{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b4-c5","title":{"source":"V. Надрыв в гостиной","translated":"A Laceration in the Drawing-Room"},"section":"Book IV — Lacerations","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c5","lines":225},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-c5-s1","source":"Но в гостиной беседа уже оканчивалась; Катерина Ивановна была в большом возбуждении, хотя и имела вид решительный.","translation":"But in the drawing-room the conversation was already drawing to a close; Katerina Ivanovna was in a state of great agitation, though her manner was resolute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беседа уже оканчивалась","title":"Imperfective past for a process in motion","body":"«Оканчивалась» is imperfective past (note the reflexive «-ся»): the conversation was in the act of ending, not yet over. The imperfective paints the scene as a still-unfolding background, which is why English reaches for the progressive \"was drawing to a close.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была в большом возбуждении","title":"Prepositional case after «в» for a state","body":"«В большом возбуждении» (in great agitation) uses «в» + the prepositional case to name a state someone is in, parallel to «в восторге», «в страхе». The adjective «большом» agrees with «возбуждении» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и имела вид решительный","title":"Concessive «хотя и» and inverted adjective","body":"«Хотя и» (\"though, even though\") opens a concessive subordinate clause. Note the bookish inversion «вид решительный» (a resolute air) instead of the neutral «решительный вид» — the postposed adjective carries a faint period-literary weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гостиной","lemma":"гостиная","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оканчивалась","gloss":"drawing-room"},{"surface":"беседа","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оканчивалась","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оканчивалась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"оканчивалась","lemma":"оканчиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was ending"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возбуждении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имела","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause on была","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"a manner"},{"surface":"решительный","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"resolute"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-c5-s2","source":"В минуту, когда вошли Алеша и госпожа Хохлакова, Иван Федорович вставал, чтоб уходить.","translation":"At the moment when Alyosha and Madame Hohlakov came in, Ivan Fyodorovich was rising to leave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В минуту, когда вошли Алеша и госпожа Хохлакова","title":"«В минуту, когда…» — a temporal frame","body":"«В минуту, когда…» (at the minute when…) sets a temporal anchor, the «когда»-clause being a subordinate time clause. The perfective «вошли» marks the single completed event of entering, against which the main clause unfolds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван Федорович вставал, чтоб уходить","title":"Imperfective «вставал» — caught mid-action; «чтоб» of purpose","body":"The imperfective «вставал» shows Ivan in the middle of rising (not the completed «встал»), exactly the moment the others enter. «Чтоб(ы)» + infinitive «уходить» states purpose: rising in order to leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставал","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on минуту","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakova"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вставал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вставал","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was rising"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уходить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вставал","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-c5-s3","source":"Лицо его было несколько бледно, и Алеша с беспокойством поглядел на него.","translation":"His face was rather pale, and Alyosha looked at him with concern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его было несколько бледно","title":"Short-form adjective «бледно» as predicate","body":"«Бледно» is the short (predicative) neuter form of «бледный», agreeing with neuter «лицо». Short adjectives can only predicate and lend a bookish, momentary flavour — his face was pale just then. «Несколько» here is the adverb \"somewhat, rather,\" not the number \"several.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с беспокойством поглядел","title":"Instrumental of manner with «с»","body":"«С беспокойством» (with concern) is «с» + instrumental, a common way to express the manner accompanying an action. The perfective «поглядел» marks a single brief glance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бледно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on бледно","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"бледно","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-c5-s4","source":"Дело в том, что тут для Алеши разрешалось теперь одно из его сомнений, одна беспокойная загадка, с некоторого времени его мучившая.","translation":"The fact was that one of Alyosha's doubts was being resolved here and now — a troubling riddle that had tormented him for some time past.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дело в том, что","title":"«Дело в том, что…» — the fact is that…","body":"A fixed framing phrase, literally \"the matter is in this, that…,\" used to introduce an explanation. It is the narrator's standard hinge for stepping back to fill in what has been going on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрешалось теперь одно из его сомнений","title":"Imperfective reflexive «разрешалось» as passive","body":"«Разрешалось» (was being resolved) is imperfective past with «-ся» functioning as a passive: the doubt was in the process of being cleared up. «Одно из его сомнений» uses the genitive plural «сомнений» after «одно из» (one of his doubts)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"загадка, с некоторого времени его мучившая","title":"Past active participle «мучившая»","body":"«Мучившая» is a past active participle from «мучить» (to torment), agreeing with feminine «загадка»: \"a riddle that had been tormenting him.\" Such participles compress a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загадка","title":"«Загадка» — riddle, enigma","body":"«Загадка» is a riddle or puzzle; here a \"troubling enigma\" of the heart. The cluster «сомнение… загадка» frames Alyosha's worry as something to be solved, fitting his \"active\" love noted later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence, idiom Дело в том","gloss":"The point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том, idiom дело в том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разрешалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрешалось","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрешалось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"разрешалось","lemma":"разрешаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of том","gloss":"was being resolved"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрешалось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разрешалось","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнений","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сомнений","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies загадка","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"беспокойная","lemma":"беспокойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies загадка","gloss":"troubling"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to одно","gloss":"riddle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени, idiom с некоторого времени","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучившая","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучившая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучившая","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies загадка","gloss":"that had tormented"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-c5-s5","source":"Еще с месяц назад ему уже несколько раз и с разных сторон внушали, что брат Иван любит Катерину Ивановну и, главное, действительно намерен «отбить» ее у Мити.","translation":"A month or so earlier it had been suggested to him several times, and from various quarters, that his brother Ivan was in love with Katerina Ivanovna and, above all, genuinely meant to \"win\" her away from Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще с месяц назад","title":"Approximative «с месяц» — about a month","body":"«С месяц назад» means \"about a month ago\": the preposition «с» + accusative «месяц» gives an approximate quantity (\"a month or so\"). This is distinct from «с» + instrumental \"with.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему уже несколько раз... внушали","title":"Subjectless «внушали» — the impersonal 'they'","body":"«Внушали» is third-person plural with no stated subject — the impersonal \"people / it had been suggested.\" «Ему» (dative) is the one to whom it was suggested. The imperfective with «несколько раз» stresses the repeated hints."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отбить","title":"«Отбить» — to win/snatch away","body":"Dostoevsky's own quotation marks flag «отбить» as charged, colloquial slang: to \"beat off\" a rival and carry off the woman. The blunt, almost violent verb sits oddly in the genteel drawing-room — exactly why it is quoted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с месяц, idiom еще с месяц назад","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц, approximative","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внушали, temporal","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of внушали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of внушали","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторон","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сторон","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of внушали","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"внушали","lemma":"внушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had suggested"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of внушали","gloss":"was in love with"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, neuter predicative form)","role":"parenthetical, modifies намерен","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"genuinely"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"отбить","lemma":"отбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to win away"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отбить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбить","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-c5-s6","source":"До самого последнего времени это казалось Алеше чудовищным, хотя и беспокоило его очень.","translation":"Until quite recently this had seemed monstrous to Alyosha, though it troubled him greatly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это казалось Алеше чудовищным","title":"Dative experiencer + instrumental predicate with «казаться»","body":"«Казаться» (to seem) takes the experiencer in the dative («Алеше») and the predicate in the instrumental («чудовищным» — monstrous): \"this seemed monstrous to Alyosha.\" Two of Russia's most characteristic patterns meet in one short clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и беспокоило его очень","title":"Concessive «хотя и» again","body":"«Хотя и» reopens the concessive (\"though it did trouble him\"). The «и» here is intensifying, underscoring the contrast rather than adding anything: it seemed monstrous, and yet even so it troubled him."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"Until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнего, emphatic","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of казалось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seemed"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"чудовищным","lemma":"чудовищный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of казалось","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of беспокоило","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокоило","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"беспокоило","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause on казалось","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of беспокоило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоило","gloss":"greatly"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-c5-s7","source":"Он любил обоих братьев и страшился между ними такого соперничества.","translation":"He loved both brothers, and he dreaded such a rivalry between them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшился... такого соперничества","title":"Genitive object of «страшиться»","body":"The reflexive verb «страшиться» (to dread, be afraid of) governs the genitive, hence «такого соперничества» (such a rivalry). A number of fear/avoidance verbs — «бояться», «страшиться», «избегать» — take the genitive rather than the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обоих братьев","title":"«Оба/обоих» — both, with animacy","body":"«Обоих братьев» is the collective \"both\" in the accusative of an animate masculine noun (which copies the genitive): he loved both brothers. The numeral-like «оба» governs the genitive plural «братьев»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies братьев","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative (genitive form, animate), masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшился","lemma":"страшиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"dreaded"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies соперничества","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соперничества","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"соперничества","lemma":"соперничество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страшился","gloss":"a rivalry"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-c5-s8","source":"Между тем сам Дмитрий Федорович вдруг прямо объявил ему вчера, что даже рад соперничеству брата Ивана и что это ему же, Дмитрию, во многом поможет.","translation":"Meanwhile Dmitri Fyodorovich himself had suddenly told him outright, only yesterday, that he was actually glad of his brother Ivan's rivalry and that it would help him, Dmitri, in a great many ways.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Между тем","title":"«Между тем» — meanwhile","body":"«Между тем» (literally \"between that\") is a discourse connector meaning \"meanwhile, all the while.\" It pivots the narration to a countervailing fact, here Dmitri's surprising reaction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прямо объявил ему вчера","title":"Perfective «объявил» — a single declaration","body":"The perfective «объявил» (declared, announced) registers one completed speech-act, against the imperfective background of the surrounding narration. «Прямо» (\"straight out, outright\") modifies how bluntly it was said."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ему же, Дмитрию, во многом поможет","title":"Emphatic «же» and an appositional dative","body":"The particle «же» here insists and pins down the referent — \"him, Dmitri, of all people.\" «Ему… Дмитрию» is a dative pronoun clarified by the apposition «Дмитрию»; «помочь» governs the dative (to help someone)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем, idiom между тем","gloss":"Meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Между, idiom между тем = meanwhile","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рад","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"соперничеству","lemma":"соперничество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of рад","gloss":"the rivalry"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперничеству","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поможет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поможет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поможет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поможет","gloss":"many ways"},{"surface":"поможет","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил, coordinated with рад","gloss":"would help"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-c5-s9","source":"Чему же поможет?","translation":"Help him to what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чему же поможет?","title":"Dative «чему» governed by «помочь»; questioning «же»","body":"«Помочь» takes a dative, so the interrogative is «чему» (to what?), not «что». The particle «же» colours the question with puzzled insistence — \"help him to what, exactly?\" — voicing Alyosha's inner query."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of поможет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чему, emphatic","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поможет","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will help"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-c5-s10","source":"Жениться ему на Грушеньке?","translation":"To marry Grushenka?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жениться ему на Грушеньке?","title":"Dative + infinitive «жениться ему» — a deliberative question","body":"A dative subject («ему») with a bare infinitive («жениться») forms a deliberative impersonal: \"is he to marry…?\" Note that «жениться» (of a man marrying) governs «на» + prepositional — «на Грушеньке»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньке","title":"«Грушенька» — the diminutive of Agrafena","body":"«Грушенька» is an intimate diminutive (from Аграфена / Груша) loaded with the «-еньк-» suffix of tenderness. Dostoevsky almost never gives her a fuller name; the caressing form itself characterises the bewitching, infantilising hold she has over the Karamazov men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"To marry"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of Жениться","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке, idiom жениться на","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Жениться","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-c5-s11","source":"Но дело это считал Алеша отчаянным и последним.","translation":"But that course Alyosha regarded as desperate and a last resort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но дело это считал Алеша отчаянным и последним","title":"Object-first word order; instrumental after «считать»","body":"The object «дело это» is fronted before the verb and subject «считал Алеша» for topic emphasis — \"that course, Alyosha regarded as…\" «Считать» takes the predicate in the instrumental: «отчаянным и последним»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отчаянным","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отчаянным","gloss":"a last resort"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-c5-s12","source":"Кроме всего этого, Алеша несомненно верил до самого вчерашнего вечера, что Катерина Ивановна сама до страсти и упорно любит брата его Дмитрия, — но лишь до вчерашнего вечера верил.","translation":"On top of all this, Alyosha had undoubtedly believed, right up until the previous evening, that Katerina Ivanovna passionately and stubbornly loved his brother Dmitri — but he had believed it only until that evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верил до самого вчерашнего вечера","title":"«До самого…» — right up until","body":"«До» + genitive marks the end-point in time; «самого» intensifies it to \"the very\" (right up until the previous evening). The whole adjectival phrase «самого вчерашнего вечера» stands in the genitive after «до»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до страсти и упорно любит","title":"«До страсти» — to the point of passion","body":"«До страсти» (to the point of passion, passionately) uses «до» + genitive to express degree — loving to such a pitch. It pairs with the adverb «упорно» (stubbornly) to characterise Katerina's love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но лишь до вчерашнего вечера верил","title":"Tail-repetition of «верил» for emphasis","body":"The sentence circles back and repeats «верил» after the dash — \"…but only until that evening did he believe it.\" This rhetorical echo, restating the verb with a narrowing «лишь» (only), is pure Dostoevskian inner voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had believed"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вчерашнего, emphatic","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечера","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерина, emphatic","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страсти, idiom до страсти","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любит, idiom до страсти = passionately","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, clausal complement of верил","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Дмитрия,","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Дмитрия,","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the phrase до вечера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечера","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, echoing верил","gloss":"he believed"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-c5-s13","source":"Сверх того, ему почему-то всё мерещилось, что она не может любить такого, как Иван, а любит его брата Дмитрия, и именно таким, каким он есть, несмотря на всю чудовищность такой любви.","translation":"Moreover, for some reason it had always seemed to him that she could not love a man like Ivan, but loved his brother Dmitri, and loved him precisely as he was, in spite of all the monstrousness of such a love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему почему-то всё мерещилось","title":"Impersonal «мерещилось» with dative experiencer","body":"«Мерещиться» (to seem, to fancy hazily) is an impersonal -ся verb: the thing imagined is the grammatical subject and the person is dative («ему»). «Всё» here is the adverb \"still, always,\" and «почему-то» is \"for some reason.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно таким, каким он есть","title":"«Таким, каким он есть» — just as he is","body":"The instrumental correlatives «таким… каким» mean \"such (a man)… as,\" governed by «любить» framing whom she loves; «он есть» is the rare, emphatic explicit present of «быть» — \"precisely as he is.\" Russian normally drops the copula, so its presence here is deliberately weighty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на всю чудовищность","title":"«Несмотря на» + accusative — in spite of","body":"«Несмотря на» (literally \"not looking at\") is a compound preposition of concession governing the accusative: «всю чудовищность такой любви» (all the monstrousness of such a love)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того, idiom сверх того","gloss":"Moreover"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сверх","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part of почему-то)","role":"modifies мерещилось","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle (part of почему-то)","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещилось","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"мерещилось","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of мерещилось","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (genitive form, animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"someone like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Иван","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, comparison with такого","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing брата, comparative construction таким, каким он есть","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть, correlative with таким","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause каким он есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на, despite","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чудовищность","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"чудовищность","lemma":"чудовищность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"the monstrousness"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чудовищность","gloss":"a love"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-c5-s14","source":"Вчера же в сцене с Грушенькой ему вдруг как бы померещилось иное.","translation":"But yesterday, during the scene with Grushenka, it had suddenly seemed to him to be otherwise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вдруг как бы померещилось иное","title":"Perfective «померещилось» — a sudden flash","body":"Switching to the perfective «померещилось» (with prefix «по-») marks the abrupt onset of the impression, reinforced by «вдруг» (suddenly). «Как бы» (\"as it were\") softens it to a half-formed intuition; «иное» is the bookish word for \"something otherwise / different.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies померещилось","gloss":"Yesterday"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вчера, contrastive","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцене","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сцене","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of померещилось","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцене","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of померещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies померещилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies померещилось","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"померещилось","lemma":"померещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of померещилось","gloss":"something different"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-c5-s15","source":"Слово «надрыв», только что произнесенное госпожой Хохлаковой, заставило его почти вздрогнуть, потому что именно в эту ночь, полупроснувшись на рассвете, он вдруг, вероятно отвечая своему сновидению, произнес: «Надрыв, надрыв!»","translation":"The word \"laceration,\" which Madame Hohlakov had just uttered, made him almost start, because that very night, half-waking at dawn, he had suddenly — probably in answer to some dream — said aloud: \"Laceration, laceration!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надрыв","title":"\"Nadryv\" — the laceration","body":"«Надрыв» literally means a tear or rupture (from «надорвать», \"to tear partway\"). Dostoevsky uses it for a self-inflicted emotional wound that a person keeps deliberately reopening — relishing their own pain and humiliation. We render it \"laceration\"; the word titles this chapter and all of Book IV («Надрывы»). No single English word captures it, so watch how the characters use it as a near-technical term for Katerina's behavior."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что произнесенное госпожой Хохлаковой","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Произнесенное» is a past passive participle (from perfective «произнести»), agreeing with neuter «слово»: \"the word just uttered.\" Its agent stands in the instrumental — «госпожой Хохлаковой» — the standard way Russian names \"by whom\" with a passive participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полупроснувшись на рассвете","title":"Perfective gerund «полупроснувшись»","body":"«Полупроснувшись» (\"half-having-woken\") is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «проснуться», with the prefix «полу-» (half). It compresses a prior, completed action sharing the main subject: having half-woken, he then spoke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вероятно отвечая своему сновидению","title":"Imperfective gerund «отвечая»","body":"By contrast «отвечая» is an imperfective present gerund expressing a simultaneous action — \"(while) answering his dream.\" «Отвечать» governs the dative, hence «своему сновидению» with the reflexive possessive «своему» (his own)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заставило","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"надрыв","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Слово","gloss":"laceration","note":"A key Dostoevsky term (nadryv) for self-lacerating, masochistic emotional excess; \"laceration\" is a convenient but partial rendering."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произнесенное","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"произнесенное","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Слово","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"госпожой","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of произнесенное","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожой","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"заставило","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заставило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнуть","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"вздрогнуть","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заставило","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of произнес","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полупроснувшись","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"полупроснувшись","lemma":"полупроснуться","morphology":"verb, past, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"half-waking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рассвете","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полупроснувшись","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечая","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сновидению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сновидению","lemma":"сновидение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечая","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Надрыв","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted object of произнес","gloss":"Laceration"},{"surface":"надрыв","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Надрыв","gloss":"laceration"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-c5-s16","source":"Снилась же ему всю ночь вчерашняя сцена у Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"And all night long he had dreamed of yesterday's scene at Katerina Ivanovna's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Снилась же ему всю ночь... сцена","title":"Impersonal «сниться» — dreaming flipped around","body":"In «сниться» the thing dreamed is the grammatical subject («сцена») and the dreamer is dative («ему»): literally \"the scene was dreaming-itself to him.\" The fronted verb and «же» give the sentence its musing, after-the-fact rhythm; «всю ночь» (accusative) marks duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Снилась","lemma":"сниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was dreamed","note":"Сниться is inherently reflexive ('to appear in a dream'); the dreamer takes the dative (ему), and the dreamed thing is the grammatical subject."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Снилась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Снилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying Снилась","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"вчерашняя","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцена","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Снилась","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцена","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-c5-s17","source":"Теперь вдруг прямое и упорное уверение госпожи Хохлаковой, что Катерина Ивановна любит брата Ивана и только сама, нарочно, из какой-то игры, из «надрыва», обманывает себя и сама себя мучит напускною любовью своею к Дмитрию из какой-то будто бы благодарности, — поразило Алешу: «Да, может быть, и в самом деле полная правда именно в этих словах!»","translation":"Now, suddenly, Madame Hohlakov's blunt and insistent assurance that Katerina Ivanovna loved Ivan, and was only deceiving herself, on purpose, out of some kind of game, out of \"laceration,\" tormenting herself with an assumed love for Dmitri born of some supposed gratitude — all this struck Alyosha forcibly: \"Yes, perhaps the whole truth really does lie precisely in those words!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обманывает себя и сама себя мучит","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» — deceiving herself","body":"«Себя» is the full reflexive object pronoun pointing back to the subject (Katerina): she deceives herself and torments herself. The added «сама» (\"on her own, by herself\") doubles the emphasis — she does it to herself, deliberately."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напускною любовью","title":"«Напускной» — feigned, put-on","body":"«Напускной» means assumed or affected, a love deliberately \"put on\" like a mask. The instrumental «напускною любовью» (with bookish ending «-ою» for «-ой») is the means by which she torments herself — a love that is performance, not feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из какой-то будто бы благодарности","title":"«Будто бы» — supposedly; «какой-то» — some kind of","body":"«Будто бы» (\"supposedly, as if\") flags the gratitude as merely alleged, the narrator distancing himself from it. «Какой-то» (with the indefinite clitic «-то») means \"some sort of\" — a gratitude not clearly identified."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полная правда именно в этих словах","title":"Zero-copula present + emphatic «именно»","body":"\"The whole truth [is] precisely in these words\" — Russian needs no verb \"to be\" in the present, so the truth simply stands beside its prepositional location «в этих словах». «Именно» (precisely, exactly) pins the focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прямое","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уверение","gloss":"blunt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упорное","lemma":"упорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прямое","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"уверение","lemma":"уверение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уверение","gloss":"Madame's"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Hohlakov's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause complementing уверение","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманывает","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular, emphatic","role":"in apposition to the subject of обманывает","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманывает","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игры","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of игры","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of игры","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обманывает","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрыва","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"надрыва","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with игры","gloss":"laceration"},{"surface":"обманывает","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"deceives"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обманывает","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying the subject of мучит","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of мучит","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"мучит","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"напускною","lemma":"напускной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"assumed"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучит","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любовью","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодарности,","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благодарности,","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благодарности,","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благодарности,","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"благодарности,","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любовью","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker opening the quoted sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiomatic adverbial ('indeed') modifying правда","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"полная","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the quoted sentence (copula elided: '[есть] именно в этих словах')","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-c5-s18","source":"Но в таком случае, каково же положение брата Ивана?","translation":"But in that case, what was his brother Ivan's position?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каково же положение брата Ивана?","title":"«Каково» — the neuter predicative interrogative","body":"«Каково» is the short neuter form of «каков» (\"what is … like, what state is … in\"), used predicatively with no copula. With «же» it sharpens the rhetorical force: \"what, then, is Ivan's position?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каково","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of каково","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies положение","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan's"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-c5-s19","source":"Алеша чувствовал каким-то инстинктом, что такому характеру, как Катерина Ивановна, надо было властвовать, а властвовать она могла бы лишь над таким, как Дмитрий, и отнюдь не над таким, как Иван.","translation":"Alyosha felt by some instinct that a character like Katerina Ivanovna's needed to dominate, and she could dominate only over a man like Dmitri, and by no means over a man like Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такому характеру... надо было властвовать","title":"Impersonal «надо было» with dative subject","body":"«Надо было властвовать» is an impersonal necessity construction: the invariable predicative «надо» + past «было» + infinitive, with the one who must in the dative — «такому характеру» (a character like hers needed to dominate). No nominative subject appears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"властвовать она могла бы лишь над таким, как Дмитрий","title":"Conditional «могла бы» + instrumental of «над»","body":"«Могла бы» is the conditional (past «могла» + particle «бы»): \"she could / would be able to.\" «Властвовать над» governs the instrumental — «над таким, как Дмитрий» (over a man like Dmitri)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отнюдь не","title":"«Отнюдь не» — by no means","body":"«Отнюдь не» is an emphatic, somewhat bookish negation: \"by no means, not in the least.\" It strengthens the contrast — she could rule a Dmitri but in no way an Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of инстинктом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of инстинктом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"инстинктом","lemma":"инстинкт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чувствовал","gloss":"instinct"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характеру","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"характеру","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of надо (dative construction)","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking Катерина","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies характеру","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"властвовать","lemma":"властвовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"dominate"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"властвовать","lemma":"властвовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"dominate"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таким","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла (via над)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking Дмитрий","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison complement of таким","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таким","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла (via над)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking Иван","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of таким","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-c5-s20","source":"Ибо Дмитрий только (положим, хоть в долгий срок) мог бы смириться наконец пред нею, «к своему же счастию» (чего даже желал бы Алеша), но Иван нет, Иван не мог бы пред нею смириться, да и смирение это не дало бы ему счастия.","translation":"For Dmitri alone (granted, only after a long time) might in the end submit to her, \"to his own happiness\" (which was even what Alyosha would have wished), but Ivan, no — Ivan could not have submitted to her, and besides, such submission would not have brought him happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо Дмитрий... мог бы смириться","title":"Archaic «ибо» — for, because","body":"«Ибо» is a high, bookish conjunction for \"for, because,\" felt as elevated and slightly biblical even in Dostoevsky's day. It opens the reasoning clause and sets a solemn tone fitting Alyosha's meditation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы смириться... но Иван не мог бы... смириться","title":"Repeated conditional «мог бы» — counterfactual contrast","body":"The conditional «мог бы / не мог бы смириться» (\"might / could not have submitted\") runs as a counterfactual: in some imagined future Dmitri could yield, Ivan never. «Смириться пред нею» governs «пред» + instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред нею","title":"«Пред» — the bookish form of «перед»","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, shortened variant of the preposition «перед» (before, in front of), common in 19th-century prose and Church-Slavonic register. «Нею» is the archaic/poetic instrumental of «она» (for «ней»). Both lend the line its solemn cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"положим, хоть в долгий срок","title":"«Положим» — let's grant; concessive «хоть»","body":"«Положим» is a parenthetical \"let's suppose / granted,\" the imperative of «положить» frozen as a concessive marker. «Хоть» (\"even, if only\") concedes the proviso «в долгий срок» — only after a long time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical aside (granted)","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"долгий","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (temporal) modifying мог","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"смириться","lemma":"смириться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"submit"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смириться","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смириться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастию","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своему","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"счастию","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (parenthetical) modifying смириться","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical relative clause (чего...)","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, contrastive with мог","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог (first clause)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смириться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"смириться","lemma":"смириться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"submit"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"смирение","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дало","gloss":"submission"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of смирение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дало","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the да и clause","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of дало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дало","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-c5-s21","source":"Такое уж понятие Алеша почему-то невольно составил себе об Иване.","translation":"Such, for some reason, was the notion of Ivan that Alyosha had involuntarily formed for himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такое уж понятие... составил себе","title":"Reflexive «себе» — formed for himself","body":"«Составить себе понятие» (to form a notion for oneself) uses the dative reflexive «себе»: Alyosha built up this idea in his own mind. The fronted «такое… понятие» and emphatic «уж» give the line a resigned, summarising weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такое уж понятие","title":"Particle «уж» — emphatic resignation","body":"«Уж» (a worn-down form of «уже») here is not temporal but a modal particle adding a shrug of \"such, after all, was the notion…\" — conceding that the impression was simply there, however it arose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of понятие","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Такое","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"понятие","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составил","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of составил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составил","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составил","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составил","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"составил","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of составил","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иване","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-c5-s22","source":"И вот все эти колебания и соображения пролетели и мелькнули в его уме в тот миг, когда он вступал теперь в гостиную.","translation":"And so all these waverings and speculations flew and flickered through his mind in the very instant when he now stepped into the drawing-room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролетели и мелькнули в его уме","title":"Paired perfectives for a flash of thought","body":"Two perfectives «пролетели и мелькнули» (flew through and flickered) capture the instantaneous, completed darting of these thoughts. The doubling is rhetorical, the second verb intensifying the first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда он вступал теперь в гостиную","title":"Imperfective «вступал» — caught in the act","body":"The imperfective «вступал» (was stepping in) holds the action open as the background frame for the flashing thoughts. «В гостиную» is «в» + accusative for motion into a place."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of колебания","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of колебания","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"колебания","lemma":"колебание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of пролетели","gloss":"waverings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соображения","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with колебания","gloss":"speculations"},{"surface":"пролетели","lemma":"пролететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мелькнули","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролетели","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнули","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнули","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вступал","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мелькнули","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиную","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гостиную","lemma":"гостиная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступал","gloss":"drawing-room"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-c5-s23","source":"Промелькнула и еще одна мысль — вдруг и неудержимо: «А что, если она и никого не любит, ни того, ни другого?»","translation":"And yet another thought flashed up — suddenly and irrepressibly: \"What if she loves no one at all, neither the one nor the other?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Промелькнула и еще одна мысль","title":"Verb-first word order for a new arrival","body":"Starting with the verb «промелькнула» and placing the subject «еще одна мысль» last marks the thought as brand-new information (comment, not topic). Russian's free order lets the sentence stage the thought as it surfaces."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она и никого не любит, ни того, ни другого","title":"Negative concord: «никого… не… ни… ни»","body":"Russian piles up negatives that all point one way: «никого не любит» (loves no one) plus the correlative «ни того, ни другого» (neither the one nor the other). The verb must still carry «не» — three negators, one meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Промелькнула","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies мысль","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Промелькнула","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of Промелькнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of Промелькнула, coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"irrepressibly"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker opening the quoted thought","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative pronoun heading the idiom 'что, если' (what if)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with никого","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with того","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-c5-s24","source":"Замечу, что Алеша как бы стыдился таких своих мыслей и упрекал себя в них, когда они в последний месяц, случалось, приходили ему.","translation":"Let me note that Alyosha was, as it were, ashamed of such thoughts of his and reproached himself for them whenever, over the past month, they had happened to come to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замечу, что","title":"«Замечу» — the narrator's perfective future","body":"«Замечу» (\"I will note / let me note\") is a perfective present-form verb with future meaning — the chronicler-narrator stepping forward in his own voice. Dostoevsky's narrator habitually intrudes with such first-person asides."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша как бы стыдился таких своих мыслей","title":"«Стыдиться» + genitive; reflexive possessive «своих»","body":"«Стыдиться» (to be ashamed of) governs the genitive — «таких своих мыслей». «Своих» is the reflexive possessive \"his own,\" pointing back to the subject Alyosha; «как бы» softens it to \"as it were.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда они... случалось, приходили ему","title":"Iterative imperfective with «случалось»","body":"«Случалось» (\"it happened, from time to time\") plus the imperfective «приходили» frames a recurring habit — whenever such thoughts would come to him. The dative «ему» marks the one they came to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let me note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стыдился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of Замечу)","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of стыдился","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упрекал","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыдился","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of упрекал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of упрекал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приходили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (temporal) modifying приходили","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (it happened) modifying приходили","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приходили","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-c5-s25","source":"«Ну что я понимаю в любви и в женщинах и как могу я заключать такие решения», — с упреком себе думал он после каждой подобной своей мысли или догадки.","translation":"\"What do I understand about love and about women, and how can I draw such conclusions,\" he would think with self-reproach after every thought or surmise of the kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я понимаю в любви и в женщинах","title":"«Понимать в чём-то» — to understand about something","body":"«Понимать в» + prepositional means \"to have understanding of / be a judge of\" — «в любви и в женщинах» (about love and about women). «Что» here is the dismissive \"what (do I understand)?\", expecting the answer 'nothing.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с упреком себе думал он","title":"Iterative «думал» — his recurring self-reproach","body":"The imperfective «думал он… после каждой подобной… мысли» (he would think, after each such thought) is habitual: a thought he returned to repeatedly. «С упреком себе» — with reproach to himself (dative reflexive «себе»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщинах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"женщинах","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заключать","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of решения»,","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"решения»,","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of заключать","gloss":"conclusions"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упреком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"упреком","lemma":"упрёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of думал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"каждой","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"подобной","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"догадки","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мысли","gloss":"surmise"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-c5-s26","source":"А между тем нельзя было не думать.","translation":"And yet it was impossible not to think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя было не думать","title":"Double negative «нельзя… не» — could not but think","body":"«Нельзя… не» pairs the impossibility predicate with an infinitive negation to mean \"one could not help but think.\" The construction is impersonal (no subject), with «было» supplying the past — a very Russian way to express compulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"Между тем is a fixed idiom meaning 'meanwhile, yet' — not literally 'between that'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-c5-s27","source":"Он понимал инстинктом, что теперь, например, в судьбе двух братьев его это соперничество слишком важный вопрос и от которого слишком много зависит.","translation":"He understood by instinct that now, for instance, this rivalry was too important a question in the fate of his two brothers, and that too much depended on it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого слишком много зависит","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive after «от»","body":"«Зависеть от» (to depend on) governs «от» + genitive, so the relative pronoun appears as «от которого» — \"on which much depends.