title":"«Хотя… но» — although… yet","body":"«Хотя» (although) opens the concessive subordinate clause; Russian then frequently resumes the main clause with a redundant «но» (but) — «Хотя… проживала… но… у неё был свой дом» — a pairing English drops. The «и» here is the additive particle \"also.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проживала… имела","title":"Imperfective for the standing background","body":"«проживала» (lived/resided) and «имела» (had) are imperfective pasts describing an ongoing, habitual state — where she usually lived, what she possessed — the standing background against which the story's events will move."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доставшийся от отцов и дедов","title":"Past active participle «доставшийся»","body":"«доставшийся» is the past active participle of «достаться» (to fall to one's lot, come down to), with the reflexive «-ся», agreeing with «дом» — \"[the house] that had come down to her.\" Such participles compress a «который»-clause into one modifier, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от отцов и дедов","title":"\"From fathers and grandfathers\"","body":"Literally \"inherited from fathers and grandfathers,\" this set phrase means an ancestral inheritance handed down through the generations; we render it \"come down to her from her fathers and grandfathers.\" Note the genitive plural endings after «от»: «отцов» (from «отец») and «дедов» (from «дед»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проживала","gloss":"Although"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проживала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"проживала","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"большею","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies частию","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"частию","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживала","gloss":"for the part","note":"archaic instrumental spelling of частью; большею частию = 'for the most part'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губернии","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживала","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имела","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on губернии","gloss":"she had"},{"surface":"поместье","lemma":"поместье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"an estate"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with губернии","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имела","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Москве","gloss":"she owned"},{"surface":"собственный","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"(she had)"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проживала","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a house"},{"surface":"доставшийся","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying дом","gloss":"that had come down"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of доставшийся","gloss":"her fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дедов","lemma":"дед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцов","gloss":"grandfathers"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-c4-s3","source":"Да и поместье ее, которое имела она в нашем уезде, было самое большое из всех трех ее поместий, а между тем приезжала она доселе в нашу губернию весьма редко.","translation":"And indeed the estate she owned in our district was the largest of all three of her estates, yet she had until now come to our province only very rarely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое имела она","title":"Relative «которое»","body":"«которое» (which) is neuter to agree with its antecedent «поместье», but stands in the accusative as the object of «имела» within its own clause — the relative's gender/number come from the antecedent, its case from its job inside the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое большое из всех трех ее поместий","title":"Superlative «самое большое» + genitive after a numeral","body":"The superlative is built with «самое» (the very) agreeing with «большое». «трёх… поместий» shows the numeral chain: «три» normally takes the genitive singular, but governed here by «из» the whole phrase declines, yielding genitive plural «поместий»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и… а между тем","title":"Discourse connectives «да и» and «между тем»","body":"«Да и» opens the sentence as an emphatic \"and indeed, what's more,\" while «а между тем» (\"and yet, meanwhile\") pivots to a contrast — she owned the largest estate yet rarely came. The contrastive «а» hinges the two facts against each other."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доселе","title":"«доселе» — until now","body":"«доселе» is a bookish, archaic adverb meaning \"up to now, hitherto,\" markedly more literary than the everyday «до сих пор». It lends the narrator's aside a period-elevated, chronicling tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поместье","lemma":"поместье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the estate"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of поместье","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on поместье","gloss":"owned"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уезде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уезде","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"уезде","lemma":"уезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имела","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to большое","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies большое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, describes поместье","gloss":"largest"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поместий","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies поместий","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of поместий","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поместий","lemma":"поместье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies большое","gloss":"estates"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приезжала","gloss":"(meanwhile)"},{"surface":"приезжала","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а","gloss":"she had come"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приезжала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезжала","gloss":"until now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of губернию","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"губернию","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приезжала","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies редко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезжала","gloss":"rarely"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-c4-s4","source":"Она выбежала к Алеше еще в прихожую.","translation":"She ran out to meet Alyosha while he was still in the entrance hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежала… в прихожую","title":"Prefixed motion «выбежала» + accusative of goal","body":"«выбежала» is perfective, «вы-» (out) + «бежать» (run) — she ran out to meet him. «в прихожую» takes the accusative after «в» because it expresses motion toward a place (into the entrance hall), not location in it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прихожая","title":"«прихожая» — the entrance hall","body":"«прихожая» (from «приходить», to arrive) is the entrance hall or front room of a house where guests first step in. Grammatically it is an adjective-turned-noun, hence its adjectival ending and declension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выбежала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежала","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прихожую","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихожую","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прихожую","lemma":"прихожая","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежала","gloss":"the entrance hall"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-c4-s5","source":"— Получили, получили письмо о новом чуде? — быстро, нервно заговорила она.","translation":"\"Did you get it, did you get the letter about the new miracle?\" she began rapidly, nervously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Получили, получили","title":"Doubled perfective «получили»","body":"«получили» (perfective, \"received/got\") names the single completed act; the breathless repetition «Получили, получили» is pure Hohlakov agitation. With the subject pronoun dropped, the polite/plural form quietly addresses Alyosha as «вы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заговорила","title":"Inceptive perfective «заговорила»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «говорить» gives «заговорить», \"to begin speaking, start talking\" — a perfective that marks the onset of an action. We render it \"she began.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Получили","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (formal вы, subject omitted)","gloss":"did you get it"},{"surface":"получили","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Получили","gloss":"did you get"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получили","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"новом","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чуде","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"чуде","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition о, modifying письмо","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began speaking"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорила","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-c4-s6","source":"— Да, получил.","translation":"\"Yes, I got it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получил","title":"Masculine past «получил»","body":"Alyosha answers with the bare perfective past «получил» (\"[I] got it\"), the «-л» form, here masculine singular to agree with the male speaker. Pronoun «я» is dropped — the ending and context carry it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject omitted, I)","gloss":"I got it"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-c4-s7","source":"— Распространили, показали всем?","translation":"\"Have you passed it round, shown it to everyone?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Распространили, показали всем","title":"Paired perfectives, dative «всем»","body":"Both verbs are perfective (\"have you circulated it, shown it\"), again with the subject dropped. «всем» is the dative plural of «все» (everyone) — the indirect object of «показали», to whom it was shown."}],"words":[{"surface":"Распространили","lemma":"распространить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with показали","gloss":"passed it round"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Распространили","gloss":"shown"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of показали","gloss":"to everyone"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-c4-s8","source":"Он матери сына возвратил!","translation":"He gave a son back to his mother!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он матери сына возвратил","title":"Dative + accusative + verb-final word order","body":"\"He gave a son back to his mother\": «матери» is dative (the recipient, to the mother), «сына» accusative (the gift, animate so genitive-like ending), and the verb «возвратил» lands at the very end for emotional climax — free word order arranging given-before-new."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвратил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвратил","gloss":"to his mother"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратил","gloss":"a son"},{"surface":"возвратил","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave back"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-c4-s9","source":"— Он сегодня умрет, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"He will die today,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умрет","title":"Perfective future «умрёт»","body":"«умрёт» is the perfective of «умирать/умереть» (to die), conjugated with present-tense endings to yield a simple future: \"he will die [and be dead].\" There is no auxiliary — the future sits in the ending alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will die"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb (dialogue tag)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-c4-s10","source":"— Слышала, знаю, о, как я желаю с вами говорить!","translation":"\"I heard it, I know, oh, how I long to talk with you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышала, знаю","title":"Feminine past «слышала»","body":"«Слышала» carries the feminine «-ла» ending — the past tense agrees in gender, marking the female speaker — while «знаю» is a present. The leap from past to present mirrors her scattered, headlong speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я желаю с вами говорить","title":"Exclamatory «как» + instrumental after «с»","body":"«как» here is exclamatory (\"how I long…\"), not a question. «с вами» takes the instrumental after «с» (with) — the «вами» is the instrumental of polite «вы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject omitted, I — speaker is female Mme Khokhlakov)","gloss":"I heard it"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слышала","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желаю (exclamatory 'how')","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желаю","gloss":"to talk"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-c4-s11","source":"С вами или с кем-нибудь обо всем этом.","translation":"With you, or with someone, about all of this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с кем-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «кем-нибудь»","body":"«кем-нибудь» is the instrumental of «кто-нибудь», \"someone, anyone at all.\" The particle «-нибудь» marks a non-specific referent — any interlocutor would do — which she then instantly rejects in favour of Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обо всем этом","title":"«обо всём этом» — about all this","body":"After «о» (about) the prepositional case is required; «всём этом» is the prepositional of «всё это» (all this). The form «обо» (rather than «о») appears before certain consonant clusters for ease of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"coordinated with вами (part of кем-нибудь)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with кем to form 'someone'","gloss":"-body"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этом","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition обо","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-c4-s12","source":"Нет, с вами, с вами!","translation":"No, with you, with you!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with вами","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-c4-s13","source":"И как жаль, что мне никак нельзя его видеть!","translation":"And what a pity that there is no way at all for me to see him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне никак нельзя его видеть","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «мне нельзя»","body":"A classic impersonal: there is no nominative subject. The experiencer stands in the dative («мне»), and «нельзя» (it is impossible / not allowed) plus the infinitive «видеть» states what she cannot do. «никак» (in no way at all) intensifies the impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как жаль","title":"«как жаль» — what a pity","body":"«жаль» is an impersonal predicate word (\"it is a pity\"), again with no nominative subject; the exclamatory «как» heightens it. The whole turn is the dative-experiencer mode so pervasive in Dostoevsky's emotional speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"no way"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of жаль","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-c4-s14","source":"Весь город возбужден, все в ожидании.","translation":"The whole town is stirred up, everyone is in suspense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Весь город возбужден, все в ожидании","title":"Short-form participle «возбуждён»","body":"«возбуждён» is the predicative short form of the past passive participle of «возбудить» (to stir up): \"[the town] is stirred up.\" Short forms predicate only, and here state a resulting condition. Note the contrast «весь город» (the whole town) vs «все» (everyone)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive возбужден","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"возбужден","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is stirred up"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical verb (is)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of все (elliptical 'is in expectation')","gloss":"suspense"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-c4-s15","source":"Но теперь… знаете ли, что у нас теперь сидит Катерина Ивановна?","translation":"But now... do you know who is sitting with us at this moment? Katerina Ivanovna!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаете ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«знаете ли» fronts the focused verb and tacks on the enclitic «ли» to form a literary yes/no question, \"do you know…?\" It is more formal and bookish than mere question intonation and is frequent in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас… сидит","title":"«у нас сидит» — present for vividness","body":"«сидит» is the imperfective present (\"is sitting\"), here for vivid immediacy; «у нас» (\"at our place, with us\") uses «у» + genitive, the standard way Russian locates a person at someone's home or household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"our place"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"is sitting"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина (patronymic)","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-c4-s16","source":"— Ах, это счастливо! — воскликнул Алеша. — Вот я с ней и увижусь у вас, она вчера велела мне непременно прийти к ней сегодня.","translation":"\"Ah, how fortunate!\" exclaimed Alyosha. \"Then I shall see her here at your house; she told me yesterday that I must come to her without fail today.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увижусь у вас","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» in «увижусь»","body":"«увижусь» (perfective future of «увидеться») carries reflexive «-ся» in its reciprocal sense — \"I shall see / meet with [her].\" The «-ся» turns \"see\" into mutual seeing, and «с ней» names the other party."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велела мне непременно прийти","title":"«велела» + dative + infinitive","body":"«велеть» (to order, bid) governs the dative of the person bidden («мне») and an infinitive of the deed («прийти», perfective, to come). «непременно» (\"without fail\") underscores the insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот я с ней и увижусь","title":"Framing particles «вот… и»","body":"«Вот… и» frames a conclusion drawn on the spot: \"So that's how I'll get to see her.\" The «и» is emphatic rather than \"and,\" and «вот» points to the lucky upshot of her being here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of счастливо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счастливо","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fortunate"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb (dialogue tag)","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the clause, modifies увижусь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увижусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увижусь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увижусь","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"I shall see"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of увижусь","gloss":"your house"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велела","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"велела","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велела","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велела","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-c4-s17","source":"— Я всё знаю, всё знаю.","translation":"\"I know everything, everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всё знаю, всё знаю","title":"Neuter «всё» as object","body":"«всё» here is the neuter pronoun \"everything,\" the accusative object of «знаю». Its repetition is again Hohlakov's emphatic, overwrought style. (Note: «всё» with the dots differs from «все», \"everyone.\")"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю (repeated)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated, coordinated with знаю","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-c4-s18","source":"Я слышала всё до подробности о том, что было у ней вчера… и обо всех этих ужасах с этою… тварью.","translation":"I have heard every detail of what happened at her place yesterday... and about all those horrors with that... creature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о том, что было у ней","title":"Correlative «о том, что…»","body":"«о том, что было» = \"about that which happened\": the demonstrative «том» (prepositional after «о») sets up a correlative, and «что» opens the dependent clause. «у ней» is an older/colloquial variant of «у неё» (at her place)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с этою… тварью","title":"Archaic instrumental «этою»","body":"«этою» is the older bookish instrumental of «эта» (modern «этой»), agreeing with «тварью» after «с». The trailing dash before «тварью» dramatizes her recoil from naming the woman."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тварь","title":"«тварь» as an insult","body":"Originally «тварь» means \"a created being, creature\" (from «творить», \"to create\"), and in religious language it can denote all of God's creation. Used of a person, as here, it is a strong insult—roughly \"vile creature, wretch.\" We keep the literal \"creature,\" but in context it is plainly contemptuous."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до подробности","title":"«до подробности» — down to the last detail","body":"«до подробности» (literally \"to the detail\") is an idiom meaning \"in full detail, down to the smallest particular.\" «до» + genitive marks the extent reached."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышала","gloss":"the last detail"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о, referring forward to the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"her place"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of ужасах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of ужасах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ужасах","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышала","gloss":"horrors"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тварью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тварью","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, modifying ужасах","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-c4-s19","source":"C’est tragique,<ref>Это трагично (франц.).</ref> и я бы на ее месте, — я не знаю, что б я сделала на ее месте!","translation":"C’est tragique,<ref>It is tragic (French).</ref> and in her place I—I do not know what I would do in her place!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы… что б я сделала","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"Twice the irrealis particle «бы» (here also clipped to «б») joins a past-tense form to make the conditional: «что б я сделала на её месте» = \"what I would do in her place.\" The mobile «бы» leans on the focused word, and «сделала» is the perfective past base of the hypothetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"C’est","lemma":"c’est","morphology":"French, pronoun + verb (it is)","role":"head of the French exclamation","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"tragique,<ref","lemma":"tragique","morphology":"French adjective (tragic)","role":"predicate of C’est","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of трагично (footnote gloss)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"трагично","lemma":"трагичный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the footnote gloss","gloss":"is tragic","note":"Footnote translating the French \"C'est tragique\" into Russian."},{"surface":"франц.).</ref","lemma":"французский","morphology":"abbreviation, adjective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical note naming the language","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an elliptical, unfinished verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle of the elided verb","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на, part of the unfinished clause","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle of сделала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"would have done"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделала","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-c4-s20","source":"Но и брат-то ваш, Дмитрий-то Федорович ваш, каков — о боже!","translation":"But your brother too, that Dmitri Fyodorovich of yours, what a man—oh God!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат-то ваш, Дмитрий-то Фёдорович","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «брат-то» and «Дмитрий-то» is the emphatic topic clitic — \"as for your brother, that Dmitri of yours…\" — singling out a known referent with a faintly insinuating, gossipy stress. This is distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каков","title":"Exclamatory «каков»","body":"«каков» is the short interrogative-exclamatory \"what (a sort of)\" — here a free-standing exclamation, \"what a man!\" It is the predicative counterpart of «какой», markedly expressive and bookish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о боже","title":"«о боже» — oh God","body":"«боже» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «бог» (God), surviving in modern Russian only in such exclamations of address and prayer. Here it is a society-lady's expressive sigh rather than devotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies брат","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of каков","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to брат","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Дмитрий","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий (patronymic)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Федорович","gloss":"of yours"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate, describes брат","gloss":"what a one"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-c4-s21","source":"Алексей Федорович, я сбиваюсь, представьте: там теперь сидит ваш брат, то есть не тот, не ужасный вчерашний, а другой, Иван Федорович, сидит и с ней говорит: разговор у них торжественный…","translation":"Alexei Fyodorovich, I am getting muddled, only imagine: your brother is sitting in there now—that is, not that one, not the dreadful one from yesterday, but the other, Ivan Fyodorovich—he is sitting and talking with her, and theirs is a solemn conversation...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то есть не тот, не ужасный вчерашний, а другой","title":"Self-correction with «то есть» and contrastive «а»","body":"«то есть» (\"that is\") flags a correction, and the contrastive «а» pivots from what is denied to what is meant: \"not that one… but the other.\" «тот» (that, the farther/aforesaid) and «другой» (the other) track which brother amid her muddle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разговор у них торжественный","title":"Zero copula + «у них»","body":"\"Theirs is a solemn conversation\" has no verb \"to be\" — the present-tense copula is simply omitted, leaving «разговор… торжественный». «у них» (\"with them, between them\") again uses «у» + genitive to locate the conversation as theirs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбиваюсь","title":"Reflexive «сбиваюсь»","body":"«сбиваться» (with «-ся») means \"to get muddled, lose one's thread\" — a middle/change-of-state use of the reflexive, not a true \"do to oneself.\" The present tense gives her live, ongoing confusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбиваюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сбиваюсь","lemma":"сбиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am getting muddled"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбиваюсь","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of представьте","gloss":"is sitting"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle (part of idiom то есть)","role":"introduces clarification (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle (part of idiom то есть)","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат ('not that one')","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ужасный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тот","gloss":"the dreadful"},{"surface":"вчерашний","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тот, in apposition to брат","gloss":"one from yesterday"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вчерашний, in apposition to брат","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат, coordinated with другой","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван (patronymic)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит (w8)","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"talks"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торжественный","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"theirs"},{"surface":"торжественный","lemma":"торжественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of разговор","gloss":"solemn"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-c4-s22","source":"И если бы вы только поверили, что между ними теперь происходит, — то это ужасно, это, я вам скажу, надрыв, это ужасная сказка, которой поверить ни за что нельзя: оба губят себя неизвестно для чего, сами знают про это и сами наслаждаются этим.","translation":"And if only you could believe what is passing between them now—it is dreadful, it is, I tell you, a laceration, it is a dreadful tale that one simply cannot believe: the two of them are destroying themselves no one knows why, they know it themselves and they themselves take pleasure in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы вы только поверили","title":"Counterfactual «если бы»","body":"«если бы… поверили» is the counterfactual conditional: «если бы» plus the past-tense form makes a contrary-to-fact \"if only you could believe…\". The particle «только» (\"just, only\") heightens the wished-for note."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которой поверить ни за что нельзя","title":"Relative «которой» in the dative + negative impersonal","body":"«которой» is dative because «поверить» (to believe) governs the dative; \"a tale one cannot believe.\" «ни за что нельзя» (\"by no means is it possible\") is a negative impersonal: «нельзя» + infinitive, intensified by «ни за что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оба губят себя… сами наслаждаются этим","title":"Reflexive «себя», intensive «сами»","body":"«губят себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (\"themselves,\" a full object) — they are destroying themselves; «сами» is the intensifier \"they themselves,\" and «наслаждаются этим» (delight in this) takes the instrumental «этим» after the «-ся» verb «наслаждаться»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надрыв","title":"«надрыв» — the \"laceration\" of Book IV","body":"«надрыв» (from «надорвать», \"to tear/strain\") is the keyword of this whole book, which is titled «Надрывы» (\"Lacerations\"). It names a peculiarly Dostoevskian state: a self-inflicted emotional rupture in which people deliberately torment themselves and others, taking a painful pleasure in it. We render it \"laceration,\" but there is no single tidy English equivalent."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle of поверили","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверили","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"поверили","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"protasis of the conditional (main clause: это ужасно)","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поверили","gloss":"is happening"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle marking the main clause (apodosis)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это (main clause)","gloss":"is dreadful"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надрыв (elliptical 'is')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"надрыв","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это (w15)","gloss":"a laceration"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сказка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасная","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сказка","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"сказка","lemma":"сказка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of поверить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the relative clause (modifies сказка)","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of губят","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"губят","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb (subject: оба)","gloss":"are destroying"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of губят","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical clause, modifies губят","gloss":"no one knows"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of неизвестно","gloss":"what reason"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes subject of знают","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with губят (subject: оба)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знают","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes subject of наслаждаются","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"наслаждаются","lemma":"наслаждаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знают","gloss":"take pleasure"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наслаждаются","gloss":"in it"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-c4-s23","source":"Я вас ждала!","translation":"I was waiting for you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас ждала","title":"Imperfective «ждала» + accusative «вас»","body":"«ждала» (feminine past of imperfective «ждать», to wait) views the waiting as a drawn-out process — \"I was waiting for you.\" «ждать» here takes the accusative «вас» (you, a person). This line is paired by sound with the next."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-c4-s24","source":"Я вас жаждала!","translation":"I was thirsting for you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жаждала","title":"«жаждала» — a sound-pun on «ждала»","body":"«жаждать» means \"to thirst, crave, long for\" (literally \"to be thirsty\"), an elevated, almost biblical verb. Dostoevsky sets «ждала» (waited) beside «жаждала» (thirsted) for a deliberate near-rhyme — Hohlakov topping her own phrase, intensity outrunning sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жаждала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of жаждала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жаждала","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thirsting for"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-c4-s25","source":"Я, главное, этого вынести не могу.","translation":"The chief thing is, I cannot bear it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого вынести не могу","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»","body":"Under the negated «не могу… вынести», the object slips from accusative «это» to genitive «этого» — \"I cannot bear it.\" Such genitive-of-negation is especially natural with abstract objects. Fronting «этого» throws the weight onto what she can't endure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical adverbial (the main thing)","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынести","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-c4-s26","source":"Я сейчас вам всё расскажу, но теперь другое и уже самое главное, — ах, ведь я даже и забыла, что это самое главное: скажите, почему с Lise истерика?","translation":"I will tell you everything presently, but now there is something else, and the most important thing of all—ah, why, I had even forgotten that this is the most important thing: tell me, why has Lise had a fit of hysterics?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расскажу","title":"Perfective future «расскажу»","body":"«расскажу» (perfective «рассказать», to tell through) conjugated in present-form endings is a simple future: \"I will tell [it all].\" The perfective frames the telling as a single, to-be-completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я даже и забыла","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge or self-evidence — \"why, you see, after all\" — softening her confession that she'd forgotten the main point. It is one of the modal particles that give Dostoevsky's dialogue its conversational texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему с Lise истерика","title":"Verbless «у»-construction implied","body":"\"Why is Lise in hysterics\" is rendered with no verb: «с Lise истерика» (literally \"with Lise [there is] hysterics\") — «с» + instrumental names the person seized by the state. Russian readily states such conditions without a copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расскажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause (now there is)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (elliptical 'is'), coordinated with главное","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самое","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with другое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with другое (predicate noun, elliptical 'is')","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection expressing surprise","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of забыла","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыла (emphatic, with даже)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of главное","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of главное","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of забыла","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of new imperative sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истерика (question adverb)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies истерика (oblique complement of elliptical verb)","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause introduced by скажите","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-c4-s27","source":"Только что она услыхала, что вы подходите, и с ней тотчас же началась истерика!","translation":"\"The moment she heard you were coming, she fell straight into hysterics!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что она услыхала, что вы подходите","title":"«только что» + present «подходите»","body":"«Только что» means \"the moment that, just as soon as.\" Note «подходите» is present (\"are approaching\") inside reported speech: Russian keeps the original tense of the reported thought rather than backshifting it as English does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ней… началась истерика","title":"Reflexive «началась» + «с ней»","body":"«началась» (perfective past of «начаться», with «-ся») is the intransitive \"began, set in,\" agreeing feminine with «истерика». «с ней» (\"with her\") again frames the person overtaken by the fit; «тотчас же» = \"at once, instantly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услыхала (idiom только что)","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of услыхала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"услыхала","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подходите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подходите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подходите","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of услыхала","gloss":"were coming"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of началась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies началась","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"началась","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"second main verb of the sentence, coordinated with услыхала-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of началась","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-c4-s28","source":"— Maman, это с вами теперь истерика, а не со мной, — прощебетал вдруг в щелочку голосок Lise из боковой комнаты.","translation":"\"Maman, it's you who are in hysterics now, not me,\" a little voice chirped suddenly through a crack in the door—Lise's voice, from the adjoining room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это с вами теперь истерика, а не со мной","title":"Contrastive «а не» with «с»-construction","body":"Lise turns her mother's own frame back on her: «с вами… истерика, а не со мной» — \"it's with you the hysterics is, and not with me.\" The contrastive «а не» sharply opposes the two; «с вами»/«со мной» are instrumental after «с»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голосок… прощебетал","title":"Diminutive «голосок» + «прощебетал»","body":"«голосок» is the affectionate diminutive of «голос» (voice) — a \"little voice,\" fitting Lise's teasing girlishness. «прощебетал» (from «щебетать», to chirp/twitter, of birds) paints the voice as a quick bird-chirp, charmingly belittling the outburst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в щелочку","title":"Diminutive «щёлочка»","body":"«щёлочка» is the diminutive of «щель» (crack, chink) — \"a tiny crack,\" the gap in the door through which Lise speaks. The suffix shrinks it endearingly, matching the playful scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maman","lemma":"maman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Maman"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of истерика (elided copula)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истерика","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (elided 'is')","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"contrasted with вами","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прощебетал","lemma":"прощебетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chirped"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощебетал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щелочку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"щелочку","lemma":"щёлочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прощебетал","gloss":"the crack"},{"surface":"голосок","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прощебетал","gloss":"a little voice"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessive modifier of голосок","gloss":"Lise's","note":"Lise (indeclinable) functions as a genitive/possessive next to голосок: 'Lise's voice.'"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"боковой","lemma":"боковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"adjoining"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прощебетал","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-c4-s29","source":"Щелочка была самая маленькая, а голосок надрывчатый, точь-в-точь такой, когда ужасно хочется засмеяться, но изо всех сил перемогаешь смех.","translation":"The crack was a tiny one, and the little voice was strained, exactly the way it sounds when one terribly wants to laugh but is fighting back the laughter with all one's might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочется засмеяться… перемогаешь смех","title":"Impersonal «хочется» vs personal «перемогаешь»","body":"«хочется» (\"one feels like\") is impersonal-reflexive, the wanting that simply comes over you; «перемогаешь» is the 2nd-person singular used generically (\"one fights back\"), a vivid Russian way of saying \"you/one.\" The pairing captures the inner struggle to hold in laughter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надрывчатый","title":"«надрывчатый» — a strained little voice","body":"«надрывчатый» derives from the same root as «надрыв» (the book's keyword, \"laceration\"): a voice that is \"strained, on the verge of breaking.\" Dostoevsky slips the leitmotif even into the timbre of Lise's suppressed laughter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly so","body":"«точь-в-точь» is a colloquial reduplicated idiom meaning \"exactly, precisely, the very spit of\" — here \"exactly the way it sounds when…\". The doubling gives it an emphatic, folksy ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Щелочка","lemma":"щёлочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of маленькая","gloss":"the little crack"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to маленькая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"superlative marker of маленькая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Щелочка (via была)","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"голосок","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надрывчатый","gloss":"the little voice"},{"surface":"надрывчатый","lemma":"надрывчатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of голосок (elided был), coordinated with маленькая","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed idiom точь-в-точь, modifies надрывчатый","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning 'exactly, precisely.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies надрывчатый","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"introduces the когда-comparison, modifies надрывчатый","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifies такой","gloss":"one wants"},{"surface":"засмеяться","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перемогаешь","gloss":"one's strength"},{"surface":"перемогаешь","lemma":"перемогать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочется","gloss":"fights back"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перемогаешь","gloss":"the laughter"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-c4-s30","source":"Алеша тотчас же заметил эту щелочку, и, наверно, Lise со своих кресел на него из нее выглядывала, но этого уж он разглядеть не мог.","translation":"Alyosha noticed the little crack at once, and Lise, no doubt, was peering out at him through it from her chair, but that much he could not make out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lise… на него из нее выглядывала","title":"Imperfective «выглядывала» for ongoing peeping","body":"«выглядывала» is imperfective past (\"was peering out\"), framing the looking as ongoing and habitual through the scene. Stacked prepositional phrases «на него» (accusative, at him) and «из неё» (genitive, out of it [the crack]) pile up the spatial detail."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого уж он разглядеть не мог","title":"Genitive of negation + fronting","body":"«этого… не мог» fronts the genitive object before the verb for emphasis: \"that much he could not make out.\" Under the negated «не мог… разглядеть», the object «это» appears as genitive «этого». The particle «уж» adds a resigned \"however\" tinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of щелочку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"щелочку","lemma":"щёлочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"little crack"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies выглядывала","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of выглядывала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of кресел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выглядывала","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выглядывала","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"was peering out"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разглядеть (genitive under negation)","gloss":"that much"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разглядеть","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-c4-s31","source":"— Не мудрено, Lise, не мудрено… от твоих же капризов и со мной истерика будет, а впрочем, она так больна, Алексей Федорович, она всю ночь была так больна, в жару, стонала!","translation":"\"No wonder, Lise, no wonder... your whims will give me hysterics too. But for all that she really is ill, Alexei Fyodorovich, she was so ill all night, feverish, moaning!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от твоих же капризов… истерика будет","title":"«от» + genitive of cause; «же» emphatic","body":"«от твоих… капризов» uses «от» + genitive to give the cause — \"from your very whims.\" The particle «же» (\"the very, precisely your\") sharpens the blame, and «истерика будет» is the compound future implied by «будет» — \"there'll be hysterics for me too.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она всю ночь была так больна, в жару, стонала","title":"Short adjective «больна» + imperfective chain","body":"«больна» is the short (predicative) feminine adjective \"ill,\" stating her condition; «была… больна… стонала» chains imperfective pasts to paint the whole feverish night as drawn-out process. «всю ночь» (accusative) marks duration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не мудрено","title":"«не мудрено» — no wonder","body":"«не мудрено» (literally \"it is not cunning/difficult\") is a fixed colloquial idiom meaning \"no wonder, small wonder, it's not surprising.\" «мудрёный» means tricky or hard to fathom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мудрено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мудрено","lemma":"мудрено","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"no wonder"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мудрено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мудрено","lemma":"мудрено","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with мудрено","gloss":"no wonder"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капризов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of капризов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твоих","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"капризов","lemma":"каприз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"whims"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies больна","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of больна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"больна","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она, coordinated with будет","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of больна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больна","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to больна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"больна","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она (linked by была), coordinated with больна (w19)","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жару","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жару","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больна","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"стонала","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with больна","gloss":"moaning"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-c4-s32","source":"Я насилу дождалась утра и Герценштубе.","translation":"I could hardly wait for morning and for Herzenstube.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"насилу дождалась","title":"Perfective «дождалась» — waited it out","body":"«дождалась» (perfective «дождаться», with «-ся») means not merely \"waited\" but \"waited until [something] finally came\" — the prefix «до-» supplies the reaching of the longed-for endpoint. «насилу» (\"barely, with great difficulty\") stresses how she could hardly hold out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дождалась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"насилу","lemma":"насилу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дождалась","gloss":"could hardly"},{"surface":"дождалась","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited out"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дождалась","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with утра, direct object of дождалась","gloss":"Herzenstube"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-c4-s33","source":"Он говорит, что ничего не может понять и что надо обождать.","translation":"He says he can make nothing of it and that we must wait.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ничего не может понять","title":"Negative concord «ничего… не»","body":"«ничего… не может понять» shows obligatory negative concord: the negative pronoun «ничего» (nothing) and the negator «не» both appear — \"can understand nothing.\" English uses one negative; Russian requires both. «ничего» is the genitive of «ничто»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо обождать","title":"Impersonal «надо» + perfective infinitive","body":"«надо обождать» is an impersonal necessity construction: «надо» (one must / it is necessary) plus the infinitive. «обождать» is a colloquial perfective of «ждать» (to wait a while), the «об-» giving it a casual, folksy ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of может","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"обождать","lemma":"обождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-c4-s34","source":"Этот Герценштубе всегда придет и говорит, что ничего не может понять.","translation":"This Herzenstube always comes and says he can make nothing of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда придет и говорит","title":"Perfective present for habitual action","body":"Oddly to an English ear, «всегда придёт» pairs \"always\" with a perfective future-form verb: this is the perfective of habitual/typical recurrence — \"every time he turns up and says…\". It frames each visit as one complete, predictable little event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Герценштубе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of может","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-c4-s35","source":"Как только вы подошли к дому, она вскрикнула и с ней случился припадок, и приказала себя сюда в свою прежнюю комнату перевезть…","translation":"The instant you came up to the house she shrieked and had an attack, and ordered herself carried here, into her old room...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как только вы подошли","title":"«как только» — the instant that","body":"«Как только» (\"as soon as, the very instant\") opens a temporal clause; the perfective «подошли» (you came up) names the single completed trigger, immediately followed by the chain of perfectives «вскрикнула… случился… приказала»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приказала себя… перевезть","title":"Reflexive «себя» + archaic infinitive «перевезть»","body":"«приказала себя… перевезть» — \"ordered herself to be carried\" — uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» as the object of carrying. «перевезть» is an archaic/colloquial infinitive of «перевезти» (to transport), the older «-зть» form lending a period flavour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припадок","title":"«припадок» — a fit, an attack","body":"«припадок» is a sudden seizure or fit — of illness, hysterics, or (elsewhere in Dostoevsky) epilepsy. Here it is Lise's nervous attack, the era's medicalized \"hysterics.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как только, introduces the clause of подошли","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как только ('as soon as')","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подошли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подошли","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнула","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошли","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"случился","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнула","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of случился","gloss":"an attack"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приказала","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнула","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of приказала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перевезть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнату","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежнюю","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of перевезть","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"перевезть","lemma":"перевезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приказала","gloss":"be moved"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-c4-s36","source":"— Мама, я совсем не знала, что он подходит, я вовсе не от него в эту комнату захотела переехать.","translation":"\"Mama, I had no idea at all that he was coming; it wasn't to get away from him that I wanted to move into this room.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вовсе не от него… захотела переехать","title":"«от него» = to get away from; «вовсе не»","body":"«не от него… захотела переехать» — literally \"I didn't want to move because of/away from him.\" «от» + genitive «него» here marks the cause she's escaping. «вовсе не» (\"not at all\") emphatically negates the whole motive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он подходит","title":"Present in reported speech «подходит»","body":"Again the reported clause keeps the present «подходит» (\"that he was/is coming\"): Russian preserves the tense of the original thought where English shifts it back. «что» is the reporting conjunction \"that.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подходит","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"was coming"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase от него","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захотела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнату","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of переехать","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"захотела","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знала","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"переехать","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотела","gloss":"to move"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-c4-s37","source":"— Это уж неправда, Lise, тебе Юлия прибежала сказать, что Алексей Федорович идет, она у тебя на сторожах стояла.","translation":"\"That isn't true, Lise; Yulia ran to tell you that Alexei Fyodorovich was coming—she was standing watch for you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе Юлия прибежала сказать","title":"Dative «тебе» + purpose infinitive","body":"«тебе… прибежала сказать» — \"Yulia ran to tell you\": «тебе» is the dative of «ты» (to you), and the infinitive «сказать» states the purpose of the running. «прибежала» is prefixed perfective motion («при-» = arriving)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сторожах стояла","title":"«на сторожах стоять» — to stand watch","body":"«стоять на сторожах» (also «на стрёме») is a colloquial idiom for keeping a lookout, standing guard or watch. «сторож» is a watchman; the plural locative gives the sense of being posted on the alert."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неправда","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (elided 'is')","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Юлия","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибежала","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"прибежала","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прибежала","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"was coming"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сторожах","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"watch","note":"стоять на сторожах is an idiom meaning 'to stand guard/keep watch.'"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибежала","gloss":"was standing"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-c4-s38","source":"— Милый голубчик мама, это ужасно неостроумно с вашей стороны.","translation":"\"My darling little mama, that was terribly unwitty of you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Милый голубчик мама","title":"«голубчик» — a term of endearment","body":"«голубчик» (literally \"little dove,\" diminutive of «голубь») is a tender, coaxing endearment — \"my dear, darling.\" Lise heaps it on with «милый» (\"darling\") to soften the teasing barb that follows. Such affectionate diminutives are a constant emotional signal in the dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с вашей стороны","title":"«с вашей стороны» — on your part","body":"«с вашей стороны» (\"on your side/part\") uses «с» + genitive to attribute the quality to the doer: \"that was terribly unwitty of you.\" «неостроумно» (un-witty) is an impersonal predicate adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голубчик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to мама","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to голубчик, vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неостроумно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неостроумно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"неостроумно","lemma":"неостроумный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (elided 'was')","gloss":"unwitty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неостроумно","gloss":"part"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-c4-s39","source":"А если хотите поправиться и сказать сейчас что-нибудь очень умное, то скажите, милая мама, милостивому государю вошедшему Алексею Федоровичу, что он уже тем одним доказал, что не обладает остроумием, что решился прийти к нам сегодня после вчерашнего и несмотря на то, что над ним все смеются.","translation":"And if you want to make up for it and say something very clever right now, then tell our newly arrived gracious lord Alexei Fyodorovich, dear mama, that by the mere fact of resolving to come to us today, after yesterday, and in spite of everyone laughing at him, he has already proved that he is no wit at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скажите… что он… доказал, что… решился прийти","title":"Nested «что»-clauses","body":"A bookish stack of subordinate clauses: «скажите… что он доказал, что не обладает остроумием, что решился прийти…». Each «что» opens a new layer of reported content, and Lise's deliberately convoluted syntax is the joke — an elaborate way of calling Alyosha witless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошедшему Алексею Фёдоровичу","title":"Past active participle «вошедшему»","body":"«вошедшему» is the past active participle of «войти» (to enter), in the dative to agree with «Алексею Фёдоровичу» — \"to the newly-entered Alexei Fyodorovich.\" Tucked as a modifier before the name, it is a mock-ceremonious flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обладает остроумием","title":"«обладать» + instrumental","body":"«обладать» (to possess, be endowed with) governs the instrumental: «обладает остроумием» = \"possesses wit.\" Negated, it states that Alyosha is \"no wit at all.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"поправиться","lemma":"поправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to make up for it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поправиться","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать (with нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indefinite suffix of что","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"умное","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что (что-нибудь умное, 'something clever')","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"correlative 'then' introducing the clause of скажите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мама","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"милостивому","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государю","gloss":"gracious"},{"surface":"государю","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажите","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"вошедшему","lemma":"вошедший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексею","gloss":"newly arrived"},{"surface":"Алексею","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to государю","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексею","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of одним","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказал","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"доказал","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажите","gloss":"has proved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обладает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обладает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обладает","lemma":"обладать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказал","gloss":"possesses"},{"surface":"остроумием","lemma":"остроумие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обладает","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause explaining тем одним (the reason for доказал)","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вчерашнего","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking то","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, explained by the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеются","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеются","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause in apposition to то","gloss":"laughs"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-c4-s40","source":"— Lise, ты слишком много себе позволяешь, и уверяю тебя, что я наконец прибегну к мерам строгости.","translation":"\"Lise, you take too many liberties, and I assure you that I shall finally be driven to stern measures.