\" «Который» agrees in gender/number with «вопрос» but takes the case its own clause demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком важный вопрос","title":"Zero copula with «слишком» — too important a question","body":"\"This rivalry [is] too important a question\" — no verb \"to be\" in the present. «Слишком» (too) intensifies the long-form adjective «важный», which agrees with masculine «вопрос»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"инстинктом","lemma":"инстинкт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of понимал","gloss":"by instinct"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of понимал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies теперь","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"prepositional phrase modifying вопрос","gloss":"the fate"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies братьев","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies судьбе","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of братьев","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соперничество","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"соперничество","lemma":"соперничество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (predicate noun: вопрос)","gloss":"rivalry"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важный","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"важный","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of соперничество","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"refers to вопрос; oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of зависит","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"depends"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-c5-s28","source":"«Один гад съест другую гадину», — произнес вчера брат Иван, говоря в раздражении про отца и брата Дмитрия.","translation":"\"One reptile will devour the other,\" his brother Ivan had said yesterday, speaking in irritation of their father and his brother Dmitri.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Один гад съест другую гадину","title":"«Гад / гадина» — reptile, vermin","body":"«Гад» (and its feminine «гадина») literally means a reptile or creeping thing, used figuratively as a vicious insult — \"vermin, loathsome creature.\" Ivan's chilling aphorism casts father and brother as two beasts, one fated to devour the other; the word recurs as a leitmotif of disgust in the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"съест","title":"Perfective future «съест» — will devour","body":"«Съест» is the perfective (prefix «с-») of «есть», conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future act — \"will eat up, devour.\" The perfective makes the prophecy sound final and inevitable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говоря в раздражении про отца","title":"Imperfective gerund «говоря» + «про» of topic","body":"«Говоря» is an imperfective gerund (\"speaking, while speaking\") describing the manner of Ivan's utterance. The colloquial «про» + accusative means \"about\" — «про отца и брата Дмитрия»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies гад","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"гад","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съест","gloss":"reptile"},{"surface":"съест","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will devour"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гадину»,","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"гадину»,","lemma":"гадина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of съест","gloss":"reptile"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раздражении","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоря","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-c5-s29","source":"Стало быть, брат Дмитрий в глазах его гад и, может быть, давно уже гад?","translation":"So in Ivan's eyes his brother Dmitri was a reptile, and had perhaps long been a reptile?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Стало быть","title":"«Стало быть» — therefore, so then","body":"«Стало быть» is a conversational inferential connector, \"so then, it follows that, ergo.\" It marks Alyosha drawing a conclusion from Ivan's words — a slightly colloquial, reasoning-aloud tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глазах его гад","title":"Zero-copula idiom «в глазах его»","body":"\"In his eyes [is] a reptile\" — again no copula in the present. «В глазах его» (in his eyes = in his estimation) is «в» + prepositional, with the possessive «его» following its noun in bookish order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (fixed idiom)","role":"part of fixed phrase Стало быть ('so, that is')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (fixed idiom)","role":"part of fixed phrase Стало быть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject (predicate: гад)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial phrase modifying the predicate гад","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гад","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (zero copula), complement of брат Дмитрий","gloss":"a reptile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (fixed idiom)","role":"part of idiom может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (fixed idiom)","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гад","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гад","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"гад","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with the first гад (zero copula)","gloss":"a reptile"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-c5-s30","source":"Не с тех ли пор, как узнал брат Иван Катерину Ивановну?","translation":"Was it not from the very time when his brother Ivan first came to know Katerina Ivanovna?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не с тех ли пор, как узнал брат Иван","title":"«Не… ли» — a tentative yes/no question","body":"The interrogative particle «ли» (here in «не… ли») turns the fragment into a hesitant question — \"was it not from the time…?\" «С тех пор, как» is the fixed phrase \"(ever) since.\" The perfective «узнал» marks the completed event of first coming to know her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не...ли question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (с тех пор = 'since then')","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying пор","gloss":"came to know"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-c5-s31","source":"Слова эти, конечно, вырвались у Ивана вчера невольно, но тем важнее, что невольно.","translation":"Those words had, of course, escaped Ivan involuntarily yesterday — but that made them all the more significant, precisely because they were involuntary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слова эти... вырвались у Ивана","title":"Reflexive «вырвались» — the words escaped him","body":"«Вырваться» (perfective, reflexive «-ся») means \"to burst/break free,\" here of words escaping involuntarily. The construction «вырвались у Ивана» («у» + genitive) frames Ivan as the source from whom they broke loose, not the deliberate agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но тем важнее, что невольно","title":"«Тем + comparative» — all the more","body":"«Тем важнее» uses the instrumental «тем» with a comparative to mean \"the more / all the more significant,\" correlating cause and degree: the more telling precisely because it was involuntary. «Важнее» is the predicative comparative of «важный»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of вырвались","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Слова","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies вырвались","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"вырвались","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвались","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвались","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвались","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative modifying важнее","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"важнее","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective (zero copula), coordinated main clause","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause modifying важнее","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective (zero copula) in clause introduced by что","gloss":"involuntary"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-c5-s32","source":"Если так, то какой же тут мир?","translation":"If that was so, what peace could there be here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то какой же тут мир?","title":"Zero-copula rhetorical question with «же»","body":"\"What peace [is there] here?\" — a verbless rhetorical question expecting the answer 'none.' «Какой же… мир» uses «же» to sharpen the despair, and «тут» (here, in this situation) localises it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies какой","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"peace"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-c5-s33","source":"Не новые ли, напротив, поводы к ненависти и вражде в их семействе?","translation":"Were there not, on the contrary, new grounds for hatred and enmity within their family?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не новые ли, напротив, поводы к ненависти","title":"Verbless «не… ли» question","body":"Another elliptical «не… ли» question with no verb \"to be\": \"[Were there] not, on the contrary, new grounds…?\" «Поводы к ненависти» — «повод к» + dative names the occasion/grounds for something."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вражде","title":"«Вражда» — enmity, feud","body":"«Вражда» (dative «вражде») is deep-seated hostility or feud, stronger and more lasting than mere «ненависть» (hatred). The pairing «ненависть и вражда» raises the family conflict to the pitch of a blood-feud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не...ли question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"новые","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies поводы","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies поводы","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"поводы","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject/head of the sentence","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненависти","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поводы","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вражде","lemma":"вражда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ненависти","gloss":"enmity"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of семействе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"семействе","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поводы","gloss":"family"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-c5-s34","source":"А главное, кого ему, Алеше, жалеть?","translation":"And, most of all, which of them was he, Alyosha, to pity?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого ему, Алеше, жалеть?","title":"Dative + infinitive: \"whom is he to pity?\"","body":"A deliberative impersonal: dative experiencer «ему, Алеше» + the infinitive «жалеть» — \"whom is Alyosha to pity?\" The apposition «Алеше» clarifies the unstressed pronoun «ему», a Dostoevskian habit of naming the self in inner speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb (fixed use of neuter adjective)","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"most importantly"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of жалеть","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of жалеть (dative construction)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"жалеть","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (infinitive construction)","gloss":"to pity"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-c5-s35","source":"И что каждому пожелать?","translation":"And what was he to wish for each of them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что каждому пожелать?","title":"Infinitive deliberation with dative «каждому»","body":"\"And what is he to wish for each?\" — the implicit dative subject is carried over from the previous sentence, while «каждому» (dative, \"to/for each one\") is the recipient governed by «пожелать». The bare infinitive «пожелать» again makes it a deliberative question."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пожелать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пожелать","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"пожелать","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to wish"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-c5-s36","source":"Он любит их обоих, но что каждому из них пожелать среди таких страшных противоречий?","translation":"He loved them both, but what could he wish for either of them amid such terrible contradictions?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он любит их обоих","title":"Present «любит» — the timeless habitual love","body":"The imperfective present «любит» states Alyosha's standing, unchanging love — a general fact, not a moment. Set inside past-tense narration, it gives his love a timeless, defining quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"среди таких страшных противоречий","title":"«Среди» + genitive — amid","body":"«Среди» (among, amid) governs the genitive: «таких страшных противоречий» (such terrible contradictions), with adjectives and noun all in the genitive plural. The whole phrase frames the moral fog Alyosha is lost in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies их","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пожелать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пожелать","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies каждому","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пожелать","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"to wish"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоречий","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of противоречий","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страшных","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies противоречий","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"противоречий","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пожелать","gloss":"contradictions"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-c5-s37","source":"В этой путанице можно было совсем потеряться, а сердце Алеши не могло выносить неизвестности, потому что характер любви его был всегда деятельный.","translation":"In this tangle one might lose oneself entirely, and Alyosha's heart could not bear uncertainty, for the nature of his love was always active.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце Алеши не могло выносить неизвестности","title":"Genitive of negation: «не могло выносить неизвестности»","body":"Under the negated «не могло выносить», the object shifts from accusative to genitive — «неизвестности» (uncertainty). This genitive of negation is especially common with abstract objects, deepening the sense of total inability."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"характер любви его был всегда деятельный","title":"Long-form predicate adjective in the past","body":"Here Dostoevsky keeps the long-form «деятельный» (active) as predicate with «был» rather than a short form, casting it as a permanent defining trait of Alyosha's love. «Деятельный» is a key, almost programmatic word for his character."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путанице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of путанице","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"путанице","lemma":"путаница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"tangle"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеряться","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"потеряться","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"lose oneself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выносить","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"неизвестности","lemma":"неизвестность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выносить","gloss":"uncertainty"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что ('because')","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (fixed idiom потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to деятельный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies деятельный","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"деятельный","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of был","gloss":"active"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-c5-s38","source":"Любить пассивно он не мог; возлюбив, он тотчас же принимался и помогать.","translation":"He could not love passively; once he loved, he set at once about helping as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любить пассивно он не мог","title":"Fronted infinitive «любить» for emphasis","body":"Placing the infinitive phrase «любить пассивно» first throws the weight onto the manner of loving — \"to love passively, that he could not.\" Russian word order is free precisely so it can stage emphasis like this."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возлюбив, он тотчас же принимался... помогать","title":"Perfective gerund «возлюбив» + ingressive «принимался»","body":"«Возлюбив» is a perfective past gerund (\"having come to love\"), its bookish prefix «воз-» heightening the register. «Принимался помогать» (set about helping) is the imperfective ingressive of «приняться», stressing the repeated habit of his charity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"пассивно","lemma":"пассивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Любить","gloss":"passively"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"возлюбив","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принимался","gloss":"once he loved"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принимался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"принимался","lemma":"приниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, ='also'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"помогать","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимался","gloss":"to help"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-c5-s39","source":"А для этого надо было поставить цель, надо твердо было знать, что каждому из них хорошо и нужно, а утвердившись в верности цели, естественно, каждому из них и помочь.","translation":"And for that one had to set oneself a goal, one had to know firmly what was good and needful for each of them, and then, once assured of the rightness of the goal, naturally to help each of them too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было поставить цель, надо твердо было знать","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + infinitive","body":"Two impersonal necessity clauses (\"one had to set a goal… had to know firmly\") with «надо было» + perfective infinitives and no stated subject — the generalising \"one.\" The repetition mirrors Alyosha's earnest step-by-step reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"утвердившись в верности цели","title":"Perfective gerund «утвердившись»","body":"«Утвердившись» is a reflexive perfective past gerund — \"having become assured / having confirmed oneself in.\" «Утвердиться в» + prepositional names what one becomes confident of: «в верности цели» (in the rightness of the goal)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to set"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"a goal"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"one had to"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer (dative) of хорошо/нужно","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies каждому","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective (short form, predicate), neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective (short form, predicate), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"needful"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"утвердившись","lemma":"утвердиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on помочь","gloss":"once assured"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"верности","lemma":"верность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утвердившись","gloss":"the rightness"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies верности","gloss":"of the goal"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies помочь","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помочь","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies каждому","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, ='also'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb (infinitive) of the coordinated clause","gloss":"to help"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-c5-s40","source":"Но вместо твердой цели во всем была лишь неясность и путаница.","translation":"But in place of a firm goal there was nothing but vagueness and confusion in everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо твердой цели во всем была лишь неясность","title":"«Вместо» + genitive; restrictive «лишь»","body":"«Вместо» (instead of) governs the genitive «твердой цели». The fronting of the prepositional phrase before the verb «была», with the subject «неясность и путаница» held back, lets «лишь» (only) land the bleak verdict at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"твердой","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition вместо","gloss":"a goal"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (locative), modifies была","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неясность","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"неясность","lemma":"неясность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"vagueness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"путаница","lemma":"путаница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неясность","gloss":"confusion"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-c5-s41","source":"«Надрыв» произнесено теперь!","translation":"\"Laceration\" had now been spoken!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Надрыв» произнесено теперь!","title":"Short passive participle «произнесено»","body":"«Произнесено» is the short (predicative) neuter past passive participle of «произнести»: \"[the word] has been uttered.\" The short passive participle is the standard way Russian states a completed result — and here it bursts out as an exclamation in Alyosha's mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надрыв","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive произнесено","gloss":"Laceration"},{"surface":"произнесено","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been spoken"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-c5-s42","source":"Но что он мог понять хотя бы даже в этом надрыве?","translation":"But what could he understand even of this laceration?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он мог понять хотя бы даже в этом надрыве?","title":"«Хотя бы даже» — even so much as","body":"«Хотя бы» (\"if only, even, at least\") reinforced by «даже» concedes a minimum — \"what could he understand even of this laceration?\" The particle «бы» here is part of the fixed concessive «хотя бы», not a full conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понять... в этом надрыве","title":"«Понять в» + prepositional","body":"As in segment 25, «понять/понимать в» + prepositional means \"to grasp about / make sense of\" — «в этом надрыве» (about this laceration). The verb «понять» is perfective, asking whether he could ever come to understand it at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle (fixed idiom хотя бы)","role":"part of idiom хотя бы ('even, at least')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (fixed idiom хотя бы)","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надрыве","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрыве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of надрыве","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надрыве","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понять","gloss":"laceration"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-c5-s43","source":"Первого даже слова во всей этой путанице он не понимает!","translation":"He did not understand the very first word of this whole tangle!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Первого даже слова... он не понимает!","title":"Genitive of negation, fronted for emphasis","body":"The negated object stands in the genitive — «первого даже слова» (not even the first word) — and is hurled to the front of the clause before «он не понимает». The genitive of negation plus emphatic fronting dramatises his helplessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"the very first"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Первого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимает (genitive of negation)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путанице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of путанице","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of путанице","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"путанице","lemma":"путаница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимает","gloss":"tangle"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-c5-s44","source":"Увидав Алешу, Катерина Ивановна быстро и с радостью проговорила Ивану Федоровичу, уже вставшему со своего места, чтоб уходить:","translation":"Catching sight of Alyosha, Katerina Ivanovna said quickly and joyfully to Ivan Fyodorovich, who had already risen from his place to leave:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидав Алешу","title":"Perfective gerund «увидав»","body":"«Увидав» is a perfective past gerund (a variant of «увидев», from «увидеть») — \"on catching sight of Alyosha.\" It marks the prior, completed perception that triggers Katerina's words; the «-ав» ending is a slightly older/colloquial variant of «-ев»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивану Федоровичу, уже вставшему со своего места","title":"Past active participle «вставшему» in the dative","body":"«Вставшему» is a past active participle from «встать» (to get up), agreeing with «Ивану Федоровичу» in the dative — \"to Ivan Fyodorovich, who had already risen.\" The participle takes the case its head noun requires, compressing a «который»-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидав","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"having caught sight of"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Увидав","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with быстро","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорила","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вставшему","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вставшему","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ивану","gloss":"who had risen"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставшему","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of уходить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вставшему","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-c5-s45","source":"— На минутку!","translation":"\"One moment!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На минутку!","title":"Diminutive «минутку» — just a wee minute","body":"«Минутку» is the affectionate diminutive of «минута» (from «минутка»), in the accusative after «на». The «-к-» suffix shrinks and softens — \"just a tiny moment!\" — making the urgent request sound coaxing rather than commanding."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of На","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-c5-s46","source":"Останьтесь еще на одну минуту.","translation":"Stay just one more minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Останьтесь еще на одну минуту","title":"Polite imperative «останьтесь»","body":"«Останьтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of the perfective reflexive «остаться» (to stay), with the «-те» ending of formal address. The perfective imperative asks for a single, definite act — stay this one more minute."}],"words":[{"surface":"Останьтесь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну минуту","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуту","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Останьтесь","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-c5-s47","source":"Я хочу услышать мнение вот этого человека, которому я всем существом моим доверяю.","translation":"I want to hear the opinion of this man here, in whom I trust with my whole being.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человека, которому я всем существом моим доверяю","title":"Relative «которому» in the dative; «доверять» + dative","body":"«Доверять» (to trust) governs the dative, so the relative pronoun is «которому» — \"the man whom I trust.\" «Который» agrees in gender/number with «человека» but takes the dative its own clause demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем существом моим","title":"Instrumental of measure: «всем существом»","body":"«Всем существом моим» (with my whole being) is the instrumental expressing the manner/extent of her trust. The postposed possessive «моим» after the noun gives the avowal a heightened, emotional cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of услышать","gloss":"the opinion"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого человека","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"refers to человека; oblique complement of доверяю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доверяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существом","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"существом","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (instrumental) of доверяю","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"доверяю","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"trust"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-c5-s48","source":"Катерина Осиповна, не уходите и вы, — прибавила она, обращаясь к госпоже Хохлаковой.","translation":"Katerina Osipovna, do not go either,\" she added, turning to Madame Hohlakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не уходите и вы","title":"Negated imperative «не уходите» + inclusive «и вы»","body":"«Не уходите» is the negated polite imperative (don't leave), and «и вы» means \"you too\" — \"don't you go either.\" The imperfective imperative «уходите» is normal for prohibitions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Осиповна","lemma":"Осиповна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Osipovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уходите","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы,","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"вы,","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person, plural (formal 'you')","role":"subject of уходите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавила","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-c5-s49","source":"Она усадила Алешу подле себя, а Хохлакова села напротив, рядом с Иваном Федоровичем.","translation":"She seated Alyosha beside her, and Hohlakov sat down opposite, next to Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усадила Алешу подле себя","title":"Causative «усадить» + «подле» (genitive)","body":"«Усадить» (perfective) is the causative \"to seat / make sit\" someone. «Подле» is a slightly bookish preposition \"beside, next to\" governing the genitive — «подле себя» (beside herself, with reflexive «себя»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хохлакова села напротив, рядом с Иваном Федоровичем","title":"«Рядом с» + instrumental","body":"«Рядом с» (next to, alongside) governs the instrumental — «с Иваном Федоровичем». The seating is choreographed precisely: Alyosha beside Katerina, Hohlakov opposite next to Ivan, framing the confrontation to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усадила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"усадила","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of усадила","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of preposition подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of села","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"села","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усадила","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies села","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies села","gloss":"next to"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рядом","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-c5-s50","source":"— Здесь все друзья мои, все, кого я имею в мире, милые друзья мои, — горячо начала она голосом, в котором дрожали искренние страдальческие слезы, и сердце Алеши опять разом повернулось к ней. — Вы, Алексей Федорович, вы были вчера свидетелем этого… ужаса и видели, какова я была.","translation":"\"Here are all my friends, all I have in the world, my dear friends,\" she began ardently, in a voice that trembled with sincere, suffering tears, and Alyosha's heart at once turned to her again. \"You, Alexey Fyodorovich, were a witness yesterday to that... horror, and saw what I was like.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все, кого я имею в мире","title":"Correlative «все, кого…»","body":"«Все, кого я имею» uses the relative «кого» (accusative of «кто») after the correlative «все» — \"all (those) whom I have.\" In bookish style «кто/кого» serves as relative pronoun referring back to «все»; the construction «иметь кого-то» is itself somewhat elevated."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором дрожали искренние страдальческие слезы","title":"Relative «в котором» (prepositional)","body":"«В котором» is the relative pronoun in the prepositional after «в» — \"a voice in which sincere, suffering tears trembled.\" «Который» agrees in masculine singular with «голосе» but takes the prepositional its own clause requires."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страдальческие слезы","title":"«Страдальческий» — suffering, of a martyr","body":"«Страдальческий» derives from «страдалец» (sufferer, martyr) and «страдать» (to suffer). The adjective tints her tears with the colouring of martyrdom — exactly the self-dramatising note the chapter's «надрыв» exposes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце Алеши опять разом повернулось к ней","title":"Reflexive «повернулось» + «к» (dative)","body":"«Повернуться» (perfective, reflexive «-ся») is the intransitive \"to turn\"; his heart turned itself toward her. «К ней» is «к» + dative (toward her), with the third-person н-prefix after the preposition. «Разом» means \"all at once.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb opening the sentence (implied 'are')","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of друзья","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun with Здесь","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of друзья","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to друзья","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying все (w5)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies друзья (w12)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to друзья (w3)","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"мои,","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of друзья (w12)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начала","gloss":"in a voice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"дрожали","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on голосом","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"искренние","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"страдальческие","lemma":"страдальческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of дрожали","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повернулось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулось","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулось","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"повернулось","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начала","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней.","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"topicalized, resumed by вы (w35)","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свидетелем","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"a witness"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ужаса","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of свидетелем","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"какова","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of была, clausal complement of видели","gloss":"what... was like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to какова","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-c5-s51","source":"Вы не видали этого, Иван Федорович, он видел.","translation":"You did not see it, Ivan Fyodorovich; he did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы не видали этого, Иван Федорович, он видел","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»; contrastive parallelism","body":"Under negation the object goes genitive — «не видали этого» (did not see it). The bare affirmative «он видел» (he did see) is set against it without «это», the contrast carried by stress and the pronouns «вы… он»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не видали","title":"«Видали» — the colloquial past of «видеть»","body":"«Видали» is the multidirectional/iterative «видать» (a colloquial pair-partner of «видеть»), giving a slightly spoken, informal flavour to \"you didn't see\" — natural in Katerina's heated, rapid speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видали","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видали","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видали (elliptical: he did)","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-c5-s52","source":"Что он подумал обо мне вчера — не знаю, знаю только одно, что, повторись то же самое сегодня, сейчас, и я высказала бы такие же чувства, какие вчера, — такие же чувства, такие же слова и такие же движения.","translation":"What he thought of me yesterday I do not know; I know only one thing — that if the same thing were to happen again today, this very moment, I would express the same feelings as yesterday — the same feelings, the same words, and the same gestures.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторись то же самое сегодня","title":"Imperative «повторись» as a conditional","body":"«Повторись» is formally the imperative of «повториться» (to repeat itself), but here it means \"if the same thing were to happen again\" — Russian uses a bare imperative for a vivid hypothetical condition. It is equivalent to «если бы то же самое повторилось»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я высказала бы такие же чувства","title":"Conditional «высказала бы» — I would express","body":"The apodosis is a true conditional: past «высказала» + «бы» = \"I would express.\" It answers the imperative-protasis, giving the whole a counterfactual \"were it to recur, I would…\" structure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такие же чувства... такие же слова... такие же движения","title":"Identity «такой же» in anaphora","body":"«Такой же» means \"the same kind of,\" the particle «же» here marking identity. Its triple repetition — feelings, words, gestures — builds the insistent rhetorical rhythm of Katerina's avowal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подумал","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (I don't know)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю (w8), introduces new clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повторись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"повторись","lemma":"повториться","morphology":"verb, imperative form used as conditional, reflexive, perfective","role":"conditional clause explaining одно","gloss":"were to happen again","note":"an imperative form used in a hypothetical 'if X were to happen' sense, not a command"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повторись","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторись","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"this moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of высказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"высказала","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main clause (apodosis) of the conditional","gloss":"would express"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of высказала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of высказала","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, plural","role":"refers back to чувства","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вчера,","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb (as they were yesterday)","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства (w30)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to чувства (w25)","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with чувства","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of движения","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with чувства","gloss":"gestures"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-c5-s53","source":"Вы помните мои движения, Алексей Федорович, вы сами удержали меня в одном из них… (Говоря это, она покраснела, и глаза ее засверкали).","translation":"You remember my gestures, Alexey Fyodorovich; you yourself restrained me in one of them... (As she said this she flushed, and her eyes flashed.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы сами удержали меня в одном из них","title":"Intensifier «сами»; «один из них» (genitive)","body":"«Сами» (you yourself) emphatically singles out Alyosha as the agent. «В одном из них» (in one of them) uses «один из» + genitive plural «них» referring to the gestures — the perfective «удержали» marks the one decisive act of restraint."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говоря это, она покраснела","title":"Imperfective gerund «говоря» of attendant action","body":"«Говоря это» (saying this) is an imperfective gerund naming the simultaneous action: as she spoke, she blushed. The two perfectives «покраснела» and «засверкали» then mark the sudden completed reactions — flush and flash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of движения","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of удержали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"удержали","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with помните","gloss":"restrained"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удержали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удержали","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies одном","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on покраснела","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Говоря","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of покраснела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"покраснела","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of засверкали","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"засверкали","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснела","gloss":"flashed"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-c5-s54","source":"Объявляю вам, Алексей Федорович, что я не могу ни с чем примириться.","translation":"I declare to you, Alexey Fyodorovich, that I cannot reconcile myself to anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не могу ни с чем примириться","title":"Negative concord: «не могу ни с чем»","body":"«Ни с чем» (with nothing) requires the verb still to carry «не» — «не могу… примириться». The negative «ни»-phrase keeps its preposition «с» between «ни» and «чем» (ни с чем). «Примириться с» + instrumental = to be reconciled to something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Объявляю","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I declare"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Объявляю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Объявляю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces negation with чем (ни с чем = with nothing)","gloss":"not... any"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of примириться","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"примириться","lemma":"примириться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"reconcile myself"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-c5-s55","source":"Слушайте, Алексей Федорович, я даже не знаю, люблю ли я его теперь.","translation":"Listen, Alexey Fyodorovich, I do not even know whether I love him now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я даже не знаю, люблю ли я его теперь","title":"Embedded «ли» — whether","body":"In the subordinate clause «ли» means \"whether\": «не знаю, люблю ли я его» (I don't know whether I love him). The focused verb «люблю» is fronted and followed by «ли» — the standard literary way to embed a yes/no question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю (marks the yes/no clause)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-c5-s56","source":"Он мне стал жалок, это плохое свидетельство любви.","translation":"He has become pitiable to me, and that is poor evidence of love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он мне стал жалок","title":"Dative «мне» + short adjective «жалок» with «стать»","body":"«Стать» links the subject to a state; with a short adjective «жалок» (pitiable) and a dative experiencer «мне», it means \"he became pitiable to me.\" The short form predicate plus dative is a tightly Russian way to register a felt change."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это плохое свидетельство любви","title":"Zero-copula equation; genitive «любви»","body":"\"That [is] poor evidence of love\" — no present copula. «Свидетельство любви» pairs the noun with a genitive of \"of\" (evidence of love). The judgement lands flatly, the way Russian states present-tense definitions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has become"},{"surface":"жалок","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стал","gloss":"pitiable"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the second clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"плохое","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидетельство","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"свидетельство","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (elided есть)","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельство","gloss":"of love"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-c5-s57","source":"Если б я любила его, продолжала любить, то я, может быть, не жалела бы его теперь, а, напротив, ненавидела…","translation":"If I loved him, if I went on loving him, then perhaps I would not pity him now, but, on the contrary, would hate him...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б я любила его... то я... не жалела бы его","title":"Counterfactual «если б… то… бы»","body":"A full contrary-to-fact conditional: «если б(ы) я любила» (if I loved/had loved him) in the protasis, «не жалела бы… а ненавидела» in the apodosis, both built on past-tense verbs + «бы». «Б» is the reduced colloquial form of «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а, напротив, ненавидела","title":"Contrastive «а» — but on the contrary","body":"«А» here is the contrastive coordinator pivoting to the opposite — \"but, on the contrary.\" Reinforced by «напротив», it sets hatred against pity as the truer sign of love, in Katerina's paradoxical logic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of любила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional protasis (if-clause)","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любила (protasis)","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжала","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"introduces the apodosis (then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жалела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps), modifies жалела","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жалела","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"would pity"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of жалела","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жалела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалела","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидела","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"ненавидела","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалела","gloss":"would hate"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-c5-s58","source":"Голос ее задрожал, и слезинки блеснули на ее ресницах.","translation":"Her voice trembled, and little tears glistened on her lashes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слезинки","title":"«Слезинки» — little tears","body":"«Слезинка» is the diminutive of «слеза» (tear), the «-инк-» suffix shrinking it to a single small teardrop — \"little tears.\" The tender diminutive softens and aestheticises her weeping, of a piece with her «страдальческие слезы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голос ее задрожал, и слезинки блеснули","title":"Inceptive perfectives «задрожал», «блеснули»","body":"«Задрожал» (with prefix «за-») marks the inceptive — the voice began to tremble — while «блеснули» catches the single flash of the tears. The paired perfectives snap the moment into two crisp completed events."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задрожал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Голос","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"задрожал","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слезинки","lemma":"слезинка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of блеснули","gloss":"little tears"},{"surface":"блеснули","lemma":"блеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with задрожал","gloss":"glistened"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ресницах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ресницах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ресницах","lemma":"ресница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of блеснули","gloss":"lashes"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-c5-s59","source":"Алеша вздрогнул внутри себя: «Эта девушка правдива и искренна, — подумал он, — и… и она более не любит Дмитрия!»","translation":"Inwardly Alyosha gave a start: \"This girl is truthful and sincere,\" he thought, \"and... and she no longer loves Dmitri!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша вздрогнул внутри себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» in «внутри себя»","body":"«Внутри себя» (within himself) uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» governed by «внутри» (+ genitive). The vivid \"started inwardly\" renders an outward verb of flinching, «вздрогнул», turned inward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она более не любит Дмитрия","title":"«Более не» — no longer","body":"«Более не любит» means \"no longer loves\" — «более» (a bookish \"more / any more\") with «не» forms the \"no longer\" of a discontinued state. The everyday equivalent would be «больше не любит»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эта девушка правдива и искренна","title":"Short adjectives «правдива и искренна»","body":"Both predicates are short feminine forms — «правдива», «искренна» (truthful, sincere) — agreeing with «девушка». The short adjective gives a crisp, almost verdict-like assertion of essential character, the register Alyosha reaches for in summing her up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девушка","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of правдива","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"правдива","lemma":"правдивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of девушка","gloss":"truthful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренна,","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with правдива","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic repetition","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит (более не = no longer)","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-c5-s60","source":"— Это так! Так! — воскликнула было госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"That's it! That's it!\" Madame Hohlakov was about to exclaim.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнула было госпожа Хохлакова","title":"Particle «было» — the interrupted/aborted action","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action begun but checked or reversed — \"was about to exclaim\" / \"started to exclaim (but…).\" It signals that Hohlakov's outburst gets cut off, a subtle aspectual nuance with no English single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the exclamation (это так)","gloss":"That's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Так!","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory repetition of так","gloss":"So!"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, past, marks an interrupted or incipient action","role":"modifies воскликнула (was about to)","gloss":"was about to","note":"это 'было' after a past-tense verb marks an action begun or intended but then cut off"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-c5-s61","source":"— Подождите, милая Катерина Осиповна, я не сказала главного, не сказала окончательного, что решила в эту ночь.","translation":"\"Wait, dear Katerina Osipovna, I have not said the main thing, I have not said what is final — what I resolved this very night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сказала главного","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under negation the direct object «главное» (the main thing) shifts from accusative to genitive «главного». This is the genitive of negation, especially natural with abstract objects, and Dostoevsky doubles it with «не сказала окончательного» for rhetorical insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что решила в эту ночь","title":"Perfective past «решила»","body":"«Решила» (resolved, decided) is perfective past — a single completed act of will, set against the imperfective «не сказала» of her ongoing speech. Russian past agrees in gender, so the feminine -ла marks her as the speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подождите","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Wait"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерина","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Осиповна","lemma":"осиповна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Osipovna"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"главного","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказала","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказала (w7)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"окончательного","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказала (w10)","gloss":"the final thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring back to окончательного (w11), object of решила","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"решила","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying окончательного (w11)","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решила","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-c5-s62","source":"Я чувствую, что, может быть, решение мое ужасно — для меня, но предчувствую, что я уже не переменю его ни за что, ни за что, во всю жизнь мою, так и будет.","translation":"I feel that perhaps my decision is dreadful — dreadful for me — but I have a presentiment that I shall never change it, not for anything, not for anything, all my life long; so it shall be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решение мое ужасно","title":"Short-form predicate adjective «ужасно»","body":"«Ужасно» is the short (predicative) form of «ужасный», used here as a bookish predicate after the zero copula: «решение мое ужасно» (my decision is dreadful). Short forms can only predicate and lend a heightened, absolute tone suited to her self-dramatizing speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не переменю его ни за что, ни за что","title":"Negative concord with «ни»","body":"«Ни за что» ('not for anything') intensifies the verbal negation, but the verb itself still requires «не»: «не переменю … ни за что». Russian demands this negative concord, where multiple negatives reinforce a single meaning. The doubling «ни за что, ни за что» is pure Dostoevskian emotional repetition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уже не переменю его","title":"Perfective simple future","body":"«Переменю» is the perfective «переменить» conjugated with present-tense endings, which yields a completed future: 'I shall (once and for all) change it.' The negation thus denies a single decisive future act — she will never make that change."