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты слишком много себе позволяешь","title":"Reflexive «себе» — to allow oneself","body":"«позволять себе» (\"to allow oneself, take liberties\") uses the dative reflexive «себе»: \"you permit yourself too much.\" The idiom carries a reproof — taking liberties beyond what is proper."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибегну к мерам строгости","title":"Perfective future «прибегну» + «к» dative","body":"«прибегну» is the perfective future of «прибегнуть» (to resort to), \"I shall resort to.\" «к мерам строгости» takes the dative after «к» — \"to measures of severity.\" «мерам» is dative plural of «мера»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволяешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволяешь","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволяешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"позволяешь","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with позволяешь","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибегну","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прибегну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибегну","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"прибегну","lemma":"прибегнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяю","gloss":"will resort"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мерам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мерам","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибегну","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"строгости","lemma":"строгость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мерам","gloss":"of severity"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-c4-s41","source":"Кто ж над ним смеется, я так рада, что он пришел, он мне нужен, совсем необходим.","translation":"\"Who is laughing at him? I am so glad he has come; I need him, I cannot do without him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто ж над ним смеется","title":"Emphatic «же» + «над» instrumental","body":"«Кто ж» (= «кто же») uses the insistent particle «же» — \"who on earth is laughing at him?\". «смеяться над» (to laugh at, mock) governs «над» + instrumental «ним»; «смеётся» itself is a «-ся» verb existing only in that form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мне нужен, совсем необходим","title":"Short adjectives «нужен», «необходим» + dative","body":"«нужен» and «необходим» are short predicative adjectives agreeing with «он» (he is needed, indispensable), and the one who needs stands in the dative «мне». \"He is necessary to me\" — the Russian frames need with the experiencer in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is laughing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я (second clause)","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рада","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужен","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он (third clause)","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходим","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"необходим","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with нужен","gloss":"essential"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-c4-s42","source":"Ох, Алексей Федорович, я чрезвычайно несчастна!","translation":"\"Oh, Alexei Fyodorovich, I am extraordinarily unhappy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я чрезвычайно несчастна","title":"Short adjective «несчастна»","body":"«несчастна» is the short feminine form of «несчастный» (unhappy), used predicatively — \"I am unhappy.\" The short form, more bookish, suits a heartfelt declaration of state. «чрезвычайно» (\"extraordinarily\") is Hohlakov's habitual overstatement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастна","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"несчастна","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-c4-s43","source":"— Да что ж такое с вами, мама-голубчик?","translation":"\"Why, what is the matter with you, mama dear?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да что ж такое с вами","title":"Particle cluster «да… ж… такое»","body":"A pile-up of conversational particles: «Да» (here \"why, but\"), «ж» (= «же», insistent), and «что такое» (\"what's the matter, what on earth\"). «с вами» (instrumental after «с») frames the trouble as happening to her — \"what is the matter with you?\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мама-голубчик","title":"«мама-голубчик» — mama dear","body":"Lise addresses her own mother, pairing «мама» with the endearment «голубчик» (\"little dove, dear one\"). The hyphenated apposition is a warm, coaxing form of address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the question, что такое = 'what is it'","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что такое construction, modifies что","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of такое","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to голубчик","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мама, part of hyphenated address","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-c4-s44","source":"— Ах, эти твои капризы, Lise, непостоянство, твоя болезнь, эта ужасная ночь в жару, этот ужасный и вечный Герценштубе, главное вечный, вечный и вечный!","translation":"\"Ah, these whims of yours, Lise, your inconstancy, your illness, that dreadful night in a fever, this dreadful and everlasting Herzenstube, everlasting above all, everlasting, everlasting, and everlasting!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти твои капризы… эта ужасная ночь… этот ужасный Герценштубе","title":"Anaphoric «эти/эта/этот» piling up","body":"Hohlakov heaps demonstratives — «эти… эта… этот… это» — each agreeing in gender/number with its noun, listing her grievances in a breathless accumulation. The repeated «этот/эта» (this) makes each woe vividly present and immediate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вечный, вечный и вечный","title":"«вечный» — everlasting, in comic repetition","body":"«вечный» means \"eternal, everlasting.\" Applied to the ever-recurring Dr. Herzenstube and hammered four times over, it tips from solemn into comic exasperation — the doctor as an inescapable, perpetual nuisance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of капризы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of капризы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"капризы","lemma":"каприз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"whims"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address, interrupting the list","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"непостоянство","lemma":"непостоянство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"inconstancy"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужасная","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жару","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жару","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ночь (circumstance)","gloss":"a fever","note":"жар (fever/heat) takes the special locative-2 form -у after в, like в лесу."},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Герценштубе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Герценштубе","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечный","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ужасный","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, emphasizes вечный","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"вечный","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вечный (w17)","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"вечный","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вечный","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечный","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ах","gloss":"everlasting"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-c4-s45","source":"И, наконец, всё, всё… И, наконец, даже это чудо!","translation":"And then everything, everything... And then, on top of it all, this miracle!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже это чудо","title":"Emphatic «даже» — even, on top of it all","body":"«даже» (\"even\") singles out the miracle as the climactic last straw atop her catalogue of troubles. The neuter demonstrative «это» agrees with «чудо» (miracle, a neuter «-о» noun)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всё","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"on top of it all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чудо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"miracle"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-c4-s46","source":"О, как поразило, как потрясло меня это чудо, милый Алексей Федорович!","translation":"Oh, how it struck me, how it shook me, this miracle, dear Alexei Fyodorovich!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как поразило, как потрясло меня это чудо","title":"Exclamatory «как» + perfective verbs, postposed subject","body":"Twin exclamatory «как» clauses with perfective pasts «поразило… потрясло» (it struck… it shook), the neuter agreeing with the postposed subject «это чудо». Holding the subject to the end lets the verbs of impact land first, the syntax enacting the shock."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразило","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to потрясло","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потрясло","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"потрясло","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of потрясло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чудо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясло","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-c4-s47","source":"И там эта трагедия теперь в гостиной, которую я не могу перенести, не могу, я вам заранее объявляю, что не могу.","translation":"And there is this tragedy now in the drawing room, which I cannot endure, I cannot; I tell you in advance that I cannot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую я не могу перенести","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«которую» (which) is feminine to match «трагедия», but accusative as the object of «перенести» (to endure) — \"a tragedy which I cannot endure.\" The relative's case is set by its role in its own clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам заранее объявляю","title":"Dative «вам» of address","body":"«вам» is the dative of «вы» — \"I announce to you in advance.\" «объявлять» (to declare, announce) takes the dative of the addressee. «заранее» = \"beforehand, in advance.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трагедия (location)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трагедия","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb 'is'","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трагедия","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гостиной","lemma":"гостиная","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb 'is'","gloss":"the drawing room"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перенести","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on трагедия","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"перенести","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"standalone repeated clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объявляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объявляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявляю","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"объявляю","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявляю","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-c4-s48","source":"Комедия, может быть, а не трагедия.","translation":"A comedy, perhaps, rather than a tragedy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Комедия, может быть, а не трагедия","title":"Contrastive «а не» — comedy, not tragedy","body":"The narrator's dry aside opposes the two with «а не» (\"and not, rather than\"): \"a comedy, perhaps, and not a tragedy.\" Both nouns stand bare in the nominative, no copula needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Комедия","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A comedy"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, forms может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трагедия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Комедия","gloss":"a tragedy"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-c4-s49","source":"Скажите, старец Зосима еще проживет до завтра, проживет?","translation":"Tell me, will the elder Zosima live until tomorrow, will he live?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проживет до завтра, проживет","title":"Perfective future «проживёт»","body":"«проживёт» (perfective «прожить», to live out [a span]) in present-form endings is a simple future: \"will he live [through]?\" The prefix «про-» frames living-through a duration; «до завтра» = \"until tomorrow,\" «до» + genitive of extent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative, introduces the question","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проживет","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"проживет","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"noun (indeclinable), neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"проживет","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проживет","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-c4-s50","source":"О боже мой!","translation":"Oh my God!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О боже мой","title":"Vocative «боже» in «боже мой»","body":"«боже» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «бог» (God), preserved in this fixed exclamation \"my God!\" — direct address standing outside the clause's grammar. The everyday «бог» has otherwise lost its vocative."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, precedes боже","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боже","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-c4-s51","source":"Что со мной делается, я поминутно закрываю глаза и вижу, что всё вздор, всё вздор.","translation":"What is happening to me—every minute I close my eyes and see that it is all nonsense, all nonsense.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что со мной делается","title":"Reflexive «делается» — what is happening to me","body":"«делаться» (with «-ся») is the intransitive \"to happen, become\" — «что со мной делается» = \"what is happening to me.\" The «с» + instrumental «со мной» frames her as the one undergoing it. The present tense gives live bewilderment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поминутно закрываю глаза и вижу","title":"Imperfective present for repeated action","body":"«закрываю… вижу» are imperfective presents, and «поминутно» (\"every minute, repeatedly\") makes the repetition explicit — the habitual, recurring sense the imperfective carries. «всё вздор» (it's all rubbish) doubles for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздор","title":"«вздор» — nonsense, rubbish","body":"«вздор» is a dismissive word for \"nonsense, rubbish, twaddle.\" Doubled here («всё вздор, всё вздор»), it conveys her sense that her own agitated thoughts are worthless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of делается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of делается","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is happening"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закрываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрываю","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"закрываю","lemma":"закрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрываю","gloss":"my eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with закрываю","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вздор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"it is all"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of всё","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of второе всё","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-c4-s52","source":"— Я бы очень вас попросил, — перебил вдруг Алеша, — дать мне какую-нибудь чистую тряпочку, чтобы завязать палец.","translation":"\"I would very much like to ask you,\" Alyosha suddenly broke in, \"to give me some clean rag to bind up my finger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы очень вас попросил","title":"Conditional «бы» as polite softener","body":"«Я бы… попросил» is the conditional/subjunctive («бы» + past-form verb) used to soften a request into politeness — \"I would very much like to ask you.\" Russian regularly uses the irrealis «бы» this way to take the edge off an imperative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы завязать палец","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы завязать» expresses purpose: \"in order to bind up [my finger].\" With the same subject as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form clause. «завязать» is perfective (bind once and done)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тряпочку","title":"Diminutive «тряпочка»","body":"«тряпочка» is the diminutive of «тряпка» (rag, cloth) — \"a little rag.\" The suffix softens the request to something small and unimportant, in keeping with Alyosha's gentle, undemanding manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks попросил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросил","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with попросил","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тряпочку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, part of какую-нибудь","role":"forms indefinite determiner with какую","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"чистую","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тряпочку","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"тряпочку","lemma":"тряпочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"rag"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завязать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"завязать","lemma":"завязать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on дать","gloss":"bind up"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завязать","gloss":"finger"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-c4-s53","source":"Я очень поранил его, и он у меня мучительно теперь болит.","translation":"I have hurt it badly, and it is aching torments now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поранил его","title":"Perfective «поранил»","body":"«поранил» (perfective «поранить», to injure/hurt) names the single completed act of having hurt the finger; «его» is the accusative referring back to «палец». «очень поранил» — \"I've hurt it badly.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он у меня… болит","title":"«у меня болит» — the aching belongs to me","body":"«у меня… болит» (literally \"with me it aches\") is the idiomatic way to say a body part hurts: «у» + genitive of the person, plus «болит». «мучительно» (\"agonizingly\") intensifies the present-tense, ongoing pain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поранил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поранил","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"поранил","lemma":"поранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поранил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of болит","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болит","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поранил","gloss":"aches"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-c4-s54","source":"Алеша развернул свой укушенный палец.","translation":"Alyosha unwound his bitten finger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свой укушенный палец","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + passive participle «укушенный»","body":"«свой» (\"his own\") refers back to the clause's subject, Alyosha — his own finger, not someone else's. «укушенный» is the past passive participle of «укусить» (to bite): \"the bitten finger,\" naming the thing acted upon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развернул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"развернул","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unwound"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of палец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"укушенный","lemma":"укушенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies палец","gloss":"bitten"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развернул","gloss":"finger"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-c4-s55","source":"Платок был густо замаран кровью.","translation":"The handkerchief was thickly soaked with blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был густо замаран кровью","title":"Periphrastic passive «был замаран» + instrumental agent","body":"«был замаран» is the periphrastic passive: «был» (was) plus the short past passive participle «замаран» (soiled, from «замарать»). The means/agent «кровью» (with blood) stands in the instrumental — the standard case for what a passive is done by or with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замаран","gloss":"The handkerchief"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of замаран","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"густо","lemma":"густо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замаран","gloss":"thickly"},{"surface":"замаран","lemma":"замарать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"soaked"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замаран","gloss":"with blood"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-c4-s56","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова вскрикнула и зажмурила глаза.","translation":"Madame Hohlakov shrieked and screwed her eyes shut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскрикнула и зажмурила глаза","title":"Paired perfectives with «вс-» and «за-»","body":"Two perfective pasts move the action forward: «вскрикнула» (gave a cry, «вс-» of sudden upward burst) and «зажмурила» (screwed shut, «за-» of bringing into a closed state). Each names a single, instantaneous act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зажмурила","lemma":"зажмурить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнула","gloss":"screwed shut"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of зажмурила","gloss":"her eyes"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-c4-s57","source":"— Боже, какая рана, это ужасно!","translation":"\"Good heavens, what a wound, it is dreadful!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боже, какая рана","title":"Vocative «Боже» + exclamatory «какая»","body":"«Боже» is again the Church-Slavonic vocative \"O God,\" here a startled exclamation. «какая рана» uses exclamatory «какая» (agreeing feminine with «рана») — \"what a wound!\" — expressing dismay, not a real question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, head of the phrase","gloss":"Good heavens"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рана","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"рана","lemma":"рана","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Боже","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-c4-s58","source":"Но Lise как только увидела в щелку палец Алеши, тотчас со всего размаха отворила дверь.","translation":"But Lise, the instant she caught sight of Alyosha's finger through the crack, flung the door wide open with all her might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только увидела… отворила дверь","title":"«как только» + perfective sequence","body":"«как только увидела… отворила» — \"the instant she caught sight of [the finger], she flung the door open.\" Both verbs are perfective, the first the trigger, the second the immediate completed reaction. «увидела» is the perfective of seeing (catching sight)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со всего размаха","title":"«со всего размаха» — with full force","body":"«со всего размаха» (\"with a full swing, with all one's might\") is an idiom for doing something with the whole force of a sweeping movement — here Lise hurling the door wide. «размах» is a sweep or swing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of увидела","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of как только","role":"introduces the clause of увидела","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle, part of как только","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"увидела","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щелку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"щелку","lemma":"щёлка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидела","gloss":"the crack"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидела","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies палец","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворила","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размаха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of размаха","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"размаха","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворила","gloss":"her might"},{"surface":"отворила","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидела","gloss":"flung open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворила","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-c4-s59","source":"— Войдите, войдите ко мне сюда, — настойчиво и повелительно закричала она, — теперь уж без глупостей!","translation":"\"Come in, come in here to me,\" she cried insistently and imperiously, \"and now, no more foolishness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Войдите, войдите ко мне сюда","title":"Imperative «войдите» + «ко мне»","body":"«войдите» is the plural/polite imperative of «войти» (to come in) — the «-те» marks the respectful form she uses to Alyosha. «ко мне» (\"to me\") is «к» + dative «мне», the dative governed by «к»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настойчиво и повелительно","title":"«настойчиво… повелительно» — insistently, imperiously","body":"The adverbs «настойчиво» (insistently) and «повелительно» (imperiously, commandingly) describe how Lise cries out as she abruptly seizes command. «повелительно» shares its root with «повелительное наклонение», the imperative mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Войдите","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Come in"},{"surface":"войдите","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Войдите","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войдите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повелительно","lemma":"повелительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with настойчиво","gloss":"imperiously"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупостей","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупостей","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупостей","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"глупостей","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Войдите","gloss":"foolishness"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-c4-s60","source":"О господи, что ж вы стояли и молчали такое время?","translation":"Oh, Lord, why did you stand there and say nothing all that time?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О господи","title":"Vocative «господи»","body":"«господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «господь» (the Lord), surviving as the everyday exclamation \"O Lord! good heavens!\" It is direct address, set apart from the sentence, and carries no real prayerful weight here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж вы стояли и молчали","title":"Imperfective «стояли… молчали» + «ж»","body":"«стояли… молчали» are imperfective pasts framing the standing-and-staying-silent as a drawn-out duration — \"why did you stand and say nothing all that time?\" The particle «ж» (= «же») adds reproachful insistence, \"why on earth.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, precedes господи","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb, part of что ж","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, part of что ж","role":"modifies что","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчали","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояли","gloss":"say nothing"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of молчали","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-c4-s61","source":"Он мог истечь кровью, мама!","translation":"He might have bled to death, mama!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог истечь","title":"Past + perfective infinitive: «could have…»","body":"«мог» is the imperfective past of «мочь» (could/might), here governing the perfective infinitive «истечь» (to drain out, completed). The pairing yields a counterfactual potential — he was capable of bleeding to death, a single completed outcome that did not happen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истечь кровью","title":"«истечь кровью» — to bleed to death","body":"A fixed idiom: «истечь» means to flow out or expire, and with «кровью» (instrumental, 'by blood') it means to bleed out fatally. The instrumental names the substance by which one drains away."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мама","title":"«мама» — childlike address","body":"Lise calls her mother «мама», the intimate nursery word (vs. the more formal «маменька»/«мамаша» also used in this scene). The shifting forms of address for the same mother are part of Dostoevsky's characterisation of tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"истечь","lemma":"истечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bleed out"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истечь","gloss":"to death (blood)"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-c4-s62","source":"Где это вы, как это вы?","translation":"Where did you do it, how did you do it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где это вы, как это вы?","title":"Expressive «это» in questions","body":"The little «это» wedged into a question («где это…», «как это…») is not the demonstrative 'this' but an emphatic particle of astonishment — 'where on earth', 'however'. It heightens the agitated, breathless register of Lise's interrogation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где это вы, как это вы?","title":"Elided verb","body":"Both clauses drop the verb entirely, leaving only the question word plus «вы» — the action (hurt yourself) is understood from context. Such ellipsis is natural in agitated spoken Russian, where the case-marked words carry the sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (intensifying)","role":"intensifies Где","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the implied verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the second phrase","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (intensifying)","role":"intensifies как","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the implied verb","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-c4-s63","source":"Прежде всего воды, воды!","translation":"Water first of all, water!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прежде всего воды, воды!","title":"Genitive of the partitive: «воды»","body":"«воды» is genitive, not nominative «вода» — the partitive/quantitative genitive used in demands for 'some water'. A bare genitive object like this reads as 'give (some) water!', the missing imperative understood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прежде всего","title":"«прежде всего» — first of all","body":"A set adverbial phrase, literally 'before everything (genitive)'. «прежде» governs the genitive «всего» and means 'before, first'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb, part of прежде всего","role":"modifies воды","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, part of прежде всего","role":"part of the phrase Прежде","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Water"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with воды","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-c4-s64","source":"Надо рану промыть, просто опустить в холодную воду, чтобы боль перестала, и держать, всё держать… Скорей, скорей воды, мама, в полоскательную чашку.","translation":"The wound must be washed, simply held in cold water so the pain will stop, and held there, kept there... Quick, quick, water, mama, in a rinsing bowl.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо рану промыть","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо» is an impersonal predicate of necessity with no nominative subject; the thing to be done stands as an infinitive («промыть») and the object «рану» is accusative. This subjectless 'one must…' construction is pervasive in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"промыть… опустить… держать","title":"Aspect chain: perfective acts, imperfective duration","body":"The perfectives «промыть» (wash out) and «опустить» (lower in) name completed single acts, while the imperfective «держать» (to hold) and its repeated «всё держать» name ongoing, sustained holding. The shift mirrors the meaning: do it, then keep doing it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы боль перестала","title":"«чтобы» + past form for purpose","body":"«чтобы» (so that) takes the past-tense form «перестала», not a present/future — the irrealis purpose construction. The 'past' here is purely formal, carrying the willed, not-yet-real outcome of the pain stopping."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полоскательная чашка","title":"«полоскательная чашка» — a rinsing bowl","body":"A slop-basin or rinse-bowl, from «полоскать» (to rinse, swill). A period domestic item — the bowl into which one emptied or rinsed teacups — pressed here into service as a basin of water."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"рану","lemma":"рана","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of промыть","gloss":"the wound"},{"surface":"промыть","lemma":"промыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"washed"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опустить","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"опустить","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with промыть","gloss":"immersed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"холодную","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воду","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустить","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перестала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перестала","gloss":"the pain"},{"surface":"перестала","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on опустить","gloss":"will stop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо, coordinated with опустить","gloss":"held there"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle (intensifying)","role":"modifies держать (repeat)","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"repeats держать (w13) for emphasis","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"Скорей","lemma":"скорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"Quick"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Скорей","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the implied verb (bring)","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чашку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полоскательную","lemma":"полоскательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чашку","gloss":"rinsing"},{"surface":"чашку","lemma":"чашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb (bring)","gloss":"bowl"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-c4-s65","source":"Да скорее же, — нервно закончила она.","translation":"Be quick, then,\" she finished nervously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да скорее же","title":"Particles «да» and «же» urging haste","body":"Opening «да» here is not 'yes' but an insistent imperative particle ('come on, do…'), and «же» reinforces the urgency. Together with the comparative «скорее» they pile pressure onto an unspoken command: 'be quicker, will you!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скорее","title":"Comparative adverb «скорее»","body":"«скорее» is the comparative of «скоро/скорый» (quick) — 'more quickly, faster', here used as an urgent 'hurry!'. Predicative comparatives in -ее are invariable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нервно закончила она","title":"Inversion in the speech tag","body":"The verb precedes its subject («закончила она») — the standard inverted order in Russian dialogue attribution, leaving the adverb «нервно» fronted for manner. Word order is free here precisely because the endings fix who finished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скорее","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"be quick"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скорее","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закончила","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"закончила","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закончила","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-c4-s66","source":"Она была в совершенном испуге; рана Алеши страшно поразила ее.","translation":"She was in utter terror; Alyosha's wound had shaken her dreadfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была в совершенном испуге","title":"Location-in-state: «в испуге»","body":"«в совершенном испуге» (prepositional after «в») frames an emotional state spatially — literally 'in complete fright'. Russian often locates a person inside a feeling rather than predicating the feeling of them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рана Алеши страшно поразила ее","title":"Topic–comment: object before verb","body":"Subject «рана Алеши» leads, then «страшно поразила ее» — but the direct object «ее» (accusative) sits last as the comment. The free order, secured by the case endings, lets the wound be the topic and the shaking of her the news."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поразила","title":"«поразить» — to strike, shock","body":"From the root «раз-» (strike/blow), «поразить» means to strike down, astonish, or shock deeply — stronger than English 'surprise'. The wound did not merely worry her but struck her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to испуге","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совершенном","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies испуге","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"рана","lemma":"рана","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"the wound"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рана","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразила","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had shaken"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-c4-s67","source":"— Не послать ли за Герценштубе? — воскликнула было госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"Hadn't we better send for Herzenstube?\" Madame Hohlakov was about to exclaim.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не послать ли за Герценштубе?","title":"«не… ли?» — tentative suggestion","body":"The frame «не + infinitive + ли» softens a proposal into 'shouldn't we perhaps…?' The interrogative particle «ли» follows the fronted focus «послать», giving a polite, deliberative question — 'hadn't we better send?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послать за Герценштубе","title":"«послать за» + instrumental","body":"'To send for' someone is «послать за» plus the instrumental — fetching by means of going after. (The German name «Герценштубе» is left undeclined.) The instrumental here marks the object of the errand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнула было","title":"The particle «было» of the interrupted act","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action begun or about to happen but cut off — 'was on the point of exclaiming'. This special use of «было» (distinct from past 'was') signals a movement checked before completion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"should we"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Герценштубе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun (indeclinable), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"was about to exclaim"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking an interrupted action","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"was about to","note":"«воскликнула было» marks an action begun but cut short — 'was on the point of exclaiming.'"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-c4-s68","source":"— Мама, вы меня убьете.","translation":"\"Mama, you will be the death of me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы меня убьете","title":"Perfective future «убьете»","body":"«убьете» is the simple (perfective) future of «убить» — conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future act, 'you will kill (the death of) me'. Hyperbolic, but grammatically a finished result projected forward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убьете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"убьете","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-c4-s69","source":"Ваш Герценштубе приедет и скажет, что не может понять!","translation":"Your Herzenstube will come and say he can make nothing of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приедет и скажет","title":"Two perfective futures: arrive and pronounce","body":"«приедет» (will arrive, prefixed motion verb) and «скажет» (will say) are both perfective futures, chaining two completed future events. Lise foretells the doctor's whole useless visit in two crisp perfectives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ваш Герценштубе","title":"Dismissive possessive «Ваш»","body":"«Ваш Герценштубе» — 'your Herzenstube' — uses the possessive contemptuously to push the doctor off onto the mother, a sneering distancing common in Russian (and English) speech. The form is genuinely possessive but the tone is scorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Герценштубе","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приедет","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"приедет","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приедет","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажет","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-c4-s70","source":"Воды, воды!","translation":"Water, water!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воды, воды!","title":"Partitive genitive imperative","body":"Again the genitive «воды» (not nominative «вода») as a clipped demand for 'some water'. The repeated bare genitive enacts panic — the verb is stripped away, only the wanted substance remains."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Water"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Воды","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-c4-s71","source":"Мама, ради бога, сходите сами, поторопите Юлию, которая где-то там завязла и никогда не может скоро прийти!","translation":"Mama, for God's sake, go yourself, hurry up Yulia, who has got stuck somewhere out there and can never come quickly!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сходите сами, поторопите","title":"Polite imperatives «сходите», «поторопите»","body":"Both verbs are perfective imperatives in the polite/plural -те form: «сходите» (go and come back — a there-and-back trip) and «поторопите» (hurry someone along). Perfective imperatives press for a single, decisive action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая где-то там завязла","title":"Relative «которая» agreeing with Yulia","body":"«которая» is feminine singular to match «Юлию», but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause ('who got stuck'). The relative pronoun borrows gender/number from its antecedent yet its own case from its role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где-то там","title":"Indefinite «где-то» — somewhere","body":"The clitic «-то» on «где» makes a specific-but-unknown 'somewhere' (a real place, just not identified), reinforced by «там» (out there). Contrast «где-нибудь», which would mean 'anywhere at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завязла","title":"«завязнуть» — to get bogged down","body":"Literally to sink into mud or get stuck fast (root «вязнуть», to stick); figuratively to be held up, mired. Lise's irritated image of the maid 'bogged down somewhere' is vividly physical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ради бога","title":"«ради бога» — for God's sake","body":"A fixed entreaty, «ради» (for the sake of) governing the genitive «бога». Idiomatic and emphatic rather than literally religious, like English 'for God's sake'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходите","gloss":"God's sake"},{"surface":"сходите","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сходите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"поторопите","lemma":"поторопить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходите","gloss":"hurry up"},{"surface":"Юлию","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поторопите","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завязла","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb, part of где-то","role":"modifies завязла","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of где-то","role":"forms indefinite adverb with где","gloss":"some","note":"indefinite particle: где-то = \"somewhere\"; где carries \"where\", -то supplies the indefinite \"some-\""},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завязла","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"завязла","lemma":"завязнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Юлию","gloss":"has got stuck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завязла","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-c4-s72","source":"Да скорее же, мама, иначе я умру…","translation":"Be quick, then, mama, or I shall die...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иначе я умру","title":"«иначе» + perfective future","body":"«иначе» ('otherwise') introduces the dire alternative, with «умру» the perfective future of «умереть» — 'I shall die', a single completed event. The hyperbole is grammatically a finished future result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да скорее же, мама","title":"Repeated «да… же» pressure","body":"The insistent «да … же» frame returns, bracketing the comparative «скорее» — Dostoevsky uses the recurrence to convey Lise's mounting, half-theatrical impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скорее","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"be quick"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скорее","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequence clause introduced by иначе","gloss":"shall die"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-c4-s73","source":"— Да это ж пустяки! — воскликнул Алеша, испугавшись их испуга.","translation":"\"Why, it's a mere trifle!\" exclaimed Alyosha, alarmed at their alarm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да это ж пустяки!","title":"«ж» — reduced «же»","body":"«ж» is the elided form of the particle «же», leaning on «это» for emphasis: 'why, it's nothing!' The clipped spelling reflects fast colloquial speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"испугавшись их испуга","title":"Perfective gerund «испугавшись»","body":"«испугавшись» is a perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) in -вшись from the reflexive «испугаться» — 'having taken fright'. It compresses a prior, completed action sharing Alyosha's subject, the literary hallmark of such gerunds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"их испуга","title":"Wordplay: «испугавшись их испуга»","body":"Dostoevsky's figura etymologica — 'frightened at their fright', the verb and noun sharing a root. The echo (alarmed at their alarm) is deliberate, gently mocking the panic in the room."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пустяки","title":"«пустяки» — trifles, nonsense","body":"From «пустой» (empty); 'mere nothings, trifling matters'. Plural by default in this dismissive sense — a wave of the hand at the fuss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пустяки","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пустяки","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun with это","gloss":"a trifle"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"испугавшись","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"frightened by"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of испуга","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"испуга","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of испугавшись","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-c4-s74","source":"Юлия прибежала с водой.","translation":"Yulia came running with the water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибежала с водой","title":"Prefixed motion «прибежала»","body":"«прибежать» (perfective) is «бежать» (to run) with the arrival prefix «при-» — 'came running up'. The prefix supplies both the direction (toward) and the perfective completion of the single arrival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с водой","title":"Comitative «с» + instrumental","body":"«с водой» — 'with water' — is «с» governing the instrumental «водой», the case of accompaniment. She arrives bearing the water."}],"words":[{"surface":"Юлия","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибежала","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"прибежала","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came running"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибежала","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-c4-s75","source":"Алеша опустил в воду палец.","translation":"Alyosha lowered his finger into the water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опустил в воду палец","title":"Motion-into: «в» + accusative","body":"«в воду» takes the accusative (not prepositional «в воде») because there is motion into the water — lowering the finger in. The same «в» would govern the prepositional for static location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"опустил","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воду","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустил","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of опустил","gloss":"his finger"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-c4-s76","source":"— Мама, ради бога, принесите корпию; корпию и этой едкой мутной воды для порезов, ну как ее зовут!","translation":"\"Mama, for God's sake, bring lint; lint and that biting, cloudy water for cuts—oh, what is it called!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принесите корпию","title":"Perfective imperative «принесите»","body":"«принесите» — bring (and have here), the polite perfective imperative of «принести». The perfective fits a one-off fetching with a clear result: the lint in hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну как ее зовут","title":"«как её зовут» — tip-of-the-tongue","body":"The impersonal «как ее зовут» ('what is it called', lit. 'how do they call it') with «ну» captures Lise groping for a forgotten name. «её» is the accusative object of the impersonal 'they call'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"корпия","title":"«корпия» — lint for wounds","body":"Charpie: threads picked from old linen and packed into a wound to staunch and absorb — the standard 19th-century field dressing before modern gauze. A period medical detail."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"едкой мутной воды","title":"«едкая мутная вода» — the antiseptic wash","body":"'Biting, cloudy water' — almost certainly lead-water or a similar astringent lotion («свинцовая примочка») kept for cuts. «едкий» (caustic, biting) and «мутный» (turbid) describe its sting and cloudiness; the genitive forms follow «принесите … воды»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принесите","gloss":"God's sake","note":"idiom «ради бога» = \"for God's sake\""},{"surface":"принесите","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"корпию","lemma":"корпия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесите","gloss":"lint"},{"surface":"корпию","lemma":"корпия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with корпию","gloss":"lint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of воды","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"едкой","lemma":"едкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воды","gloss":"biting"},{"surface":"мутной","lemma":"мутный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воды","gloss":"cloudy"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with корпию","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порезов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"порезов","lemma":"порез","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies воды (via для)","gloss":"cuts"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies зовут","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зовут","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"зовут","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"is called"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-c4-s77","source":"У нас есть, есть, есть… Мама, вы сами знаете, где стклянка, в спальне вашей в шкапике направо, там большая стклянка и корпия…","translation":"We have some, we have, we have... Mama, you know yourself where the bottle is, in your bedroom, in the little cupboard on the right; there is a big bottle there, and lint...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У нас есть","title":"«у нас есть» — possession construction","body":"Russian expresses 'we have' as «у нас есть» — 'at us there is' — with «у» + genitive «нас» and the existential «есть». Possession is framed as something present near the owner, not as a verb 'to have'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в спальне вашей в шкапике направо","title":"Stacked locatives in the prepositional","body":"«в спальне… в шкапике» — both 'where' phrases take «в» + prepositional for static location (bedroom, little cupboard). The postposed possessive «вашей» after «спальне» is a colloquial, spoken word order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стклянка","title":"«стклянка» — old spelling of «склянка»","body":"A small glass bottle or phial; «стклянка» preserves the older «ст-» spelling of «склянка» (from «стекло», glass). The form fixes the period flavour of the text."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шкапике","title":"«шкапик» — little cupboard (archaic «шкап»)","body":"A diminutive of «шкап», the 19th-century form of modern «шкаф» (cupboard, wardrobe). The «-ик» suffix shrinks it to a 'little cupboard', and the old «шкап» dates the speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the location clause (complement of знаете)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"стклянка","lemma":"стклянка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the где-clause","gloss":"the bottle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спальне","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locates стклянка","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спальне","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкапике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шкапике","lemma":"шкапик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"further locates стклянка (nested in спальне)","gloss":"little cupboard"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the где-clause (location)","gloss":"on the right"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces a clause coordinated with the где-clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стклянка","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"стклянка","lemma":"стклянка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the там-clause","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"корпия","lemma":"корпия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with стклянка","gloss":"lint"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-c4-s78","source":"— Сейчас принесу всё, Lise, только не кричи и не беспокойся.","translation":"\"I'll bring everything at once, Lise, only don't shout and don't fret.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас принесу всё","title":"Perfective future «принесу»","body":"«принесу» (I'll bring) is the perfective future of «принести» — a single, soon-completed act, reinforced by «сейчас» ('right now'). No auxiliary: the future lives in the ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не кричи и не беспокойся","title":"Negated imperfective imperatives","body":"«не кричи», «не беспокойся» — negative commands take the imperfective imperative (and «беспокойся» the reflexive «-ся»). Russian prohibitions normally use the imperfective: 'don't be doing X'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"принесу","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll bring"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принесу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойся","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойся","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричи","gloss":"fret"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-c4-s79","source":"Видишь, как твердо Алексей Федорович переносит свое несчастие.","translation":"See how firmly Alexei Fyodorovich bears his misfortune.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как твердо… переносит","title":"Imperfective «переносит» of ongoing endurance","body":"«переносит» (imperfective present) frames the bearing of misfortune as an ongoing state, with the adverb «твердо» (firmly). The imperfective fits a continuing manner of conduct rather than a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свое несчастие","title":"Reflexive possessive «свое»","body":"«свое несчастие» — 'his own misfortune' — uses «свой», which points back to the clause subject (Alexei). «его» would risk meaning someone else's; «свой» keeps the possession his."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переносит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переносит","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переносит","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"переносит","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видишь","gloss":"bears"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of несчастие","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несчастие","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переносит","gloss":"misfortune"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-c4-s80","source":"И где это вы так ужасно могли поранить себя, Алексей Федорович?","translation":"And wherever did you manage to hurt yourself so dreadfully, Alexei Fyodorovich?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где это вы так ужасно могли поранить себя","title":"«могли поранить» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«могли поранить себя» pairs past «мочь» with a perfective infinitive and the reflexive object pronoun «себя» (oneself, accusative) — 'could so dreadfully wound yourself'. «себя» is a full object pronoun, distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"И где это вы","title":"Emphatic «это» of wonder again","body":"The same astonished «это» as in s62, here stretched by «так ужасно» — 'and however did you manage to hurt yourself so dreadfully?' A particle of marvelling, not the demonstrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes где","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"поранить","lemma":"поранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of поранить","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-c4-s81","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова поспешно вышла.","translation":"Madame Hohlakov hurried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспешно вышла","title":"Prefixed motion «вышла»","body":"«вышла» is the perfective of «выйти» — «-й-» motion with the exit prefix «вы-», 'went out'. A single completed departure, modified by «поспешно» (hurriedly)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-c4-s82","source":"Lise того только и ждала.","translation":"That was just what Lise had been waiting for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lise того только и ждала","title":"Genitive object «того» after «ждать»","body":"«ждать» governs the genitive of an awaited abstract thing, here «того» ('that'). The «только и ждала» frame ('was only waiting for') idiomatically means 'that was exactly what she had been waiting for'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и ждала","title":"«только и» — emphatic 'only'","body":"The frame «только и + verb» intensifies to 'did nothing but…, was just waiting for'. The «и» here is an emphasising particle, not 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-c4-s83","source":"— Прежде всего отвечайте на вопрос, — быстро заговорила она Алеше, — где это вы так себя изволили поранить?","translation":"\"First of all, answer the question,\" she began rapidly to Alyosha, \"wherever did you deign to hurt yourself so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвечайте на вопрос","title":"«отвечать на» + accusative","body":"To answer a question is «отвечать на вопрос» — «на» + accusative, 'respond onto the question'. The polite imperative «отвечайте» opens Lise's brisk interrogation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволили поранить","title":"«изволить» — ironic deference","body":"«изволить» ('to deign, be pleased to') is an old polite auxiliary; here «где это вы … изволили поранить себя» drips mock-formality — 'where did you deign to hurt yourself?' Lise mimics courtly speech to tease."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"быстро заговорила она Алеше","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»: «заговорила»","body":"«заговорила» is «говорить» with the prefix «за-» marking the beginning of an action — 'began to speak, struck up'. The perfective inceptive captures the sudden onset of her rapid speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечайте","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Прежде","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"отвечайте","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечайте","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отвечайте","gloss":"began speaking"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (addressee) of заговорила","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes где","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of поранить","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, governs поранить","gloss":"deign"},{"surface":"поранить","lemma":"поранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"hurt"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-c4-s84","source":"А потом уж я с вами буду говорить совсем о другом.","translation":"And afterward I shall talk with you about something quite different.