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предчувствую","title":"«Предчувствовать» — to foresee with the heart","body":"«Предчувствую» means 'I have a presentiment / foreboding' — the prefix «пред-» (fore-) on «чувствовать» (to feel). This word, and the noun «предчувствие», recur through the passage as Katerina styles her decision as fate sensed in advance rather than chosen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ужасно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps), modifies ужасно","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of решение, clausal complement of чувствую","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies ужасно (for me)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"предчувствую","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствую","gloss":"have a presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переменю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of переменю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переменю (уже не = no longer)","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переменю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переменю","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствую","gloss":"will change"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переменю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces negation with что (ни за что = for nothing)","gloss":"not... any"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переменю","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats ни за что for emphasis","gloss":"not... any"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with что (w21)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of переменю (all my life)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (так и будет)","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-c5-s63","source":"Мой милый, мой добрый, мой всегдашний и великодушный советник и глубокий сердцеведец и единственный друг мой, какого я только имею в мире, Иван Федорович, одобряет меня во всем и хвалит мое решение… Он его знает.","translation":"My dear, my good, my ever-faithful and magnanimous counselor, the profound reader of hearts and the one true friend I have in the world, Ivan Fyodorovich, approves of me in everything and praises my decision... He knows it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мой милый, мой добрый, мой всегдашний и великодушный советник","title":"Piled agreeing adjectives in apposition","body":"A long chain of long-form adjectives all agree with masculine «советник» (counselor) in gender, number, and case: «милый, добрый, всегдашний, великодушный». The repeated «мой … мой … мой» and the accumulation are rhetorical heightening, building the over-praise of Ivan that her надрыв needs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сердцеведец","title":"«Сердцеведец» — knower of hearts","body":"A bookish, elevated compound: «сердце» (heart) + «-ведец» (one who knows), 'reader/knower of hearts.' The word carries an almost religious solemnity (God is the «сердцеведец» in Scripture), so applying it to Ivan inflates him extravagantly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого я только имею в мире","title":"Relative «какого» in genitive","body":"The relative «какого» ('such as I have') agrees with its antecedent «друг» in masculine but stands in the genitive as the object of «имею». The particle «только» ('the only one I have at all') tightens it to a superlative claim of singular friendship."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он его знает","title":"Topic-comment word order","body":"The clipped «Он его знает» ('He knows it') puts the given topic «он» first and lands the weight on the verb. After the towering build-up, the short flat clause is rhetorically pointed — Russian's free word order lets the rhythm carry the emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of милый","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одобряет","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of добрый","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to милый","gloss":"good one"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of советник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"всегдашний","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советник","gloss":"ever-faithful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великодушный","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with всегдашний","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"советник","lemma":"советник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with милый","gloss":"counselor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глубокий","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердцеведец","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"сердцеведец","lemma":"сердцеведец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with милый","gloss":"reader of hearts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"one true"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with милый","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, relative, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on друг","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to милый (names the subject)","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"одобряет","lemma":"одобрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approves of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of одобряет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одобряет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хвалит","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with одобряет","gloss":"praises"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хвалит","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-c5-s64","source":"— Да, я одобряю его, — тихим, но твердым голосом произнес Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Yes, I approve of it,\" Ivan Fyodorovich pronounced in a quiet but firm voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихим, но твердым голосом произнес","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Тихим … твердым голосом» ('in a quiet but firm voice') is the instrumental case expressing the manner or means of speaking. The adjectives agree with «голосом» in the instrumental. This adverbial instrumental of manner is a staple of narrative description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"произнес","title":"«Произнести» — to pronounce, utter","body":"A more deliberate, weighty verb than plain «сказать»: 'to pronounce, enunciate.' Dostoevsky reaches for it when speech is measured and formal, matching Ivan's «тихим, но твердым голосом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of одобряю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одобряю","lemma":"одобрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"approve of"},{"surface":"его,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of одобряю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тихим","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-c5-s65","source":"— Но я желаю, чтоб и Алеша (ах, Алексей Федорович, простите, что я вас назвала Алешей просто), я желаю чтоб и Алексей Федорович сказал мне теперь же при обоих друзьях моих — права я или нет?","translation":"\"But I want Alyosha too (ah, Alexey Fyodorovich, forgive me for having called you simply Alyosha) — I want Alexey Fyodorovich as well to tell me now, before both my friends, whether I am right or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я желаю, чтоб … Алексей Федорович сказал","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + past-form for a willed outcome","body":"After the verb of wishing «я желаю», Russian uses «чтоб(ы)» plus the past-tense form «сказал» — not an indicative — because the outcome is willed, not yet real. «Чтоб» is the colloquially clipped «чтобы», and this past-form-after-чтобы is the language's standard way of framing 'I want that he say.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"права я или нет","title":"Short adjective «права»","body":"«Права» is the feminine short form of «правый» in its meaning 'right, in the right.' The short form is the only one used predicatively for this sense (она права = 'she is right'), and it threads through the whole scene as the question Katerina keeps pressing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"теперь же","title":"Emphatic «же»","body":"The particle «же» fastened to «теперь» insists: 'right now, this very minute.' It adds urgency that English can only render with stress — a tiny but characteristic marker of her agitated demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал (resumed after the parenthetical)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject placeholder, resumed as Алексей Федорович, subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the parenthetical","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative addressee of простите","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative verb of the parenthetical","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of назвала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of назвала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of назвала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"назвала","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of простите","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of назвала","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назвала","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"restates the main verb желаю after the parenthetical","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Алексей (emphasis, \"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of желаю","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying теперь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друзьях","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies друзьях","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"друзьях","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies друзьях","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"прав","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the elliptical clause (copula omitted); я is the subject","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of права","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with права","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-c5-s66","source":"У меня инстинктивное предчувствие, что вы, Алеша, брат мой милый (потому что вы брат мой милый), — восторженно проговорила она опять, схватив его холодную руку своею горячею рукой, — я предчувствую, что ваше решение, ваше одобрение, несмотря на все муки мои, подаст мне спокойствие, потому что после ваших слов я затихну и примирюсь — я это предчувствую!","translation":"I have an instinctive presentiment that you, Alyosha, my dear brother (for you are my dear brother),\" she said again rapturously, seizing his cold hand in her own hot one, \"I have a presentiment that your decision, your approval, in spite of all my torments, will bring me peace, because after your words I shall grow calm and reconcile myself — I have a presentiment of it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватив его холодную руку своею горячею рукой","title":"Perfective gerund «схватив»","body":"«Схватив» ('having seized') is a perfective деепричастие (adverbial participle) describing a completed action that frames the main verb, sharing its subject (она). The contrast «холодную руку … горячею рукой» pits his cold hand against her hot one — the instrumental «рукой» giving the means."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своею горячею рукой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою/-ею»","body":"«Своею … горячею рукой» uses the long, bookish feminine instrumental endings «-ою/-ею» where modern speech prefers «-ой/-ей» («своей горячей рукой»). The older variant is poetic and elevated, common in 19th-century literary prose and chosen here for rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваше решение … подаст мне спокойствие","title":"Dative recipient with perfective future","body":"«Подаст мне спокойствие» ('will give me peace') pairs the perfective future «подаст» with the dative «мне» as the recipient — to whom the peace is given. The dative of the indirect object is the natural case for the person something is brought to."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторженно","title":"«Восторженно» — rapturously","body":"From «восторг» (rapture, ecstatic delight): she speaks 'rapturously, with exaltation.' The word belongs to the lexicon of надрыв the chapter explores — emotion strained to a pitch — and recurs as «восторга» in the next segment."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"инстинктивное","lemma":"инстинктивный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предчувствие","gloss":"instinctive"},{"surface":"предчувствие","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the existential sentence (у меня ... предчувствие)","gloss":"presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause вы...брат (copula omitted)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of брат (elliptical copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы (copula omitted)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase потому что, introduces the parenthetical","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of брат (parenthetical)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы (parenthetical)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат (parenthetical)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милый),","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат (parenthetical)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"холодную","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рукой","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"горячею","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"рукой,","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of схватив","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"предчувствую","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have a presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подаст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подаст","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of одобрение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"одобрение","lemma":"одобрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with решение","gloss":"approval"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition (with несмотря) marking муки","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of муки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial complement (despite) modifying подаст","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of муки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"подаст","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствую","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подаст","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"спокойствие","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подаст","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause (потому что) explaining подаст","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of затихну","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of затихну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"затихну","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the reason clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"will grow calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примирюсь","lemma":"примириться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затихну","gloss":"reconcile myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствую","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"предчувствую","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"have a presentiment"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-c5-s67","source":"— Я не знаю, о чем вы спросите меня, — выговорил с зардевшимся лицом Алеша, — я только знаю, что я вас люблю и желаю вам в эту минуту счастья больше, чем себе самому!..","translation":"\"I do not know what you mean to ask me,\" Alyosha got out, his face reddening, \"I only know that I love you and at this moment wish you more happiness than I do myself!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем вы спросите меня","title":"Embedded question with «о чём»","body":"«О чём» is the interrogative «что» (what) in the prepositional after «о» (about), introducing an indirect question: 'what you will ask me about.' «Спросите» is perfective future. The preposition «о» governs the prepositional case throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"желаю вам … счастья больше, чем себе самому","title":"Reflexive «себе самому» vs. dative «вам»","body":"He wishes happiness «вам» (to you, dative) more than «себе самому» (to himself) — the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the dative «себе», intensified by «самому», pointing back to the clause's own subject (я). «Счастья» is genitive after «желать», which governs the genitive of what is wished."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с зардевшимся лицом","title":"«Зардеться» — to flush red","body":"«Зардевшимся» is a past participle of «зардеться», 'to flush, redden (with emotion).' The bookish verb captures Alyosha's blush precisely — a sudden glow of color, not mere embarrassment — and the participle agrees with «лицом» in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросите","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спросите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спросите","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"меня,","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech tag","gloss":"got out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"зардевшимся","lemma":"зардеться","morphology":"verb, participle, past, reflexive, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"reddened"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выговорил","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of желаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of желаю","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желаю","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies счастья","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of себе","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-c5-s68","source":"Но ведь я ничего не знаю в этих делах… — вдруг зачем-то поспешил он прибавить.","translation":"\"But I really know nothing about such matters...\" he suddenly, for some reason, hastened to add.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь я ничего не знаю","title":"Particle «ведь» + negative concord","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but you know, after all, I really know nothing.' It softens his disclaimer into a confiding aside. «Ничего … не знаю» again shows negative concord: the negative pronoun «ничего» and the verbal «не» both required."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем-то поспешил он прибавить","title":"Indefinite «-то» in «зачем-то»","body":"«Зачем-то» means 'for some reason (unknown even to him).' The clitic «-то» on the interrogative «зачем» makes it a specific-but-unidentified reason — the narrator notes Alyosha rushed to add this without quite knowing why."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of делах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase зачем-то, modifies поспешил","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase зачем-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибавить","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешил","gloss":"add"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-c5-s69","source":"— В этих делах, Алексей Федорович, в этих делах теперь главное — честь и долг, и не знаю, что еще, но нечто высшее, даже, может быть, высшее самого долга.","translation":"\"In such matters, Alexey Fyodorovich, in such matters the main thing now is honor and duty, and I do not know what else, but something higher, perhaps even higher than duty itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечто высшее … высшее самого долга","title":"Comparative «высшее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Высшее» is a comparative/superlative 'higher,' and «высшее самого долга» ('higher than duty itself') uses the bare genitive «долга» to express the standard of comparison — an alternative to «чем». «Самого» ('itself') is the intensifier «сам» in agreement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"честь и долг","title":"«Честь и долг» — honor and duty","body":"A weighty fixed pairing, 'honor and duty,' the keywords of the noble code Katerina invokes to dignify her decision. Ivan will pick «долг» back up sardonically two speeches later, turning her exalted 'duty' into a lifelong burden."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of делах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"fronted phrase, resumed by the second в этих делах","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of делах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of главное","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical copula clause","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of главное (elliptical copula)","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with честь","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the main clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"direct object clause of знаю (what else)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with что, elliptical subject/object","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"высшее","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, comparative","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the following высшее (second occurrence)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть (\"perhaps\")","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"высшее","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, comparative","role":"predicate, compared with долга (genitive of comparison)","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies долга","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"долга","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of comparison, complement of высшее","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-c5-s70","source":"Мне сердце сказывает про это непреодолимое чувство, и оно непреодолимо влечет меня.","translation":"My heart tells me of this irresistible feeling, and it draws me on irresistibly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне сердце сказывает про это","title":"Dative experiencer «мне»","body":"'My heart tells me of this' is framed with the dative «мне» as the one to whom the heart speaks — the experiencer to whom something is conveyed. The construction foregrounds the feeling happening to her rather than an act she performs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сказывает","title":"Folk-archaic «сказывать»","body":"«Сказывает» is the archaic/folk iterative of «сказать» — 'tells, keeps telling.' It has a slightly old-fashioned, almost storytelling ring (cf. «сказка», a tale), lending her words a heightened, near-oracular tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказывает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сказывает","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"сказывает","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"непреодолимое","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказывает","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of влечет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"непреодолимо","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влечет","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"влечет","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказывает","gloss":"draws"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of влечет","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-c5-s71","source":"Всё, впрочем, в двух словах, я уже решилась: если даже он и женится на той… твари, — начала она торжественно, — которой я никогда, никогда простить не могу, то я все-таки не оставлю его!","translation":"In any case, to put it in two words, I have already made up my mind: even if he marries that... creature,\" she began solemnly, \"whom I can never, never forgive, I will still not abandon him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если даже он и женится на той… твари","title":"Concessive «если даже … и»","body":"«Если даже … и» builds a concessive conditional: 'even if he does marry.' The reinforcing «и» before «женится» heightens the concession. «Женится на» (marry, of a man) governs the prepositional «на той твари», hence «той» not «ту»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"твари","title":"«Тварь» — creature, as an insult","body":"«Тварь» literally means 'a created thing, creature,' but used of a person it is a sharp insult — 'wretch, vile creature.' Aimed at Grushenka, it is venomous; the ellipsis «той… твари» marks Katerina hesitating before spitting the word out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которой я никогда … простить не могу","title":"Relative «которой» in dative","body":"«Которой» refers back to «твари» (feminine) but stands in the dative as the object of «простить» (to forgive someone takes the dative). «Никогда, никогда … не могу» again shows negative concord with emphatic repetition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уже решилась","title":"Reflexive «решиться» — to make up one's mind","body":"«Решилась» is the «-ся» (reflexive/middle) verb «решиться», 'to resolve oneself, make up one's mind,' distinct from transitive «решить» ('to solve/decide something'). The «-ся» turns the deciding inward — it is herself she has settled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies решилась (\"anyway\")","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решилась","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies словах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial complement of решилась (\"in two words\")","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решилась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"решилась","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"женится","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-conditional clause","gloss":"marries"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking той","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of твари","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твари,","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женится","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech tag","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"торжественно,","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of простить","gloss":"whom","note":"Dative relative referring back to твари; \"простить кому\" is the classical dative-object construction for \"forgive.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простить","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative introducing the clause of оставлю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё-таки, modifies оставлю","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will abandon"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-c5-s72","source":"От этих пор я уже никогда, никогда не оставлю его! — произнесла она с каким-то надрывом какого-то бледного вымученного восторга.","translation":"From this time on I will never, never abandon him!\" she pronounced with a kind of laceration, in some pale, forced ecstasy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то надрывом какого-то бледного … восторга","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + instrumental","body":"Twice the narrator hedges with «какой-то» ('some kind of, a sort of'), the indefinite formed with the «-то» clitic: «с каким-то надрывом … какого-то … восторга». «Надрывом» is instrumental of manner; the genitive «восторга» depends on it ('a laceration of … ecstasy')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вымученного","title":"«Вымученный» — forced, wrung-out","body":"«Вымученного» (from «вымучить», 'to wring out by torment') means 'forced, strained, squeezed out with effort.' Applied to her «восторг», it exposes the rapture as manufactured — the narrator's quiet diagnosis of the надрыв."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"temporal phrase (от этих пор), complement of оставлю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will abandon"},{"surface":"его!","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech tag","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрывом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of phrase каким-то, determiner of надрывом","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"надрывом","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнесла","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of phrase какого-то, determiner of восторга","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какого-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"бледного","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторга","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"вымученного","lemma":"вымученный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторга","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of надрывом","gloss":"ecstasy"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-c5-s73","source":"— То есть не то чтоб я таскалась за ним, попадалась ему поминутно на глаза, мучила его — о нет, я уеду в другой город, куда хотите, но я всю жизнь, всю жизнь мою буду следить за ним не уставая.","translation":"\"That is, not that I would trail after him, getting in his sight at every moment, tormenting him — oh no, I will go away to another town, wherever you like, but all my life, all my life long I will watch over him without tiring.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"таскалась за ним","title":"«Таскаться» — to trail, traipse after","body":"«Таскаться» is a coarse, self-deprecating verb: 'to drag oneself about, traipse, trail after.' The «-ся» form with «за ним» means dogging his steps. Katerina uses the demeaning word to deny precisely that image of herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду следить за ним не уставая","title":"Compound future + present gerund","body":"«Буду следить» is the imperfective compound future («быть» + imperfective infinitive) — an ongoing, lifelong watching. «Не уставая» ('without tiring') is an imperfective present gerund of «уставать», a simultaneous adverbial sharing her subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда хотите","title":"Free-choice «куда хотите»","body":"«Куда хотите» ('wherever you like') is a free-relative concession — literally 'where you-all want.' The polite/plural «хотите» addresses the company. It tosses off her readiness to exile herself anywhere, part of the self-sacrificing pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таскалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтоб (\"not that\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of таскалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of таскалась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"таскалась","lemma":"таскаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the не то чтоб clause","gloss":"trailed after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of таскалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"попадалась","lemma":"попадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with таскалась","gloss":"kept turning up"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of попадалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попадалась","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попадалась","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with таскалась","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the interjection о нет","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection of denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уеду","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"will go away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уеду","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on город","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of следить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (accusative of duration) modifying следить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (accusative of duration) modifying следить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of следить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"следить","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уставая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уставая","lemma":"уставать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on следить","gloss":"tiring"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-c5-s74","source":"Когда же он станет с тою несчастен, а это непременно и сейчас же будет, то пусть придет ко мне, и он встретит друга, сестру… Только сестру, конечно, и это навеки так, но он убедится, наконец, что эта сестра действительно сестра его, любящая и всю жизнь ему пожертвовавшая.","translation":"And when he becomes unhappy with that woman, as he certainly and very soon will, then let him come to me, and he will find a friend, a sister... Only a sister, of course, and that forever, but he will be convinced at last that this sister is truly his sister, who loves him and has given up her whole life for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же он станет с тою несчастен","title":"Predicate instrumental withheld — short adjective «несчастен»","body":"«Станет … несчастен» uses «стать» (to become) with the short adjective «несчастен» ('unhappy') as predicate. After «стать» a noun would go instrumental, but a short-form adjective supplies the predicate directly. «С тою» ('with that woman') is instrumental after «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то пусть придет ко мне","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть придёт» ('let him come') forms a third-person imperative with the particle «пусть» plus the perfective future «придёт». «То» here is the correlative 'then,' answering the «когда…» clause. «Ко мне» is dative-governing «к»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю жизнь ему пожертвовавшая","title":"Past active participle «пожертвовавшая»","body":"«Пожертвовавшая» is a past active participle of «пожертвовать» ('to sacrifice'), agreeing with «сестра» (feminine nominative): 'who has sacrificed.' It governs the dative «ему» (to/for him) — one sacrifices something to someone. The participle compresses a whole «которая…» clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"copula linking to несчастен","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несчастен","gloss":"that woman"},{"surface":"несчастен","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of станет","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"very soon"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (это ... будет)","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumptive 'then', introduces the main clause придет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встретит","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретит","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"сестру","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to друга","gloss":"a sister"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сестру (w26)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сестру","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сестру (w24), restating the apposition","gloss":"a sister"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies это","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (так)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убедится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убедится","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with встретит","gloss":"will be convinced"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедится","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сестра (w40)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сестра (w38)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the что-clause (predicate сестра, w40)","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сестра (w40)","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of убедится's что-clause","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сестра (w40)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"любящая","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial modifier of сестра (w40)","gloss":"who loves him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожертвовавшая","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пожертвовавшая","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"пожертвовавшая","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial modifier of сестра (w40), coordinated with любящая","gloss":"has given up"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-c5-s75","source":"Я добьюсь того, я настою на том, что наконец он узнает меня и будет передавать мне всё, не стыдясь! — воскликнула она как бы в исступлении.","translation":"I will bring it about, I will insist upon it, that he comes at last to know me and to tell me everything without shame!\" she exclaimed, as if in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я добьюсь того, я настою на том","title":"«Добиться» / «настоять» — to attain by insisting","body":"Two near-synonyms of willed achievement: «добиться» ('to attain, achieve through effort,' here with genitive «того») and «настоять на» ('to insist upon,' with prepositional «том»). Both «-ся / на»-patterns express getting one's way, fitting her domineering resolve."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет передавать мне всё, не стыдясь","title":"Compound future + reflexive gerund «стыдясь»","body":"«Будет передавать» is the imperfective compound future (habitual telling). «Не стыдясь» ('without being ashamed') is a present gerund of the «-ся» verb «стыдиться»; the «-сь» is the post-vowel form of the reflexive clitic, and the gerund runs adverbially alongside the main verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы в исступлении","title":"«Исступление» — frenzy","body":"«Исступление» is ecstatic frenzy, a state of being beside oneself. The hedge «как бы» ('as if') keeps the narrator at an ironic distance — she exclaims 'as if in a frenzy,' the qualifier again hinting the надрыв is half-staged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добьюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"добьюсь","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bring about"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of добьюсь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of настою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"настою","lemma":"настоять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with добьюсь","gloss":"will insist"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of настою","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнает","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (complement of том), coordinated with передавать","gloss":"comes to know"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of узнает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of передавать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"передавать","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with узнает","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передавать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передавать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдясь!","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдясь!","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, middle, imperfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying передавать","gloss":"being ashamed!","note":"gerund 'стыдясь' (being ashamed); the trailing ' ' is stray HTML markup, not part of the word."},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы ('as if')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-c5-s76","source":"— Я буду богом его, которому он будет молиться, — и это по меньшей мере он должен мне за измену свою и за то, что я перенесла чрез него вчера.","translation":"\"I will be a god to him, to whom he will pray — and that, at the very least, he owes me for his betrayal and for what I endured because of him yesterday.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я буду богом его, которому он будет молиться","title":"Instrumental predicate «богом»","body":"After future «буду», the predicate noun goes in the instrumental: «буду богом» ('I will be a god'). The instrumental frames the role as one assumed. «Которому … молиться» relativizes «бог» in the dative, since «молиться» (to pray) governs the dative of the one prayed to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он должен мне за измену свою","title":"Dative «мне» of obligation + reflexive «свою»","body":"«Должен мне» ('owes me') takes the dative «мне» for the creditor. «За измену свою» uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing the betrayal back to its own subject (он) — his own betrayal, not someone else's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I","note":"' ' is a stray HTML entity fragment from the source dash, not part of the word."},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to богом","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of буду","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of богом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молиться,","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молиться,","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of молиться,","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"молиться,","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate verb of the relative clause modifying богом","gloss":"pray,","note":"infinitive 'молиться' (to pray); trailing ', ' is stray source markup."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере, part of по меньшей мере ('at the least')","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меньшей","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular, comparative","role":"modifies мере","gloss":"the least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the clause (он должен)","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking измену","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"измену","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"betrayal"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of измену","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with измену","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенесла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перенесла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"перенесла","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"because of","note":"'чрез' is an archaic/poetic form of 'через'."},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесла (object of чрез)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесла","gloss":"yesterday"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-c5-s77","source":"И пусть же он видит во всю жизнь свою, что я всю жизнь мою буду верна ему и моему данному ему раз слову, несмотря на то, что он был неверен и изменил.","translation":"And let him see, all his life long, that all my life I will be faithful to him and to the word I once gave him, in spite of the fact that he was unfaithful and betrayed me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть же он видит во всю жизнь свою","title":"«Пусть же» — emphatic third-person command","body":"«Пусть же он видит» ('and let him just see') joins the third-person imperative particle «пусть» with insistent «же» and the imperfective «видит» for a continuous, lifelong seeing. «Во всю жизнь свою» uses reflexive «свою» — his own whole life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верна ему и моему данному ему раз слову","title":"Short adjective «верна» + dative","body":"«Верна» is the feminine short adjective 'faithful,' which governs the dative of the one kept faith with: «верна ему … слову». «Данному … слову» is a past passive participle ('the word once given'), also dative, with «данному ему» = given to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что он был неверен и изменил","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то, что»","body":"«Несмотря на то, что» ('in spite of the fact that') is a compound concessive conjunction opening a subordinate clause. «Был неверен» (short adjective, past) and perfective «изменил» ('betrayed') name his completed faithlessness against which her fidelity is sworn."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пусть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видит","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верна","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to верна","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"верна","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective, head of the что-clause","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верна","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"данному","lemma":"данный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, dative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"participial modifier of слову","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of данному","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies данному","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ему (w17), complement of верна","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на ('in spite of')","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition несмотря на","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неверен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неверен","lemma":"неверный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"unfaithful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with неверен","gloss":"betrayed"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-c5-s78","source":"Я буду… Я обращусь лишь в средство для его счастия (или как это сказать), в инструмент, в машину для его счастия, и это на всю жизнь, на всю жизнь, и чтоб он видел это впредь всю жизнь свою!","translation":"I will be... I will turn myself into a mere means to his happiness (or however one is to put it), into an instrument, a machine for his happiness, and that for my whole life, my whole life, and so that he may see it ever after, all his life long!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я обращусь лишь в средство … в инструмент, в машину","title":"«Обратиться в» + accusative of transformation","body":"«Обращусь в» ('I will turn into') is the perfective reflexive «обратиться» with «в» + accusative naming what one becomes: «в средство, в инструмент, в машину». The escalating list (means → instrument → machine) dramatizes her vow of total self-instrumentalization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он видел это впредь всю жизнь свою","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + past-form","body":"«Чтоб он видел» is a purpose clause — «чтоб(ы)» plus the past-form «видел» for the willed, not-yet-real aim ('so that he may see'). «Впредь» ('henceforth, ever after') and «всю жизнь свою» stretch the seeing across his whole future life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the (unfinished) sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обращусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обращусь","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will turn myself"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies средство","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"средство","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращусь","gloss":"a means"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies счастия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies средство","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical infinitive clause","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking инструмент","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"инструмент","lemma":"инструмент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with средство","gloss":"an instrument"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking машину","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"машину","lemma":"машина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with средство","gloss":"a machine"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies счастия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies машину","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (на всю жизнь)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, predicate of это","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of видел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the purpose clause (чтоб...), depending on обращусь","gloss":"may see"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"ever after"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел (duration)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"own"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-c5-s79","source":"Вот всё мое решение!","translation":"There — that is my whole decision!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот всё мое решение!","title":"Presentative «вот»","body":"«Вот» ('here, behold') is the presentative particle that points and concludes: 'There — that is my whole decision!' It gathers the long speech into a single deictic gesture, a favorite emphatic close in spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"decision"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-c5-s80","source":"Иван Федорович в высшей степени одобряет меня.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich approves of me in the highest degree.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в высшей степени","title":"«В высшей степени» — in the highest degree","body":"A fixed bookish intensifier, 'in the highest degree, utterly.' «Высшей» is the superlative of «высокий». Katerina recruits the formal phrase to lend her claim about Ivan's approval the maximum weight — only for that approval to curdle in the lines that follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одобряет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"the highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одобряет","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"одобряет","lemma":"одобрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approves of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of одобряет","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-c5-s81","source":"Она задыхалась.","translation":"She was gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она задыхалась","title":"Imperfective «задыхалась» — process","body":"«Задыхалась» (imperfective past of «задыхаться», 'to gasp, choke for breath') views the state as an ongoing process — she was gasping, the breathlessness continuing. The «-ся» verb is intransitive, and the curt one-clause sentence lands the physical toll of her outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of задыхалась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"задыхалась","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was gasping"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-c5-s82","source":"Она, может быть, гораздо достойнее, искуснее и натуральнее хотела бы выразить свою мысль, но вышло слишком поспешно и слишком обнаженно.","translation":"She might, perhaps, have wished to express her thought far more worthily, more artfully, and more naturally, but it came out too hastily and too nakedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"достойнее, искуснее и натуральнее хотела бы выразить","title":"Conditional «хотела бы» + comparatives","body":"«Хотела бы» is the conditional/subjunctive — past-form «хотела» plus the particle «бы» — 'would have wished.' The three predicative comparatives «достойнее, искуснее, натуральнее» (-ее endings) stack as adverbs of how she would have expressed herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но вышло слишком поспешно и слишком обнаженно","title":"Impersonal «вышло»","body":"«Вышло» ('it came out') is a subjectless, neuter-singular impersonal: there is no nominative subject — the result simply 'turned out' too hastily and too nakedly. This impersonal framing detaches the failure from her will, as if it happened to her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обнаженно","title":"«Обнажённо» — nakedly, exposed","body":"«Обнажённо» (from «обнажить», 'to bare, lay naked') means her feeling came out 'too nakedly' — raw and unguarded. The metaphor of emotional nudity is exactly what makes her speech a надрыв: the inner self torn open against her own better wishes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достойнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"достойнее","lemma":"достойно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies выразить, coordinated with искуснее and натуральнее","gloss":"more worthily"},{"surface":"искуснее","lemma":"искусно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with достойнее","gloss":"more artfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"натуральнее","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with достойнее","gloss":"more naturally"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотела","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to express"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразить","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with хотела","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаженно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"обнаженно","lemma":"обнажённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with поспешно","gloss":"nakedly"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-c5-s83","source":"Много было молодой невыдержки, многое отзывалось лишь вчерашним раздражением, потребностью погордиться, это она почувствовала сама.","translation":"There was much youthful want of restraint in it; much of it echoed merely yesterday's irritation, a need to show her pride — and she felt this herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невыдержки","title":"«Невыдержка» — want of self-control","body":"«Невыдержка» (from «выдержка», restraint, with negating «не-») is 'lack of self-restraint, want of composure.' «Много было молодой невыдержки» — 'there was much youthful want of restraint.' The genitive «невыдержки» follows the quantifier «много»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многое отзывалось лишь вчерашним раздражением","title":"Instrumental after «отзываться»","body":"«Отзывалось … раздражением» ('echoed of / smacked of yesterday's irritation') takes the instrumental «раздражением» to name what it gave off. «Многое» is the substantivized neuter 'much (of it).' The imperfective «-ся» verb conveys the lingering aftertaste of the previous day."