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потом уж я с вами буду говорить","title":"Compound imperfective future «буду говорить»","body":"«буду говорить» is the analytic imperfective future — «буду» plus the imperfective infinitive — naming ongoing future talk ('I shall be talking'), against the perfective simple futures elsewhere in the scene. «уж» adds a tone of 'then, at that point'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о другом","title":"Topic «о» + prepositional","body":"«о другом» — 'about something else' — is «о» governing the prepositional, the case of the topic of speech. «другом» is the substantivised adjective 'another (thing)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"something else"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-c4-s85","source":"Ну!","translation":"Well!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну!","title":"«Ну!» — prompting exclamation","body":"«Ну!» alone is an impatient prompt — 'Well? Out with it!' A discourse particle doing the work of a whole clause, urging Alyosha to answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-c4-s86","source":"Алеша, инстинктом чувствуя, что для нее время до возвращения мамаши дорого, — поспешно, много выпустив и сократив, но, однако, точно и ясно, передал ей о загадочной встрече своей со школьниками.","translation":"Sensing by instinct that for her the time until her mother's return was precious, Alyosha hurriedly—leaving much out and cutting it short, yet exactly and clearly—told her of his puzzling encounter with the schoolboys.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"инстинктом чувствуя","title":"Imperfective gerund «чувствуя»","body":"«чувствуя» is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle of «чувствовать» — 'sensing, while sensing', an action simultaneous with the main verb «передал». «инстинктом» is instrumental, 'by instinct', the means of sensing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много выпустив и сократив","title":"Perfective gerunds «выпустив», «сократив»","body":"Two perfective past gerunds in -в («выпустив» — having left out, «сократив» — having cut short) pile up prior completed acts that shaped his telling. Such gerund chains are a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"передал ей о загадочной встрече своей","title":"Reflexive possessive «своей» + topic «о»","body":"«своей» (reflexive possessive) keeps the encounter Alyosha's own; «о … встрече» is «о» + prepositional, the topic he reported. The verb «передать» here means 'relate, recount'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"школьниками","title":"«школьники» — the schoolboys","body":"«школьники» (instrumental «-ами» after «со») are the schoolboys of the earlier stone-throwing scene with Ilyusha. The diminutive «мальчишки» Lise prefers below is more contemptuous; «школьники» is neutral."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"инстинктом","lemma":"инстинкт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствуя","gloss":"by instinct"},{"surface":"чувствуя","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on передал","gloss":"sensing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дорого (что-clause)","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвращения","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"возвращения","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the return"},{"surface":"мамаши","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возвращения","gloss":"her mother's"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of время (что-clause)","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпустив","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"выпустив","lemma":"выпустить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on передал","gloss":"leaving out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сократив","lemma":"сократить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпустив","gloss":"cutting short"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies точно/ясно","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with точно, modifies передал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встрече","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"загадочной","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встрече","gloss":"puzzling"},{"surface":"встрече","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передал","gloss":"encounter"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встрече","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школьниками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"школьниками","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies встрече","gloss":"the schoolboys"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-c4-s87","source":"Выслушав его, Lise всплеснула руками:","translation":"When she had heard him out, Lise threw up her hands:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выслушав его","title":"Perfective gerund «выслушав» — having heard out","body":"«выслушав» is the perfective past gerund of «выслушать» (to hear out, listen to the end) — 'having heard him out', a completed prior action before she throws up her hands. The prefix «вы-» gives the sense of hearing through to the finish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всплеснула руками","title":"«всплеснуть руками» — to throw up one's hands","body":"A vivid set gesture: to clasp/fling up the hands in astonishment or dismay. «руками» is instrumental (by/with the hands). A stock theatrical movement of surprise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on всплеснула","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Выслушав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of всплеснула","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"всплеснула","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of всплеснула","gloss":"her hands"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-c4-s88","source":"— Ну можно ли, можно ли вам, да еще в этом платье, связываться с мальчишками! — гневно вскричала она, как будто даже имея какое-то право над ним, — да вы сами после того мальчик, самый маленький мальчик, какой только может быть!","translation":"\"Well, how could you, how could you, and in that cassock too, get into a scuffle with little boys!\" she cried out angrily, as though she even had some sort of right over him. \"Why, after that you are a little boy yourself, the very smallest boy there could possibly be!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну можно ли, можно ли вам","title":"Impersonal «можно ли … вам» of reproach","body":"«можно ли вам» pairs the impersonal predicate «можно» (is it permissible/possible) with the dative experiencer «вам» and the interrogative «ли» — 'how could you possibly…'. A subjectless, dative-framed rhetorical rebuke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто даже имея какое-то право","title":"Gerund under «как будто» — 'as if having'","body":"«имея» is the imperfective gerund of «иметь», governed by «как будто» ('as if') — 'as though even having some right over him'. The gerund renders an attendant, imagined circumstance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишками","title":"«мальчишки» — pejorative for boys","body":"The suffix «-ишк-» turns «мальчик» into a belittling «мальчишка» — 'mere boys, brats'. Lise's scorn is built into the morphology; she repeats «мальчик/мальчишка» to shame Alyosha for scuffling with them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый маленький мальчик, какой только может быть","title":"Superlative «самый» + «какой только»","body":"«самый маленький» is the periphrastic superlative ('the very smallest'), and «какой только может быть» ('such as could possibly be') is an emphatic relative tag intensifying it. «самый» declines with its adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats можно for emphasis","gloss":"how could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"circumstance modifying связываться","gloss":"robe"},{"surface":"связываться","lemma":"связываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"get mixed up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчишками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мальчишками","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of связываться","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"гневно","lemma":"гневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричала","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имея","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричала","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of право","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"enclitic particle (part of какое-то)","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какое-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies право","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the next statement","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мальчик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вы","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies маленький","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"smallest"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мальчик","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-c4-s89","source":"Однако вы непременно разузнайте мне как-нибудь про этого скверного мальчишку и мне всё расскажите, потому что тут какой-то секрет.","translation":"All the same, you must find out for me somehow about that nasty little boy and tell me everything, because there is some sort of secret in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы непременно разузнайте мне","title":"Imperative «разузнайте» + ethical dative «мне»","body":"«разузнайте» is the perfective imperative of «разузнать» (to find out thoroughly), and «мне» is an ethical/benefactive dative — 'find out for me'. The dative marks the interested party Lise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-нибудь про этого скверного мальчишку","title":"«как-нибудь» + «про» + accusative","body":"«как-нибудь» ('somehow, by any means') uses «-нибудь» for a non-specific manner; «про этого … мальчишку» is «про» + accusative ('about that nasty brat'). The animate accusative «мальчишку» borrows its genitive-like ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скверного","title":"«скверный» — nasty, vile","body":"«скверный» means foul, wretched, nasty — a strong moral disgust, beyond mere 'bad'. Applied to the boy, it colours Lise's intrigued contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разузнайте","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разузнайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разузнайте","gloss":"definitely"},{"surface":"разузнайте","lemma":"разузнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of разузнайте","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разузнайте","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"particle (part of как-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчишку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчишку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"скверного","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишку","gloss":"nasty"},{"surface":"мальчишку","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разузнайте","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расскажите","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"расскажите","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with разузнайте","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of секрет","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies секрет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"enclitic particle (part of какой-то)","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of тут-clause","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-c4-s90","source":"Теперь второе, но прежде вопрос: можете ли вы, Алексей Федорович, несмотря на страдание от боли, говорить о совершенных пустяках, но говорить рассудительно?","translation":"Now the second thing, but first a question: can you, Alexei Fyodorovich, in spite of the suffering from the pain, talk about utter trifles, and talk sensibly?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можете ли вы… говорить","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«можете ли вы … говорить?» fronts the focus «можете» followed by «ли» to form a formal yes/no question — 'are you able to…?' The literary «ли» is more deliberate than mere rising intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на страдание от боли","title":"«несмотря на» + accusative","body":"The concessive «несмотря на» ('despite, in spite of') governs the accusative «страдание»; «от боли» is «от» + genitive marking cause ('from the pain'). A compact concessive frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рассудительно","title":"«рассудительно» — sensibly, judiciously","body":"From «рассудок» (reason, judgement); 'reasonably, with good sense'. Lise asks whether he can chat about trifles yet keep his wits — a wry test of his composure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies второе","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"второе","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the second thing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with второе","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на)","role":"preposition marking страдание","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на)","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"the suffering"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страдание","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустяках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"совершенных","lemma":"совершённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пустяках","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"пустяках","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорить","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"рассудительно","lemma":"рассудительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"sensibly"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-c4-s91","source":"— Совершенно могу, да и боли я такой уже теперь не чувствую.","translation":"\"I can perfectly well, and besides, I no longer feel such pain now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боли я такой уже теперь не чувствую","title":"Genitive of negation: «боли … не чувствую»","body":"Under the negated verb «не чувствую», the object shifts from accusative «боль» to genitive «боли» — the genitive of negation, idiomatic with abstract or non-specific objects. Fronting «боли» also topicalises 'such pain'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и боли","title":"«да и» — 'and besides'","body":"«да и» links a reinforcing afterthought — 'and besides, what's more'. Here it adds a second reason to his cheerful 'I can perfectly well'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"particle (part of да и)","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую (genitive under negation)","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боли","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу","gloss":"feel"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-c4-s92","source":"— Это оттого, что ваш палец в воде.","translation":"\"That is because your finger is in the water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это оттого, что ваш палец в воде","title":"«оттого, что» — causal correlative","body":"«оттого, что» ('because of the fact that') is a causal subordinator, the «оттого» pointing forward to the «что»-clause. The final clause «ваш палец в воде» is a zero-copula present (no 'is'), with «в воде» locative prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оттого","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of палец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the что-clause","gloss":"your finger"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"воде","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate location of палец","gloss":"the water"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-c4-s93","source":"Ее нужно сейчас же переменить, потому что она мигом нагреется.","translation":"It must be changed right now, because it will warm up in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее нужно сейчас же переменить","title":"Impersonal «нужно» + infinitive, object «ее»","body":"«нужно … переменить» is the impersonal-necessity construction with the perfective infinitive 'to change', and «ее» (accusative, = the water) is its object — 'it must be changed'. No nominative subject; necessity is stated impersonally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она мигом нагреется","title":"Perfective future «нагреется» (-ся)","body":"«нагреется» is the perfective future of the reflexive «нагреться» — 'will warm up' (intransitive, change of state via «-ся»). The «-ся» turns 'heat' into 'become hot of itself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"An instrumental adverb from «миг» (an instant, blink) — 'in a trice, instantly'. Lise repeats «мигом» insistently through the scene, drumming her impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужно (notional object of переменить)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас же","morphology":"adverb (part of сейчас же)","role":"modifies переменить","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"сейчас же","morphology":"particle (part of сейчас же)","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"переменить","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нужно","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of нагреется","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нагреется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нагреется","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"нагреется","lemma":"нагреться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"will warm up"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-c4-s94","source":"Юлия, мигом принеси кусок льду из погреба и новую полоскательную чашку с водой.","translation":"Yulia, fetch a lump of ice from the cellar this instant, and a fresh rinsing bowl with water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принеси кусок льду","title":"Familiar imperative + partitive genitive «льду»","body":"«принеси» is the singular familiar imperative (to the servant Yulia), and «льду» is a partitive genitive in the special stressed «-у» form ('some ice'). «кусок льду» — 'a lump of ice' — pairs the quantity noun with the partitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из погреба","title":"«из» + genitive — out of the cellar","body":"«из погреба» is «из» governing the genitive, the case of source/origin ('out from the cellar'). Motion away from an enclosed place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Юлия","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принеси","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"принеси","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принеси","gloss":"a piece"},{"surface":"льду","lemma":"лёд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кусок","gloss":"of ice"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"погреба","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принеси","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чашку","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"полоскательную","lemma":"полоскательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чашку","gloss":"rinsing"},{"surface":"чашку","lemma":"чашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кусок","gloss":"bowl"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чашку","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-c4-s95","source":"Ну, теперь она ушла, я о деле: мигом, милый Алексей Федорович, извольте отдать мне мое письмо, которое я вам прислала вчера, — мигом, потому что сейчас может прийти маменька, а я не хочу…","translation":"Now that she has gone, to business: this instant, dear Alexei Fyodorovich, be so good as to give me back my letter, the one I sent you yesterday—this instant, because mama may come in at any moment, and I don't want...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"извольте отдать","title":"«извольте» — be so good as to","body":"«извольте» (polite imperative of «изволить») + infinitive forms a courteous-yet-commanding 'kindly do, be so good as to'. Lise's mock-formal politeness frames a demand for her letter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое я вам прислала вчера","title":"Relative «которое» — neuter to match «письмо»","body":"«которое» is neuter singular agreeing with «письмо», but accusative as the object of «прислала» within its own clause ('the letter which I sent you'). Antecedent fixes gender/number; the clause fixes case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас может прийти маменька","title":"Verb-fronted with new-information subject last","body":"«может прийти маменька» places the subject «маменька» last as the dreaded new information — 'mama may come in at any moment'. The case-free word order lets the looming arrival fall in the comment slot."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменька","title":"«маменька» — affectionate-formal 'mama'","body":"A diminutive of «мама» with the endearing «-еньк-» suffix, period-flavoured and slightly genteel — 'dear mama, mummy'. Note how Lise's word for her mother slides between «мама», «маменька», and «мамаша» by mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ушла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ушла","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"has gone"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb governing о деле","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о, complement of я","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies извольте (adverbial: at once)","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, complement of извольте","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"be so good as"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of извольте","gloss":"to give back"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прислала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прислала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of прислала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прислала","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on письмо","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислала","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"repeats мигом, emphatic, modifies отдать/извольте","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the causal clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может/прийти","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the previous clause (linked by а)","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-c4-s96","source":"— Со мной нет письма.","translation":"\"I don't have the letter with me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Со мной нет письма","title":"Genitive of absence: «нет письма»","body":"«нет» (there isn't) requires the genitive of the missing thing — «нет письма» ('there is no letter'). «со мной» (with «с» + instrumental) locates the absence on his person: 'I don't have the letter on me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with","note":"\"с\" lengthens to \"со\" before \"мной\" for euphony."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"object of preposition со","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"don't have"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"logical subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"letter"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-c4-s97","source":"— Неправда, оно с вами.","translation":"\"That isn't true, it is with you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно с вами","title":"Zero-copula present + «с» + instrumental","body":"«оно с вами» — 'it is with you' — has no verb 'to be' in the present (zero copula), and «с вами» is «с» + instrumental marking possession-on-the-person. Lise contradicts him with a bare predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the first clause (exclamation)","gloss":"not true"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the second clause (elided copula 'is')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of оно","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-c4-s98","source":"Я так и знала, что вы так ответите.","translation":"I knew you would answer just so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я так и знала, что вы так ответите","title":"«так и знала» + reported «что» clause","body":"«так и знала» ('I just knew it') uses the emphatic «так и» of fulfilled expectation; «что вы так ответите» is a «что»-clause of reported content with the perfective future «ответите» ('would answer'). The future-in-the-past reads as 'would'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ответите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответите","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"ответите","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"would answer"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-c4-s99","source":"Оно у вас в этом кармане.","translation":"It is in that pocket of yours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оно у вас в этом кармане","title":"Possession «у вас» + location «в … кармане»","body":"«у вас» ('on you', «у» + genitive) names the possessor and «в этом кармане» (prepositional) the place — 'it is in that pocket of yours'. Again no verb 'to be' in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula 'is')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on","note":"\"у вас\" = \"on your person\"."},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кармане","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate location of оно","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-c4-s100","source":"Я так раскаивалась в этой глупой шутке всю ночь.","translation":"I have been so sorry for that silly joke all night long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я так раскаивалась… всю ночь","title":"Imperfective «раскаивалась» of prolonged feeling","body":"«раскаивалась» (imperfective past, reflexive «-ся») frames the repenting as an extended, ongoing state across «всю ночь» ('all night long', accusative of duration). The imperfective suits the lingering, repeated regret."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскаивалась в этой глупой шутке","title":"«раскаиваться в» + prepositional","body":"To repent of something is «раскаиваться в» + prepositional («в … шутке») — 'to be sorry for the joke'. The prepositional names what one repents."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of раскаивалась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаивалась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"раскаивалась","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been sorry"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутке","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шутке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"глупой","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутке","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"шутке","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскаивалась","gloss":"joke"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскаивалась","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-c4-s101","source":"Воротите же письмо сейчас, отдайте!","translation":"Give the letter back at once, hand it over!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воротите же письмо сейчас, отдайте!","title":"Perfective imperatives with insistent «же»","body":"«воротите» and «отдайте» are perfective polite imperatives (give back!), and «же» drives the demand home. Two near-synonyms doubled for force: 'give it back at once, hand it over!'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Воротите","title":"«воротить» — archaic 'return'","body":"«воротить» (to give back, return) is the older, more colloquial counterpart of «возвратить/вернуть», with a folksier, period ring. Common in 19th-century speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротите","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Воротите (emphatic)","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Воротите","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротите","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"отдайте","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Воротите","gloss":"hand over"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-c4-s102","source":"— Оно там осталось.","translation":"\"It was left behind there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оно там осталось","title":"Perfective «осталось» (neuter past, -ся)","body":"«осталось» is the neuter perfective past of the reflexive «остаться» (to remain, be left), agreeing with neuter «оно» (письмо). A single completed state: 'it got left behind there'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was left"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-c4-s103","source":"— Но вы не можете же меня считать за девочку, за маленькую-маленькую девочку, после моего письма с такою глупою шуткой!","translation":"\"But you cannot take me for a little girl, for a tiny, tiny little girl, after my letter with such a silly joke!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы не можете же меня считать за девочку","title":"«считать за» + accusative — to take for","body":"«считать за» + accusative means 'to take/reckon someone for' — «за девочку» 'for a little girl'. The interposed «же» protests; «не можете» negates the possibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за маленькую-маленькую девочку","title":"Reduplication «маленькую-маленькую»","body":"Doubling the adjective («маленькую-маленькую» — 'tiny, tiny') intensifies it to a superlative-emotional pitch, a colloquial device of emphasis. Lise insists she is no mere little girl."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете (emphatic)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девочку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"девочку","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девочку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"девочку","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девочку (apposition)","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письма","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письма","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шуткой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шуткой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"глупою","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шуткой","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"шуткой","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, modifies письма","gloss":"joke"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-c4-s104","source":"Я прошу у вас прощения за глупую шутку, но письмо вы непременно мне принесите, если уж его нет у вас в самом деле, — сегодня же принесите непременно, непременно!","translation":"I beg your pardon for the silly joke, but you must bring me the letter without fail, if you really don't have it on you—bring it this very day, without fail, without fail!