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потребностью погордиться","title":"«Погордиться» — to indulge one's pride a little","body":"«Погордиться» carries the prefix «по-» of brief, limited action on «гордиться» (to be proud): 'to give one's pride a little airing.' The narrator names her motive bluntly — «потребность погордиться», a need to show off her pride — puncturing the noble pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невыдержки","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"невыдержки","lemma":"невыдержка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of Много, notional subject of было","gloss":"lack of restraint"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отзывалось","gloss":"much of it"},{"surface":"отзывалось","lemma":"отзываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"echoed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчерашним","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"вчерашним","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражением","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"раздражением","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзывалось","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"потребностью","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражением","gloss":"a need"},{"surface":"погордиться","lemma":"погордиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies потребностью","gloss":"to take pride"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"почувствовала","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of она","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-c5-s84","source":"Лицо ее как-то вдруг омрачилось, выражение глаз стало нехорошо.","translation":"Her face somehow suddenly clouded over, and the expression of her eyes turned ugly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо ее как-то вдруг омрачилось","title":"Reflexive change of state «омрачилось»","body":"«Омрачилось» is the «-ся» middle verb «омрачиться» ('to grow dark, cloud over'), intransitive: her face clouded over of itself. The «-ся» turns a transitive 'darken something' into a spontaneous change of state — a constant device for describing involuntary shifts of feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выражение глаз стало нехорошо","title":"Neuter predicate «нехорошо» after «стало»","body":"«Стало нехорошо» pairs «стать» (became) with the invariable neuter «нехорошо» ('not good, bad'): the expression 'turned ugly/bad.' This neuter predicative, related to the impersonal pattern (мне нехорошо = I feel unwell), states a qualitative turn for the worse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of омрачилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то ('somehow'), modifies омрачилось","gloss":"somehow","note":"'как-то' ('somehow') is one word split across two tokens (как / то) by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies омрачилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"омрачилось","lemma":"омрачиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clouded over"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"the expression"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"of her eyes"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with омрачилось","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"ugly"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-c5-s85","source":"Алеша тотчас же заметил всё это, и в сердце его шевельнулось сострадание.","translation":"Alyosha noticed all this at once, and compassion stirred in his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сердце его шевельнулось сослострадание","title":"Inverted word order: verb before subject","body":"The clause places the locative «в сердце его» first and the grammatical subject «сострадание» (compassion) last, after the verb «шевельнулось». This topic-comment inversion lets the new, weighty word — compassion — fall at the stressed end, a hallmark of literary rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шевельнулось","title":"Reflexive «шевельнуться» — to stir","body":"«Шевельнулось» is the perfective «-ся» verb «шевельнуться», 'to give a single stir, twitch.' The «-ся» makes it intransitive (something stirs of itself), and the «-ну-» suffix marks a momentary, one-off motion — compassion stirring once in his heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шевельнулось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шевельнулось","lemma":"шевельнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шевельнулось","gloss":"compassion"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-c5-s86","source":"А тут как раз подбавил и брат Иван.","translation":"And just then his brother Ivan put in a word as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подбавил","title":"«Подбавить» — to add (fuel)","body":"«Подбавил» ('added a bit more, threw in') has the prefix «под-» of adding-onto. Colloquially it suggests stoking a fire — Ivan 'put in his word' and, as the next lines show, poured oil on the flames of Katerina's надрыв."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А тут как раз","title":"«А тут как раз» — and just then","body":"A colloquial narrative connective: contrastive «а» + «тут» (here/then) + «как раз» ('precisely, just then'). It marks a timely intrusion into the scene, the storyteller's nudge that Ivan's interjection came at exactly the wrong moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подбавил","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как раз ('just then/exactly')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подбавил","lemma":"подбавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подбавил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-c5-s87","source":"— Я высказал только мою мысль, — сказал он.","translation":"\"I have only expressed my own thought,\" he said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я высказал только мою мысль","title":"Perfective «высказал»","body":"«Высказал» (perfective of «высказать», 'to express, speak out fully') views the utterance as one completed act — 'I have (merely) expressed my thought.' The prefix «вы-» conveys speaking something out. The flat brevity matches Ivan's cool detachment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of высказал","gloss":"I","note":"' ' is a stray HTML entity fragment from the source dash, not part of the word."},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have expressed"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мою","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль,","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль,","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"thought,","note":"trailing ', ' is stray source markup, not part of the word."},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-c5-s88","source":"— У всякой другой вышло бы всё это надломленно, вымученно, а у вас — нет.","translation":"\"In any other woman all this would have come out strained and forced, but in you it does not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У всякой другой вышло бы всё это надломленно","title":"Conditional «вышло бы»","body":"«Вышло бы» ('would have come out') is the conditional — past-form «вышло» plus «бы» — in an impersonal frame. «У всякой другой» ('in any other woman') uses «у» + genitive to locate the hypothetical; the contrast «а у вас — нет» caps it elliptically."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надломленно, вымученно","title":"«Надломленно» — with a crack, strained","body":"«Надломленно» comes from «надломить» ('to crack, half-break') and shares the root «-лом-» with the chapter's «надрыв». Paired with «вымученно» ('forcedly'), it names exactly the false, strained quality — the надрыв — that Ivan claims is absent in Katerina."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"In","note":"' ' is a stray HTML entity fragment from the source dash, not part of the word."},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of другой","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition  У","gloss":"other woman"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would come out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вышло","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надломленно","lemma":"надломленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"вымученно","lemma":"вымученно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надломленно","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у, contrasts with  У всякой другой","gloss":"you,","note":"trailing ' ' is stray source markup, not part of the word."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negation","role":"elliptical predicate, contrasts with вышло","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-c5-s89","source":"Другая была бы неправа, а вы правы.","translation":"Another woman would have been in the wrong, but you are right.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Другая была бы неправа, а вы правы","title":"Conditional «была бы» vs. indicative «правы»","body":"The hypothetical other woman «была бы неправа» (conditional with «бы»), but the real addressee «вы правы» — plain indicative with the short adjective «правы» ('right'). The contrast is sharpened by «а», the mild adversative 'whereas.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а вы правы","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«А» links the two clauses with a gentle contrast — 'another would be wrong, while you are right.' Unlike «но» (sharp opposition), «а» marks a shift of topic between the hypothetical woman and Katerina herself, a constant untranslatable hinge in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of неправа","gloss":"Another woman"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неправа","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of неправа","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"неправа","lemma":"неправый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated with неправа","gloss":"are right"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-c5-s90","source":"Я не знаю, как это мотивировать, но я вижу, что вы искренни в высшей степени, а потому вы и правы…","translation":"I do not know how to account for it, but I see that you are sincere in the highest degree, and that is why you are right...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы искренни в высшей степени, а потому вы и правы","title":"Short adjectives «искренни», «правы» + emphatic «и»","body":"Both predicates are plural short adjectives: «искренни» (sincere) and «правы» (right). «А потому» ('and therefore') draws the inference, and the particle «и» before «правы» emphasizes the conclusion: 'and that is exactly why you are right.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мотивировать","title":"«Мотивировать» — a learned loan-word","body":"«Мотивировать» ('to give grounds for, account for') is a French/Latin-derived bookish loan, conspicuously intellectual in Ivan's mouth. His admission that he cannot rationally «мотивировать» his verdict — yet renders it anyway — quietly flags the bad faith the narrator will spell out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мотивировать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of мотивировать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мотивировать","lemma":"мотивировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"to account for"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искренни","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of искренни","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"искренни","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"are sincere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"the highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искренни","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правы","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated with искренни","gloss":"are right"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-c5-s91","source":"— Но ведь это только в эту минуту… А что такое эта минута?","translation":"\"But surely it is only for this one moment... And what is this moment?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь это только в эту минуту","title":"Particle «ведь» pressing a point","body":"«Ведь» appeals to what everyone really knows — 'but surely, after all, it is only for this one moment.' It launches Madame Hohlakov's objection by invoking shared common sense against Katerina's grand vows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что такое эта минута?","title":"«Что такое …?» — what is …?","body":"«Что такое эта минута?» is the standard idiom for 'what is this moment (really)?' — «что такое» + nominative asks for a definition or essence, not a mere identification. The rhetorical question deflates the 'moment' Katerina has just monumentalized."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the sentence, adversative","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (with elided 'is')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в эту минуту","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, subject минута","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минута","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-c5-s92","source":"Всего лишь вчерашнее оскорбление — вот что значит эта минута! — не выдержала вдруг госпожа Хохлакова, очевидно не желавшая вмешиваться, но не удержавшаяся и вдруг сказавшая очень верную мысль.","translation":"Nothing but yesterday's insult — that is what this moment means!\" Madame Hohlakov suddenly broke out, evidently unwilling to interfere, yet unable to restrain herself, and suddenly hitting upon a very true thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выдержала вдруг госпожа Хохлакова","title":"Perfective «не выдержать» — to break down/out","body":"«Не выдержала» (perfective «выдержать», 'to hold out, endure') here means she 'could not contain herself, broke out.' The negated perfective names a single failure of restraint — a sudden snapping point, signalled too by «вдруг»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не желавшая … но не удержавшаяся и … сказавшая","title":"Chain of past active participles","body":"Three past active participles modify «госпожа Хохлакова»: «не желавшая» (not wishing), «не удержавшаяся» (a «-ся» participle, unable to restrain herself), «сказавшая» (having said). Stacking participles to pack a character's whole momentary psychology into one sentence is classic Dostoevskian syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb (fixed phrase 'всего лишь')","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскорбление","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оскорбление","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"оскорбление","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"restates что (topicalized)","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of значит","gloss":"what","note":"'вот что значит X' = 'that is what X means.'"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минута!","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минута!","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержала","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"couldn't hold back"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выдержала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желавшая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желавшая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желавшая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying госпожа","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"вмешиваться","lemma":"вмешиваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желавшая","gloss":"to interfere"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержавшаяся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удержавшаяся","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with желавшая","gloss":"restraining herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказавшая","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сказавшая","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with удержавшаяся","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верную","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"верную","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказавшая","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-c5-s93","source":"— Так, так, — перебил Иван, с каким-то вдруг азартом и видимо озлясь, что его перебили, — так, но у другой эта минута лишь вчерашнее впечатление, и только минута, а с характером Катерины Ивановны эта минута — протянется всю ее жизнь.","translation":"\"True, true,\" Ivan broke in with a sudden vehemence and visibly vexed at being interrupted, \"true, but in any other woman this moment would be only yesterday's impression, and a mere moment, whereas with Katerina Ivanovna's character this moment will stretch out across her whole life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с каким-то вдруг азартом","title":"«Азарт» — heated excitement","body":"«Азарт» (a Gallicism from French hasard) is feverish ardor, the gambler's or arguer's worked-up excitement. «С каким-то … азартом» — Ivan breaks in 'with a kind of sudden heat,' the narrator again hedging with «какой-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"озлясь, что его перебили","title":"Perfective gerund «озлясь»","body":"«Озлясь» is a perfective past gerund of the «-ся» verb «озлиться» ('to grow angry'), the «-сь» being the post-vowel reflexive clitic: 'having grown vexed.' It gives the completed cause for his outburst — vexed «что его перебили» (that he had been interrupted, an impersonal 3rd-pl. 'they interrupted him')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта минута — протянется всю ее жизнь","title":"Accusative of duration «всю … жизнь»","body":"«Протянется всю ее жизнь» ('will stretch out across her whole life') uses the bare accusative «всю … жизнь» to express duration — how long the action lasts — without a preposition. «Протянется» is the perfective «-ся» future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (used as interjection)","role":"exclamation, opens the quote","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"так,","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (used as interjection)","role":"repeats  Так","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азартом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"forms indefinite determiner with то","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (forms indefinite каким-то)","role":"attaches to каким","gloss":"some (indefinite)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies азартом","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"азартом","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебил","gloss":"vehemence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлясь","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"озлясь","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перебил","gloss":"growing vexed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перебили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перебили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"перебили,","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"complement clause of озлясь","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (used as interjection)","role":"resumes the quoted speech","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, modifies впечатление","gloss":"another woman"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минута","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of впечатление","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of минута","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минута","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with впечатление","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянется","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies характером","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минута","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянется","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"протянется","lemma":"протянуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will stretch out"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"extent object of протянется","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-c5-s94","source":"Что для других лишь обещание, то для нее вековечный, тяжелый, угрюмый может быть, но неустанный долг.","translation":"What for others is mere promise, for her is an everlasting, heavy, perhaps grim, but tireless duty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что для других лишь обещание, то для нее … долг","title":"Correlative «что …, то …»","body":"«Что … то …» is a correlative construction: 'what (is) for others …, that (is) for her ….' The relative «что» sets up a generalization answered by demonstrative «то». Both predicates rely on the zero copula and the «для» + genitive phrases «для других / для нее» ('for others / for her'); «для» governs the genitive, not the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вековечный","title":"«Вековечный» — everlasting","body":"«Вековечный» ('age-long, everlasting') is an elevated, slightly archaic adjective built on «век» (age, century). Heading the list «вековечный, тяжелый, угрюмый … но неустанный долг», it lends Ivan's verdict a solemn, almost liturgical heaviness — a life-sentence of duty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, correlative with то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Что","gloss":"a promise"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, correlative","role":"resumes Что, subject of долг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вековечный","lemma":"вековечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"тяжелый","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вековечный","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"угрюмый","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вековечный","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть' = perhaps","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'может быть' here is a parenthetical filler, not a main clause — it means 'perhaps.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неустанный","lemma":"неустанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"tireless"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of то","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-c5-s95","source":"И она будет питаться чувством этого исполненного долга!","translation":"And she will feed on the consciousness of that duty fulfilled!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она будет питаться чувством этого исполненного долга","title":"Compound future «будет питаться» + instrumental","body":"«Будет питаться» is the imperfective compound future of the «-ся» verb «питаться» ('to feed on'), which governs the instrumental of what one feeds on: «чувством … долга» ('on the consciousness of duty'). «Исполненного» is a past passive participle, 'fulfilled.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of питаться","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of питаться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"питаться","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feed on"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of питаться","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долга","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"исполненного","lemma":"исполненный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies долга","gloss":"fulfilled"},{"surface":"долга","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-c5-s96","source":"Ваша жизнь, Катерина Ивановна, будет проходить теперь в страдальческом созерцании собственных чувств, собственного подвига и собственного горя, но впоследствии страдание это смягчится, и жизнь ваша обратится уже в сладкое созерцание раз навсегда исполненного твердого и гордого замысла, действительно в своем роде гордого, во всяком случае отчаянного, но побежденного вами, и это сознание доставит вам наконец самое полное удовлетворение и примирит вас со всем остальным…","translation":"Your life, Katerina Ivanovna, will now be spent in the suffering contemplation of your own feelings, your own heroism and your own grief, but in time this suffering will soften, and your life will turn into the sweet contemplation of a firm and proud design carried out once and for all — a design proud indeed in its way, in any case a desperate one, but conquered by you, and this awareness will at last bring you the fullest satisfaction and reconcile you to all the rest...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет проходить … в страдальческом созерцании собственных чувств","title":"Genitive chain of «собственный»","body":"Three parallel genitives hang off «созерцании» (contemplation): «собственных чувств, собственного подвига, собственного горя» ('of your own feelings, heroism, grief'). The triple «собственный» ('own') is pointed — Ivan diagnoses a life spent contemplating the self, a sly indictment dressed as praise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвига","title":"«Подвиг» — a feat, heroic deed","body":"«Подвиг» is a heroic exploit or great spiritual feat — in Orthodox usage even an ascetic labor of self-denial. Ivan flatters Katerina's renunciation as a «подвиг», but the surrounding «собственного» turns the holy word ironic: a heroism savored for its own sake."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раз навсегда исполненного … замысла … побежденного вами","title":"Past passive participles with instrumental agent","body":"«Исполненного … замысла» and «побежденного вами» are past passive participles ('a design carried out … conquered by you'). The agent of «побежденного» stands in the instrumental «вами» — the standard way passives name their doer: the design was conquered by you."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страдание это смягчится, и жизнь ваша обратится","title":"Reflexive perfective futures of change","body":"«Смягчится» ('will soften') and «обратится … в» ('will turn into') are perfective «-ся» futures describing spontaneous changes of state — the suffering softening, the life transforming of itself. The «-ся» middle voice keeps these as things that happen, not things she does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проходить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of проходить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"проходить","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be spent"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking созерцании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страдальческом","lemma":"страдальческий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies созерцании","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"созерцании","lemma":"созерцание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходить","gloss":"contemplation"},{"surface":"собственных","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies созерцании","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвига","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чувств","gloss":"heroism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies горя","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чувств","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смягчится","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смягчится","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страдание (postposed)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смягчится","lemma":"смягчиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проходить","gloss":"will soften"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обратится","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"обратится","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проходить","gloss":"will turn into"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцание","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking созерцание","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сладкое","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies созерцание","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"созерцание","lemma":"созерцание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратится","gloss":"contemplation"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun (idiom 'раз навсегда'), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom modifying исполненного","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполненного","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"исполненного","lemma":"исполненный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies замысла","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"твердого","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замысла","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордого","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with твердого","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"замысла","lemma":"замысел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of созерцание","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордого (w42)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"idiom 'в своем роде' modifying гордого","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"гордого","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"further describes замысла (apposition)","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"idiom 'во всяком случае' modifying отчаянного","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"отчаянного","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"further describes замысла (apposition)","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"побежденного","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отчаянного","gloss":"conquered"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of побежденного","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сознание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доставит","gloss":"awareness"},{"surface":"доставит","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проходить","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доставит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доставит","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовлетворение","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"удовлетворение","lemma":"удовлетворение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доставит","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примирит","lemma":"примирить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проходить","gloss":"will reconcile"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of примирит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остальным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остальным","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальным","lemma":"остальное","morphology":"noun (substantive), instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition со","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-c5-s97","source":"Проговорил он это решительно с какой-то злобой, видимо нарочно, и даже, может быть, не желая скрыть своего намерения, то есть что говорит нарочно и в насмешку.","translation":"He said this resolutely, with a certain malice, evidently on purpose, and even, perhaps, not wishing to conceal his intention — that is, that he was speaking deliberately and in mockery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в насмешку","title":"«В насмешку» — in mockery","body":"«Насмешка» is a jeer or mockery; «в насмешку» means 'mockingly, to deride.' The narrator strips Ivan's grand consolation of its mask: he spoke «нарочно и в насмешку» — on purpose and in derision — exposing the cruelty beneath the eloquence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не желая скрыть своего намерения","title":"Present gerund «не желая» + reflexive «своего»","body":"«Не желая» is a present gerund of «желать» ('not wishing'), an adverbial sharing the subject (он). «Своего намерения» uses reflexive «свой» — his own intention — and the genitive object follows the negated verb «скрыть» ('to conceal')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Проговорил","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"forms indefinite determiner with то","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (forms indefinite какой-то)","role":"attaches to какой","gloss":"some (indefinite)"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Проговорил","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Проговорил","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть' = perhaps","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Проговорил","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"скрыть","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to conceal"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"намерения","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрыть","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"part of idiom 'то есть'","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"'то есть' together = 'that is / i.e.'"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, subject он (implied)","gloss":"he was speaking"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"насмешку","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"mockery"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-c5-s98","source":"— О боже, как это всё не так! — воскликнула опять госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"O God, how wrong all this is!\" Madame Hohlakov exclaimed again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это всё не так","title":"Predicate «не так» — 'wrong'","body":"«Не так» ('not so') functions as a predicate meaning 'wrong, not right.' «Как это всё не так!» — 'how wrong all this is!' The exclamatory «как» plus the zero-copula construction makes a compact emotional outcry, with «это всё» as the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, precedes боже","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так!","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так!","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так!","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так!","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate, subject это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-c5-s99","source":"— Алексей Федорович, скажите же вы! Мне мучительно надо знать, что вы мне скажете! — воскликнула Катерина Ивановна и вдруг залилась слезами.","translation":"\"Alexey Fyodorovich, do you speak now! I have a tormenting need to know what you will say to me!\" Katerina Ivanovna exclaimed, and suddenly burst into tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скажите же вы","title":"Imperative «скажите» + emphatic «же» + pronoun","body":"«Скажите» is the polite/plural imperative of «сказать». The particle «же» urges insistently ('do speak, now!'), and the otherwise redundant «вы» adds pointed emphasis — it is *you*, Alyosha, she demands the verdict from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне мучительно надо знать","title":"Dative-experiencer of necessity «мне надо»","body":"«Мне … надо знать» ('I need to know') is the impersonal necessity construction: the experiencer goes in the dative «мне», with no nominative subject and the invariable «надо». «Мучительно» ('tormentingly') intensifies the need into agony — the dative-experiencer frame at the heart of Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залилась слезами","title":"«Залиться слезами» — to burst into tears","body":"A vivid set phrase: «залиться слезами» literally 'to be flooded over with tears,' i.e. to burst out weeping. «Слезами» is instrumental (flooded *with* tears), «залилась» the perfective «-ся» of a sudden onset. The abrupt switch to tears prepares her equally abrupt recovery moments later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"torturously"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажете!","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажете!","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажете!","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"скажете!","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"залилась","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнула","gloss":"burst into"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of залилась","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-c5-s100","source":"Алеша встал с дивана.","translation":"Alyosha rose from the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша встал с дивана","title":"Perfective «встал» of a single act","body":"«Встал» (perfective «встать», 'to get up') is a single completed event moving the narrative forward. «С дивана» uses «с» + genitive ('off / up from the sofa'). The terse perfective line punctuates the dialogue with one decisive movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-c5-s101","source":"— Это ничего, ничего! — с плачем продолжала она, — это от расстройства, от сегодняшней ночи, но подле таких двух друзей, как вы и брат ваш, я еще чувствую себя крепкою… потому что знаю… вы оба меня никогда не оставите…","translation":"\"It is nothing, nothing!\" she went on, weeping, \"it is from being so upset, from last night's distress, but beside two such friends as you and your brother I still feel myself strong... because I know... you two will never abandon me...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от расстройства, от сегодняшней ночи","title":"Causal «от» + genitive","body":"«От расстройства … от … ночи» uses «от» + genitive to give the cause — 'from distress, from last night.' This «от» of cause (literally 'from') is the idiomatic way Russian attributes an involuntary state to its source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я еще чувствую себя крепкою","title":"Reflexive «чувствовать себя» + instrumental","body":"«Чувствую себя крепкою» ('I feel myself strong') pairs the reflexive object pronoun «себя» with a predicate adjective in the instrumental «крепкою» — the bookish «-ою» ending. With «чувствовать себя» the complement state takes the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы оба меня никогда не оставите","title":"Perfective future «оставите» under negation","body":"«Не оставите» is the perfective future of «оставить» ('to abandon'), negated — 'you will never abandon me.' «Оба» ('both') and emphatic «никогда» reinforce the appeal; the negative concord keeps «не» on the verb despite «никогда»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ничего!","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with ничего","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плачем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"плачем","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжала","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, she continued speaking","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"она,","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (implied 'is')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстройства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"расстройства","lemma":"расстройство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"distress"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сегодняшней","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночи","gloss":"tonight's"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with расстройства","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друзей","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies друзей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies друзей","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"друзей","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition подле","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of comparison clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вы","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"крепкою","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"predicate complement (feel myself strong)","gloss":"strong","note":"archaic instrumental feminine ending '-ою' for modern '-ой.'"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom 'потому что')","role":"part of idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of idiom 'потому что')","role":"part of idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставите","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставите","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will abandon"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-c5-s102","source":"— К несчастью, я завтра же, может быть, должен уехать в Москву и надолго оставить вас… И это, к несчастию, неизменимо… — проговорил вдруг Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Unfortunately, I may have to leave for Moscow as early as tomorrow and to abandon you for a long while... And that, unfortunately, is unalterable...\" Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я завтра же … должен уехать в Москву","title":"«Должен» + perfective infinitive of motion","body":"«Должен уехать» ('must leave / depart') joins the modal short adjective «должен» (obligated) to the perfective prefixed motion verb «уехать» — the «у-» prefix giving 'away from here.' «Завтра же» fixes it to 'as early as tomorrow.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неизменимо","title":"«Неизменимо» — unalterable","body":"«Неизменимо» ('unalterable, irreversible') is built on «изменить» (to change) with the negating «не-» and the «-имо» of possibility — 'cannot be changed.' Ivan's flat «к несчастию … неизменимо» seals his departure with a finality that the narrator's irony quietly notes."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"несчастью","lemma":"несчастье","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition к, idiom 'unfortunately'","gloss":"misfortune","note":"'к несчастью' is a set phrase meaning 'unfortunately.'"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"as early as"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'может быть' = perhaps","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"уехать","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехать","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надолго","lemma":"надолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставить","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with уехать","gloss":"abandon"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неизменимо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"несчастию","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition к, idiom 'unfortunately'","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"неизменимо","lemma":"неизменимый","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"unalterable"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-c5-s103","source":"— Завтра, в Москву! — перекосилось вдруг всё лицо Катерины Ивановны, — но… но боже мой, как это счастливо! — вскричала она в один миг совсем изменившимся голосом и в один миг прогнав свои слезы, так что и следа не осталось.","translation":"\"Tomorrow, to Moscow!\" Katerina Ivanovna's whole face was suddenly distorted, \"but... but, my God, how fortunate that is!\" she cried out, in an instant in a wholly altered voice, and in an instant driving away her tears so that not a trace of them was left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перекосилось вдруг всё лицо Катерины Ивановны","title":"Reflexive «перекоситься» + inverted order","body":"«Перекосилось» is the «-ся» middle verb «перекоситься» ('to become contorted, twist awry') — her whole face contorted of itself. The verb precedes its subject «всё лицо», the inversion throwing dramatic weight onto the sudden distortion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в один миг … прогнав свои слезы","title":"Perfective gerund «прогнав» + reflexive «свои»","body":"«Прогнав свои слезы» ('having driven away her tears') is a perfective gerund of «прогнать», a completed action framing «вскричала». «Свои» (reflexive 'one's own') marks the tears as her own. The instantaneous «в один миг», repeated, underscores the theatrical speed of her switch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем изменившимся голосом","title":"Past active participle as instrumental modifier","body":"«Изменившимся» is a past active participle of the «-ся» verb «измениться» ('to have changed'), agreeing with «голосом» in the instrumental of manner: 'in a wholly altered voice.' The participle condenses 'a voice that had changed' into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb heading the exclamation","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву!","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву!","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"перекосилось","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was contorted"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекосилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of перекосилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны,","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the quoted exclamation, coordinated with the second но","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the first но","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, head of the exclamation боже мой","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation это счастливо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of счастливо!","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"счастливо!","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"fortunate"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to перекосилось","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying вскричала","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменившимся","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"изменившимся","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричала","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying прогнав","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"прогнав","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying вскричала","gloss":"driving away"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слезы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прогнав","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следа","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"следа","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"trace"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the так что result clause","gloss":"remained"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-c5-s104","source":"Именно в один миг произошла в ней удивительная перемена, чрезвычайно изумившая Алешу: вместо плакавшей сейчас в каком-то надрыве своего чувства бедной оскорбленной девушки явилась вдруг женщина, совершенно владеющая собой и даже чем-то чрезвычайно довольная, точно вдруг чему-то обрадовавшаяся.","translation":"Indeed, in a single instant an astonishing change came over her, one that exceedingly amazed Alyosha: in place of the poor, insulted girl who only a moment ago had wept in a kind of laceration of feeling, there suddenly appeared a woman in complete possession of herself and even, in some way, exceedingly pleased, as though she had suddenly become glad of something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо плакавшей сейчас … бедной оскорбленной девушки явилась … женщина","title":"Participial phrase governed by «вместо» + genitive","body":"«Вместо» ('instead of') governs the genitive, here a whole participial cluster: «плакавшей … бедной оскорбленной девушки» — 'the poor, insulted girl who had just been weeping.' «Плакавшей» and «оскорбленной» are participles all agreeing in the feminine genitive, against which the nominative «женщина» (who 'appeared') is set."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"женщина, совершенно владеющая собой","title":"Present active participle «владеющая собой»","body":"«Владеющая собой» ('possessing herself, self-possessed') is a present active participle of «владеть», which governs the instrumental — «собой», the instrumental of the reflexive «себя». It modifies «женщина» and compresses 'a woman who is in command of herself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно вдруг чему-то обрадовавшаяся","title":"Past active participle + dative of «обрадоваться»","body":"«Обрадовавшаяся» is a past active participle of the «-ся» verb «обрадоваться» ('to become glad'), which governs the dative of what one is glad about — «чему-то» ('of something,' indefinite «-то»). «Точно» ('as if') keeps the narrator's diagnostic distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"удивительная","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies перемена","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"перемена","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изумившая","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"изумившая","lemma":"изумить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying перемена","gloss":"that amazed"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изумившая","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девушки","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"плакавшей","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying девушки","gloss":"who had been weeping"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакавшей","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрыве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of надрыве","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to каком","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"надрыве","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакавшей","gloss":"laceration"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies надрыве","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"бедной","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"оскорбленной","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition вместо","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to произошла","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies владеющая","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"владеющая","lemma":"владеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying женщина","gloss":"possessing"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of владеющая","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of довольная","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to чем","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольная","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"довольная","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with владеющая, modifies женщина","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause обрадовавшаяся","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовавшаяся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of обрадовавшаяся","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to чему","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"обрадовавшаяся","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying женщина, coordinated with владеющая","gloss":"became glad"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-c5-s105","source":"— О, не то счастливо, что я вас покидаю, уж разумеется нет, — как бы поправилась она вдруг с милою светскою улыбкой, — такой друг, как вы, не может этого подумать; я слишком, напротив, несчастна, что вас лишусь (она вдруг стремительно бросилась к Ивану Федоровичу и, схватив его за обе руки, с горячим чувством пожала их); но вот что счастливо, это то, что вы сами, лично, в состоянии будете передать теперь в Москве, тетушке и Агаше, всё мое положение, весь теперешний ужас мой, в полной откровенности с Агашей и щадя милую тетушку, так, как сами сумеете это сделать.","translation":"\"Oh, it is not that I am glad to be losing you — of course not,\" she corrected herself suddenly with a sweet, worldly smile, \"a friend like you could not think such a thing; on the contrary, I am only too unhappy to be deprived of you\" (she suddenly flung herself impetuously toward Ivan Fyodorovich and, seizing him by both hands, pressed them with ardent feeling); \"but here is what is fortunate — that you yourself, in person, will now be able, in Moscow, to convey to my aunt and to Agasha my whole situation, all my present horror, in complete frankness with Agasha and sparing my dear aunt, just as you yourself will know how to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы поправилась она вдруг","title":"Reflexive «поправиться» — to correct oneself","body":"«Поправилась» is the «-ся» verb «поправиться» in its sense 'to correct oneself (in speech).' The «-ся» turns the transitive 'correct something' inward. «Как бы» ('as if') signals the narrator's suspicion that even her self-correction is a calculated move."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с милою светскою улыбкой","title":"«Светский» — worldly, of high society","body":"«Светский» means 'of the (high) world, fashionable society' (from «свет», 'the world/society'), not 'secular.' «Светская улыбка» is the practiced social smile of the drawing-room — its sudden appearance betrays the polished society manner returning beneath the надрыв. The instrumental «-ою/-ою» endings are the bookish variant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я слишком, напротив, несчастна, что вас лишусь","title":"Short adjective «несчастна» + reflexive «лишусь» + genitive","body":"«Несчастна» is the feminine short adjective 'unhappy.' «Лишусь» is the perfective «-ся» future of «лишиться» ('to be deprived of, lose'), which governs the genitive of what is lost — here «вас» (genitive of «вы»): 'that I lose you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies счастливо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of счастливо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"счастливо","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of то","gloss":"fortunate"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покидаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of покидаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"покидаю","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of то","gloss":"am leaving"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разумеется","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with нет","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"нет,","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with разумеется","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies поправилась","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"поправилась","lemma":"поправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"corrected herself"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поправилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поправилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой,","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"милою","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой,","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"светскою","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой,","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"улыбкой,","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поправилась","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase modifying друг","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"compared element within как вы, referring to друг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of друг","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подумать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастна","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying несчастна","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"несчастна","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive object of лишусь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лишусь","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of несчастна","gloss":"shall lose"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical narration","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожала","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горячим","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожала","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"пожала","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пожала","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of счастливо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"счастливо","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of что","gloss":"fortunate"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это, resumed by что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будете передать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передать","gloss":"in person"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom быть в состоянии, complement of будете","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of передать","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of будете (idiom быть в состоянии)","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передать","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"тетушке","lemma":"тётушка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать, coordinated with Агаше","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Агаше","lemma":"агаша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать, coordinated with тетушке","gloss":"Agasha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"теперешний","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ужас","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передать, coordinated with положение","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужас","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking откровенности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полной","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies откровенности","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"откровенности","lemma":"откровенность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передать","gloss":"frankness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Агашей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Агашей","lemma":"агаша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, modifies откровенности","gloss":"Agasha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"щадя","lemma":"щадить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying передать, coordinated with в полной откровенности","gloss":"sparing"},{"surface":"милую","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тетушку","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"тетушку","lemma":"тётушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of щадя","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with как сумеете, modifies передать","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумеете","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies implied subject of сумеете","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"сумеете","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"will manage"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумеете","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-c5-s106","source":"Вы не можете себе представить, как я была вчера и сегодня утром несчастна, недоумевая, как я напишу им это ужасное письмо… потому что в письме этого никак, ни за что не передашь… Теперь же мне легко будет написать, потому что вы там у них будете налицо и всё объясните.","translation":"You cannot imagine how unhappy I was yesterday and this morning, at a loss how I should write them this dreadful letter... because in a letter such a thing can in no way, not for anything, be conveyed... Now it will be easy for me to write, because you will be there in person and will explain everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недоумевая, как я напишу им это ужасное письмо","title":"Present gerund «недоумевая»","body":"«Недоумевая» ('being at a loss, perplexed') is a present gerund of «недоумевать», an attendant circumstance sharing her subject. It frames the embedded question «как я напишу…» ('how I should write'), with perfective future «напишу» and dative «им» ('to them')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в письме этого никак, ни за что не передашь","title":"Impersonal 2nd-sg. «не передашь»","body":"«Не передашь» is a generalizing 2nd-person-singular ('one can't convey it'), where 'you' means anybody — a common impersonal pattern. «Этого» is genitive of negation; «никак … ни за что» pile up the negation in concord with «не»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь же мне легко будет написать","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне легко»","body":"«Мне легко будет написать» ('it will be easy for me to write') is the impersonal experiencer pattern: dative «мне», invariable «легко» ('easy'), with the future «будет» — no nominative subject. Contrast with «недоумевая» moments before captures her relief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of несчастна","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несчастна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастна","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несчастна","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"несчастна","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of представить","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"недоумевая","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on несчастна","gloss":"at a loss"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of напишу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напишу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"напишу","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of недоумевая","gloss":"should write"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of напишу","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасное","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напишу","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of передашь","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of передашь (negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передашь","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что, idiom ни за что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за, idiom ни за что","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передашь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"передашь","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of легко","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of написать","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"написать","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on легко","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of налицо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies налицо","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of налицо","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to налицо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"налицо","lemma":"налицо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of вы, with будете","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объясните","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"объясните","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with the вы...будете налицо clause","gloss":"will explain"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-c5-s107","source":"О, как я рада! Но я только этому рада, опять-таки поверьте мне.","translation":"Oh, how glad I am! But it is only for this that I am glad — believe me again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я рада","title":"Short adjective «рада» in exclamation","body":"«Рада» is the feminine short adjective 'glad,' used predicatively after the zero copula in the exclamation «как я рада!» ('how glad I am!'). «Рад/рада» exists essentially only in the short form — a high-frequency predicate of feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опять-таки","title":"«Опять-таки» — yet again, all the same","body":"«Опять-таки» couples «опять» (again) with the emphatic clitic «-таки» ('after all, nonetheless'): 'once again, I assure you.' The particle adds a slightly insistent, conversational note as she presses her sincerity on Ivan a second time."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies рада","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of рада","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies поверьте","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверьте","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-c5-s108","source":"Сами вы мне, конечно, незаменимы… Сейчас же бегу напишу письмо, — заключила она вдруг и даже шагнула уже, чтобы выйти из комнаты.","translation":"You yourself, of course, are irreplaceable to me... I shall run at once and write the letter,\" she concluded suddenly, and even took a step, as if to go out of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сами вы мне, конечно, незаменимы","title":"Intensifier «сами» + dative + short adjective","body":"«Сами вы … незаменимы» ('you yourself are irreplaceable') uses the intensifier «сам» (here «сами», agreeing with «вы») and the plural short adjective «незаменимы», which governs the dative «мне» ('to me'). The dative names the person for whom he is irreplaceable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас же бегу напишу письмо","title":"Two finite verbs juxtaposed: «бегу напишу»","body":"«Бегу напишу» strings two finite verbs without a conjunction — «бегу» (I'm running, imperfective present of «бежать») and «напишу» (I'll write, perfective future) — a lively colloquial sequence meaning 'I'll run and write.' The asyndeton conveys her impulsive haste."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы выйти из комнаты","title":"«Чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"When the purpose clause shares the main subject, «чтобы» takes a plain infinitive, not the past-form: «чтобы выйти» ('in order to go out'). «Выйти» is a perfective prefixed motion verb («вы-» = out), governed with «из» + genitive «из комнаты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of незаменимы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of незаменимы","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying незаменимы","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"незаменимы","lemma":"незаменимый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"irreplaceable"},{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the verb phrase бегу напишу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сейчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with напишу in a paratactic construction","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"напишу","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"письмо,","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напишу","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"заключила","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to напишу","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шагнула","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"шагнула","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключила","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагнула","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйти","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on шагнула","gloss":"go out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-c5-s109","source":"— А Алеша-то? А мнение-то Алексея Федоровича, которое вам так непременно желалось выслушать? — вскричала госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"But what about Alyosha? And Alexey Fyodorovich's opinion, which you so absolutely wished to hear?\" cried Madame Hohlakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Алеша-то? А мнение-то Алексея Федоровича","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «Алеша-то» and «мнение-то» is the emphatic topic clitic (distinct from indefinite «-то»): 'but what about Alyosha, then? And his opinion, eh?' It pointedly resurrects the very thing Katerina has conveniently forgotten — Alyosha's verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое вам так непременно желалось выслушать","title":"Relative «которое» + dative-experiencer «вам … желалось»","body":"The relative «которое» (neuter, agreeing with «мнение») is the object of «выслушать». «Вам … желалось» is an impersonal «-ся» construction with dative experiencer — 'which you so absolutely felt the wish to hear,' framing the wish as something that came over her."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical question","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Алеша","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical question","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to мнение","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"Alexey's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of желалось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желалось","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"желалось","lemma":"желаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, imperfective, impersonal","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying мнение","gloss":"was wished"},{"surface":"выслушать?","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желалось","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-c5-s110","source":"Язвительная и гневливая нотка прозвучала в ее словах.","translation":"A barbed and irritable note rang in her words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Язвительная и гневливая нотка","title":"«Язвительный», «гневливый» — barbed and irascible","body":"«Язвительный» ('caustic, barbed,' from «язва», a sore/ulcer) and «гневливый» ('prone to anger,' from «гнев», wrath) are expressive, slightly literary adjectives. «Нотка» is a diminutive of «нота» — 'a little note' of barbed anger sounding through Madame Hohlakov's words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прозвучала в ее словах","title":"Perfective «прозвучать» + inverted subject","body":"«Прозвучала» (perfective, 'rang out, sounded') opens by following its subject «нотка» only at the end of the previous noun phrase, with the locative «в ее словах» trailing. The perfective marks the single moment the note rang through her speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Язвительная","lemma":"язвительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"barbed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гневливая","lemma":"гневливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Язвительная","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прозвучала","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"прозвучала","lemma":"прозвучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прозвучала","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-c5-s111","source":"— Я не забыла этого, — приостановилась вдруг Катерина Ивановна, — и почему вы так враждебны ко мне в такую минуту, Катерина Осиповна? — с горьким, горячим упреком произнесла она.","translation":"\"I have not forgotten that,\" Katerina Ivanovna checked herself suddenly, \"and why are you so hostile to me at such a moment, Katerina Osipovna?\" she pronounced with bitter, fervent reproach.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приостановилась вдруг Катерина Ивановна","title":"Reflexive «приостановиться» — to pause","body":"«Приостановилась» is the perfective «-ся» verb «приостановиться» ('to pause, check oneself briefly'); the prefix «при-» softens it to a momentary halt. The «-ся» makes it intransitive — she stops herself — and the verb precedes its subject for narrative flow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему вы так враждебны ко мне","title":"Short adjective «враждебны» + «к» dative","body":"«Враждебны» is the plural short adjective 'hostile,' here governing «ко мне» — «к» + dative «мне» ('toward me'). Short-form predicate adjectives constructed with a dative object are typical of states-toward-someone (добр ко мне, враждебен ко мне)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"surface":"этого,","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"приостановилась","lemma":"приостановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to забыла","gloss":"checked herself"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приостановилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приостановилась","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна,","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies враждебны","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of враждебны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies враждебны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"враждебны","lemma":"враждебный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the quoted question","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of враждебны","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of враждебны","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Осиповна?","lemma":"осиповна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Osipovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горьким","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горьким","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упреком","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"горячим","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упреком","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"упреком","lemma":"упрёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнесла","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to забыла","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-c5-s112","source":"— Что я сказала, то я и подтверждаю.","translation":"\"What I have said, I also confirm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что я сказала, то я и подтверждаю","title":"Correlative «что …, то …» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Что … то …» pairs relative «что» ('what I said') with demonstrative «то» ('that I confirm') — a balanced correlative. The particle «и» before «подтверждаю» emphasizes the identity: 'what I said is the very thing I confirm,' a firm, almost legal formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative resuming Что, direct object of подтверждаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подтверждаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подтверждаю","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"подтверждаю","lemma":"подтверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with сказала","gloss":"confirm"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-c5-s113","source":"Мне необходимо мнение его, мало того: мне надо решение его!","translation":"I must have his opinion, and what is more: I must have his decision!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне необходимо мнение его … мне надо решение его","title":"Dative-experiencer of necessity, twice","body":"Two parallel impersonal necessity clauses with dative «мне» and no nominative subject: «мне необходимо мнение его» and «мне надо решение его» ('I must have his opinion / his decision'). «Необходимо» and «надо» are the invariable predicates of need; the climax «мало того» escalates from opinion to decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of необходимо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of необходимо","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom мало того","gloss":"not only that"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom мало того","gloss":"of that","note":"\"мало того\" is a set phrase meaning \"what is more.\""},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel to необходимо","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-c5-s114","source":"Что он скажет, так и будет — вот до какой степени, напротив, я жажду ваших слов, Алексей Федорович… Но что с вами?","translation":"Whatever he says shall be so — that, on the contrary, is how greatly I thirst for your words, Alexey Fyodorovich... But what is the matter with you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что он скажет, так и будет","title":"«Что …, так и будет» — whatever he says, so it shall be","body":"A fatalistic correlative idiom: «что он скажет» (whatever he will say) is answered by «так и будет» ('so it shall be,' with emphatic «и»). The perfective future «скажет» and the bare «будет» make a ringing vow of submission to Alyosha's word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жажду ваших слов","title":"«Жаждать» — to thirst for","body":"«Жажду» (1st sg. of «жаждать», 'to thirst, crave') is an elevated, almost biblical verb of intense longing, governing the genitive «ваших слов» ('your words'). Its grandeur is of a piece with Katerina's heightened, надрыв-tinged register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и будет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate verb, coordinated with скажет","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жажду","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to жажду","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жажду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жажду","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"thirst for"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of жажду","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject in idiom что с вами","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement in idiom что с вами","gloss":"you","note":"\"что с вами\" is idiomatic for \"what is the matter with you.\""}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-c5-s115","source":"— Я никогда не думал, я не могу этого представить! — воскликнул вдруг Алеша горестно.","translation":"\"I never imagined it, I cannot conceive of it!\" Alyosha suddenly exclaimed in distress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я никогда не думал, я не могу этого представить","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»","body":"«Не могу этого представить» ('I cannot conceive of it') puts the object «это» into the genitive «этого» under the negated «не могу … представить» — the genitive of negation, idiomatic with abstract objects of inability. «Никогда … не думал» shows negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"представить!","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"conceive"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думал","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"in distress"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-c5-s116","source":"— Чего, чего?","translation":"\"Of what, of what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего, чего?","title":"Interrogative «что» in genitive «чего»","body":"«Чего?» is the genitive of «что» ('of what?'), echoing the genitive object «этого» of Alyosha's preceding «не могу этого представить» — she picks up his case: 'Of what? Of what?' The doubled, clipped form conveys her startled urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"of what"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with чего","gloss":"of what"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-c5-s117","source":"— Он едет в Москву, а вы вскрикнули, что рады, — это вы нарочно вскрикнули!","translation":"\"He is going to Moscow, and you cried out that you were glad — that you cried out on purpose!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы вскрикнули, что рады … это вы нарочно вскрикнули","title":"Fronting for emphasis: «это вы нарочно»","body":"The second clause fronts «это» and «нарочно» before the verb — «это вы нарочно вскрикнули!» ('that you cried out on purpose!') — Russian's free order throwing the accusation's weight onto «нарочно» (deliberately). «Вскрикнули» is a perfective single outcry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of едет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of едет","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вскрикнули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вскрикнули","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with едет","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рады","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рады,","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of вскрикнули","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject, coordinated with вскрикнули","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вскрикнули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнули","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"вскрикнули","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with вскрикнули","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-c5-s118","source":"А потом тотчас стали объяснять, что вы не тому рады, а что, напротив, жалеете, что… теряете друга, — но и это вы нарочно сыграли… как на театре в комедии сыграли!..","translation":"And then you at once began to explain that you were not glad of that, but that, on the contrary, you were sorry that... you were losing a friend — but that too you acted on purpose... acted it out as on the stage, in a comedy!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали объяснять, что вы не тому рады, а … жалеете","title":"Short adjective «рады» + dative «тому»","body":"«Не тому рады» ('not glad of that') — the short adjective «рады» governs the dative of the cause of gladness, here demonstrative «тому» ('that'). The contrastive «а» pivots to «жалеете» ('you are sorry'), staging the very reversal Alyosha is exposing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"объяснять","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рады","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рады","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of рады","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"рады","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of объяснять","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жалеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to жалеете","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"жалеете","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рады","gloss":"are sorry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of теряете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теряете","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of жалеете","gloss":"are losing"},{"surface":"друга,","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of теряете","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сыграли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сыграли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сыграли","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"сыграли","lemma":"сыграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"театре","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сыграли","gloss":"the stage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комедии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комедии","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сыграли","gloss":"a comedy"},{"surface":"сыграли","lemma":"сыграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause, coordinated with сыграли","gloss":"acted"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b4-c5-s119","source":"— На театре? Как?.. Что это такое? — воскликнула Катерина Ивановна в глубоком изумлении, вся вспыхнув и нахмурив брови.","translation":"\"On the stage? How?.. What is this?\" Katerina Ivanovna exclaimed in deep amazement, flushing all over and knitting her brows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся вспыхнув и нахмурив брови","title":"Two perfective gerunds «вспыхнув … нахмурив»","body":"«Вспыхнув» ('having flushed up') and «нахмурив брови» ('having knitted her brows') are two perfective gerunds describing completed actions accompanying «воскликнула», all sharing her subject. «Вся» ('all over') intensifies the blush. Chained gerunds compress simultaneous physical reactions into the narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что это такое?","title":"«Что это такое?» — what on earth is this?","body":"«Что это такое?» is the idiomatic intensified 'what is this?!' — «такое» strengthening «что это» into an indignant demand for explanation. Together with «Как?..» her clipped questions register genuine shock at Alyosha's accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking театре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"театре","lemma":"театр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"the stage"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate question word, head of the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое?","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубоком","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изумлении","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"изумлении","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вспыхнув","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"вспыхнув","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнула","gloss":"flushing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нахмурив","lemma":"нахмурить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспыхнув","gloss":"knitting"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нахмурив","gloss":"her brows"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b4-c5-s120","source":"— Да как ни уверяйте его, что вам жалко в нем друга, а все-таки вы настаиваете ему в глаза, что счастье в том, что он уезжает… — проговорил как-то совсем уже задыхаясь Алеша.","translation":"\"However much you assure him that you are sorry to lose a friend in him, still you insist to his face that the happiness lies in his going away...\" Alyosha got out, somehow now quite gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да как ни уверяйте его","title":"Concessive «как ни» + imperative","body":"«Как ни уверяйте» ('however much you assure') is the concessive «как ни» ('no matter how') plus the imperative form «уверяйте» used in a generalizing concessive sense — 'assure him as you may.' The «ни» here is the concessive intensifier, not a simple negator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы настаиваете ему в глаза, что счастье в том, что он уезжает","title":"Nested «что»-clauses + imperfective «уезжает»","body":"Two layers of «что»: «настаиваете … что счастье в том» (you insist that the happiness lies in this) and the explanatory «что он уезжает» (that he is leaving). «Уезжает» is imperfective present of the prefixed motion verb, here a near-future 'is going away.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил как-то совсем уже задыхаясь Алеша","title":"Present gerund «задыхаясь» — manner","body":"«Задыхаясь» ('gasping for breath') is a present gerund of the «-ся» verb «задыхаться», an attendant circumstance of how Alyosha spoke. The frame echoes «Она задыхалась» earlier (s81): now it is Alyosha who is breathless, swept into the very emotional pitch he is denouncing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверяйте","gloss":"-ever","note":"\"как ни\" forms a concessive \"however much.\""},{"surface":"уверяйте","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уверяйте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жалко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of жалко","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of уверяйте","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жалко","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of жалко","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настаиваете","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настаиваете","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of настаиваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"настаиваете","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалко","gloss":"insist"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of настаиваете","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of настаиваете","gloss":"his face","note":"\"в глаза\" idiomatically means \"to his face.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of счастье","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of настаиваете","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уезжает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уезжает","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"is going away"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхаясь","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхаясь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"gasping"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b4-c5-s121","source":"Он стоял за столом и не садился.","translation":"He stood at the table and did not sit down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял… и не садился","title":"Two imperfectives for a held posture","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past: «стоял» (stood, was standing) and «не садился» (was not sitting down). The imperfective frames a continuing state rather than a single act — he kept on standing and pointedly kept refraining from sitting, a small physical tension held through the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не садился","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of a change of state","body":"«садиться» (to sit down) carries the clitic «-ся», here marking a middle/change-of-state meaning — lowering oneself into a seat — rather than a true reflexive. Negated, «не садился» says he declined to take that position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"садился","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"sit down"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b4-c5-s122","source":"— О чем вы, я не понимаю…","translation":"\"What are you talking about? I don't understand…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О чем вы","title":"Elliptical «О чём вы?»","body":"A bare prepositional phrase «о чём» (about what) after «о», with the verb «говорите» dropped — a clipped, idiomatic 'What are you on about?' The preposition «о» governs the prepositional case, here on the interrogative «что» → «чём»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b4-c5-s123","source":"— Да я и сам не знаю… У меня вдруг как будто озарение… Я знаю, что я нехорошо это говорю, но я все-таки всё скажу, — продолжал Алеша тем же дрожащим и пересекающимся голосом.","translation":"\"I don't quite know myself… It came over me all at once, like a sudden light… I know I'm putting this badly, but I'll say it all the same,\" Alyosha went on in the same trembling, faltering voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я и сам не знаю","title":"Opening «да» and emphatic «и сам»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but a soft concessive opener ('Well, I…'), and «и сам» ('I myself, even I') intensifies: Alyosha concedes he himself doesn't understand. The particle «и» before «сам» adds the 'even' force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озарение","title":"«озарение» — a flash of illumination","body":"From «озарить» (to light up, illumine), «озарение» is a sudden inner illumination or epiphany — a 'light dawning.' The word recurs as a keynote of this scene (Alyosha's «озарение мое в том, что…»), and it returns in s159 as «горестное озарение», a grief-stricken flash of insight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как будто","title":"«как будто» — 'as if'","body":"«как будто» ('as though, as if') hedges the experience — it came over him 'like a sudden light.' This comparative-hypothetical marker recurs through the chapter (s126 «как будто полетев с крыши»), softening or likening rather than asserting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожащим и пересекающимся голосом","title":"Present active participles as adjectives","body":"Both «дрожащим» (trembling) and «пересекающимся» (faltering, lit. 'breaking off in the middle') are present active participles in «-щий», declined here to the instrumental to agree with «голосом» (means/manner: 'in a … voice'). Such participles compress a whole relative clause into a single bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я, emphatic","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"озарение","lemma":"озарение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb","gloss":"illumination"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"am saying"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"скажу,","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пересекающимся","lemma":"пересекающийся","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дрожащим","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b4-c5-s124","source":"— Озарение мое в том, что вы брата Дмитрия, может быть, совсем не любите… с самого начала… Да и Дмитрий, может быть, не любит вас тоже вовсе… с самого начала… а только чтит… Я, право, не знаю, как я всё это теперь смею, но надо же кому-нибудь правду сказать… потому что никто здесь правды не хочет сказать…","translation":"\"What dawned on me is that perhaps you don't love my brother Dmitri at all… and never did, from the very start… And Dmitri, perhaps, doesn't love you either, not in the least… from the very start… he only reveres you… I really don't know how I dare say all this now, but somebody has to tell the truth… because nobody here will tell it…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Озарение мое в том, что…","title":"Correlative «в том, что»","body":"'My illumination consists in this, that…': «том» is the demonstrative «то» in the prepositional after «в», pointing forward to the «что»-clause. This «(в) том, что…» correlative is the standard way to attach a content clause to a noun or predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не любите… не любит вас тоже вовсе","title":"Negation reinforced: «совсем не», «вовсе не»","body":"«совсем не» and «вовсе не» both mean 'not at all, not in the least' — adverbs that pile onto «не» to make the denial absolute. Dostoevsky stacks them with the repeated «с самого начала» (from the very start) for an obsessive, insistent rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чтит","title":"«чтить» — to revere","body":"«чтит» (3rd sg. of «чтить», to revere, hold in honour) is elevated and bookish — etymologically kin to «честь» (honour) and «почитать». Alyosha distinguishes love from mere reverence: Dmitri «only reveres» Katerina, he does not love her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смею","title":"«сметь» — to dare","body":"«смею» (1st sg. of «сметь», to dare) takes a bare infinitive elsewhere but here governs the embedded exclamation 'how I dare [say] all this.' The verb belongs to the register of moral self-questioning that pervades the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо же кому-нибудь правду сказать","title":"Impersonal «надо» with dative","body":"«надо… сказать» is an impersonal necessity construction with no nominative subject; the would-be sayer stands in the dative «кому-нибудь» ('somebody'). The particle «же» adds insistence ('somebody simply has to'), and «-нибудь» marks the non-specific 'anyone at all.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто здесь правды не хочет сказать","title":"Negative concord and genitive of negation","body":"«никто… не хочет» shows obligatory double negation: the ни-pronoun «никто» still requires «не» on the verb. And «правды» is genitive of negation — the object 'truth' shifts from accusative «правду» to genitive under the negated «не хочет сказать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Озарение","lemma":"озарение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"insight"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Озарение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Озарение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любите","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любите","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to любит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любит","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтит","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"reveres"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies знаю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of смею","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of смею","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with смею","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кому-нибудь","gloss":"-body"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочет","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b4-c5-s125","source":"— Какой правды? — вскричала Катерина Ивановна, и что-то истерическое зазвенело в ее голосе.","translation":"\"What truth?\" cried Katerina Ivanovna, and something hysterical rang in her voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой правды?","title":"«какой» echoing in the genitive","body":"Katerina picks up Alyosha's «правду» and throws it back as «какой правды?» — interrogative «какой» (which/what kind) agreeing with «правды», both in the genitive carried over from his «правды не хочет сказать». The case is inherited from the negated verb of the prior line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскричала… зазвенело","title":"Perfective burst-verbs: «вскричать», «зазвенеть»","body":"Both verbs carry inceptive/sudden prefixes: «вс-кричать» (to cry out, break into a shout) and «за-звенеть» (to start ringing). The «за-» prefix in particular marks the onset of a sound — 'something hysterical began to ring' in her voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правды","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"правды?","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что-то, subject of зазвенело","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"истерическое","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"зазвенело","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричала","gloss":"rang"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голосе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвенело","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b4-c5-s126","source":"— А вот какой, — пролепетал Алеша, как будто полетев с крыши, — позовите сейчас Дмитрия — я его найду, — и пусть он придет сюда и возьмет вас за руку, потом возьмет за руку брата Ивана и соединит ваши руки.","translation":"\"This truth,\" Alyosha stammered, as though throwing himself off a rooftop. \"Send for Dmitri at once — I'll find him — and let him come here and take you by the hand, and then take my brother Ivan by the hand, and join your hands together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролепетал… как будто полетев с крыши","title":"Perfective past gerund «полетев»","body":"«полетев» is a perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») in «-в»: 'having flung himself off.' It expresses an action bound to the main verb «пролепетал» and sharing its subject — Alyosha stammers 'as though [having] launched off a roof,' an image of reckless self-abandon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to babble out","body":"From «лепетать» (to babble, as a child does), the perfective «пролепетать» means to bring out haltingly, falteringly. It paints Alyosha's speech as barely-controlled, almost infantile in its rush — fitting the holy-fool charge to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позовите… пусть он придет… возьмет… соединит","title":"Imperative and 3rd-person «пусть» command","body":"«позовите» is a plural/polite imperative ('send for, summon'). Then «пусть он придёт… возьмёт… соединит» builds a third-person command with «пусть» + perfective future — 'let him come… take… and join,' a chain of willed completed acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьмет вас за руку","title":"«взять за руку» — the body-part accusative","body":"Russian marks the part seized with «за» + accusative while the person is the direct object: «возьмёт вас за руку» = 'will take you by the hand.' The same frame returns in s170 with «схватил его за бороду» (seized him by the beard)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction/particle","role":"discourse particle introducing вот","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the phrase вот какой with какой","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"какой,","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate referring back to the truth just asked about","gloss":"what it is","note":"Elliptical answer to an unseen prior question ('what truth?'); referent uncertain without the preceding line."},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"speech-tag verb parenthetical to the quote","gloss":"stammered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"полетев","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролепетал","gloss":"throwing himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыши,","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"крыши,","lemma":"крыша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полетев","gloss":"the roof"},{"surface":"позовите","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пролепетал","gloss":"send for"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позовите","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позовите","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of найду,","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of найду,","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"найду,","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I'll find"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the пусть-clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмет","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмет","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соединит","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"join"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of соединит","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b4-c5-s127","source":"Потому что вы мучаете Ивана, потому только, что его любите… а мучите потому, что Дмитрия надрывом любите… внеправду любите… потому что уверили себя так…","translation":"Because you are tormenting Ivan, and only because you love him… and you torment him because you love Dmitri with a laceration… you love him untruly… because you have talked yourself into it…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что… потому только, что… а мучите потому, что","title":"«потому что» / «потому, что» causal scaffolding","body":"The whole sentence is a lattice of cause: «потому что» (because), then «потому только, что» (only because), then «а мучите потому, что» (and you torment [him] because). Splitting «потому» from «что» and inserting «только» tightens the focus onto the single cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надрывом","title":"«надрыв» — the laceration","body":"The chapter's title word, «надрыв» (from «надорвать», to tear partway through), is a Dostoevskian key term: a self-wounding, self-dramatising emotional strain in which a person tears at their own feelings. Here «Дмитрия надрывом любите» = 'you love Dmitri with a laceration.' It is famously near-untranslatable; English versions try 'laceration,' 'rupture,' 'strain.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"внеправду… надрывом","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«надрывом» and the coined «внеправду» (as one word, 'untruly') work adverbially; «надрывом» is the instrumental of «надрыв», used to say in what manner she loves — 'with a laceration.' The bare instrumental routinely expresses manner in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверили себя так","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«уверили себя» = 'you have convinced yourself,' with the full object pronoun «себя» (oneself), which has no nominative and points back to the subject. Contrast the verbal clitic «-ся»: here Dostoevsky uses the independent pronoun for the deliberate, self-directed act of self-persuasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мучаете","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучаете","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому только что","gloss":"only because"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому только что","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the причинная clause modifying мучаете","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучите","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучаете","gloss":"you torment"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"надрывом","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любите","gloss":"with a laceration","note":"'Надрыв' is Dostoevsky's term for a self-tormenting, masochistic emotional intensity; no single English word captures it."},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the а-clause","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"внеправду","lemma":"внеправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"untruly"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уверили","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the potomu-clause","gloss":"talked yourself into it"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of уверили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверили","gloss":"of it"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b4-c5-s128","source":"Алеша оборвался и замолчал.","translation":"Alyosha broke off and fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оборвался и замолчал","title":"Inceptive «за-» and reflexive «оборваться»","body":"«оборвался» (broke off, snapped short) carries «-ся» as a middle/intransitive ('he broke himself off'), and «замолчал» uses the inceptive «за-»: 'fell silent, went quiet.' Two perfective verbs mark the sudden stop after his outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"оборвался","lemma":"оборваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оборвался","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b4-c5-s129","source":"— Вы… вы… вы маленький юродивый, вот вы кто! — с побледневшим уже лицом и скривившимися от злобы губами отрезала вдруг Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"\"You… you… you are a little holy fool, that's what you are!\" snapped Katerina Ivanovna suddenly, her face already gone pale and her lips twisted with spite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот вы кто","title":"«вот … кто» — 'that's what you are'","body":"The frame «вот вы кто» literally stacks 'here / you / who' — an emphatic predicate-fronting idiom, 'that's what you are.' «вот» points and clinches; the interrogative «кто» here is not a question but the predicate noun slot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с побледневшим… лицом и скривившимися… губами","title":"Past active participles in the instrumental","body":"«побледневшим» (gone pale) and «скривившимися» (twisted, contorted) are perfective past active participles in «-вший», declined to instrumental to agree with «лицом» and «губами» under «с» ('with a face gone pale and lips twisted'). The «-ся» on «скривившимися» keeps the change-of-state sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезала","title":"«отрезать» — to cut [someone] off / snap","body":"Literally 'to cut off (a slice),' «отрезать» is idiomatic for delivering a sharp, curt retort — 'she snapped.' The metaphor of speech as a clean knife-stroke matches her abrupt, wounding tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"repeated address, precedes вы (w2)","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"repetition of вы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of юродивый","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юродивый","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"юродивый","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вы","gloss":"holy fool"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот вы кто","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кто!","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кто!","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement in the вот вы кто exclamation","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"побледневшим","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying лицом","gloss":"gone pale"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледневшим","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрезала","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скривившимися","lemma":"скривиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying губами","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скривившимися","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with лицом","gloss":"her lips"},{"surface":"отрезала","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отрезала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b4-c5-s130","source":"Иван Федорович вдруг засмеялся и встал с места.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly laughed and rose from his seat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"засмеялся и встал с места","title":"Inceptive «засмеяться»","body":"«засмеялся» = 'burst out laughing,' the «за-» prefix marking the onset of laughter, paired with perfective «встал» (rose). «встать с места» ('to rise from one's seat') uses «с» + genitive «места» for motion away."