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я прошу у вас прощения","title":"«просить у… прощения» — genitive object + «у»","body":"To beg pardon is «просить прощения» (genitive object «прощения») «у вас» (of you, «у» + genitive). The thing requested goes in the genitive; the person asked is marked by «у»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж его нет у вас в самом деле","title":"Conditional «если» + genitive of absence","body":"«если … его нет у вас» combines the conditional «если» with «нет» + genitive «его» (= письма) — 'if you really don't have it on you'. The genitive of absence recurs inside the conditional clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непременно, непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail","body":"'Certainly, without fail, by all means' — an insistent adverb Lise triples here («непременно, непременно») to hammer the demand. The repetition is pure agitated emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"глупую","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутку","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за, complement of прошу","gloss":"joke"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принесите","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принесите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесите","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принесите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"принесите","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошу","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет (intensifier)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"don't have"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very","note":"idiom \"в самом деле\" = \"really, in fact\"."},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесите","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня (emphatic)","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"принесите","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to принесите","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесите","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with непременно","gloss":"without fail"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-c4-s105","source":"— Сегодня никак нельзя, потому что я уйду в монастырь и не приду к вам дня два, три, четыре может быть, потому что старец Зосима…","translation":"\"Today is quite impossible, because I am going off to the monastery and shall not come to you for two days, three, perhaps four, because the elder Zosima...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уйду в монастырь и не приду к вам","title":"Prefixed motion futures: «уйду» / «не приду»","body":"«уйду» (will go off, «у-» departure) and «приду» (will come, «при-» arrival) are perfective futures of prefixed motion verbs — a leaving and an arriving, each a single completed move. «к вам» is «к» + dative ('to you')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дня два, три, четыре","title":"Inverted numeral = approximation","body":"Placing the noun before the numeral («дня два» instead of «два дня») signals approximation — 'a couple of days or so'. «дня» is genitive singular after «два». The list 'two, three, four' continues the vague estimate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of уйду","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нельзя","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйду","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on два/три/четыре","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with два, три","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"head of parenthetical phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the trailing clause about старец","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided/incomplete clause (sentence trails off)","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-c4-s106","source":"— Четыре дня, экой вздор!","translation":"\"Four days, what nonsense!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экой вздор","title":"«экой» — colloquial 'what a!'","body":"«экой» (also «эдакий/экий») is a folksy exclamatory determiner — 'what a…!, such…!' Here «экой вздор!» = 'what nonsense!' «вздор» itself means rubbish, twaddle. Both stamp Lise's dismissive, spoken register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздор (exclamative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the exclamation экой вздор","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-c4-s107","source":"Послушайте, вы очень надо мной смеялись?","translation":"Listen, were you laughing at me a great deal?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы очень надо мной смеялись?","title":"«смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"To laugh at someone is «смеяться над» + instrumental — «надо мной» ('at me'; «над» takes a fill-vowel «надо» before «мной»). The reflexive verb «смеяться» exists only in the «-ся» form. Word order fronts «надо мной» for focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"discourse imperative, addresses listener","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеялись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at","note":"\"надо\" is the euphonic form of \"над\" before \"мной\"; смеяться над = \"laugh at\"."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"object of preposition надо, complement of смеялись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were laughing"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-c4-s108","source":"— Я ни капли не смеялся.","translation":"\"I wasn't laughing in the least.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ни капли не смеялся","title":"«ни капли … не» — negative concord","body":"«ни капли» ('not a drop, not in the least') intensifies the negation, and Russian still requires «не» on the verb — negative concord, two negatives making one. «капли» is genitive after «ни»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капли","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"капли","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялся","gloss":"bit","note":"idiom \"ни капли\" = \"not in the least\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughing"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-c4-s109","source":"— Почему же?","translation":"\"Why not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему же?","title":"«же» after an interrogative","body":"«Почему же?» — 'but why?, why ever not?' — uses «же» to press a question already in the air, demanding a reason. The particle adds insistence and surprise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему (emphatic)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-c4-s110","source":"— Потому что я совершенно всему поверил.","translation":"\"Because I believed every word of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому что я совершенно всему поверил","title":"«поверить» + dative «всему»","body":"«поверить» (to believe, perfective) governs the dative — «всему» ('everything', dative of «всё'). One believes 'to' a thing in Russian. «совершенно» ('completely') intensifies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of поверил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всему","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поверил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-c4-s111","source":"— Вы меня оскорбляете!","translation":"\"You insult me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы меня оскорбляете!","title":"Imperfective present «оскорбляете»","body":"«оскорбляете» is the imperfective present of «оскорблять/оскорбить» — naming the offence as it happens, 'you are insulting me'. «меня» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оскорбляете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбляете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"оскорбляете","lemma":"оскорблять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insult"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-c4-s112","source":"— Нисколько.","translation":"\"Not in the slightest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нисколько","title":"«нисколько» — not at all","body":"A one-word emphatic denial — 'not in the slightest, not a bit', built on «ни» + «сколько». A negative adverb standing alone as a full reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not in the slightest"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-c4-s113","source":"Я как прочел, то тотчас и подумал, что этак всё и будет, потому что я, как только умрет старец Зосима, сейчас должен буду выйти из монастыря.","translation":"The moment I read it, I thought at once that this is just how it would all be, because as soon as the elder Zosima dies I shall have to leave the monastery straightaway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я как прочел, то тотчас и подумал","title":"«как… то» temporal frame + perfectives","body":"«как … то» here means 'as soon as … then', with the perfectives «прочел» (read through) and «подумал» (thought) chaining two completed events. The «то» resumes the «как»-clause, and «и» emphasises the immediacy ('then at once did think')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только умрет старец Зосима","title":"«как только» + perfective future","body":"«как только» ('as soon as') takes the perfective future «умрет» ('dies', a single completed event) — Russian uses the future here where English uses the present. The temporal clause looks forward to Zosima's death."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен буду выйти из монастыря","title":"«должен буду» + perfective infinitive","body":"«должен буду» (the future of obligation: «буду» + «должен») governs the perfective infinitive «выйти» ('to leave', prefixed motion) — 'I shall have to leave the monastery'. «из монастыря» is «из» + genitive of source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочел","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative of как)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал (emphatic)","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies будет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (как только = as soon as)","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен (temporal)","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause, copula буду","gloss":"shall have to"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"monastery"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-c4-s114","source":"Затем я буду продолжать курс и сдам экзамен, а как придет законный срок, мы и женимся.","translation":"After that I shall go on with my studies and take my examination, and when the lawful time comes, we shall marry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду продолжать курс и сдам экзамен","title":"Aspect contrast in two futures","body":"«буду продолжать» is the compound imperfective future of an ongoing activity ('I shall go on with my studies'), while «сдам» is the perfective future of a single completed result ('shall pass/take the exam'). The two future types sit side by side, exactly distinguishing process from result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как придет законный срок, мы и женимся","title":"«как придет… мы и женимся»","body":"«как придет» = 'when the time comes' (perfective future); «женимся» is the perfective future of «жениться» ('we shall marry', reflexive «-ся»). The emphatic «и» before «женимся» means 'and so we'll just marry'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"законный срок","title":"«законный срок» — the lawful time","body":"'The lawful/appointed term' — the age and conditions at which marriage would be proper and permitted. «срок» is a fixed period or deadline; «законный» (lawful) frames it as the socially sanctioned moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of продолжать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of продолжать","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on with"},{"surface":"курс","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сдам","lemma":"сдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продолжать (second future verb)","gloss":"shall take"},{"surface":"экзамен","lemma":"экзамен","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сдам","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause, modifies женимся","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"законный","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of женимся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, links to женимся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"женимся","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продолжать, main verb of final clause","gloss":"shall marry"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-c4-s115","source":"Я вас буду любить.","translation":"I shall love you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас буду любить","title":"Compound imperfective future «буду любить»","body":"«буду любить» — 'I shall love you' — is the imperfective future, fitting because love is a continuing state, not a completed act. Alyosha's plainest promise is grammatically an open, ongoing future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-c4-s116","source":"Хоть мне и некогда было еще думать, но я подумал, что лучше вас жены не найду, а мне старец велит жениться…","translation":"Though I have not yet had time to think it over, I thought I should not find a better wife than you, and the elder bids me marry...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть мне и некогда было еще думать","title":"Dative-impersonal «мне некогда было»","body":"«мне некогда было … думать» is a dative-experiencer impersonal — 'I had no time to think' — with the negative adverb «некогда» and past «было». The person stands in the dative, no nominative subject. «Хоть … и» is the concessive 'although'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше вас жены не найду","title":"Comparative «лучше» + genitive of comparison","body":"«лучше вас» — 'better than you' — uses the suppletive comparative «лучше» (from «хороший») with the genitive of comparison «вас» (than you). «жены … не найду» also shows genitive of negation ('shall find no better wife')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а мне старец велит жениться","title":"«велеть» + dative + infinitive","body":"«велеть» (to bid, order) takes a dative of the person commanded («мне») and an infinitive («жениться») — 'the elder bids me marry'. The elder's word is treated as binding obedience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying подумал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of некогда","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некогда (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the impersonal clause, modifies думать","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of некогда","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies жены (better than)","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison, modifies лучше","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найду (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a wife"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найду","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал (linked by а)","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"marry"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-c4-s117","source":"— Да ведь я урод, меня на креслах возят! — засмеялась Лиза с зардевшимся на щеках румянцем.","translation":"\"But I am a cripple, I am wheeled about in a chair!\" laughed Liza, a flush kindling on her cheeks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь я урод","title":"Particle «ведь» — appeal to the obvious","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but after all, you know' — pressing Alyosha to face the obvious. With «да» it opens a protest: 'but I'm a cripple, you know!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня на креслах возят","title":"Impersonal 3rd-pl. «возят» — 'they wheel me'","body":"«возят» (they wheel) with no named subject is the indefinite-personal construction — 'I am wheeled about', the 'they' meaning 'people/one'. «меня» accusative is the patient. «возить» is the multidirectional motion verb (habitual carrying)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"урод","title":"«урод» — cripple, deformed one","body":"«урод» means a deformed or crippled person (also 'monster, freak') — a harsh, self-lacerating word Lise flings at her own invalid condition. The bluntness is deliberate, daring Alyosha to recoil."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с зардевшимся… румянцем","title":"«зардевшийся румянец» — a kindling flush","body":"«зардевшийся» is a past active participle of «зардеться» (to flush, glow red); with «румянец» (a blush, ruddy colour) it paints a blush kindling on her cheeks. A bookish, literary participle adding a glow to the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies урод","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of урод","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"урод","lemma":"урод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, complement of я (elided copula)","gloss":"a cripple"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"креслах","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of возят","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"возят","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (asyndetic coordination)","gloss":"wheel about"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame (speech tag)","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"Лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking румянцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"зардевшимся","lemma":"зардеться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying румянцем","gloss":"kindling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"щеках","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зардевшимся","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"румянцем","lemma":"румянец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялась","gloss":"a flush"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-c4-s118","source":"— Я вас сам буду в кресле возить, но я уверен, что вы к тому сроку выздоровеете.","translation":"\"I shall wheel you in the chair myself, but I am certain that by that time you will have got well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я вас сам буду в кресле возить","title":"Intensifier «сам» + future «буду … возить»","body":"«сам» ('myself, in person') intensifies the subject — 'I shall wheel you myself'. «буду … возить» is the imperfective future of the habitual motion verb «возить», naming an ongoing future practice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы к тому сроку выздоровеете","title":"«к тому сроку» (dative) + perfective future","body":"«к тому сроку» — 'by that time' — is «к» + dative giving a deadline, paired with the perfective future «выздоровеете» ('will have got well', a completed recovery). Russian marks the by-when with the dative of «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic 'myself')","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of возить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возить","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"возить","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wheel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the clause (coordinated with the first clause via но)","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выздоровеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сроку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сроку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сроку","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выздоровеете","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"выздоровеете","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"get well"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b4-c4-s119","source":"— Но вы сумасшедший, — нервно проговорила Лиза, — из такой шутки и вдруг вывели такой вздор!..","translation":"\"But you are mad,\" said Liza nervously, \"to spin such nonsense all at once out of a mere joke!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из такой шутки… вывели такой вздор","title":"«из» + genitive of source — 'out of a joke'","body":"«из такой шутки» ('out of such a joke', «из» + genitive) names the source from which «вывели» ('you spun/deduced') such nonsense. «вывести» (perfective) here means to draw or derive a conclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы сумасшедший","title":"Zero-copula predicate adjective","body":"«вы сумасшедший» — 'you are mad' — has no present-tense 'are'; the long-form adjective «сумасшедший» stands directly as predicate. The bare nominative-style predicate is the norm in the zero-copula present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумасшедший","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of вы (elided copula)","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame (speech tag)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"Лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шутки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition из, complement of вывели","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывели","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вывели","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (elided subject вы)","gloss":"spun"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вздор","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывели","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b4-c4-s120","source":"Ах, вот и мамаша, может быть, очень кстати.","translation":"Ah, here is mama; perhaps very much to the point.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот и мамаша","title":"Presentative «вот и»","body":"«вот и мамаша» — 'here is mama (at last)' — uses the presentative «вот» plus «и» to announce an arrival that was awaited or expected. A deictic flourish pointing to the entering mother."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"очень кстати","title":"«кстати» — opportunely, to the point","body":"«кстати» means 'opportunely, at the right moment, by the way'. «очень кстати» — 'very much to the point' — notes that mama's return is well-timed, ending the private scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамаша","title":"«мамаша» — yet another 'mama'","body":"«мамаша» is a familiar, slightly homely form of address/reference for a mother — completing the scene's run of «мама / маменька / мамаша». The shifting registers track Lise's quicksilver moods."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, sentence-initial","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative, introduces мамаша","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links вот-clause to мамаша","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the presentative вот...и","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кстати","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate describing the situation","gloss":"to the point"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b4-c4-s121","source":"Мама, как вы всегда запоздаете, можно ли так долго!","translation":"Mama, how you always dawdle — can one really take so long!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы всегда запоздаете","title":"Perfective future for a habit","body":"«запоздаете» is the perfective future of «запоздать» (to be late), conjugated like a present. Paired with «всегда» (always) it reads not as a single future event but as a recurring, exasperated generalization — \"how you always end up late.\" The perfective future often carries this potential-or-habitual coloring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли так долго","title":"«ли» and impersonal «можно»","body":"«можно ли» fronts the impersonal predicate «можно» (is it permitted / possible) and tags it with the question particle «ли», making a rhetorical yes/no question: \"can one really take so long!\" «можно» governs no nominative subject — it is one of Russian's many subjectless modal frames."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause of запоздаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запоздаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запоздаете","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"запоздаете","lemma":"запоздать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"dawdle"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause (можно ли)","gloss":"can one"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b4-c4-s122","source":"Вот уж Юлия и лед несет!","translation":"There, Yulia is already bringing the ice!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот уж Юлия и лед несет","title":"«уж … и» — already, and here it comes","body":"«уж» (a shortened «уже», \"already\") together with «и» gives a sense of something happening sooner or more readily than expected: \"there, Yulia is already bringing the ice.\" «несёт» is the unidirectional motion verb «нести» — carrying in progress, right now, in one direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative, introduces the sentence","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Юлия","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of несет","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying несет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лед","lemma":"лёд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of несет","gloss":"the ice"},{"surface":"несет","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is bringing"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b4-c4-s123","source":"— Ах, Lise, не кричи, главное — ты не кричи.","translation":"\"Ah, Lise, don't shout — above all, don't you shout.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не кричи … ты не кричи","title":"Imperative «не кричи» with emphatic «ты»","body":"«кричи» is the imperative of imperfective «кричать» (to shout); negated with «не», it forbids the ongoing activity — \"don't shout.\" Russian normally drops the subject pronoun in commands, so the added «ты» in «ты не кричи» is emphatic: \"don't *you* shout,\" singling Lise out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, sentence-initial","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies second кричи","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of second кричи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"shout"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b4-c4-s124","source":"У меня от этого крику… Что ж делать, коли ты сама корпию в другое место засунула… Я искала, искала… Я подозреваю, что ты это нарочно сделала.","translation":"All this shouting gives me… Well, what am I to do, when you yourself stuck the lint away in some other place… I searched and searched… I suspect you did it on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня от этого крику…","title":"Stressed partitive «крику»","body":"«крику» is an old partitive/quantitative genitive of «крик» (shouting), with the stressed -у ending that lingers in such mass-noun phrases (cf. «чаю», «сахару»). The sentence trails off — «У меня от этого крику…» — \"all this shouting gives me [a headache]…\" — the predicate left unspoken, a hallmark of agitated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли ты сама корпию в другое место засунула","title":"Folksy «коли» and emphatic «сама»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, slightly archaic equivalent of «если» (if / since), opening the subordinate clause. «сама» is the intensifier «сам» agreeing feminine — \"you yourself\" — laying the blame squarely on Lise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"корпия","title":"«корпия» — lint for dressing wounds","body":"«корпия» is shredded linen picked apart by hand into soft lint, the standard pre-modern wound dressing before cotton gauze. The whole domestic fuss — lint, ice, lead lotion — paints the period's homely first-aid kit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я искала, искала","title":"Imperfective repeated for insistence","body":"The imperfective past «искала», doubled, conveys drawn-out, repeated effort: \"I searched and searched.\" Imperfective aspect here foregrounds the process, not any result — fitting, since she never found it."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"head of the phrase (possessive у меня)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крику","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"крику","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition от","gloss":"shouting","note":"Partitive genitive in -у; elliptical clause (\"all this shouting gives me [a headache]\")."},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause (что делать)","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засунула","gloss":"since","note":"Dialectal/colloquial for \"если\"/\"когда\" (since, when) — not a verb form."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of засунула","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic \"yourself\")","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"корпию","lemma":"корпия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of засунула","gloss":"the lint"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of засунула","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"засунула","lemma":"засунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"stuck"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of искала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"искала","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"searched"},{"surface":"искала","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with искала","gloss":"and searched"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозреваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подозреваю","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделала","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подозреваю","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b4-c4-s125","source":"— Да ведь не могла же я знать, что он придет с укушенным пальцем, а то, может быть, вправду нарочно бы сделала.","translation":"\"But how could I have known that he would come with a bitten finger — otherwise I might really have done it on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь не могла же я знать","title":"Particle stack «да ведь … же»","body":"Three particles pile up to color Lise's protest: «да» (well/but), «ведь» (after all, appealing to the obvious), and «же» (insistent). Together they mean roughly \"but how on earth could I have known\" — the texture of lively spoken Russian that English renders only by intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вправду нарочно бы сделала","title":"Conditional «бы» — counterfactual","body":"«бы» with the past-form «сделала» builds the irrealis: \"I might really have done it on purpose [if I had known].\" The conditional looks back on an outcome that did not happen, completing the hypothetical begun by «а то» (otherwise)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с укушенным пальцем","title":"Past passive participle «укушенный»","body":"«укушенным» is the past passive participle of perfective «укусить» (to bite), in the instrumental after «с» (with): \"with a bitten finger.\" The participle compresses a whole clause — \"a finger that had been bitten\" — into one agreeing adjective, the bookish economy Dostoevsky favors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, sentence-initial","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"укушенным","lemma":"укушенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальцем","gloss":"bitten"},{"surface":"пальцем","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase а то (otherwise)","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделала","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделала","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сделала","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а то clause (conditional)","gloss":"have done"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b4-c4-s126","source":"Ангел мама, вы начинаете говорить чрезвычайно остроумные вещи.","translation":"Mama, my angel, you are beginning to say uncommonly witty things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ангел мама","title":"«Ангел мама» — angel of a mama","body":"A teasing, affectionate apposition: \"angel mama,\" calling her mother an angel. Lise lards her speech with such endearments even while mocking — the warmth and the sting run together throughout the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остроумные","title":"«остроумный» — witty, sharp-witted","body":"«остроумный» (literally \"sharp-minded,\" «острый» sharp + «ум» mind) means witty or clever. Lise uses it ironically: her mother's bumbling remark about the lint has accidentally become \"uncommonly witty.