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his seat"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b4-c5-s131","source":"Шляпа была в руках его.","translation":"His hat was in his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шляпа была в руках его","title":"Topic-first word order; post-posed «его»","body":"'The hat / was / in his hands' fronts «шляпа» as the given topic, holding the new fact for the end. The possessive «его» trails after «в руках» rather than preceding it — a slightly archaic, weighted placement typical of 19th-century narrative rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шляпа","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"his hat"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to руках","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of руках","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b4-c5-s132","source":"— Ты ошибся, мой добрый Алеша, — проговорил он с выражением лица, которого никогда еще Алеша у него не видел, — с выражением какой-то молодой искренности и сильного неудержимо откровенного чувства, — никогда Катерина Ивановна не любила меня!","translation":"\"You are mistaken, my good Alyosha,\" he said, with an expression on his face Alyosha had never seen there before — an expression of a kind of youthful sincerity and a strong, irrepressibly candid feeling — \"Katerina Ivanovna has never loved me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты ошибся, мой добрый Алеша","title":"Intimate «ты» and reflexive «ошибиться»","body":"Ivan switches to the familiar «ты» ('you') with his brother — warmer than the «вы» used to Katerina. «ошибся» (you were mistaken) is the perfective past of «ошибиться», a «-ся»-only verb that exists solely in the reflexive form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого никогда еще Алеша у него не видел","title":"Relative «которого» in the genitive of negation","body":"«с выражением лица, которого… не видел» — the relative «который» agrees in gender/number with its antecedent «выражением/лица» but takes the case its own clause demands: genitive «которого», here under the negated «не видел» (genitive of negation). Note the negative concord with «никогда»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с выражением какой-то молодой искренности","title":"«какой-то» — indefinite 'a kind of'","body":"«какой-то» (with the «-то» particle) marks a specific-but-unnamed quality: 'a kind of youthful sincerity.' The «-то» series signals something real yet not fully pinned down — exactly the half-glimpsed inner state the narrator is groping to describe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ошибся","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ошибся","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are mistaken"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Алеша,","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша,","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"an expression"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"on his face"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел,","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел,","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел,","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел,","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел,","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел,","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying выражением","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to выражением (w9), elaborating it","gloss":"an expression"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of искренности","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies искренности","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"искренности","lemma":"искренность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выражением (w20)","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сильного","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства,","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откровенного","gloss":"irrepressibly"},{"surface":"откровенного","lemma":"откровенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства,","gloss":"candid"},{"surface":"чувства,","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with искренности, modifies выражением (w20)","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b4-c5-s133","source":"Она знала всё время, что я ее люблю, хоть я и никогда не говорил ей ни слова о моей любви, — знала, но меня не любила.","translation":"She has known all along that I love her, though I never spoke a single word to her of my love — she knew, but she did not love me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знала всё время, что я ее люблю","title":"Imperfective for the durative 'all along'","body":"«знала… всё время» pairs the imperfective past «знала» with «всё время» (the whole time) for a continuous, enduring state of knowledge. The reported clause «что я её люблю» keeps the present tense «люблю» (I love) — Russian preserves the original tense in indirect speech, where English back-shifts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть я и никогда не говорил ей ни слова","title":"Concessive «хоть» with «ни слова»","body":"«хоть» ('although') opens the concession; «ни слова» ('not a [single] word') is genitive with «ни» reinforcing the negated «не говорил». The dative «ей» is the addressee ('[to] her'), and «и» after «хоть» adds emphatic 'even.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has known"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying знала","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of знала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of знала (direct object)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of говорил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying знала","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"single word"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви,","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви,","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любви,","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"restates знала (w2), coordinated with любила","gloss":"she knew"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знала (w21)","gloss":"did love"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b4-c5-s134","source":"Другом тоже я ее не был ни разу, ни одного дня: гордая женщина в моей дружбе не нуждалась.","translation":"Nor was I ever her friend, not for a single day: a proud woman had no need of my friendship.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Другом тоже я ее не был","title":"Predicate instrumental «другом»","body":"'Nor was I her friend' — the predicate noun after «быть» (past «был») takes the instrumental: «другом» (friend) rather than nominative «друг». Fronting «другом» also throws emphasis onto the role he never filled. The instrumental frames the role as a temporary, assumed one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни разу, ни одного дня","title":"«ни разу», «ни одного дня» — emphatic negation","body":"Two «ни»-phrases drive the denial home: «ни разу» ('not once') and «ни одного дня» ('not for a single day,' genitive after «ни одного»). They lean on the verb's «не был» in negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гордая женщина в моей дружбе не нуждалась","title":"«нуждаться в» + prepositional","body":"«нуждаться в чём-либо» ('to need / have need of') governs «в» + prepositional: «в моей дружбе» (in my friendship). Negated and imperfective, «не нуждалась» states a standing fact — 'a proud woman had no need of it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of Другом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Другом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifying был (never once)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies дня","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifying был, coordinated with разу","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"a proud"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нуждалась","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дружбе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дружбе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дружбе","lemma":"дружба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нуждалась","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нуждалась","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b4-c5-s135","source":"Она держала меня при себе для беспрерывного мщения.","translation":"She kept me by her for the sake of unceasing revenge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"держала меня при себе","title":"«при себе» and imperfective «держать»","body":"«держала… при себе» = 'kept [me] by her,' with the preposition «при» + prepositional of the reflexive «себе» ('beside herself'). Imperfective «держала» gives the sense of an ongoing arrangement maintained over time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для беспрерывного мщения","title":"«мщение» — bookish 'vengeance'","body":"«мщение» (revenge, vengeance) is the elevated, bookish noun beside everyday «месть»; «беспрерывный» means 'unceasing, uninterrupted.' The «для» + genitive phrase states purpose: she kept him 'for the sake of unceasing revenge.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of держала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"держала","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of держала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of держала","gloss":"her side"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мщения","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"беспрерывного","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мщения","gloss":"unceasing"},{"surface":"мщения","lemma":"мщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of держала","gloss":"revenge"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b4-c5-s136","source":"Она мстила мне и на мне за все оскорбления, которые постоянно и всякую минуту выносила во весь этот срок от Дмитрия, оскорбления с первой встречи их… Потому что и самая первая встреча их осталась у ней на сердце как оскорбление.","translation":"She avenged herself on me, and through me, for all the insults she has endured continually and at every moment, throughout this whole stretch of time, from Dmitri — insults from the very first time they met… For even their very first meeting has lodged in her heart as an insult.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мстила мне и на мне","title":"«мстить» with dative + «на» + prepositional","body":"«мстить» (to take revenge) takes the dative of the person punished — «мне» ('on me') — and Dostoevsky doubles it with «и на мне» ('and through/upon me'), «на» + prepositional. The pairing 'мне и на мне' presses the idea that he was both target and instrument of her revenge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оскорбления, которые… выносила","title":"Relative «которые» + imperfective «выносить»","body":"«оскорбления, которые… выносила» — relative «которые» (accusative plural, agreeing with «оскорбления») heads a clause whose imperfective «выносила» ('endured, kept enduring') stresses continual, repeated suffering, reinforced by «постоянно и всякую минуту» (constantly and every minute)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оскорбление","title":"«оскорбление» — insult, affront","body":"«оскорбление» (insult, injury to one's honour) is the scene's emotional currency — repeated four times here. Its weight is social and moral, not casual: an «оскорбление» wounds dignity, which is why it 'lodges in the heart' («осталась у ней на сердце»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у ней на сердце","title":"Archaic «у ней» and «на сердце»","body":"«у ней» is a 19th-century/colloquial variant of «у неё» (at/with her). «осталась… на сердце» ('remained on her heart') uses «на» + prepositional for the seat of feeling — the affront 'stayed on her heart as an insult.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мстила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"мстила","lemma":"мстить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"avenged herself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мстила","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of мстила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оскорбления","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of оскорбления","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"оскорбления","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of мстила","gloss":"the insults"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выносила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выносила","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifying выносила, coordinated with постоянно","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"выносила","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on оскорбления","gloss":"has endured"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of срок","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of срок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выносила","gloss":"stretch of time"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выносила","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"оскорбления","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to оскорбления (w9)","gloss":"insults"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встречи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"the very first"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies оскорбления (w22)","gloss":"time they met"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies первая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"встреча","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has lodged"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"comparison marker before оскорбление","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оскорбление","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"an insult"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b4-c5-s137","source":"Вот каково ее сердце!","translation":"Such is her heart!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот каково ее сердце!","title":"Short adjective «каково» exclaiming","body":"«каково» is the short neuter form of «каков» ('what sort, of what nature'), used predicatively and exclamatorily: 'Such is her heart!' / 'That is what her heart is like!' The short «каков» exists only as a predicate, a hallmark of bookish, rhetorical Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот каково","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of сердце","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of сердце","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of каково","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b4-c5-s138","source":"Я всё время только и делал, что выслушивал о любви ее к нему.","translation":"All this time I have done nothing but listen to her tell of her love for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и делал, что выслушивал","title":"«только и делал, что…» — 'did nothing but'","body":"The idiom «только и делал, что + [verb]» means 'I did nothing but / all I ever did was.' Both verbs are imperfective past — «делал… выслушивал» — to stress the wearying repetition of having to listen, over and over, to her love for another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying делал","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только и делал, что","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только и делал, что","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of делал","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"выслушивал","lemma":"выслушивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of делал","gloss":"listen to"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушивал","gloss":"the love"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of любви","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b4-c5-s139","source":"Я теперь еду, но знайте, Катерина Ивановна, что вы действительно любите только его.","translation":"I am leaving now, but know this, Katerina Ivanovna: in truth you love only him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я теперь еду","title":"Imperfective present for imminent departure","body":"«еду» (I am going/leaving, by vehicle) is the unidirectional motion verb «ехать» in the present, used for a planned imminent action — 'I am leaving now.' Russian routinely uses the imperfective present of motion verbs for the near future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но знайте… что вы действительно любите только его","title":"Imperative «знайте» + reported truth","body":"«знайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «знать» ('know this'), introducing a «что»-clause. «действительно… только его» ('truly… only him') drives the comment home — the new, stressed information sits at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of еду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am leaving"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with еду","gloss":"know this"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of знайте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знайте (direct object)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b4-c5-s140","source":"И по мере оскорблений его всё больше и больше.","translation":"And the more he insults you, the more you love him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И по мере оскорблений его всё больше и больше","title":"«по мере» + genitive; elliptical comparative","body":"«по мере» ('in proportion to, the more') governs the genitive «оскорблений» (insults). The verb is elided: 'And in proportion to his insults [you love him] more and more,' with the comparative «больше» doubled for intensification «всё больше и больше»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по мере","gloss":"in proportion to"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"оскорблений","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies мере","gloss":"the insults"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of оскорблений","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё больше и больше","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical, love grows)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b4-c5-s141","source":"Вот это и есть ваш надрыв.","translation":"That is exactly your laceration.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот это и есть ваш надрыв","title":"Emphatic «вот это и есть»","body":"«вот… и есть» is an emphatic identifying frame — 'this is precisely / exactly your laceration.' The rare explicit copula «есть» (normally dropped in the present) plus «и» clinches the equation between the diagnosis and the title-word «надрыв»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of надрыв","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"надрыв","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (complement) of есть","gloss":"laceration"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b4-c5-s142","source":"Вы именно любите его таким, каким он есть, вас оскорбляющим его любите.","translation":"It is precisely as he is that you love him; you love him for the very way he insults you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любите его таким, каким он есть","title":"Correlative «таким, каким» in the instrumental","body":"'You love him as he is': the correlative pair «таким… каким» both stand in the instrumental as predicate complements of «любить… кого таким» ('to love someone [as being] such'). «каким он есть» = 'such as he is,' with the explicit «есть» again marking the predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас оскорбляющим его любите","title":"Present active participle «оскорбляющим»","body":"«оскорбляющим» is the present active participle of «оскорблять» (insulting), in the instrumental to predicate of «его»: 'you love him [as one] insulting you.' The object «вас» (you) precedes the participle — a dense, bookish compression, 'you love him for the very way he insults you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate on его","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"relative pronoun linking to таким, predicate of есть","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on таким","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оскорбляющим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оскорбляющим","lemma":"оскорблять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"secondary predicate on его","gloss":"insulting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите (w12)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любите (w3)","gloss":"you love"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b4-c5-s143","source":"Если б он исправился, вы его тотчас забросили бы и разлюбили вовсе.","translation":"If he were to reform, you would drop him at once and stop loving him altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б он исправился, вы его… забросили бы и разлюбили","title":"Counterfactual «если бы … бы»","body":"A full contrary-to-fact conditional: «если б» (= «если бы») in the if-clause and «бы» again in the main clause, each with a past-tense verb — 'if he were to reform, you would drop him.' This past-form + «бы» is Russian's single irrealis mood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разлюбили","title":"«разлюбить» — to fall out of love","body":"The prefix «раз-» here means 'un-, undo': «разлюбить» is to stop loving, to fall out of love — a single perfective verb for what English needs a phrase to say. Likewise «забросить» = to cast aside, abandon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исправился","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исправился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"исправился","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забросили","gloss":"reform"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забросили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забросили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забросили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"забросили","lemma":"забросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would drop"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of забросили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разлюбили","lemma":"разлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with забросили","gloss":"stop loving"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разлюбили","gloss":"altogether"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b4-c5-s144","source":"Но вам он нужен, чтобы созерцать беспрерывно ваш подвиг верности и упрекать его в неверности.","translation":"But you need him, so as to contemplate without end your own feat of faithfulness, and to reproach him for his unfaithfulness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он нужен, чтобы созерцать… и упрекать","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы созерцать… и упрекать» states purpose with «чтобы» + infinitive (same subject understood) — 'so as to contemplate… and to reproach.' «он нужен» ('you need him,' lit. 'he is needed [to you]') is a predicative-need construction; the needer would stand in the dative «вам» from the prior line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созерцать… ваш подвиг верности","title":"«созерцать» and «подвиг»","body":"«созерцать» (to contemplate, behold) is lofty, almost contemplative-religious in tone. «подвиг» is a 'feat, exploit, deed of self-sacrifice' — heroic and spiritual; «подвиг верности» ('feat of faithfulness') ironically casts her suffering as a self-admired heroic achievement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нужен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нужен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нужен","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of созерцать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нужен","gloss":"to contemplate"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцать","gloss":"without end"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвиг","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцать","gloss":"feat"},{"surface":"верности","lemma":"верность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"of faithfulness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упрекать","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with созерцать","gloss":"to reproach"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of упрекать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неверности","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"неверности","lemma":"неверность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрекать","gloss":"his unfaithfulness"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b4-c5-s145","source":"И всё это от вашей гордости.","translation":"And all of it comes from your pride.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И всё это от вашей гордости","title":"«от» + genitive of cause; zero copula","body":"'And all this [comes] from your pride' — «от» + genitive «вашей гордости» expresses source/cause, and the present-tense copula is simply absent (zero copula), so the noun phrase stands alone as the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pride"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b4-c5-s146","source":"О, тут много принижения и унижения, но всё это от гордости… Я слишком молод и слишком сильно любил вас.","translation":"Oh, there is much self-abasement and humiliation in it, but it all comes from pride… I am too young and have loved you too much.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"принижения и унижения","title":"«принижение» vs «унижение»","body":"A near-rhyming pair: «принижение» (a lowering/belittling of oneself, self-abasement) and «унижение» (humiliation, being abased). Dostoevsky loves such paired abstractions; both pivot on the root «-низ-» (low), and together they name the self-debasement he diagnoses in her pride."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком молод… слишком сильно любил","title":"Short adjective «молод» as predicate","body":"«молод» is the short masculine form of «молодой» (young), used predicatively — 'I am too young' — typically conveying a present, inherent state. The bare short form is the bookish predicate norm; «слишком» ('too') intensifies both it and the adverb «сильно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to много","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"принижения","lemma":"принижение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"self-abasement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унижения","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with принижения","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the second clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the preposition от","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молод","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молод","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"молод","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молод","gloss":"have loved"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b4-c5-s147","source":"Я знаю, что это бы не надо мне вам говорить, что было бы больше достоинства с моей стороны просто выйти от вас; было бы и не так для вас оскорбительно.","translation":"I know I ought not to be saying this to you, that it would be more dignified on my part simply to walk out; it would be less offensive to you, too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это бы не надо мне вам говорить… было бы больше достоинства","title":"Stacked irrealis with «бы»","body":"Three irrealis clauses with «бы»: «это бы не надо… говорить» ('I oughtn't to be saying this'), «что было бы больше достоинства… просто выйти» ('that it would be more dignified simply to leave'). The mobile «бы» leans on «это» / on «было»; impersonal «надо» takes dative «мне»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше достоинства с моей стороны","title":"Comparative «больше» + genitive","body":"«больше достоинства» = 'more dignity,' the comparative «больше» governing the genitive «достоинства» (a partitive-style 'more of'). «с моей стороны» ('on my part') frames whose conduct is judged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks надо as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of надо","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to больше","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"достоинства","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies достоинства","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on больше","gloss":"to walk out"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to оскорбительно","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of оскорбительно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оскорбительно","lemma":"оскорбительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"offensive"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b4-c5-s148","source":"Но ведь я еду далеко и не приеду никогда.","translation":"But I am going far away and will never come back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь я еду далеко и не приеду никогда","title":"Particle «ведь»; aspect contrast еду/приеду","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'but after all / you see, I am going far away.' Note the aspect pair: imperfective present «еду» (am leaving) versus perfective future «не приеду никогда» (will never arrive/come back) — the completed return that will never happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еду","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of еду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приеду","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еду","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приеду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приеду","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come back"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приеду","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b4-c5-s149","source":"Это ведь навеки… Я не хочу сидеть подле надрыва… Впрочем, я уже не умею говорить, всё сказал…","translation":"It is forever… I will not sit beside a laceration… Anyway, I no longer know how to speak — I have said it all…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ведь навеки","title":"«ведь» + «навеки»","body":"«ведь» again leans on shared knowledge ('it is forever, after all'); «навеки» ('for ever, for all ages') is an elevated, almost liturgical adverb from «век» (age, century) — heavier than plain «навсегда»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не хочу сидеть подле надрыва","title":"«подле» + genitive","body":"«подле» ('beside, next to') is a slightly archaic, bookish preposition governing the genitive «надрыва» — 'I will not sit beside a laceration.' It is heavier and more literary than the everyday «рядом с» or «около»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впрочем, я уже не умею говорить","title":"«впрочем» and «не умею»","body":"«впрочем» is a discourse hinge — 'however / anyway / but then again' — that breaks off and qualifies what was just said. «не умею говорить» ('I no longer know how to speak') uses «уметь» (to know how, be able), confessing he has run out of words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of навеки","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies навеки","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрыва","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"надрыва","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"a laceration"},{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to умею","gloss":"Anyway"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умею","gloss":"have said"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b4-c5-s150","source":"Прощайте, Катерина Ивановна, вам нельзя на меня сердиться, потому что я во сто раз более вас наказан: наказан уже тем одним, что никогда вас не увижу.","translation":"Farewell, Katerina Ivanovna; you have no right to be angry with me, for I am punished a hundred times more than you: punished by this alone, that I shall never see you again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам нельзя на меня сердиться","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + dative","body":"«вам нельзя… сердиться» = 'you have no right / must not be angry,' a subjectless modal construction: «нельзя» (one may not / it is not permitted) plus the dative experiencer «вам» and an infinitive. «сердиться на + accusative» governs the target of anger."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я во сто раз более вас наказан","title":"Comparative «более … вас» + short passive participle","body":"«во сто раз более вас наказан» — 'punished a hundred times more than you.' The bookish comparative «более» takes the genitive of comparison «вас» ('than you'), and «наказан» is the short-form past passive participle ('[am] punished') predicating the result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наказан уже тем одним, что никогда вас не увижу","title":"Instrumental «тем» + content clause","body":"'Punished by this one thing, that…': «тем одним» is the instrumental of «то» (the means of the punishment), pointing forward to the «что»-clause. «не увижу» is the perfective future ('I shall never see [you]'), the irrevocable loss that is itself the punishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Прощайте","gloss":"must not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердиться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сердиться","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of наказан","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive наказан","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наказан","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"наказан","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"am punished"},{"surface":"наказан","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to наказан","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of одним","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наказан","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увижу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on наказан","gloss":"shall see"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b4-c5-s151","source":"Прощайте.","translation":"Farewell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прощайте","title":"«Прощайте» — a final farewell","body":"«Прощайте!» (imperative of «прощать», to forgive) literally bids the other 'forgive [me]' — the deep farewell used for a parting that may be final, distinct from the casual «до свидания» ('until we meet again'). Ivan's repetition underscores that he means it absolutely: «не приеду никогда»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Farewell"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b4-c5-s152","source":"Мне не надобно руки вашей.","translation":"I do not want your hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне не надобно руки вашей","title":"Archaic «надобно» + genitive of negation","body":"«надобно» is an archaic, bookish variant of «нужно/надо» (needed). The construction is impersonal with dative experiencer «мне» ('to me'), and the negated need throws «руки вашей» into the genitive — genitive of negation ('I have no need of your hand'). Post-posed «вашей» adds the old-fashioned weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надобно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of надобно","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b4-c5-s153","source":"Вы слишком сознательно меня мучили, чтоб я вам в эту минуту мог простить.","translation":"You tormented me too deliberately for me to forgive you at this moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком сознательно меня мучили, чтоб я… мог простить","title":"«слишком… чтобы» — 'too X to Y'","body":"The frame «слишком… чтоб(ы)…» means 'too [much] … for [me] to …': 'you tormented me too deliberately for me to forgive.' Because the subjects differ, «чтоб» takes a finite past-form verb «мог» (the irrealis), not a bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучили","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознательно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сознательно","lemma":"сознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучили","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мучили","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of простить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of мучили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"forgive"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b4-c5-s154","source":"Потом прощу, а теперь не надо руки.","translation":"Later I will forgive you, but for now — no hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потом прощу, а теперь не надо руки","title":"Contrastive «а»; genitive of negation","body":"«а» here is the soft contrastive 'and/but' pivoting between «потом» (later) and «теперь» (now): 'Later I'll forgive, but for now…' «прощу» is perfective future ('I will forgive'), and «не надо руки» negates 'need' with «руки» again in the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощу","gloss":"Later"},{"surface":"прощу","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will forgive"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прощу","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of надо","gloss":"of the hand"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b4-c5-s155","source":"Den Dank, Dame, begehr ich nicht, — прибавил он с искривленною улыбкой, доказав, впрочем, совершенно неожиданно, что и он может читать Шиллера до заучивания наизусть, чему прежде не поверил бы Алеша.","translation":"Den Dank, Dame, begehr ich nicht,\" he added with a wry smile, proving, moreover — quite unexpectedly — that he too could recite Schiller by heart, something Alyosha would not have believed of him before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с искривленною улыбкой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«искривлённою улыбкой» uses the old long feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»): «искривлённою» = «искривлённой». This «-ою/-ею» variant is a period-elevated, literary flavour common in 19th-century prose; «искривлённою» itself is a past passive participle ('twisted, wry') agreeing with «улыбкой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доказав… что и он может читать Шиллера","title":"Perfective gerund «доказав»","body":"«доказав» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие» in «-в»): 'having proved.' It attaches a completed, prior-or-coincident act to «прибавил» (he added), sharing its subject — 'he added…, [thereby] proving that…' The «и» before «он» is emphatic 'even he.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чему прежде не поверил бы Алеша","title":"Relative «чему» (dative) + conditional «бы»","body":"«поверить» (to believe [in]) takes the dative, so the relative is «чему» ('which,' dative), referring back to the whole fact. With «бы» and past «поверил» it is irrealis: 'which Alyosha would not have believed before.' «прежде» = 'before, formerly.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"der","morphology":"German definite article, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Dank","gloss":"that","note":"German — a quotation from Schiller's ballad \"Der Handschuh\" (The Glove): \"Den Dank, Dame, begehr ich nicht\" = \"That thanks, lady, I do not desire.\""},{"surface":"Dank","lemma":"Dank","morphology":"German noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of begehr","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"Dame","lemma":"Dame","morphology":"German noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"begehr","lemma":"begehren","morphology":"German verb, present, first, singular","role":"main verb of the quotation","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"ich","lemma":"ich","morphology":"German pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begehr","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nicht,","lemma":"nicht","morphology":"German particle, negation","role":"negates begehr","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Den","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"искривленною","lemma":"искривленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"wry"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"доказав","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"proving"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to неожиданно","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказав","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказав","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"recite"},{"surface":"Шиллера","lemma":"шиллер","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"Schiller"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заучивания","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"заучивания","lemma":"заучивание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of читать","gloss":"memorization"},{"surface":"наизусть","lemma":"наизусть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заучивания","gloss":"by heart"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поверил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"would have believed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks поверил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b4-c5-s156","source":"Он вышел из комнаты, даже не простившись и с хозяйкой, госпожой Хохлаковой.","translation":"He walked out of the room without even taking leave of the hostess, Madame Khokhlakova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже не простившись и с хозяйкой","title":"Perfective gerund «простившись» (negated)","body":"«не простившись» is the perfective past gerund of «проститься» (to take leave) — a «-ся» verb, here in «-вшись»: 'without even taking leave.' Negated and adverbial, it names the omitted attendant act; «проститься с + instrumental» governs «с хозяйкой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простившись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простившись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простившись","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, past, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"taking leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хозяйкой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяйкой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"хозяйкой","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простившись","gloss":"the hostess"},{"surface":"госпожой","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хозяйкой","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on госпожой","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b4-c5-s157","source":"Алеша всплеснул руками.","translation":"Alyosha threw up his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всплеснул руками","title":"«всплеснуть руками» — to throw up one's hands","body":"A fixed gesture-idiom: «всплеснуть руками» (lit. 'to splash up with one's hands') is the sudden throwing-up of the hands in dismay or astonishment. «руками» is the instrumental of means; the «-нуть» suffix marks a single, momentary perfective act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of всплеснул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всплеснул","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of всплеснул","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b4-c5-s158","source":"— Иван, — крикнул он ему, как потерянный, вслед, — воротись, Иван!","translation":"\"Ivan,\" he called after him, like one beside himself, \"come back, Ivan!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул он ему… вслед","title":"«вслед» + dative «ему»","body":"«крикнуть вслед кому-либо» = 'to call out after someone,' with «вслед» ('after, in the wake of') governing the dative «ему». «крикнул» is a momentary perfective ('he called out, gave a shout')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротись","title":"Archaic «воротись» — 'come back'","body":"«воротись» is the imperative of «воротиться», an older/colloquial synonym of «вернуться» (to return). The form sounds folkier and more impassioned than «вернись» — fitting Alyosha's desperate cry. «как потерянный» = 'like one lost / beside himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"after him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потерянный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"потерянный","lemma":"потерянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул, describing он","gloss":"one bereft"},{"surface":"вслед,","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"воротись","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул, quoted imperative","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b4-c5-s159","source":"Нет, нет, он теперь ни за что не воротится! — воскликнул он опять в горестном озарении, — но это я, я виноват, я начал!","translation":"No, no, he won't come back now, not for anything!\" he exclaimed again in a grief-stricken flash of insight. \"But it is I, I who am to blame, I who started it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он теперь ни за что не воротится","title":"«ни за что» — 'not for anything'","body":"«ни за что» ('not for anything, on no account') is a fixed «ни»-intensifier requiring the negated verb «не воротится» (perfective future, 'will not come back'). Negative concord again: the ни-phrase and «не» work together for one emphatic negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я, я виноват, я начал","title":"Emphatic fronting and short «виноват»","body":"Alyosha hammers the subject «я» three times — topic-comment fronting for guilt-stricken emphasis. «виноват» is a short predicative adjective ('[am] to blame, guilty'), the idiomatic way to confess fault; «начал» is perfective past ('I started it')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to нет","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротится!","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротится!","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротится!","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воротится!","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"воротится!","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will come back"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Нет","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озарении,","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озарении,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горестном","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озарении,","gloss":"grief-stricken"},{"surface":"озарении,","lemma":"озарение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"flash of insight"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the copula (это я)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я, coordinated clause","gloss":"am to blame"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виноват","gloss":"started it"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b4-c5-s160","source":"Иван говорил злобно, нехорошо. Несправедливо и злобно… — Алеша восклицал как полоумный.","translation":"Ivan spoke spitefully, wrongly. Unjustly and spitefully…\" Alyosha kept crying out like one half-mad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злобно… полоумный","title":"«злобно» and «полоумный»","body":"«злобно» (spitefully, malevolently, from «злоба», malice) is repeated for force; «несправедливо» = 'unjustly.' «полоумный» (lit. 'half-witted, half-mad,' from «пол-» half + «ум» mind) describes Alyosha's distraught crying — 'like one half-mad,' kin to «потерянный» above."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван говорил злобно","title":"Imperfective «говорил» for characterised speech","body":"«говорил» is imperfective past — Alyosha is characterising the manner of Ivan's whole speech ('spoke spitefully'), not a single completed utterance. The imperfective is the natural aspect for describing how someone was speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with злобно","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"Несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Unjustly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Несправедливо","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Несправедливо","gloss":"kept crying out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полоумный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"полоумный","lemma":"полоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"one half-mad"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b4-c5-s161","source":"Катерина Ивановна вдруг вышла в другую комнату.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna suddenly went out into the other room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышла в другую комнату","title":"Prefixed motion «выйти» + «в» + accusative","body":"«вышла» is the perfective of the prefixed motion verb «выйти» (to go out, exit; pair «выходить/выйти»). The directional «в другую комнату» uses «в» + accusative for motion toward — 'went out into the other room.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b4-c5-s162","source":"— Вы ничего не наделали, вы действовали прелестно, как ангел, — быстро и восторженно зашептала горестному Алеше госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"You have done no harm at all, you acted beautifully, like an angel,\" Madame Khokhlakova whispered swiftly and rapturously to the grieving Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторженно… прелестно","title":"«восторженно» and «прелестно»","body":"«восторженно» (rapturously, ecstatically, from «восторг», rapture) and «прелестно» (charmingly, beautifully, from «прелесть») mark Khokhlakova's gushing, over-excited register — comically out of step with Alyosha's grief. Her enthusiasm is itself a small character note."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашептала горестному Алеше","title":"Inceptive «зашептать» + dative addressee","body":"«зашептала» = 'began to whisper,' the «за-» prefix marking the onset of whispering. «горестному Алеше» is the dative addressee ('to the grieving Alyosha'); the adjective «горестный» (sorrowful, grief-stricken) agrees in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of наделали","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наделали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наделали","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of действовали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"действовали","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наделали","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"прелестно","lemma":"прелестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies действовали","gloss":"beautifully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison ангел,","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ангел,","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of действовали","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашептала","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашептала","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"зашептала","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to наделали","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"горестному","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеше","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of зашептала","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зашептала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b4-c5-s163","source":"— Я употреблю все усилия, чтоб Иван Федорович не уехал…","translation":"\"I will do everything in my power to keep Ivan Fyodorovich from leaving…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я употреблю все усилия, чтоб Иван Федорович не уехал","title":"«чтобы» of purpose with irrealis past","body":"«чтоб… не уехал» — purpose clause with «чтоб(ы)» whose verb is the past form «уехал» even though the action is future-directed: this is the obligatory irrealis after «чтобы» when the subject differs from the main clause. 'I will exert every effort so that Ivan won't leave.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of употреблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"употреблю","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will use"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of усилия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"усилия","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of употреблю","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уехал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on употреблю","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b4-c5-s164","source":"Радость сияла на ее лице, к величайшему огорчению Алеши; но Катерина Ивановна вдруг вернулась.","translation":"Joy shone on her face, to Alyosha's utmost dismay; but Katerina Ivanovna suddenly came back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к величайшему огорчению Алеши","title":"Superlative «величайший» + «к … огорчению»","body":"«к величайшему огорчению» is the idiom 'to the [very] greatest distress of…,' with «к» + dative. «величайшему» is the bookish suffixal superlative in «-айший» (from «великий»), heavier and more literary than the periphrastic «самый большой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но Катерина Ивановна вдруг вернулась","title":"Contrastive «но» + perfective «вернулась»","body":"«но» sets the reversal against Khokhlakova's joy; «вернулась» (perfective past of «вернуться», to return) moves the narrative forward with a single completed event — the abrupt re-entrance that resets the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сияла","gloss":"Joy"},{"surface":"сияла","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияла","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огорчению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"величайшему","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies огорчению","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"огорчению","lemma":"огорчение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияла","gloss":"dismay"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огорчению","gloss":"of Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вернулась","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вернулась","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сияла","gloss":"came back"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b4-c5-s165","source":"В руках ее были два радужные кредитных билета.","translation":"In her hands were two rainbow banknotes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"радужные кредитные билеты","title":"\"Rainbow\" banknotes","body":"«Радужный» means \"rainbow-colored.\" The hundred-rouble imperial banknote of the era was multicolored, so «радужные кредитные билеты» was everyday slang for hundred-rouble notes — \"rainbow notes.\" We keep the literal image here, but the plain sense is simply \"two hundred-rouble notes,\" a reminder that period money slang often needs unpacking rather than a word-for-word rendering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В руках ее были два радужные кредитных билета","title":"Existential «в руках были»; numeral «два» + genitive singular","body":"Locative-existential word order — «в руках ее были…» ('in her hands were…') — fronts the location. After «два», the counted noun stands in the genitive singular «билета»; the modifying adjectives appear here as «радужные… кредитных» (a mixed 19th-c. usage), where modern Russian would normally take genitive plural «радужных»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on билета","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies билета","gloss":"rainbow","note":"\"радужная\" was colloquial slang for a hundred-ruble note (from its rainbow-tinted paper); the old numeral agreement (nominative plural adjective + genitive singular noun after \"два\") is Dostoevsky's period usage, not an error."},{"surface":"кредитных","lemma":"кредитный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies билета","gloss":"credit"},{"surface":"билета","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"notes"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b4-c5-s166","source":"— Я имею к вам одну большую просьбу, Алексей Федорович, — начала она, прямо обращаясь к Алеше по-видимому спокойным и ровным голосом, точно и в самом деле ничего сейчас не случилось.","translation":"\"I have one great request to make of you, Alexei Fyodorovich,\" she began, addressing Alyosha directly in a seemingly calm and even voice, exactly as if nothing at all had just happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к Алеше… голосом","title":"Present gerund «обращаясь» + instrumental of manner","body":"«обращаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «обращаться» (to address, turn to) — a simultaneous attendant action, 'addressing Alyosha [as she spoke].' «обращаться к + dative» governs «к Алеше»; «спокойным и ровным голосом» is the instrumental of manner ('in a calm and even voice')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно… ничего сейчас не случилось","title":"«точно» 'as if'; «ничего не случилось»","body":"«точно» here means 'as if, just as though' (not 'exactly'), introducing an unreal comparison. «ничего… не случилось» pairs the ни-pronoun «ничего» with «не» in negative concord — 'as if nothing at all had happened.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies просьбу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбу","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"просьбу","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, appositive to вам","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович,","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's frame clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаясь","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начала","gloss":"addressing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (first part of по-видимому)","role":"modifies спокойным","gloss":"seemingly","note":"по-видимому (\"apparently/seemingly\") is split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (second part of по-видимому)","role":"modifies спокойным","gloss":"(seemingly)"},{"surface":"спокойным","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ровным","lemma":"ровный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with спокойным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb / conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause on случилось","gloss":"exactly as if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies в самом деле","gloss":"indeed","note":"и в самом деле is a set phrase meaning \"in actual fact.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле, modifies случилось","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause introduced by точно","gloss":"had happened"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b4-c5-s167","source":"— Неделю — да, кажется, неделю назад — Дмитрий Федорович сделал один горячий и несправедливый поступок, очень безобразный.","translation":"\"A week ago — yes, a week ago, I think — Dmitri Fyodorovich did something hot-headed and unjust, something quite outrageous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделал один горячий и несправедливый поступок","title":"«один» as 'a certain'; perfective «сделал»","body":"«один… поступок» here is not the numeral 'one' but the indefinite 'a certain / some' — a common colloquial use of «один». «сделал» (perfective past of «делать/сделать») reports a single completed deed; «горячий» (lit. 'hot') means hot-headed, impetuous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of сделал (topicalized, restated in w4)","gloss":"a week [ago]"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies неделю назад","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of сделал","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies поступок","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"горячий","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"hot-headed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несправедливый","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with горячий","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безобразный","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"безобразный","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to поступок","gloss":"outrageous"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b4-c5-s168","source":"Тут есть одно нехорошее место, один трактир.","translation":"There is a bad place here, a certain tavern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут есть одно нехорошее место, один трактир","title":"Existential «есть»; «один» = 'a certain'","body":"«Тут есть…» ('there is here…') uses the rarely-overt «есть» to assert existence. Again «одно… место, один трактир» means 'a certain place, a certain tavern' rather than counting — the indefinite «один»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies место","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"нехорошее","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies трактир","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to место","gloss":"tavern"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b4-c5-s169","source":"В нем он встретил этого отставного офицера, штабс-капитана этого, которого ваш батюшка употреблял по каким-то своим делам.","translation":"In it he came upon that retired officer, that staff-captain, whom your father had been using for some affairs of his own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ваш батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — respectful 'your father'","body":"«батюшка» is an affectionate-respectful term for 'father' (with the endearing «-юшк-» suffix); «ваш батюшка» = 'your [esteemed] father,' a courteous way to refer to Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov. The same word also means a parish priest, a double sense alive throughout the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого ваш батюшка употреблял по каким-то своим делам","title":"Relative «которого» (accusative animate)","body":"«которого» is the relative «который» in the accusative — but matching the genitive because its antecedent «офицера/штабс-капитана» is animate masculine (the accusative borrows the genitive form). «по… делам» uses «по» + dative ('for some affairs'), and «каким-то» / «своим» mark indefinite, his-own business."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came upon"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицера","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отставного","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицера","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"офицера","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (compound with капитана)","role":"in apposition to офицера","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to офицера","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитана","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of употреблял","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of употреблял","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"употреблял","lemma":"употреблять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on офицера (via которого)","gloss":"had been using"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural (first part of каким-то)","role":"determiner of делам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (second part of каким-то)","role":"determiner of делам","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of делам","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"делам","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of употреблял","gloss":"affairs"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b4-c5-s170","source":"Рассердившись почему-то на этого штабс-капитана, Дмитрий Федорович схватил его за бороду и при всех вывел в этом унизительном виде на улицу и на улице еще долго вел, и говорят, что мальчик, сын этого штабс-капитана, который учится в здешнем училище, еще ребенок, увидав это, бежал всё подле и плакал вслух и просил за отца и бросался ко всем и просил, чтобы защитили, а все смеялись.","translation":"Having taken some offense at this staff-captain, Dmitri Fyodorovich seized him by the beard and, in front of everyone, dragged him out into the street in that humiliating state, and went on dragging him a long way down the street; and they say that the man's little boy — his son, who attends the school here, still only a child — saw it, and ran along beside them the whole way, weeping aloud and pleading for his father, and flinging himself at everyone and begging them to protect him, while they all only laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассердившись почему-то на этого штабс-капитана","title":"Opening gerund «рассердившись»","body":"The long sentence opens with a perfective past gerund «рассердившись» (from «рассердиться», to grow angry) — 'having taken offence.' It sets the prior cause for the main verbs «схватил… вывел… вёл», all sharing Dmitri as subject. «рассердиться на + accusative» governs the target."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил его за бороду","title":"«схватить за бороду» — seize by the part","body":"Same body-part frame as «взять за руку» (s126): «схватил его за бороду» = 'seized him by the beard,' person as direct object «его», part with «за» + accusative «бороду». Two perfectives «схватил… вывел» plus the durative imperfective «вёл» (from imperfective «вести») then chain the humiliation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мальчик… который… увидав это, бежал… и плакал… и просил… и бросался","title":"Gerund «увидав» + chain of imperfectives","body":"The boy's anguish is built from a perfective gerund «увидав» ('having seen / on seeing') followed by a string of imperfective pasts — «бежал… плакал… просил… бросался» — whose unbroken duration conveys his frantic, continuous pleading. The imperfectives make the scene linger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассердившись","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on схватил","gloss":"having grown angry"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of почему-то)","role":"modifies Рассердившись","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle (second part of почему-то)","role":"modifies Рассердившись","gloss":"(reason)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитана","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (compound with капитана)","role":"oblique complement of Рассердившись (object of на)","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Рассердившись (object of на)","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of вывел","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"dragged out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"унизительном","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"humiliating"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывел","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывел","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вел","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"still further"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вел","gloss":"for a long way"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вывел","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"introduces the reported clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитана","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (compound with капитана)","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"captain's"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of учится","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"учится","lemma":"учиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сын","gloss":"attends school"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking училище","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"здешнем","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies училище","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"училище","lemma":"училище","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of учится","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал","gloss":"having seen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидав","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подле","gloss":"the whole way"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"pleaded"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросался","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросался","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of защитили","gloss":"that they"},{"surface":"защитили","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of просил","gloss":"protect him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with the preceding clause","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеялись","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"contrasted with the preceding clause (introduced by а)","gloss":"just laughed"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b4-c5-s171","source":"Простите, Алексей Федорович, я не могу вспомнить без негодования этого позорного его поступка… одного из таких поступков, на которые может решиться только один Дмитрий Федорович в своем гневе… и в страстях своих!","translation":"Forgive me, Alexei Fyodorovich, I cannot recall that shameful act of his without indignation… one of those acts only Dmitri Fyodorovich could bring himself to, in his rage… and in his passions!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не могу вспомнить без негодования этого позорного его поступка","title":"Genitive of negation under «не могу вспомнить»","body":"Under the negated «не могу вспомнить» ('I cannot recall'), the object shifts to the genitive «этого позорного его поступка» — genitive of negation, with «этого… позорного… поступка» all agreeing. «без негодования» ('without indignation') is «без» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которые может решиться только один Дмитрий Федорович","title":"Relative «на которые» + «решиться на»","body":"«поступки, на которые может решиться…» — the relative «которые» takes «на» + accusative because «решиться на что-либо» ('to bring oneself to / resolve on something') governs «на» + accusative. «решиться» is a «-ся» verb of resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"негодование… позорного… в страстях своих","title":"Elevated diction: «негодование», «позорный», «страсти»","body":"Khokhlakova reaches for high words: «негодование» (righteous indignation), «позорный» (shameful, disgraceful), «гнев» (wrath), and «страсти» (passions — here in the moral-spiritual sense of ungoverned impulses, «в страстях своих»). The register inflates her account into near-melodrama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"вспомнить","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодования","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнить","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"позорного","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступка","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of поступка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поступка","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнить (genitive of negation)","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to поступка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of поступков","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"поступков","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of одного (partitive)","gloss":"acts"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of решиться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on поступков","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"bring himself to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies Дмитрий","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гневе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гневе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гневе","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решиться","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страстях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страстях","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with гневе","gloss":"passions"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies страстях","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b4-c5-s172","source":"Я и рассказать этого не могу, не в состоянии.","translation":"I cannot even tell it properly, I am not capable of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я и рассказать этого не могу, не в состоянии","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»; «не в состоянии»","body":"«не могу… рассказать этого» throws the object into the genitive of negation «этого» ('cannot tell it'), and the «и» before «рассказать» means 'even.' «не в состоянии» ('not in a state [to], incapable') is a fixed predicative idiom restating her helplessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes рассказать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказать (genitive of negation)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with могу (не в состоянии = \"not capable\")","gloss":"capable"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b4-c5-s173","source":"Я сбиваюсь в словах.","translation":"My words get muddled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сбиваюсь в словах","title":"Reflexive «сбиваться» — to get muddled","body":"«сбиваюсь» is the «-ся» verb «сбиваться» (to lose one's way, get confused, stumble — here 'in words'), a middle/intransitive built on «сбить» (to knock off). The reflexive turns the action inward: she herself becomes muddled. «в словах» = 'in [my] words.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбиваюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сбиваюсь","lemma":"сбиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get muddled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбиваюсь","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b4-c5-s174","source":"Я справлялась об этом обиженном и узнала, что он очень бедный человек.","translation":"I made inquiries about this injured man and learned that he is very poor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"справлялась об этом обиженном и узнала","title":"Aspect pair «справлялась» / «узнала»","body":"«справлялась» (imperfective, 'was making inquiries, kept asking about') sets the process; «узнала» (perfective, 'found out, learned') delivers its completed result. «справляться о + prepositional» governs «об этом обиженном». «обиженный» is a past passive participle used as a noun: 'the injured/wronged man.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of справлялась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"справлялась","lemma":"справляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made inquiries"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обиженном","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обиженном","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of справлялась","gloss":"injured man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with справлялась","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бедный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of узнала","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b4-c5-s175","source":"Фамилия его Снегирев.","translation":"His surname is Snegiryov.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Фамилия","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"surname"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Фамилия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"Снегирёв","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Фамилия","gloss":"Snegiryov"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b4-c5-s176","source":"Он за что-то провинился на службе, его выключили, я не умею вам это рассказать, и теперь он с своим семейством, с несчастным семейством больных детей и жены, сумасшедшей кажется, впал в страшную нищету.","translation":"He did something wrong in the service and was dismissed — I can't quite tell you what — and now, together with his family, his unfortunate family of sick children and a wife who seems to be out of her mind, he has fallen into terrible destitution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он за что-то провинился на службе, его выключили","title":"Indefinite «за что-то»; impersonal 3rd-pl. «выключили»","body":"«за что-то» ('for some [unspecified] thing') uses the «-то» particle for a real-but-unknown cause. «его выключили» is an agentless 3rd-person-plural impersonal ('they dismissed him' = 'he was dismissed'), the standard Russian way to express a passive without naming the doer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с своим семейством… впал в страшную нищету","title":"Reflexive «свой»; «впасть в» + accusative","body":"«с своим семейством» ('with his own family') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the subject «он» — his own family. «впал в… нищету» ('fell into destitution') is «впасть в» + accusative for entering a state. «с своим» (rather than «со своим») is a slightly archaic euphony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нищета… сумасшедшей","title":"«нищета» and «сумасшедший»","body":"«нищета» is abject destitution, beggary — far stronger than «бедность» (ordinary poverty); «страшная нищета» = 'terrible destitution.' «сумасшедшая» (lit. 'gone off one's mind,' from «с ума сшедший») describes the wife as 'mad, out of her mind.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провинился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (first part of что-то)","role":"oblique complement of провинился","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (second part of что-то)","role":"oblique complement of провинился","gloss":"(something)"},{"surface":"провинился","lemma":"провиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did wrong"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провинился","gloss":"the service"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выключили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выключили","lemma":"выключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with провинился","gloss":"dismissed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause in the sentence","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семейством","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"семейством","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впал (comitative)","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"несчастным","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейством","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"семейством","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to семейством","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"больных","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies семейством (genitive)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with детей","gloss":"a wife"},{"surface":"сумасшедшей","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"out of her mind"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies сумасшедшей","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"впал","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"has fallen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нищету","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нищету","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"нищету","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впал","gloss":"destitution"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b4-c5-s177","source":"Он уже давно здесь в городе, он что-то делает, писарем где-то был, а ему вдруг теперь ничего не платят.","translation":"He has been here in town a long while now; he does some work, was a copyist somewhere, but now suddenly they have stopped paying him anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"писарем где-то был","title":"Predicate instrumental «писарем»","body":"«писарем… был» — the predicate noun after «быть» (past «был») takes the instrumental «писарем» ('was a copyist/clerk'), framing the job as a past, temporary role. «где-то» ('somewhere,' «-то») leaves the place vague."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вдруг теперь ничего не платят","title":"Impersonal 3rd-pl. + dative + «ничего не»","body":"«ему… ничего не платят» is an agentless 3rd-plural ('they pay him nothing' = 'he gets paid nothing'), with the dative «ему» as the one affected and «ничего… не» in negative concord. A doubly Russian way of saying he has simply stopped being paid."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"писарем","title":"«писарь» — a copy-clerk","body":"A «писарь» (from «писать», to write) was a low-ranking scrivener or copy-clerk who wrote out documents by hand — humble, poorly paid work. It marks the next rung of Snegiryov's decline after losing his commission."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (implied verb, здесь)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial describing он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of здесь","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (first part of что-то)","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (second part of что-то)","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"(something)"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"писарем","lemma":"писарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a copyist"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of где-то)","role":"modifies был","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle (second part of где-то)","role":"modifies был","gloss":"(somewhere)"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to писарем","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of платят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies платят","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies платят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of платят","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies платят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"платят","lemma":"платить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with делает","gloss":"they pay"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b4-c5-s178","source":"Я бросила взгляд на вас… то есть я думала — я не знаю, я как-то путаюсь, — видите, я хотела вас просить, Алексей Федорович, добрейший мой Алексей Федорович, сходить к нему, отыскать предлог, войти к ним, то есть к этому штабс-капитану, — о боже! как я сбиваюсь — и деликатно, осторожно — именно как только вы один сумеете сделать (Алеша вдруг покраснел) — суметь отдать ему это вспоможение, вот, двести рублей.","translation":"I cast a glance at you… that is, I thought — I don't know, I keep getting confused — you see, I wanted to ask you, Alexei Fyodorovich, my dearest Alexei Fyodorovich, to go to him, to find some pretext, to call on them, that is, on this staff-captain — oh God, how I am muddling it! — and, delicately, carefully — just as only you could manage to do it (Alyosha suddenly blushed) — to manage to give him this assistance, here, two hundred roubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я как-то путаюсь","title":"Reflexive «путаться»; adverbial «как-то»","body":"«путаюсь» is the «-ся» verb «путаться» (to get tangled/confused) — like «сбиваюсь» above, an inward, intransitive muddling. «как-то» ('somehow,' with «-то») softens it: 'I somehow keep getting confused,' mirroring her flustered speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я хотела вас просить… сходить… отыскать… войти… суметь отдать","title":"Infinitive chain of purpose","body":"Her request unfolds as a cascade of infinitives governed by «просить» — «сходить, отыскать, войти… суметь отдать» ('to go, to find, to enter… to manage to give'). The piling of perfective infinitives mimics her breathless, half-organized appeal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добрейший мой Алексей Федорович","title":"Superlative endearment «добрейший»","body":"«добрейший» is the suffixal superlative of «добрый» (kind) in «-ейший» — 'kindest, most good.' As a form of address, «добрейший мой» ('my dearest, kindest') is warm, slightly effusive flattery, of a piece with Khokhlakova's coaxing manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно как только вы один сумеете сделать","title":"«именно», «один» as 'only you'","body":"«именно… вы один» = 'precisely you alone / only you,' where «один» here means 'alone, you and no one else.' «как только вы… сумеете» combines 'just as / in the way only you would manage.' The flattery isolates Alyosha as uniquely capable of the delicate errand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бросила","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросила","gloss":"a glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of the preposition на","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to думала","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of путаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase как-то (\"somehow\"), modifies путаюсь","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как-то, modifies путаюсь","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"путаюсь,","lemma":"путаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"get muddled"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (\"you see\")","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"добрейший","lemma":"добрейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the second Алексей (vocative)","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Алексей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to the first Алексей","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сходить","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отыскать","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходить, complement of хотела","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"предлог","lemma":"предлог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отыскать","gloss":"a pretext"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отыскать","gloss":"to go in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому штабс-капитану","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of штабс-капитану","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular (first part of the compound)","role":"first part of the compound noun штабс-капитану, oblique complement of войти","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитану,","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular (second part of the compound)","role":"second part of the compound noun, oblique complement of войти","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection particle","role":"introduces the interjection о боже","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause как я сбиваюсь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбиваюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сбиваюсь","lemma":"сбиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"get muddled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links деликатно and осторожно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деликатно","lemma":"деликатно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with осторожно, modifies сделать","gloss":"delicately"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with деликатно, modifies сделать","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause как только вы один сумеете сделать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как только (\"just as soon as\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on вы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"сумеете","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the как только clause","gloss":"will manage"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумеете","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"покраснел)","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"blushed"},{"surface":"суметь","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела, resuming after the parenthesis","gloss":"to manage"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of суметь","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вспоможение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вспоможение","lemma":"вспоможение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"assistance"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the appositive двести рублей","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вспоможение, specifying the sum","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b4-c5-s179","source":"Он, наверно, примет… то есть уговорить его принять… Или нет, как это?","translation":"Surely he will accept it… that is, you must persuade him to accept it… Or no — how does one put it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уговорить его принять","title":"«уговорить» + accusative + infinitive","body":"«уговорить его принять» = 'to persuade him to accept,' the perfective «уговорить» (talk someone round) taking the person in the accusative «его» plus an infinitive of the desired act. «принять» is the perfective 'to accept (and take).'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Или нет, как это?","title":"Self-correcting «или нет»","body":"«Или нет» ('or no, or rather not') is a spoken self-correction, and «как это?» ('how [does one say] this?') marks her groping for words — both small markers of unscripted, flustered speech that Dostoevsky reproduces faithfully."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"примет","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will accept"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"уговорить","lemma":"уговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical clause (\"[one must] persuade\")","gloss":"persuade"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уговорить","gloss":"to accept"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negative response particle, coordinated with примет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces the question как это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement in the elliptical question (\"how does one put it\")","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b4-c5-s180","source":"Видите ли, это не то что плата ему за примирение, чтоб он не жаловался (потому что он, кажется, хотел жаловаться), а просто сочувствие, желание помочь, от меня, от меня, от невесты Дмитрия Федоровича, а не от него самого… Одним словом, вы сумеете…","translation":"You see, it is not a payment to him for making peace, so that he won't lodge a complaint (because he was, it seems, meaning to complain), but simply sympathy, a wish to help — from me, from me, from Dmitri Fyodorovich's betrothed, and not from him himself… In a word, you'll know how…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это не то что плата… а просто сочувствие","title":"«не то что… а…» — 'not so much X as Y'","body":"The frame «не то что X, а Y» contrasts and corrects: 'it is not [exactly] a payment… but simply sympathy.' The contrastive «а» (not «но») marks the substitution of one description for another, a constant hinge in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он не жаловался","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + imperfective past «не жаловался»","body":"«чтоб он не жаловался» ('so that he won't complain') uses purpose «чтоб» with the irrealis past form. The imperfective «жаловаться» here suits an ongoing/repeated 'lodging of complaints'; «жаловаться на + accusative» is the usual government."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (\"you see\")","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase видите ли","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of это не то что...","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"плата","lemma":"плата","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the что-clause","gloss":"a payment"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of плата","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking примирение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"примирение","lemma":"примирение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies плата","gloss":"reconciliation"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жаловался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жаловался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жаловался","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"would complain"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (\"it seems\")","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to complain"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочувствие","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"сочувствие","lemma":"сочувствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то/плата as predicate","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сочувствие","gloss":"a wish"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of от, source of сочувствие/желание","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the first меня","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"невесты","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня, specifying the source","gloss":"the betrothed"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невесты","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от него","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня/невесты, in contrast","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies него","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase одним словом (\"in a word\")","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase одним словом, parenthetical","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сумеете","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll know how"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b4-c5-s181","source":"Я бы сама поехала, но вы сумеете гораздо лучше меня.","translation":"I would go myself, but you will manage it far better than I.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы сама поехала","title":"Conditional «бы» softening a wish","body":"«поехала бы» is the irrealis: past-tense verb plus the particle «бы», here meaning 'I would (have) gone myself'. The «бы» often leans on the first stressed word, which is why it sits right after «я»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама","title":"Intensive «сам» — 'myself'","body":"«сама» (feminine of «сам») reinforces the subject: 'I myself would go'. It agrees in gender and number with the person it emphasizes, here the female speaker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше меня","title":"Comparative governing the genitive","body":"The comparative «лучше» ('better', suppletive from «хороший») takes a bare genitive of comparison — «меня» = 'than I'. Russian thus needs no word for 'than' here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поехала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional mood of поехала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying поехала","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"поехала","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сумеете","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поехала","gloss":"will manage"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сумеете","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of comparison (\"than I\")","gloss":"than I"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b4-c5-s182","source":"Он живет в Озерной улице, в доме мещанки Калмыковой… Ради бога, Алексей Федорович, сделайте мне это, а теперь… теперь я несколько… устала.","translation":"He lives on Ozyornaya Street, in the house of a tradeswoman named Kalmykova… For God's sake, Alexei Fyodorovich, do this for me, and now… now I am a little… tired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мещанки","title":"«мещанка» — townswoman of the petty-bourgeois estate","body":"A «мещанин/мещанка» belonged to the lowest urban legal estate («сословие») of imperial Russia — small traders and artisans below the merchant class. Naming Kalmykova's estate quietly fixes her social rank for the period reader."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделайте мне это","title":"Imperative «сделайте»","body":"The polite/plural imperative in «-те» from perfective «сделать»: 'do this (for me)'. The perfective frames it as a single completed favour, with «мне» the dative beneficiary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Озерной","lemma":"озёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улице","gloss":"Ozyornaya"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with улице as a second location","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"мещанки","lemma":"мещанка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"of a tradeswoman"},{"surface":"Калмыковой","lemma":"калмыков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мещанки","gloss":"Kalmykova"},{"surface":"Ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of ради, fixed phrase ради бога, modifies сделайте","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделайте","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделайте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"begins the new clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of устала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устала","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"устала","lemma":"устать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tired"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b4-c5-s183","source":"До свиданья…","translation":"Goodbye…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"До свиданья","title":"«До свиданья» — 'until our meeting again'","body":"Literally 'until a seeing-again': the preposition «до» plus the genitive of «свидание». A neutral, slightly formal goodbye, as opposed to the casual «прощай»."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свиданья","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"свиданья","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, fixed farewell phrase (\"goodbye\")","gloss":"we meet again"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b4-c5-s184","source":"Она вдруг так быстро повернулась и скрылась опять за портьеру, что Алеша не успел и слова сказать, — а ему хотелось сказать.","translation":"She suddenly turned away so quickly and vanished again behind the portière that Alyosha had no time to say a word — though he longed to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулась и скрылась","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verbs of self-movement","body":"Both verbs carry the clitic «-ся»/«-сь»: «повернулась» 'turned (herself)' and «скрылась» 'hid herself / vanished'. Here «-ся» marks an intransitive change of position and disappearance, not a literal reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так быстро… что","title":"Result clause «так… что»","body":"«так… что» ('so… that') links a degree to its consequence: she turned away 'so quickly that Alyosha had no time to say a word'. «что» here is the subordinator of result, set off by a comma."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"портьеру","title":"«портьера» — a heavy door-curtain","body":"A French loan («portière») for the thick drapery hung across a doorway in a well-appointed 19th-century home. Khokhlakova vanishing behind it is a stage gesture of bourgeois interior life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не успел и слова сказать","title":"Genitive of negation «слова»","body":"Under negation the object drops from accusative to genitive: «не успел… слова сказать» = 'had no time to say (even) a word'. The particle «и» here intensifies — 'not even a word'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повернулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быстро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулась","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"повернулась","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрылась","lemma":"скрыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулась","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрылась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking портьеру","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"портьеру","lemma":"портьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылась","gloss":"the portière"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"had time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle (\"even\"), modifies слова сказать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"сказать,","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated clause","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to say it"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b4-c5-s185","source":"Ему хотелось просить прощения, обвинить себя, — ну что-нибудь сказать, потому что сердце его было полно, и выйти из комнаты он решительно не хотел без этого.","translation":"He longed to beg her forgiveness, to blame himself — well, to say something, anything, for his heart was full, and he absolutely did not want to leave the room without doing so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему хотелось","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему хотелось»","body":"A classic impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer in the dative «ему», and the neuter reflexive «хотелось» — 'he felt a longing'. Dostoevsky uses this dative-of-feeling to render the involuntary inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйти… он решительно не хотел","title":"Fronting and negation for emphasis","body":"The infinitive phrase «выйти из комнаты» is thrust to the front, ahead of «он решительно не хотел» ('he absolutely did not want'), throwing the rhetorical weight onto the leaving he refuses. Free word order makes this topicalization possible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обвинить себя","title":"«себя» — reflexive object 'oneself'","body":"«обвинить себя» 'to accuse oneself'. The reflexive pronoun «себя» (no nominative form) points back to the clause subject and is a full object, distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить (genitive)","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"обвинить","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with просить","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"себя,","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обвинить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"filler particle, modifies сказать","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the fixed phrase что-нибудь, direct object of сказать","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with просить/обвинить, complement of хотелось","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было полно","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b4-c5-s186","source":"Но госпожа Хохлакова схватила его за руку и вывела сама, В прихожей она опять остановила его, как и давеча.","translation":"But Madame Khokhlakova seized him by the hand and led him out herself. In the front hall she stopped him again, as she had before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватила его за руку","title":"«за» + accusative for the body-part grasped","body":"Russian seizes a person 'by' a body part with «за» plus the accusative: «схватила его за руку» = 'seized him by the hand'. The person is the object, the hand the point of grip."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, now old-fashioned adverb meaning 'earlier today, just now / a moment ago'. It gives the dialogue its homely, period-Russian texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В прихожей","title":"«прихожая» — the entrance hall","body":"The front hall or anteroom of an apartment, where guests are met and see-off conversations happen. Grammatically a substantivized adjective (feminine), declining like one: «в прихожей» is prepositional of place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вывела","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"led out"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying вывела","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихожей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прихожей","lemma":"прихожая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановила","gloss":"the front hall"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of остановила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановила","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"остановила","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause как и давеча","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давеча (\"also\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique adverbial complement of остановила, comparison","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b4-c5-s187","source":"— Гордая, себя борет, но добрая, прелестная, великодушная! — полушепотом восклицала госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"Proud, struggling with herself, but kind, charming, magnanimous!\" Madame Khokhlakova exclaimed in a half-whisper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гордая… добрая, прелестная, великодушная","title":"String of long-form adjectives","body":"A breathless feminine chain — «гордая, добрая, прелестная, великодушная» — all nominative long-form adjectives agreeing with the unnamed Katerina Ivanovna. The pile-up of agreeing endings is the exclamatory rhythm itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"себя борет","title":"«себя борет» — 'struggles with herself'","body":"«борет» is an archaic/bookish present of «бороть» ('to wrestle, overcome'), modern Russian preferring «борется». With the reflexive object «себя» it means she masters her own feeling — an elevated touch in Khokhlakova's gush."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полушепотом","title":"«полушепотом» — 'in a half-whisper'","body":"A compound of «полу-» ('half-') plus the instrumental of «шёпот» ('whisper'), the instrumental marking manner: 'in a half-whisper'. «полу-» productively halves many nouns (полуулыбка, полусон)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing her","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of борет","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"борет","lemma":"бороть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated predicate describing her (subject implied)","gloss":"fights"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордая","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"прелестная","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрая","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"великодушная!","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрая","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"полушепотом","lemma":"полушёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицала, manner","gloss":"in a half-whisper"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b4-c5-s188","source":"— О, как я ее люблю, особенно иногда, и как я всему, всему теперь вновь опять рада!","translation":"\"Oh, how I love her, especially at certain moments, and how glad I am now of everything, everything, all over again!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я ее люблю","title":"Exclamatory «как» — 'how I love her!'","body":"«как» before a verb forms an exclamation of degree: 'how (much) I love her'. The object «ее» is the unstressed third-person accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всему, всему теперь вновь опять рада","title":"«рад/рада» + dative of the thing rejoiced in","body":"The short adjective «рада» ('glad') is predicative only and governs the dative: «рада всему» = 'glad of everything'. The doubled «всему, всему» and stacked adverbs «теперь вновь опять» pour on Khokhlakova's excess."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation как я ее люблю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first exclamatory clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иногда","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces the second exclamation как я всему... рада","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of рада","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the first всему","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the second exclamatory clause","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b4-c5-s189","source":"Милый Алексей Федорович, вы ведь не знали этого: знайте же, что мы все, все — я, обе ее тетки — ну все, даже Lise, вот уже целый месяц как мы только того и желаем и молим, чтоб она разошлась с вашим любимцем Дмитрием Федоровичем, который ее знать не хочет и нисколько не любит, и вышла бы за Ивана Федоровича, образованного и превосходного молодого человека, который ее любит больше всего на свете.","translation":"Dear Alexei Fyodorovich, you didn't know this: but know it now — that all of us, all of us — I, both her aunts — well, everyone, even Lise — for a whole month now have wished and prayed for one thing only: that she break with your favorite, Dmitri Fyodorovich, who has no wish to know her and does not love her in the least, and marry Ivan Fyodorovich instead — that educated and excellent young man who loves her more than anything in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы ведь не знали этого","title":"Particle «ведь» — appeal to shared knowledge","body":"«ведь» nudges the listener toward something he is presumed to grasp — here ironically, since Alyosha did *not* know: 'you didn't know this, you see'. It is one of the small modal particles that carry the texture of Dostoevsky's speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знайте же","title":"Imperative «знайте» + insistent «же»","body":"The «-те» imperative «знайте» ('know!') reinforced by the emphatic particle «же»: 'know it now, then'. «же» insists and presses the command home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб она разошлась… и вышла бы за Ивана Федоровича","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + past-form irrealis","body":"After verbs of wishing and praying, the desired outcome takes «чтоб(ы)» with the past-tense form: «чтоб она разошлась… вышла» — 'that she break with… and marry'. The trailing «бы» on «вышла бы» merely echoes the «чтоб» irrealis already in force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знать не хочет","title":"Idiom «знать не хочет» — wants nothing to do with","body":"An infinitive-plus-negated-verb idiom: «её знать не хочет» = 'doesn't even want to know her', i.e. refuses to acknowledge her. The bare genitive sense and inverted «знать не хочет» are fixed and emphatic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько не любит","title":"«нисколько… не» — negative concord","body":"«нисколько не любит» = 'does not love (her) in the least'. The «ни»-adverb «нисколько» obligatorily keeps the verbal «не» — Russian's double-negative concord, where two negatives make one emphatic denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алексей","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знали","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знайте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of знайте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желаем and молим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with все (w13)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition, first item of the list of все","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on тетки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of тетки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тетки","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with я, second item of the list","gloss":"aunts"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with тетки , continues the list","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Lise","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with все, continues the list","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже, forms 'вот уже' (now for)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целый","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal accusative modifying желаем and молим","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause modifying месяц","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желаем and молим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желаем (anticipates the чтоб-clause)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates того with желаем (only...and)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"желаем","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with молим","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links желаем and молим","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молим","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желаем","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разошлась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разошлась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"разошлась","lemma":"разойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of желаем and молим","gloss":"break with","note":"разойтись с кем-л. = to part ways with, break off with someone."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любимцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of любимцем","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"любимцем","lemma":"любимец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разошлась","gloss":"favorite"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to любимцем","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"acknowledge","note":"'знать не хочет' is an idiom: he wants nothing to do with her."