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition with мама","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to Ангел","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начинаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"начинаете","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are beginning"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинаете","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остроумные","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"surface":"остроумные","lemma":"остроумный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"witty"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b4-c4-s127","source":"— Пусть остроумные, но какие чувства, Lise, насчет пальца Алексея Федоровича и всего этого!","translation":"\"Witty as you please, but what feeling is it, Lise, about Alexei Fyodorovich's finger and all of this!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть остроумные","title":"Concessive «пусть» — let them be","body":"«пусть» normally forms a third-person imperative (\"let him…\"), but here it concedes: «Пусть остроумные» — \"witty as you please / granted they're witty.\" The mother grants the point only to push past it to her real complaint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остроумные","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"остроумные","lemma":"остроумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"witty"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"main predicate noun of the exclamation","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пальца","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition насчет","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальца","gloss":"Alexei's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пальца, second object of насчет","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b4-c4-s128","source":"Ох, милый Алексей Федорович, меня убивают не частности, не Герценштубе какой-нибудь, а всё вместе, всё в целом, вот чего я не могу вынести.","translation":"Oh, dear Alexei Fyodorovich, it is not the particulars that destroy me, not some Herzenstube or other, but everything together, everything as a whole — that is what I cannot bear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня убивают не частности","title":"Contrastive «не … а»","body":"The frame «не частности … а всё вместе» (\"not the particulars … but everything together\") is the classic Russian corrective construction: «не X, а Y» negates one option and substitutes another. «убивают» (kill / destroy) is hyperbolic present-tense, the verb fronted with its object «меня» for emotional weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не Герценштубе какой-нибудь","title":"Dismissive «какой-нибудь»","body":"«какой-нибудь» (\"some … or other\") tagged onto the doctor's name belittles him: \"not some Herzenstube or other.\" The non-specific indefinite «-нибудь» waves him off as one trivial vexation among many."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот чего я не могу вынести","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"«чего» stands in the genitive (not accusative «что») because the verb is negated — «не могу вынести» (\"cannot bear\"). This genitive of negation, paired with the resumptive «вот», caps the sentence: \"that is what I cannot bear.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, sentence-initial","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убивают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"убивают","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates частности","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"частности","lemma":"частность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of убивают (negated)","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Герценштубе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with частности, subject of убивают","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Герценштубе","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Герценштубе","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of убивают (coordinated with частности)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всё (subject of убивают)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целом","gloss":"as a"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целое","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в целом (as a whole)","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынести","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"bear"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b4-c4-s129","source":"— Довольно, мама, довольно о Герценштубе, — весело смеялась Лиза, — давайте же скорей корпию, мама, и воду.","translation":"\"Enough, Mama, enough about Herzenstube,\" Liza laughed merrily, \"give us the lint quickly, Mama, and the water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весело смеялась Лиза","title":"Imperfective past for an accompanying action","body":"«смеялась» (imperfective past of «смеяться», a -ся verb) describes Liza laughing throughout — an ongoing background to her spoken words. The verb-first order «весело смеялась Лиза» is a narrative inversion that lets the adverb «весело» (merrily) lead."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давайте же скорей корпию","title":"«давайте» exhortation with «же»","body":"«давайте» plus an implied verb forms a let's/please request; here it governs the bare objects «корпию … и воду» (\"give us the lint and water\"). The particle «же» urges — \"do give it quickly\" — and «скорей» (sooner, faster) sharpens the impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, addressed to мама","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"governs the phrase о Герценштубе","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Герценштубе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition о","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrative tag","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Лиза","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давайте","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давайте","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"корпию","lemma":"корпия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of давайте","gloss":"the lint"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with корпию","gloss":"the water"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b4-c4-s130","source":"Это просто свинцовая примочка, Алексей Федорович, я теперь вспомнила имя, но это прекрасная примочка.","translation":"It is simply a lead lotion, Alexei Fyodorovich — I have just remembered the name — but it is an excellent lotion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свинцовая примочка","title":"\"Lead lotion\" — a lead-acetate compress","body":"«свинцовая примочка» literally means \"lead lotion\" («свинец» = lead; «примочка» = a compress or wash). It was a common 19th-century household remedy made from lead acetate, used to soothe wounds and bruises; in period English the equivalent preparation was known as \"Goulard's water.\" We render it plainly as \"lead lotion\" to keep the everyday domestic flavor of the original."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я теперь вспомнила имя","title":"Perfective «вспомнила» — the name surfaces","body":"«вспомнила» is the perfective past of «вспомнить» (to recall, suddenly), naming a single completed mental event: the name has just come back to her. Perfective aspect captures that instantaneous \"I've got it\" quality against any ongoing trying-to-remember."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of примочка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свинцовая","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"свинцовая","lemma":"свинцовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies примочка","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"примочка","lemma":"примочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lotion"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспомнила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вспомнила","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнила","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of примочка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"прекрасная","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies примочка","gloss":"excellent"},{"surface":"примочка","lemma":"примочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the final clause (parallel to the first примочка)","gloss":"lotion"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b4-c4-s131","source":"Мама, вообразите себе, он с мальчишками дорогой подрался на улице, и это мальчишка ему укусил, ну не маленький ли, не маленький ли он сам человек, и можно ли ему, мама, после этого жениться, потому что он, вообразите себе, он хочет жениться, мама.","translation":"Mama, just imagine, he got into a fight with some boys on the road, in the street, and it was one of those boys who bit him — well, isn't he a little one himself, isn't he a little fellow, and can he, Mama, after that, get married? — because, just imagine, he wants to get married, Mama.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вообразите себе","title":"Reflexive «вообразите себе»","body":"«вообразите» is the polite/plural imperative of «вообразить» (to imagine), with the dative reflexive «себе» as an ethical dative — \"just imagine [for yourself].\" Lise repeats it three times in this breathless sentence, a tic of excited storytelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он с мальчишками дорогой подрался","title":"Instrumental of route «дорогой»","body":"«дорогой» here is the instrumental of «дорога» used adverbially to mean \"along the way, on the road.\" The instrumental commonly marks a path traversed (cf. «лесом» = through the forest). «подрался» is the perfective -ся verb «подраться» — to get into a fight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишка","title":"«мальчишка» — a brat of a boy","body":"«мальчишка» is «мальчик» (boy) plus the expressive -ишка suffix, half affectionate, half dismissive: a little rascal, a kid. Lise then turns the diminutive logic on Alyosha himself — «не маленький ли он сам человек» — teasing that *he* is a mere boy too."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не маленький ли он сам человек","title":"Rhetorical «не … ли»","body":"The frame «не … ли» asks a leading question expecting agreement: \"isn't he himself a little fellow?\" The repetition «не маленький ли, не маленький ли» piles on the teasing insistence, and the question particle «ли» gives it a mock-formal lilt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли ему … жениться","title":"Dative subject with «можно»","body":"«можно ли ему … жениться» frames permission impersonally: the person concerned, «ему» (him), stands in the dative, with the infinitive «жениться» (to marry) and no nominative subject — \"can he be allowed to marry?\" This dative-experiencer pattern is everywhere in the novel's talk of duty and possibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"вообразите","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вообразите","gloss":"[to yourself]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подрался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчишками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мальчишками","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подрался","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies подрался (along the way)","gloss":"on the way"},{"surface":"подрался","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вообразите (content imagined)","gloss":"got into a fight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подрался","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мальчишка (emphatic \"it was a boy\")","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укусил","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of укусил","gloss":"him","note":"Colloquial dative used where a direct object (accusative) is expected."},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подрался (content of вообразите)","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маленький","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маленький","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маленький","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with маленький","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маленький","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of маленький","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic \"himself\")","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement in the он...человек clause","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the можно-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жениться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"get married"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topicalized subject, resumed by он (w39)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вообразите","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical, inserted imperative","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вообразите","gloss":"[to yourself]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to get married"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"mama"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b4-c4-s132","source":"Представьте себе, что он женат, ну не смех ли, не ужасно ли это?","translation":"Imagine him married — well, isn't it a scream, isn't it dreadful?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Представьте себе, что он женат","title":"Short adjective «женат»","body":"«женат» is the short predicative form (\"is married,\" of a man) — there is no long attributive equivalent in this use. Short adjectives like «женат», «болен», «рад» live only as predicates and carry a stative meaning, the bookish flavor of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну не смех ли, не ужасно ли это","title":"Doubled «не … ли» exclamation","body":"Two parallel rhetorical questions — «не смех ли» (isn't it a scream) and «не ужасно ли» (isn't it dreadful) — frame Lise's mock horror. «ужасно ли» pairs «ли» with the predicative neuter short adverb «ужасно», stating a quality impersonally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Представьте","gloss":"[to yourself]"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женат","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"женат","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Представьте","gloss":"is married"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смех","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"a scream"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смех","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b4-c4-s133","source":"И Lise всё смеялась своим нервным мелким смешком, лукаво смотря на Алешу.","translation":"And Lise kept laughing on with her nervous little giggle, looking slyly at Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лукаво смотря на Алешу","title":"Present gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «смотреть» (to look), expressing an action simultaneous with the main verb: she kept laughing *while looking* slyly at Alyosha. The gerund must share the main clause's subject (Lise) and is a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим нервным мелким смешком","title":"Reflexive possessive «своим»","body":"«своим» (instrumental of «свой») means \"her own,\" pointing back to the clause's subject, Lise — \"with her own nervous little giggle.\" Using «её» instead would suggest someone else's giggle; «свой» keeps it hers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешком","title":"«смешок» — a little laugh","body":"«смешок» is «смех» (laughter) with the diminutive -ок, a small, suppressed laugh or giggle. Coupled with «нервным мелким» (nervous, fine/small), it characterizes Lise's brittle, half-hysterical merriment — a note the narrator sounds repeatedly about her."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb/particle","role":"modifies смеялась (kept on)","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смешком","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"нервным","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"мелким","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"giggle"},{"surface":"лукаво","lemma":"лукаво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"slyly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеялась","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b4-c4-s134","source":"— Ну как же жениться, Lise, и с какой стати это, и совсем это тебе некстати… тогда как этот мальчик может быть бешеный.","translation":"\"Now how is he to get married, Lise, and what business is it of yours, and it is altogether out of place for you… when that boy may very well be rabid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с какой стати","title":"Idiom «с какой стати»","body":"«с какой стати» is a fixed colloquial idiom — \"on what grounds? / what business is it of yours? / whatever for?\" — expressing indignant disbelief. «стать» here is an old noun of \"manner, occasion,\" surviving almost only in this phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"некстати","title":"«некстати» — out of place, unfitting","body":"«некстати» (the negation of «кстати», \"to the point / apropos\") means inappropriate, ill-timed, uncalled-for. The mother scolds that the whole topic of marriage is «совсем … тебе некстати» — \"altogether unbecoming of you.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как этот мальчик может быть бешеный","title":"Concessive «тогда как»","body":"«тогда как» is a bookish subordinator meaning \"whereas / when in fact,\" setting the absurd marriage-talk against a graver reality: \"when that boy may very well be rabid.\" «бешеный» (rabid, mad) returns as the scene's running joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жениться","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get married"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стати","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стати","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"стати","lemma":"стать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom с какой стати, coordinated with жениться (clause)","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стати","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некстати","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of некстати","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of некстати","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"некстати","lemma":"некстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with жениться (clause)","gloss":"out of place"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тогда как (whereas)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда как (whereas)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тогда как clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бешеный","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"бешеный","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of может","gloss":"rabid"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b4-c4-s135","source":"— Ах, мама! Разве бывают бешеные мальчики?","translation":"\"Ah, Mama! Are there really such things as rabid boys?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве бывают бешеные мальчики","title":"Incredulous «разве» with iterative «бывают»","body":"The particle «разве» asks a question of disbelief: \"surely there aren't…? really?\" «бывают» is the iterative/existential present of «бывать» (to be, habitually / to occur) — \"do rabid boys exist as a thing?\" — distinct from a one-off «есть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, sentence-initial","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"are there really"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are there"},{"surface":"бешеные","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"rabid"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"boys"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b4-c4-s136","source":"— Почему ж не бывают, Lise, точно я глупость сказала.","translation":"\"And why shouldn't there be, Lise, as if I had said something foolish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему ж не бывают","title":"Reduced «же» → «ж» after a vowel","body":"«ж» is the particle «же» in its reduced post-vocalic form, leaning on «почему»: \"and why *shouldn't* there be?\" The clipped «ж» is a mark of quick, colloquial speech throughout the dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно я глупость сказала","title":"«точно» — as if","body":"«точно» here is not \"exactly\" but a comparative conjunction meaning \"as if, as though\": «точно я глупость сказала» — \"as if I had said something foolish.\" The mother defends her remark with mild, wounded irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"shouldn't"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative точно-clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказала","gloss":"something foolish"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the точно-clause (comparison)","gloss":"had said"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b4-c4-s137","source":"Вашего мальчика укусила бешеная собака, и он стал бешеный мальчик и вот кого-нибудь и укусит около себя в свою очередь.","translation":"Your boy was bitten by a rabid dog, and so he became a rabid boy, and now he will go and bite somebody near him in his turn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вашего мальчика укусила бешеная собака","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The accusative object «вашего мальчика» (animate, so genitive-shaped) leads the sentence, with the subject «бешеная собака» following the verb: \"your boy — a rabid dog bit him.\" Cases keep the roles clear, so the fronting simply makes \"your boy\" the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он стал бешеный мальчик","title":"Nominative predicate after «стать»","body":"Normally «стать» (to become) takes an instrumental predicate (\"стал бешеным мальчиком\"). The mother's colloquial «стал бешеный мальчик» keeps the nominative, a looser spoken usage that lends her logic its breathless, fairy-tale literalness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в свою очередь","title":"Idiom «в свою очередь»","body":"«в свою очередь» means \"in his/its turn,\" with the reflexive possessive «свою» pointing back to the boy. The mother's chain of contagion — bitten, so biting in turn — is mock-logical comedy, but the phrase itself is everyday."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусила","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"укусила","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"бешеная","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собака","gloss":"rabid"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of укусила","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with укусила","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"бешеный","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"rabid"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of укусит (part of кого-нибудь)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of кого-нибудь","gloss":"[or other]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizes укусит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"укусит","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with укусила","gloss":"will bite"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of укусит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укусит","gloss":"turn"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b4-c4-s138","source":"Как она вам хорошо перевязала, Алексей Федорович, я бы никогда так не сумела.","translation":"How well she bandaged you, Alexei Fyodorovich — I could never have managed it so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как она вам хорошо перевязала","title":"Dative «вам» — bandaged for you","body":"«вам» (dative) is the beneficiary — \"she bandaged [it] for you so well.\" «перевязала» is the perfective past of «перевязать» (to bind up, dress a wound), viewing the bandaging as a completed, accomplished act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы никогда так не сумела","title":"Conditional «бы» with negative concord","body":"«я бы … не сумела» is the conditional (past form + «бы»): \"I could never have managed it.\" Note the negative concord: «никогда … не» pairs the ни-adverb with the verb's «не» — two negatives, one meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory как-clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перевязала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of перевязала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перевязала","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"перевязала","lemma":"перевязать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"bandaged"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сумела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сумела","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумела","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумела","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумела","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b4-c4-s139","source":"Чувствуете вы теперь боль?","translation":"Do you feel any pain now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чувствуете вы теперь боль","title":"Inversion for a question","body":"Verb-then-subject order, «Чувствуете вы», marks this as a question without any particle — \"do you feel pain now?\" Russian can question by intonation and word order alone, the lighter alternative to a «ли» question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чувствуете","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you feel"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Чувствуете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Чувствуете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Чувствуете","gloss":"pain"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b4-c4-s140","source":"— Теперь очень небольшую.","translation":"\"Now very little.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень небольшую","title":"Elliptical accusative «небольшую»","body":"Alyosha answers with just the modified object, «очень небольшую» (accusative feminine, agreeing with the dropped «боль»): \"[I feel] very little [pain].\" The agreement ending alone carries the omitted noun — a tidy bit of Russian ellipsis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies небольшую","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies небольшую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"небольшую","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elided боль)","gloss":"little"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b4-c4-s141","source":"— А не боитесь ли вы воды? — спросила Lise.","translation":"\"But aren't you afraid of water?\" asked Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не боитесь ли вы воды","title":"«ли» question + genitive object of «бояться»","body":"«боитесь ли вы» is a polite «ли» question. The verb «бояться» (to fear, a -ся verb) governs the genitive, hence «воды» (of water). Lise is needling — hydrophobia being the classic symptom of rabies, the joke she refuses to drop."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боитесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you afraid"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боитесь","gloss":"[question particle]","note":"ли marks a yes/no question and has no separate translation."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of боитесь","gloss":"of water"},{"surface":"спросила","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to боитесь","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of спросила","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b4-c4-s142","source":"— Ну, довольно, Lise, я, может быть, в самом деле очень поспешно сказала про бешеного мальчика, а ты уж сейчас и вывела.","translation":"\"Now, enough, Lise; I may, in fact, have spoken too hastily about a rabid boy, and you have gone and drawn your conclusion at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я … очень поспешно сказала про бешеного мальчика","title":"Perfective «сказала» — the rash word, once said","body":"«сказала» (perfective past of «сказать») names the single completed utterance she now regrets — \"I spoke too hastily.\" The adverb «поспешно» (hastily) underlines that the act, though done in a flash, is finished and irreversible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ты уж сейчас и вывела","title":"Reproachful «уж … и»","body":"«уж … и вывела» (perfective «вывести», here \"to draw a conclusion\") carries a reproachful \"and you've gone and jumped to it.\" The string «уж сейчас и» conveys that Lise leapt to her conclusion far too readily — the particles do the work of tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to довольно","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Lise","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies сказала","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual","note":"в самом деле is a fixed idiom meaning \"in fact.\""},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказала","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"бешеного","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"rabid"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказала","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вывела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывела","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вывела","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вывела","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказала","gloss":"drew that conclusion"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b4-c4-s143","source":"Катерина Ивановна только что узнала, что вы пришли, Алексей Федорович, так и бросилась ко мне, она вас жаждет, жаждет","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna has only just learned that you have come, Alexei Fyodorovich, and so she rushed to me — she is longing for you, longing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что узнала, что вы пришли","title":"Perfective «узнала» / «пришли»","body":"Both verbs are perfective past: «узнала» (found out, «узнать») and «пришли» (arrived, «прийти» — a prefixed motion verb). «только что» (just now) plus the perfective fixes the news as a fresh, completed event prompting the rush «бросилась»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жаждет, жаждет","title":"«жаждать» — to thirst, to long for","body":"«жаждать» literally means \"to thirst\" and, figuratively, to crave or long for intensely — an elevated, almost biblical word for so domestic a scene. Its doubling, «жаждет, жаждет», lends Madame Hohlakova's report a breathless, overheated melodrama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"now","note":"только что is a fixed phrase meaning \"just now.\""},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнала","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнала","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жаждет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of жаждет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жаждет","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"longs for"},{"surface":"жаждет","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"longs for"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b4-c4-s144","source":"— Ах, мама! Подите одна туда, а он не может пойти сейчас, он слишком страдает","translation":"\"Ah, Mama! Go in there alone — he cannot go just now, he is suffering too much.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подите одна туда","title":"Archaic imperative «подите»","body":"«подите» is a slightly old-fashioned/elevated imperative of «пойти» (to go), more emphatic than the everyday «идите» — \"go on, go there.\" «одна» (alone, feminine) agrees with the mother she is addressing: \"go in there by yourself.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он слишком страдает","title":"Imperfective «страдает» — present suffering","body":"«страдает» (imperfective present of «страдать», to suffer) presents the pain as an ongoing state, not an event — \"he is suffering too much [right now].