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying Дмитрием","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разошлась (second complement of чтоб-clause)","gloss":"marry","note":"'выйти за' = to marry (of a woman)."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, subjunctive","role":"marks вышла as subjunctive within the чтоб-clause","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"образованного","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"превосходного","lemma":"превосходный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with образованного","gloss":"excellent"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человека","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"depends on всего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любит","gloss":"than anything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любит","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b4-c5-s190","source":"Мы ведь целый заговор тут составили, и я даже, может быть, не уезжаю лишь из-за этого…","translation":"We have hatched a whole conspiracy about it here, and it may even be the only reason I haven't left yet…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы ведь целый заговор тут составили","title":"Particle «ведь» + perfective of completed plotting","body":"«ведь» again appeals to the listener ('you see, we've actually…'), while perfective «составили» ('have put together / hatched') presents the conspiracy as an accomplished fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заговор","title":"«заговор» — a plot, conspiracy","body":"Literally a 'speaking-together' (за- + говор-), the same root as «говорить». Used half-playfully here for the family's marriage-scheming, it keeps a faint air of intrigue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не уезжаю лишь из-за этого","title":"«из-за» + genitive — cause/reason","body":"«из-за этого» = 'because of this', the compound preposition «из-за» governing the genitive «этого». The imperfective present «не уезжаю» states an ongoing state of affairs ('I'm not leaving / haven't left')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of составили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составили","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заговор","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"заговор","lemma":"заговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of составили","gloss":"conspiracy"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"составили","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hatched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уезжаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause, emphasizes может быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, forms 'может быть' (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уезжаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уезжаю","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"am leaving"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из-за этого","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжаю (object of из-за)","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b4-c5-s191","source":"— Но ведь она же плакала, опять оскорбленная! — вскричал Алеша.","translation":"\"But she was crying — insulted again!\" Alyosha cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь она же плакала","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… же»","body":"Alyosha protests with a double dose of insistence: «ведь» ('but after all') plus «же' ('she *did* cry'). Imperfective «плакала» renders the weeping as a witnessed ongoing process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять оскорбленная","title":"Short→long passive participle «оскорбленная»","body":"«оскорбленная» is the past passive participle of «оскорбить» ('to insult'), here long-form and feminine, agreeing with «она»: 'insulted again'. It compresses 'she who had been insulted' into one adjectival word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (contrastive)","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes она","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was crying"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбленная!","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"оскорбленная!","lemma":"оскорблённый","morphology":"participle, nominative, feminine, singular, passive","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b4-c5-s192","source":"— Не верьте слезам женщины, Алексей Федорович, — я всегда против женщин в этом случае, я за мужчин.","translation":"\"Don't trust a woman's tears, Alexei Fyodorovich — in such cases I am always against the women; I am for the men.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не верьте слезам женщины","title":"«верить» + dative; negative imperative","body":"«верить» governs the dative — «не верьте слезам» = 'don't trust (in) the tears'. The negated imperfective imperative «не верьте» states a general rule of conduct rather than a one-off prohibition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я за мужчин","title":"«за» + accusative — 'for / on the side of'","body":"With no verb, «я за мужчин» = 'I am for the men', «за» plus animate accusative «мужчин» meaning 'in favour of'. The parallel «против женщин» ('against the women') uses «против» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"слезам","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слезам","gloss":"a woman's"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович,","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the против-clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies против женщин","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition против, predicate complement of я","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies the против-clause","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the за-clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужчин","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мужчин","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition за, predicate complement of я","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b4-c5-s193","source":"— Мама, вы его портите и губите, — послышался тоненький голосок Lise из-за двери.","translation":"\"Mama, you are spoiling him and ruining him,\" came Lise's thin little voice from behind the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы его портите и губите","title":"Paired imperfective verbs of ongoing harm","body":"Two imperfective presents, «портите» ('are spoiling') and «губите' ('are ruining'), present Lise's accusation as continuing action. «губить» is a strong, almost moral 'to destroy / be the undoing of'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненький голосок","title":"Double diminutive «тоненький голосок»","body":"Both words are diminished: «тоненький» ('thin, slender', the endearing «-еньк-» form of «тонкий») and «голосок» ('little voice', from «голос»). The pairing makes Lise's piping voice from behind the door sound small and childlike."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of портите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of портите and губите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"портите","lemma":"портить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links портите and губите","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"губите,","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with портите","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"послышался","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"тоненький","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосок","gloss":"thin little"},{"surface":"голосок","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послышался","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of голосок","gloss":"Lise's"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послышался","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b4-c5-s194","source":"— Нет, это я всему причиной, я ужасно виноват! — повторял неутешный Алеша в порыве мучительного стыда за свою выходку и даже закрывая руками лицо от стыда.","translation":"\"No, it is I who am the cause of it all, I am terribly to blame!\" the inconsolable Alyosha kept repeating, in a fit of tormenting shame over his outburst, even covering his face with his hands from shame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я всему причиной","title":"Instrumental predicate «причиной»","body":"'I am the cause of it all': the predicate noun «причиной» stands in the instrumental, with «всему» in the dative ('the cause to/of everything'). The instrumental predicate frames the role rather than equating with a nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял… в порыве… закрывая руками лицо","title":"Gerund «закрывая» of attendant action","body":"The imperfective gerund («деепричастие») «закрывая» ('covering') hangs off the main verb «повторял», sharing its subject and naming a simultaneous gesture: he kept repeating it while covering his face. A hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выходку","title":"«выходка» — an outburst, escapade","body":"A «выходка» is an impulsive, often embarrassing or scandalous act or sally. Alyosha is mortified by his own blurted-out remark, framed as a lapse of conduct."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as a negative response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject (predicate: причиной)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, predicate причиной","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of причиной","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"причиной","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (это я — причиной)","gloss":"the cause"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват!","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноват!","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"виноват!","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with причиной","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"неутешный","lemma":"неутешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"inconsolable"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порыве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порыве","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"мучительного","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стыда","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порыве","gloss":"of shame"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выходку","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выходку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выходку","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стыда","gloss":"outburst"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закрывая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"закрывая","lemma":"закрывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повторял (adverbial)","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental, means of закрывая","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрывая","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закрывая","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b4-c5-s195","source":"— Напротив, вы поступили как ангел, как ангел, я это тысячи тысяч раз повторить готова.","translation":"\"On the contrary, you acted like an angel, like an angel — I am ready to say it a thousand thousand times.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы поступили как ангел","title":"«как» + nominative in a simile","body":"In a comparison, «как» ('like') leaves the noun in the nominative: «как ангел» = 'like an angel'. The perfective «поступили» ('you acted') frames the deed as one completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тысячи тысяч раз","title":"«раз» genitive plural after a large number","body":"«тысячи тысяч раз» — 'a thousand thousand times'. Numbers five and above (and «тысяча») govern the genitive plural; «раз» has a zero-ending genitive plural identical to its nominative singular, a notorious irregularity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker (contrastive)","gloss":"On the contrary"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поступили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поступили","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the comparison, marks ангел","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступили (comparison)","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the comparison, marks ангел","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступили (comparison, repeated)","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified adverbial of повторить","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"повторить","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готова","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"ready"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b4-c5-s196","source":"— Мама, почему он поступил как ангел, — послышался опять голосок Lise.","translation":"\"Mama, why did he act like an angel?\" came Lise's little voice again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему он поступил как ангел","title":"Echoed question with «почему»","body":"Lise mockingly throws her mother's phrase back as a question: «почему… как ангел?» Note the bookish particle of address absent here — the child's voice is plain and needling, in contrast to Khokhlakova's gush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the comparison, marks ангел,","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ангел,","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступил","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"послышался","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышался","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"голосок","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послышался","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of голосок","gloss":"Lise's"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b4-c5-s197","source":"— Мне вдруг почему-то вообразилось, на всё это глядя, — продолжал Алеша, как бы и не слыхав Лизы, — что она любит Ивана, вот я и сказал эту глупость… и что теперь будет!","translation":"\"Watching all this, I somehow suddenly imagined,\" Alyosha went on, as though he had not heard Lise, \"that she loves Ivan, and so I blurted out that stupid thing… and now what will happen!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне… вообразилось","title":"Impersonal «мне вообразилось»","body":"Another dative-experiencer impersonal: «мне вообразилось» = 'it suddenly seemed to me / I imagined', the reflexive «-сь» making the verb subjectless and the fancy come over Alyosha involuntarily."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на всё это глядя","title":"Present gerund «глядя» — 'while looking at'","body":"«глядя» is the imperfective gerund of «глядеть» ('to look'): 'looking at all this'. It sets the simultaneous circumstance under which the imagining arose, sharing the subject «я»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и не слыхав Лизы","title":"Perfective past gerund «слыхав» + «как бы»","body":"«не слыхав» is a perfective past gerund ('not having heard'), softened by «как бы» ('as if'): 'as though he had not heard Lise'. «слыхать» is a folksy variant of «слышать»; the genitive «Лизы» follows the negated gerund."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of вообразилось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вообразилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part of compound почему-то)","role":"modifies вообразилось","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part of compound почему-то)","role":"modifies вообразилось","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"вообразилось","lemma":"вообразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred to me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на (the target of глядя); глядеть is intransitive so это is not literally a direct object","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глядя,","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вообразилось","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb (part of compound как бы)","role":"modifies слыхав","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of compound как бы)","role":"modifies слыхав","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхав","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхав","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал (concessive)","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Лизы,","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слыхав (genitive under negation)","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразилось","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал (emphatic 'вот я и')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вообразилось (second main clause)","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глупость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"foolish thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказал (final exclamatory clause)","gloss":"will happen"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b4-c5-s198","source":"— Да с кем, с кем? — воскликнула Lise, — мама, вы, верно, хотите умертвить меня. Я вас спрашиваю — вы мне не отвечаете.","translation":"\"With whom, with whom?\" cried Lise. \"Mama, you must mean to be the death of me. I ask you a question — and you don't answer me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да с кем, с кем?","title":"Particle «да» opening an urgent question","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but an impatient intensifier — 'but with whom, with whom?'. «с кем» is the instrumental of «кто» after «с» ('with'), doubled in Lise's agitation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы, верно, хотите умертвить меня","title":"Modal adverb «верно» — 'surely, I suppose'","body":"Parenthetical «верно» here means 'surely / no doubt' (an inference), not 'correctly'. «умертвить» is a bookish perfective 'to put to death', hyperbolic in Lise's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"object of preposition с (interrogative)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем?","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем?","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"coordinated with кем (repeated question)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Lise,","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies хотите","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"умертвить","lemma":"умертвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"be the death of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of умертвить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am asking"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отвечаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечаете","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to спрашиваю","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b4-c5-s199","source":"В эту минуту вбежала горничная.","translation":"At that moment the maid came running in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вбежала горничная","title":"Verb-first word order presenting a new arrival","body":"The verb «вбежала» ('came running in') precedes its subject «горничная», the typical Russian order for introducing a brand-new participant — comment-first, the maid landing as fresh news. «в-» prefixes motion 'into'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горничная","title":"«горничная» — a chambermaid","body":"A house-servant (from «горница», an upper room), the female domestic of a genteel household. Grammatically a substantivized adjective declining as one."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежала","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"вбежала","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came running in"},{"surface":"горничная","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вбежала","gloss":"the maid"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b4-c5-s200","source":"— С Катериной Ивановной худо… Они плачут… истерика, бьются.","translation":"\"Katerina Ivanovna is in a bad way… She is weeping… hysterics, she's thrashing about.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они плачут","title":"Plural «они» as a deferential singular","body":"The maid speaks of Katerina Ivanovna in the plural — «они плачут… бьются» ('they are weeping… thrashing') — the old servant's respectful way of referring to a master or mistress. It signals her social subordination."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истерика, бьются","title":"«истерика» and «биться» — a fit of hysterics","body":"«истерика» is the period diagnosis of a woman's nervous fit; «бьются» (reflexive «биться») means 'are convulsing / thrashing'. The clipped, comma-spliced report mimics the maid's breathless alarm."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катериной","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"худо","lemma":"худо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the impersonal construction","gloss":"bad","note":"'с ней худо' is an impersonal construction: 'things are bad with her.'"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of плачут","gloss":"she","note":"Deferential plural used by the servant to refer to her mistress."},{"surface":"плачут","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is weeping"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory noun naming the situation, not the grammatical subject of бьются (истерика is singular, бьются is 3rd-plural; the implicit subject of бьются is the deferential они from Они плачут)","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"бьются","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrashing about"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b4-c5-s201","source":"— Что такое, — закричала Lise, уже тревожным голосом. — Мама, это со мной будет истерика, а не с ней!","translation":"\"What is it?\" cried Lise, in an anxious voice now. \"Mama, it's I who will have the hysterics, not she!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это со мной будет истерика, а не с ней","title":"Contrastive «а не» — 'and not'","body":"Lise pits herself against Katerina with «а не с ней» ('and not with her'), the mild adversative «а» marking the swerve of topic. «со мной» / «с ней» are instrumental after «с»; «будет» is the simple future of «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative pronoun, main word of the question","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"такое,","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with что (predicate 'what is it')","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тревожным","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тревожным","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом.","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"голосом.","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental of manner, modifies закричала","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive, anticipates истерика","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет, marks whom the hysterics happen to","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, links истерика to со мной","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"the hysterics"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrastive)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ней","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мной, contrastive","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b4-c5-s202","source":"— Lise, ради бога, не кричи, не убивай меня.","translation":"\"Lise, for God's sake, don't shout, don't be the death of me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не кричи, не убивай меня","title":"Negated imperfective imperatives «не кричи, не убивай»","body":"Both are second-person-singular imperatives in the negated imperfective — «не кричи» ('don't shout'), «не убивай» ('don't kill / be the death of me'). The imperfective is the normal aspect for telling someone to *stop* or *refrain from* an action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не убивай меня","title":"«убивать» as hyperbole — 'don't be the death of me'","body":"Literally 'don't kill me', but in drawing-room speech a melodramatic 'you'll be the death of me'. Khokhlakova's overwrought register, as with «умертвить» a moment before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition ради","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (first imperative)","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"убивай","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричи (second imperative)","gloss":"be the death of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убивай","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b4-c5-s203","source":"Ты еще в таких летах, что тебе нельзя всего знать, что большие знают, прибегу — всё расскажу, что можно тебе сообщить.","translation":"You are still of an age when you mustn't know everything the grown-ups know; I'll run in and tell you all that can be told.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе нельзя всего знать","title":"Dative + «нельзя» — impersonal prohibition","body":"«тебе нельзя… знать» = 'you mustn't / may not know', the dative experiencer «тебе» with the impersonal predicative «нельзя». The negated object «всего» stands in the genitive — 'know everything (of it)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что большие знают","title":"Relative «что» after «всего»","body":"«всего, что большие знают» = 'everything that the grown-ups know', the relative «что» (rather than «который») following the quantifier «всё». «большие» here is the substantivized adjective 'the grown-ups'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибегу — всё расскажу","title":"Perfective futures «прибегу… расскажу»","body":"Two perfective verbs conjugated like a present give simple future meaning: «прибегу» ('I'll run in', при- + бежать) and «расскажу» ('I'll tell'). Asyndetic and quick, they promise two completed actions in sequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the predicate в таких летах","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of летах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal (with implied copula)","gloss":"an age"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying летах","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of нельзя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"mustn't"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause, object of знать (what grown-ups know)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"grown-ups"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause, complement of всего","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"прибегу","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"run in"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расскажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибегу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun, object of сообщить, modifies всё","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b4-c5-s204","source":"О боже мой! Я бегу, бегу… Истерика — это добрый знак, Алексей Федорович, это превосходно, что с ней истерика.","translation":"Oh, my God! I'm running, running… Hysterics — that is a good sign, Alexei Fyodorovich, it is splendid that she should have hysterics.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бегу, бегу","title":"Unidirectional «бежать» — running now","body":"«бегу» is the present of unidirectional «бежать», motion in one direction at this moment; the repetition conveys her flustered haste. Contrast the multidirectional «бегать» (to run about / habitually)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что с ней истерика","title":"«что» introducing the praised fact","body":"«превосходно, что с ней истерика» = 'it is splendid that she is having hysterics', the subordinator «что» reporting a fact after an evaluative predicate. «с ней» is instrumental in the 'having a fit' idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, precedes боже","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бегу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am running"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with бегу (w5)","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"Истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это (subject complement of знак)","gloss":"Hysterics"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"demonstrative subject of знак","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"address form (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of превосходно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"превосходно","lemma":"превосходный","morphology":"adjective, predicate, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of превосходно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (idiom: she has hysterics)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (истерика с ней = she has hysterics)","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b4-c5-s205","source":"Это именно так и надо.","translation":"That is exactly how it ought to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это именно так и надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» with intensifying «именно… и»","body":"«так надо» = 'so it must be / that's how it ought to be', the impersonal modal «надо» with no subject. «именно… и» tightly underscores: 'that is exactly how it ought to be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"ought to be"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b4-c5-s206","source":"Я в этом случае всегда против женщин, против всех этих истерик и женских слез.","translation":"In such cases I am always against the women — against all these hysterics and women's tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"против женщин, против всех этих истерик","title":"«против» + genitive, repeated","body":"The preposition «против» ('against') governs the genitive: «женщин… всех этих истерик… женских слез» all stand in genitive plural. The anaphora of «против» drums Khokhlakova's mock-misogynist pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of против","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies против (adverbial)","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies против","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of против","gloss":"the women"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерик","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of истерик","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of истерик","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"истерик","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of против (second)","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"женских","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слез","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with истерик","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b4-c5-s207","source":"Юлия, беги и скажи, что я лечу.","translation":"Yulia, run and tell her I'm flying to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беги и скажи, что я лечу","title":"Imperatives + perfective-present-as-future «лечу»","body":"Singular imperatives «беги» ('run') and «скажи» ('tell') to the maid; «лечу» is the present of «лететь» ('to fly'), here a hyperbolic 'I'm flying (to her)' — the unidirectional motion verb used figuratively for haste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Юлия","lemma":"юлия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Yulia"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with беги","gloss":"tell her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лечу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лечу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лечу","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"am flying"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b4-c5-s208","source":"А что Иван Федорович так вышел, так она сама виновата.","translation":"As for Ivan Fyodorovich's walking out like that, she has only herself to blame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что Иван Федорович так вышел, так она сама виновата","title":"Topicalizing «А что…, так…»","body":"A colloquial framing: «А что… вышел, так…» ('As for the fact that Ivan walked out — well, she's to blame'). «что» sets up the topic clause, resumptive «так» introduces the comment. «виновата» is a short predicative adjective 'guilty / to blame'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"As for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause introduced by что","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновата","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (emphatic)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is to blame"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b4-c5-s209","source":"Но он не уедет.","translation":"But he won't leave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но он не уедет","title":"Negated perfective future «не уедет»","body":"«не уедет» is the simple (perfective) future of «уехать» ('to leave, drive off', у- + ехать): 'he won't leave'. The perfective denies that the single completed departure will happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уедет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уедет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"уедет","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b4-c5-s210","source":"Lise, ради бога, не кричи!","translation":"Lise, for God's sake, don't shout!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не кричи","title":"Negated imperfective imperative — 'stop shouting'","body":"«не кричи!» again: the negated imperfective imperative for telling someone to refrain. The repeated plea (cf. s202) marks Khokhlakova's frayed nerves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ради","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"кричи","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shout"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b4-c5-s211","source":"Ах да, ты не кричишь, это я кричу, прости свою мамашу, но я в восторге, в восторге, в восторге!","translation":"Ah, but you're not shouting — it's I who am shouting; forgive your mama, but I am in raptures, in raptures, in raptures!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я кричу","title":"Cleft emphasis «это я кричу»","body":"'It's I who am shouting': fronted «это» plus the nominative «я» throws the contrastive focus onto the subject — she, not Lise, is the one shouting. A common Russian way to single out 'the one who'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прости свою мамашу","title":"«мамаша» — affectionate/folksy 'mama'","body":"«мамаша» is a homely, slightly old-fashioned word for 'mother', warmer and more colloquial than «мать». She speaks of herself in the third person to her daughter: 'forgive your mama'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в восторге, в восторге, в восторге","title":"«в восторге» — prepositional of an emotional state","body":"«в восторге» ('in raptures') puts «восторг» in the prepositional after «в» to express the state one is in. The threefold repetition is pure Khokhlakova exaltation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to кричишь","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"in apposition to Ах","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кричишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричишь","gloss":"aren't"},{"surface":"кричишь","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft subject, refers to я","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кричу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to кричишь","gloss":"who am shouting"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кричишь","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мамашу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мамашу","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прости","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of восторге","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кричишь","gloss":"raptures"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with восторге (w15)","gloss":"raptures"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with восторге (w15)","gloss":"raptures"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b4-c5-s212","source":"А заметили вы, Алексей Федорович, каким молодым человеком Иван Федорович давеча вышел, сказал это всё и вышел!","translation":"And did you notice, Alexei Fyodorovich, what a young man Ivan Fyodorovich was just now as he left — he said all that and walked out!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким молодым человеком… вышел","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «выйти»","body":"«каким молодым человеком… вышел» = 'what a young man he was as he left' — the predicate phrase in the instrumental, framing the manner/role in which Ivan made his exit. «каким… человеком» agrees throughout in instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А заметили вы…?","title":"Topic-shifting «А» opening a question","body":"Sentence-initial «А» nudges the conversation to a new point — 'And did you notice…?'. It is the soft conversational hinge that carries no real contrast, only a turn of topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did notice"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеком","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметили","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"walked out"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b4-c5-s213","source":"Я думала, он такой ученый, академик, а он вдруг так горячо-горячо, откровенно и молодо, неопытно и молодо, и так это всё прекрасно, прекрасно, точно вы… И этот стишок немецкий сказал, ну точно как вы!","translation":"I thought him so learned, so academic, and all at once he was so ardent, so ardent — open and young, inexperienced and young — and it was all so fine, so fine, exactly like you… And he quoted that little German verse, just exactly like you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горячо-горячо… молодо, неопытно и молодо","title":"Adverbs in «-о» with reduplication","body":"A cascade of manner adverbs in «-о»: «горячо» ('ardently'), «откровенно» ('openly'), «молодо» ('youthfully'), «неопытно» ('inexperiencedly'). The reduplications «горячо-горячо», «молодо… молодо» intensify in Khokhlakova's signature breathless style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я думала, он такой ученый","title":"Asyndetic reported clause; «такой» + adjective","body":"«Я думала, он такой ученый» = 'I thought he was so learned' — the «что» of the reported clause is dropped, common in speech. «такой» ('such, so') intensifies the predicate adjective «ученый»; «академик» ('an academician') is a noun in apposition, not an adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стишок немецкий","title":"«стишок» — a little verse (diminutive)","body":"«стишок» is the diminutive of «стих» ('verse, line of poetry'), affectionate and slightly belittling — 'that little German verse'. Ivan had quoted some German poetry; the diminutive makes it charming rather than learned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ученый","gloss":"he [was]"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ученый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"академик","lemma":"академик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ученый","gloss":"academic"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горячо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ученый (predicate of он)","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with горячо (w11)","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодо","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молодо","lemma":"молодо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with горячо","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"неопытно","lemma":"неопытно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодо","gloss":"inexperienced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молодо","lemma":"молодо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with молодо (w15)","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прекрасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прекрасно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прекрасно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это всё","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прекрасно (w23)","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of точно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стишок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стишок","lemma":"стишок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"little verse"},{"surface":"немецкий","lemma":"немецкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стишок","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of как","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b4-c5-s214","source":"Но бегу, бегу.","translation":"But I'm running, running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но бегу, бегу","title":"Unidirectional «бежать» again","body":"Once more the present «бегу» of unidirectional «бежать», doubled for flustered urgency: 'But I'm running, running'. Subject «я» dropped, the ending carrying the person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm running"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бегу (w2)","gloss":"running"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b4-c5-s215","source":"Алексей Федорович, спешите скорей по этому поручению и поскорей вернитесь.","translation":"Alexei Fyodorovich, hurry off as quickly as you can on this errand and come back as soon as you can.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спешите скорей… и поскорей вернитесь","title":"Imperatives + comparative adverb «скорей/поскорей»","body":"Polite imperatives «спешите» ('hurry') and perfective «вернитесь» ('come back'), urged on by «скорей»/«поскорей», the comparative of «скоро' ('quickly') with the prefix «по-» softening it to 'as quick as you can'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по этому поручению","title":"«поручение» — an errand, commission","body":"A «поручение» is a task entrusted to someone — here Katerina Ivanovna's commission to deliver 200 roubles to the retired staff-captain Snegiryov. «по» here ('on / for') governs the dative «поручению»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"спешите","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurry off"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешите","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поручению","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поручению","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поручению","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спешите","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернитесь","gloss":"as soon as you can"},{"surface":"вернитесь","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with спешите","gloss":"come back"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b4-c5-s216","source":"Lise, не надобно ли тебе чего?","translation":"Lise, don't you need anything?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надобно ли тебе чего?","title":"Interrogative «ли» + dative + genitive of negation","body":"«не надобно ли тебе чего?» = 'don't you need anything?'. The enclitic «ли» forms the yes/no question; «тебе» is the dative experiencer; «чего» is genitive (of the indefinite «что») under negation. «надобно» is a bookish/archaic 'is needful'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надобно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надобно","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b4-c5-s217","source":"Ради бога, не задерживай ни минуты Алексея Федоровича, он сейчас к тебе вернется…","translation":"For God's sake, don't keep Alexei Fyodorovich a single minute; he'll be back to you directly…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не задерживай ни минуты","title":"Negative imperative + «ни» reinforcing genitive","body":"«не задерживай ни минуты» = 'don't keep him a single minute'. The negated imperfective imperative «не задерживай» takes the genitive object «минуты», intensified by «ни» ('not (even) one')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он сейчас к тебе вернется","title":"Perfective future «вернется» + «сейчас»","body":"«вернется» is the simple future of reflexive «вернуться» ('to come back'): 'he'll come back'. «сейчас» here means 'right away, directly', and «к тебе» is «к» + dative for motion toward a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задерживай","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задерживай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"задерживай","lemma":"задерживать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of задерживай (duration)","gloss":"single minute"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задерживай","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вернется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернется","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вернется","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задерживай","gloss":"will be back"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b4-c5-s218","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова наконец убежала.","translation":"Madame Khokhlakova at last ran off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наконец убежала","title":"Perfective «убежала» closing the scene","body":"«убежала» (у- + бежать, 'ran off / away') is perfective past, marking the single completed exit that finally ends Khokhlakova's torrent. «наконец» ('at last') underlines the relief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of убежала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежала","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"убежала","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran off"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b4-c5-s219","source":"Алеша, прежде чем идти, хотел было отворить дверь к Lise.","translation":"Before going, Alyosha was about to open the door to Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем идти","title":"«прежде чем» + infinitive — 'before doing'","body":"«прежде чем идти» = 'before going', the bookish temporal conjunction «прежде чем» taking the infinitive when the subject is the same. «идти» is the unidirectional motion verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было отворить","title":"Particle «было» — an action begun then checked","body":"«хотел было отворить» = 'was about to / made to open'. The frozen particle «было» (here invariable) marks an action that was just started or intended but then interrupted or undone — a delicate Russian nuance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отворить","title":"«отворить» — to open (a door)","body":"A slightly elevated, literary verb for opening a door or gate (modern speech often prefers «открыть»). Its reflexive «отвориться» is the door's own opening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of идти","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on хотел","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, inchoative","role":"auxiliary of хотел (interrupted action)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"Lise's [room]"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b4-c5-s220","source":"— Ни за что! — вскричала Lise, — теперь уж ни за что! Говорите так, сквозь дверь.","translation":"\"Not for anything!\" cried Lise. \"Now, not for anything! Speak to me like this, through the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ни за что","title":"«ни за что» — 'not for anything!'","body":"A fixed emphatic refusal: «ни за что» = 'on no account, not for anything in the world'. The «ни» builds the categorical 'never'; «уж» in «уж ни за что» piles on finality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорите так, сквозь дверь","title":"Imperative «говорите»; «сквозь» + accusative","body":"Polite imperative «говорите» ('speak'), with «сквозь дверь» ('through the door') — the preposition «сквозь» ('through, penetrating') governs the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что!  (w3)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что!","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что!","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator clause introducing the quote","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Lise,","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что (w10)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (w10)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (w10)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamation, parallel to Говорите","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"Говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Говорите","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"сквозь","lemma":"сквозь","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Говорите","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b4-c5-s221","source":"За что вы в ангелы попали? Я только это одно и хочу знать.","translation":"How did you come to be ranked among the angels? That is the one thing I want to know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За что вы в ангелы попали?","title":"«в ангелы» — animate accusative-as-nominative plural","body":"«попасть в ангелы» literally 'to land among the angels'. After «в» in the idiom 'to become / be classed as', the predicate plural takes the special nominative-like accusative form «ангелы» (not «ангелов») — a fossilized construction of joining a class. «За что?» = 'for what (deed)?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я только это одно и хочу знать","title":"Restrictive «только… и» — 'the one thing'","body":"«только это одно и хочу знать» = 'that is the one thing I want to know'. The frame «только… и» plus the verb restricts: 'I want to know only this one thing'. The «и» here is the emphatic 'precisely', not 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of попали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангелы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ангелы","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попали","gloss":"the angels"},{"surface":"попали","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come to be ranked"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with одно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочу знать","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to know"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b4-c5-s222","source":"— За ужасную глупость, Lise! Прощайте.","translation":"\"For a dreadful piece of stupidity, Lise! Goodbye.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За ужасную глупость","title":"«за» + accusative — cause/grounds","body":"Answering Lise's «за что?», Alyosha replies «за ужасную глупость» — 'for a dreadful piece of stupidity', «за» + accusative giving the grounds 'in return / on account of'. «глупость» is an abstract noun 'a foolish thing, folly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощайте","title":"«Прощайте» — formal/plural farewell imperative","body":"An imperative in form (от «прощать», 'to forgive') frozen into a leave-taking: literally 'forgive (me)', i.e. 'farewell'. The «-те» makes it polite/plural, weightier than «прощай»."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупость","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"ужасную","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глупость","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Goodbye"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b4-c5-s223","source":"— Не смейте так уходить! — вскричала было Lise.","translation":"\"Don't you dare leave like that!\" Lise started to cry out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смейте так уходить!","title":"«не сметь» + infinitive — 'don't you dare'","body":"«не смейте уходить» = 'don't you dare leave', the negated imperative of «сметь» ('to dare') governing the infinitive. Imperfective «уходить» names the act of leaving she forbids."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскричала было Lise","title":"Particle «было» with a curtailed cry","body":"«вскричала было» — she 'started to cry out' but the action is checked, the particle «было» again marking a movement begun and broken off. Verb-first order presents the new speech act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейте","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"смейте","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходить!","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"уходить!","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of смейте","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator clause introducing the quote","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, inchoative","role":"auxiliary of вскричала (interrupted action)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b4-c5-s224","source":"— Lise, y меня серьезное горе! Я сейчас ворочусь, но у меня большое, большое горе!","translation":"\"Lise, I have a serious sorrow! I'll be back presently, but I have a great, great sorrow!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"y меня серьезное горе","title":"Possessive «у меня» — 'I have'","body":"Russian expresses 'having' with «у» + genitive of the possessor plus a nominative for the thing: «у меня… горе» = 'I have a sorrow'. (The text's Latin «y» is a typo for Cyrillic «у».)"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сейчас ворочусь","title":"«ворочусь» — folksy variant of «вернусь»","body":"«ворочусь» is the perfective future of «воротиться», a homelier, slightly archaic equivalent of «вернуться» ('I'll come back'). «сейчас» = 'presently, in a moment'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"большое, большое горе","title":"«горе» — grief, sorrow; the doubled adjective","body":"«горе» is deep grief or trouble, weightier than passing sadness. The repeated «большое, большое» intensifies — Alyosha's 'great, great sorrow' is the news of the elder Zosima's approaching death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"[I have]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of y","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"серьезное","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the possessive clause with y","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ворочусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ворочусь","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"ворочусь","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll be back"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"[I have]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе (w14)","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with большое (w12)","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with горе (w5)","gloss":"sorrow"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b4-c5-s225","source":"И он выбежал из комнаты.","translation":"And he ran out of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежал из комнаты","title":"Perfective «выбежал» of completed exit","body":"«выбежал» (вы- 'out' + бежать) is perfective past — a single completed 'ran out'. «из комнаты» uses «из» ('out of') + genitive, the natural pair to the directional prefix «вы-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"the room"}]}]}