\" Only the imperfective has a true present tense, which is why a present-time description runs in it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to мама","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"Подите","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Подите","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Подите","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Подите","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of страдает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдает","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"страдает","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Подите","gloss":"is suffering"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b4-c4-s145","source":"— Совсем не страдаю, я очень могу пойти, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"Not suffering at all — I can perfectly well go,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совсем не страдаю","title":"Emphatic negation «совсем не»","body":"«совсем не страдаю» — \"I'm not suffering at all,\" with «совсем» intensifying the «не» to a flat denial. Alyosha's bare, subject-dropped present-tense reply is characteristically plain against the surrounding histrionics."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страдаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"perfectly well"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страдаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to страдаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b4-c4-s146","source":"— Как! Вы уходите? Так-то вы? Так-то вы?","translation":"\"What! You are leaving? So that's how you are? So that's how you are?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так-то вы? Так-то вы?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» in «так-то»","body":"«так-то» tags the adverb «так» (so, thus) with the emphatic, topic-marking clitic «-то»: \"so *that's* how you are?\" Doubled and indignant, it conveys Lise's mock-betrayal that Alyosha would leave. This «-то» is the topical emphasizer, distinct from indefinite «-то» in «кто-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уходите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уходите","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to Так","gloss":"then","note":"так-то is an emphatic fixed expression, roughly \"so that's how.\""},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Так (predicate)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to Так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Так (predicate)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b4-c4-s147","source":"— Что ж? Ведь я когда кончу там, то опять приду, и мы опять можем говорить сколько вам будет угодно.","translation":"\"Well, what of it? When I have finished in there, I will come again, and we can talk once more as long as you please.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда кончу там, то опять приду","title":"Perfective futures in a «когда … то» frame","body":"Both «кончу» (will finish, «кончить») and «приду» (will come, «прийти») are perfective verbs conjugated as futures — single completed acts to come. The correlative «когда … то» (\"when … then\") sequences them: first finishing, then returning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько вам будет угодно","title":"Polite «сколько вам будет угодно»","body":"«угодно» (pleasing) with a dative experiencer «вам» forms the courtly idiom \"as much as you please / as it will please you.\" The future «будет» dates it to when they next talk; the whole phrase is the formal register of polite Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кончу","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifies приду","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumptive, introduces приду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можем","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"можем","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можем","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of угодно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate with вам, modifies сколько","gloss":"pleasing"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b4-c4-s148","source":"А мне очень хотелось бы видеть поскорее Катерину Ивановну, потому что я во всяком случае очень хочу как можно скорей воротиться сегодня в монастырь.","translation":"But I should very much like to see Katerina Ivanovna soon, because in any case I want very much to get back to the monastery today as quickly as I can.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне очень хотелось бы видеть","title":"Conditional impersonal «хотелось бы»","body":"«мне … хотелось бы» combines a dative experiencer («мне»), the impersonal reflexive «хотелось», and conditional «бы» — \"I should very much like.\" This trifold construction (dative + -ся + бы) is the polite, softened way to voice a wish, pervasive in the novel's inner speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как можно скорей воротиться","title":"«как можно» + comparative","body":"«как можно скорей» means \"as quickly as possible,\" the fixed pattern «как можно» plus a comparative («скорей» = faster). «воротиться» is a slightly archaic/colloquial variant of «возвратиться» (to return), a -ся verb fitting Alyosha's plain speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хочу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because","note":"потому что is a fixed phrase meaning \"because.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of хочу","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому-clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скорей","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"monastery"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b4-c4-s149","source":"— Мама, возьмите его и скорее уведите.","translation":"\"Mama, take him and lead him away quickly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьмите его и скорее уведите","title":"Perfective imperatives «возьмите … уведите»","body":"Two perfective imperatives, «возьмите» (take, «взять») and «уведите» (lead away, «увести» — a prefixed motion verb), order single decisive acts. «скорее» (faster, quickly) spurs them on — Lise dispatching Alyosha with mock-imperious haste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"возьмите","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уведите","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"уведите","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмите","gloss":"lead away"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b4-c4-s150","source":"Алексей Федорович, не трудитесь заходить ко мне после Катерины Ивановны, а ступайте прямо в ваш монастырь, туда вам и дорога!","translation":"Alexei Fyodorovich, do not trouble to look in on me after Katerina Ivanovna; go straight to your monastery — and good riddance to you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не трудитесь заходить ко мне","title":"Negated imperative «не трудитесь»","body":"«не трудитесь» (don't trouble yourself, «трудиться» being a -ся verb) plus the imperfective infinitive «заходить» (to drop in) forms a polite \"don't bother to…\" The imperfective infinitive after a negated command is the idiomatic choice for forbidding/declining an action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступайте прямо в ваш монастырь","title":"Imperative «ступайте» — be off","body":"«ступайте» is the imperative of «ступать» (to step / go), a brisker, more dismissive \"go!\" than «идите» — \"off you go straight to your monastery.\" «в ваш монастырь» uses «в» + accusative for motion toward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"туда вам и дорога","title":"Idiom: «туда вам и дорога»","body":"Literally \"that's the road for you (to go) there,\" this fixed idiom means \"good riddance\" or \"serves you right\" — a dismissive send-off. Lise says it teasingly, half in pique, which is why we render it \"and good riddance to you,\" keeping the playful sting rather than a literal reading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудитесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"трудитесь","lemma":"трудиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"заходить","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of трудитесь","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходить","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трудитесь","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступайте","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастырь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступайте","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорога","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of дорога","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорога","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the road for you","note":"туда вам и дорога is an idiom of dismissal, roughly \"good riddance.\""}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b4-c4-s151","source":"А я спать хочу, я всю ночь не спала.","translation":"And I want to sleep — I haven't slept the whole night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я спать хочу","title":"Infinitive complement «спать хочу»","body":"«хочу» (I want) takes the bare infinitive «спать» (to sleep): \"I want to sleep.\" The fronting of «спать» before «хочу» throws the weight onto the wish for sleep — colloquial topic-comment ordering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я всю ночь не спала","title":"Imperfective negated «не спала»","body":"«не спала» (imperfective past of «спать») with «всю ночь» (all night) denies an ongoing state across a whole span — \"I didn't sleep the whole night.\" The imperfective is right because the negation covers a continuous, durative non-happening."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спала","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"slept"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b4-c4-s152","source":"— Ах, Lise, это только шутки с твоей стороны, но что если бы ты в самом деле заснула! — воскликнула госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"Ah, Lise, this is only joking on your part, but what if you really did fall asleep!\" exclaimed Madame Hohlakova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что если бы ты в самом деле заснула","title":"Conditional «если бы … заснула»","body":"«если бы … заснула» is a counterfactual conditional: past-form perfective «заснула» (\"fell asleep,\" «заснуть») plus «бы». The mother frets over an unreal but feared possibility — \"what if you really did fall asleep!\" — the «бы» marking it as hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это только шутки с твоей стороны","title":"«с твоей стороны» — on your part","body":"«с твоей стороны» (genitive after «с» here = \"from/on the side of\") is the idiom \"on your part.\" The mother frames Lise's threat as mere joking «с твоей стороны» — characteristically anxious that it might not be."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to шутки","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шутки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутки","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"joking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутки","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что если","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заснула","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of заснула","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заснула","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснула","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"заснула","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-если clause","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to заснула","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b4-c4-s153","source":"— Я не знаю, чем я… Я останусь еще минуты три, если хотите, даже пять, — пробормотал Алеша.","translation":"\"I don't know how I… I will stay another three minutes, if you like, even five,\" muttered Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не знаю, чем я…","title":"Instrumental «чем» trailing off","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of «что» (\"by/with what\"), opening a self-interrupted clause — \"I don't know how/by what I…\" — that Alyosha lets fade. The broken syntax catches his flustered uncertainty before the household's theatrics."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я останусь еще минуты три","title":"Approximation by inversion «минуты три»","body":"Putting the numeral after the noun — «минуты три» instead of «три минуты» — signals approximation: \"some three minutes or so.\" «останусь» is the perfective future of «остаться» (to stay), and the numeral 2–4 governs the genitive singular «минуты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the incomplete clause","gloss":"how","note":"чем is instrumental of что used elliptically ('how/by what...'); translation renders the broken-off clause as 'I don't know how I...', not 'what'."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the incomplete clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of останусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will stay"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of останусь","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on минуты","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on останусь","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on минуты (elided)","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to останусь","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b4-c4-s154","source":"— Даже пять! Да уведите же его скорее, мама, это монстр!","translation":"\"Even five! Do lead him away quickly, Mama, he is a monster!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да уведите же его скорее","title":"Particle stack «да … же» on a command","body":"«да» before and «же» after the imperative «уведите» intensify it into an exasperated plea: \"do lead him away, will you, quickly!\" These particles, untranslatable one-for-one, are exactly the texture of impatient spoken Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монстр","title":"«монстр» — a (French-flavored) monster","body":"«монстр» is a borrowing (via French monstre) for \"monster,\" used hyperbolically and playfully. In the mouth of the Frenchified Lise — who calls herself «Lise» — it has a teasing, salon ring rather than real menace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уведите","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"уведите","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lead away"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уведите","gloss":"[emphatic particle]","note":"же here is a bare emphatic/intensifying particle reinforcing the imperative уведите; it has no temporal sense ('now' is invented — не corresponds to сейчас/теперь and is absent from the translation)."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уведите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уведите","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of монстр","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"монстр","lemma":"монстр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a monster"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b4-c4-s155","source":"— Lise, ты с ума сошла.","translation":"\"Lise, you have gone out of your mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ты с ума сошла","title":"Idiom «с ума сошла» — gone out of your mind","body":"«сойти с ума» (literally \"to come down off one's mind\") is the standard idiom for going mad or losing one's senses. «сошла» is the perfective past, feminine — \"you've gone out of your mind.\" The mother's scandalized exclamation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"mind","note":"с ума сойти is the fixed idiom \"to go out of one's mind.\""},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have gone"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b4-c4-s156","source":"Уйдемте, Алексей Федорович, она слишком капризна сегодня, я ее раздражать боюсь.","translation":"Let us go, Alexei Fyodorovich, she is too capricious today, I am afraid to irritate her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уйдемте, Алексей Федорович","title":"Exhortative «уйдемте»","body":"«уйдёмте» is a first-person-plural \"let's\" form of perfective «уйти» (to leave) with the polite/plural «-те» added: \"let us go.\" Built straight on the perfective future, it proposes a single joint departure — courteous and brisk at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она слишком капризна сегодня","title":"Short adjective «капризна»","body":"«капризна» is the short predicative form of «капризный» (capricious, willful), agreeing feminine: \"she is too capricious today.\" The short form, more bookish than the long «капризная», states the quality as a present condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ее раздражать боюсь","title":"«боюсь» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«боюсь» (I fear, «бояться» a -ся verb) governs the imperfective infinitive «раздражать» (to irritate): \"I'm afraid to irritate her.\" After verbs of fearing or avoiding, Russian prefers the imperfective infinitive for the activity dreaded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уйдемте","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of капризна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies капризна","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"капризна","lemma":"капризный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"capricious"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies капризна","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раздражать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"раздражать","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of боюсь","gloss":"to irritate"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am afraid"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b4-c4-s157","source":"О, горе с нервною женщиной, Алексей Федорович!","translation":"Oh, what a trial it is to have a nervous girl, Alexei Fyodorovich!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горе с нервною женщиной","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«нервною женщиной» shows the literary feminine instrumental in «-ою» (for modern «-ой»), a slightly elevated 19th-century variant after «с» (with). «горе с …» is the lament \"what a trial it is to have / be around…\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горе","title":"«горе» — grief, woe, a trial","body":"«горе» means grief or woe, but in exclamations like «горе с…» it weakens to \"what a trial / what a nuisance it is.\" The mother sighs over the burden of a high-strung daughter; we render the spirit as \"what a trial it is.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to горе","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what a trial"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщиной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нервною","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщиной","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"женщиной","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b4-c4-s158","source":"А ведь в самом деле она, может быть, при вас спать захотела.","translation":"But perhaps she really did grow sleepy in your presence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь в самом деле она … спать захотела","title":"«ведь» — after all","body":"«ведь» appeals to a shared realization dawning on the speaker: \"but after all, she really may have…\" «захотела» (perfective past of «захотеть») marks the onset of wanting — \"she grew sleepy / came to want to sleep,\" the prefix за- catching the sudden beginning of the state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при вас","title":"«при вас» — in your presence","body":"«при» governs the prepositional case («вас»), and «при вас» means \"in your presence, while you were here.\" It is the same «при» that elsewhere means \"attached to / in the time of\" — here, the social sense of being before someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотела","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of захотела","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of захотела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies захотела","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, plural","role":"modifies захотела","gloss":"your presence"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотела","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"захотела","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew inclined"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b4-c4-s159","source":"Как это вы так скоро нагнали на нее сон, и как это счастливо!","translation":"How quickly you brought sleep upon her, and how fortunate it is!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как это вы так скоро нагнали на нее сон","title":"Idiom «нагнать сон» + filler «это»","body":"«нагнать на кого-то сон» means \"to bring sleep upon someone, make them drowsy\"; «нагнали» is the perfective past. The little «это» after «как» is an emphatic filler — \"how on earth did you…\" — common in exclamatory questions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это счастливо","title":"Predicative adverb «счастливо»","body":"«счастливо» is the neuter short / adverbial form used predicatively and impersonally — \"how fortunate it is!\" Russian exclaims with such bare adverb-predicates where English needs \"it is.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies вы","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нагнали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагнали","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"нагнали","lemma":"нагнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нагнали","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастливо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of счастливо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"счастливо","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нагнали","gloss":"fortunate"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b4-c4-s160","source":"— Ах, мама, как вы мило стали говорить, целую вас, мамочка, за это.","translation":"\"Ah, Mama, how charmingly you have begun to speak — I kiss you for it, little Mama.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы мило стали говорить","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive (inceptive)","body":"«стали говорить» uses perfective «стать» plus the imperfective infinitive «говорить» to mean \"began to speak\" — «стать» here is inceptive, marking the onset of an ongoing activity. «мило» (charmingly) is the predicative adverb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамочка","title":"«мамочка» — dear little Mama","body":"«мамочка» is «мама» with the affectionate diminutive «-очка» — \"dear little Mama, Mummy.\" After teasing her mercilessly, Lise melts into endearment, the diminutive flagging the sudden warmth. We render it \"little Mama.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"целую вас … за это","title":"Performative present «целую»","body":"«целую» (imperfective present of «целовать», to kiss) is performative — the act done in the saying: \"I kiss you for it.\" «за это» (for this, «за» + accusative) names the cause of the kiss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to стали","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мило","lemma":"мило","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"charmingly"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have begun"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I kiss"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of целую","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мамочка","lemma":"мамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little mama"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of целую","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b4-c4-s161","source":"— И я тебя тоже, Lise.","translation":"\"And I you too, Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И я тебя тоже","title":"Gapping: «и я тебя тоже»","body":"The verb «целую» is gapped (left out), understood from Lise's line: «И я тебя тоже» — \"and I [kiss] you too.\" «тебя» is the accusative of «ты»; the mother answers the familiar «ты» with «ты» in return, a tender mutual address."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided целую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of elided целую","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b4-c4-s162","source":"Послушайте, Алексей Федорович, — таинственно и важно быстрым шепотом заговорила госпожа Хохлакова, уходя с Алешей, — я вам ничего не хочу внушать, ни подымать этой завесы, но вы войдите и сами увидите всё, что там происходит, это ужас, это самая фантастическая комедия: она любит вашего брата Ивана Федоровича и уверяет себя изо всех сил, что любит вашего брата Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"\"Listen, Alexei Fyodorovich,\" Madame Hohlakova began in a quick whisper, mysteriously and importantly, as she went out with Alyosha, \"I want to suggest nothing to you, nor to lift this veil, but go in and see for yourself everything that is happening in there — it is a horror, it is the most fantastical comedy: she loves your brother Ivan Fyodorovich and assures herself with all her might that she loves your brother Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"быстрым шепотом заговорила госпожа Хохлакова, уходя с Алешей","title":"Gerund «уходя» + inceptive «заговорила»","body":"«уходя» is the imperfective present gerund of «уходить» (leaving) — she spoke *while* going out with Alyosha. «заговорила» (perfective «заговорить») is inceptive: \"began to speak,\" the prefix за- catching the start of the speech act. «быстрым шепотом» (instrumental) names the manner — \"in a quick whisper.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подымать этой завесы","title":"«подымать завесу» — to lift the veil","body":"«завеса» is a curtain or veil; «подымать» is a slightly old/colloquial variant of «поднимать» (to raise). \"To lift the veil\" is a literary figure for revealing a secret — and the object «завесы» sits in the genitive under the negated «ни … ни хочу»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не хочу внушать, ни подымать","title":"Negative concord «ничего … ни»","body":"«ничего не хочу … ни подымать» strings negatives together — «ничего» (nothing), the verb's «не», and «ни» (nor) — in obligatory negative concord: \"I want to suggest nothing, nor to lift…\" «внушать» (to insinuate) and «подымать» are imperfective infinitives, the aspect of the activity declined."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она любит … и уверяет себя изо всех сил, что любит","title":"Reflexive object «себя» vs the «что»-clause","body":"«уверяет себя» uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as the object — she persuades *herself* — distinct from a -ся verb; the «что»-clause then reports the content of the delusion. The irony hangs on «любит … а уверяет себя, что любит» — loving one brother, convincing herself she loves the other."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address, name of addressee","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with таинственно","gloss":"importantly"},{"surface":"быстрым","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорила","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted-speech tag","gloss":"began speaking"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорила","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakova"},{"surface":"уходя","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заговорила","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходя","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хочу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of внушать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"внушать","lemma":"внушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to suggest"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"подымать","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with внушать","gloss":"to lift"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of завесы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"завесы","lemma":"завеса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подымать","gloss":"veil"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of войдите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"войдите","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Послушайте","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to вы, emphatic","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with войдите","gloss":"you will see"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидите","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"is happening"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужас","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"a horror"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of комедия","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, superlative marker, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантастическая","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"фантастическая","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комедия","gloss":"fantastical"},{"surface":"комедия","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уверяет","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"assures"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of уверяет","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил, idiom изо всех сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уверяет","gloss":"her might","note":"Idiom изо всех сил = \"with all one's might.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of уверяет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяет","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b4-c4-s163","source":"Это ужасно!","translation":"It is dreadful!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ужасно","title":"Impersonal predicative «ужасно»","body":"«ужасно» is the neuter short / predicative adverb of «ужасный» (terrible), standing as the whole predicate: \"it is dreadful!\" With the empty subject «это», this is the standard Russian way to pronounce a thing terrible, with no copula in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b4-c4-s164","source":"Я войду вместе с вами и, если не прогонят меня, дождусь конца.","translation":"I will go in with you, and, if they do not drive me out, I will stay until the end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не прогонят меня, дождусь конца","title":"Real conditional with perfective futures","body":"A real (not hypothetical) condition: «если … прогонят … дождусь» both perfective futures — \"if they do not drive me out, I will wait it out to the end.\" «прогонят» (drive away, «прогнать») and «дождусь» (wait until, «дождаться» — a -ся verb) name single completed acts; the genitive «конца» follows «дождусь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я войду вместе с вами","title":"Perfective future «войду» of motion","body":"«войду» is the perfective future of «войти» (to enter), a prefixed motion verb (в- = in): \"I will go in.\" The prefix both supplies the direction (inward) and makes the verb perfective, naming the single act of entering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of войду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"войду","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go in"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войду","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прогонят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прогонят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прогонят","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дождусь","gloss":"drive out"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прогонят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дождусь","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with войду","gloss":"will wait for"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дождусь","gloss":"the end"}]}]}